Torno

TORNO
Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)
Information Required
The address letter M is followed by two digits, and the following codes can be used.
For further details, please see the Tutorials section.
Code
Function
M00
Programmed Intermediate Stop
M01
Programmed Optional Stop
M02
End of program (single quantity)
M03
Spindle Start Clockwise
M04
Spindle Start Anticlockwise
M05
Spindle Stop
M08
Coolant On
M09
Coolant Off
M10
Driven Tool On
M11
Driven Tool Off
M16
Orientate Spindle
M26
Parts Catcher In
M27
Parts Catcher Retract
M30
End of Program (Repeat)
M39
Close Automatic Chuck
M40
Open Automatic Chuck
M41
Extend Automatic Quill
M42
Retract Automatic Quill
M48
Open Automatic Guard
M49
Close Automatic Guard
M51
Spindle Shot Bolt Engage
M52
Spindle Shot Bolt Disengage
M81
Turn output On/Off
M97
Continuous Manufacture
M98 Subroutine Call

M99
End of Subroutine
Address Codes Used
I = angle (30 deg increments)
I (1 = on. 0 = off)
P
Preparatory Codes (G Codes)
Information Required
The address letter G is followed by two digits, and the following codes can be used.
For further details, please see the Tutorials section.
Code Group Function
Address Codes Used
G00
Rapid Traverse Movement
X (U) Z (W)
Linear Interpolation
X (U) Z (W) F
Circular Interpolation (Clockwise)
X (U) Z (W) I K F R
Circular Interpolation (Counter Clockwise)
X (U) Z (W) I K F R
Time Dwell
G01
G02
G03
G04
G20
G21
0
6
G50
G75
0
10
G83
G90
G94
G96
G97
G98
G99
Metric Programming Units

Maximum Spindle Speed Setting (valid when G96 is active) S
G76
G80
Imperial Programming Units
2
5
Grooving Cycle on X axis
X (U) Z (W) F P Q R
Threading Cycle on Z axis
X (U) Z (W) F P Q R
Cycle Cancel
X (U) Z (W) R F
Drilling Cycle on Z axis.
X (U) Z (W) F P Q R
Axial Cutting Cycle
X (U) Z (W) R F
Radial Cutting Cycle
X (U) Z (W) R F
Constant Surface Speed
Constant Spindle Speed (RPM)
Feed / Min
Feed / Rev
Programming Notes:
1.
A number of G codes from different groups can be specified in a single block.
2.
With the exception of G codes in Group 0, all G codes are modal within their group. I.e. they remain
active until another code from within their group is specified.
3.
Modal G codes within group 1 can also be cancelled using the G80 command.
4.
Positional data and cycle parameters remain modal within a group.

E.g. to remove an area of material from X25.0, Z0.0 to X19.0, Z-10.0 in 2mm increments using the G90
Radial Cutting cycle, the following data is the minimum required.
90
23
-10
0.3
-2
-2
5.
Note how the G, Z, R and F values do not have to be re specified. Only the U (incremental X), which in
this case represents the cut depth, is specified.
6.
The maximum spindle speed setting (G50) is only valid when the constant surface speed code (G96) is
active.
Canned Cycles
Codes G75, G76, G83, G90 and G94 are referred to as 'canned cycles'. These codes are built in to the control
system of the lathe; their use simplifies the programming of repetitive operations.
On completion of the cycle the tool will return to its start point.
Metric/Imperial
The following descriptions utilise metric dimensions. For imperial dimensions, substitute thousandths for microns
and in. for mm.
G75 - Grooving Cycle on X axis.

Grooves of various widths can be programmed using the G75 command.
Note: Before calling G75 an appropriate start point must be approached which gives adequate clearance from the
workpiece. At the end of the cycle the tool will be positioned at the start point.
This cycle is called by means of two blocks, the blocks having the following format.
G75 R
G75 X(U) Z(W) F P Q R
The use of the individual addresses are as follows:-
R Address (first G75 line)

The pull out distance in the X axis. If no pull out is required enter a value of 0. (See Fig. 75-1)
X and U Address
The diameter of the target point E (see Fig. 75-2). X = absolute diameter co-ordinate and U = incremental diameter
co-ordinate from current position. Either X or U is programmed.
Z and W Address
The position along the Z axis of the target point E (see Fig. 75-2). Z= absolute co-ordinate and W = incremental coordinate from current position. Either Z or W is programmed.
F Address
The feed rate in mm/min or mm/rev, depending if G98 or G99 is active.
P Address
The depth of cut along the X axis (see Fig. 75-1 & 75-3) in microns (m). No decimal point is permitted.
If the P address is not specified, machining will be performed in a single cut.
Q Address
The tool Stepover along the Z axis to the next cut in microns (m). No decimal point is permitted.
The value of Q should be smaller than the width of the insert. 80% of cutter width is a usual value.
Example: the cutting tool width is 1.6mm, thus the value of Q should be Q1280
R Address (2nd G75 line)
The relief amount of the tool at the bottom of the groove (see Fig. 75-3) in microns (m). No decimal point is
permitted.
Moves the tool sideways at the bottom of the groove in a +ve direction by the specified amount before pulling out in
X and moving to the next cut.
Note:- Due to the high risk of collision, this address should only be used by experienced programmers.
See the example programmed in Tutorial 7
G76 - Threading Cycle on Z axis.

External and internal threads parallel and taper threads can be programmed using the G76 command.
workpiece and provision for the acceleration distance. At the end of the cycle the tool will be positioned at the start
point.
This cycle is called by means of two blocks, the blocks having the following format.
G76 P Q R
P Address (1st G76 line)

Various information items is given in the form of a coded six-digit number (see Fig. 76-1)
The first two places of the number specify the number of spring passes made at the route of the thread
without cutting. A value of 02 is usual, although any value between 0 and 99 can be specified.
The third and fourth places give the run out at the end of the thread. Boxford machines can not produce a
run out so a value of 00 must be specified.
The fifth and sixth places indicate the angle of the tool edge. With standard tooling for producing metric
threads, this is set to a value of 60. Possible values are 80, 60, 55, 30, 29 and 00.
Q Address (1st G76 line)

The minimum machining depth the cutter can take per pass of the thread (see Fig. 76-2) in microns (m). No
decimal point is permitted.
This value prevents the machine taking unnecessarily small cuts as the cycle automatically calculates constant
material removal based on the first depth of cut.
A default value is Q50
R Address (1st G76 line)
The finishing allowance at the route of the thread (see Fig. 76-2) specified in decimal point programming.
A default value is R0.025
X and U Address
The route diameter at the point E (see Fig. 76-3). X = absolute diameter co-ordinate and U = incremental diameter
co-ordinate from current position. Either X or U is programmed.
Z and W Address
The position along the Z axis of the target point E (see Fig. 76-3). Z = absolute co-ordinate and W = incremental co-
ordinate from current position. Either Z or W is programmed.

F Address
The pitch in mm parallel to the Z axis (see Fig. 76-3).
P Address (2nd G76 line)
The depth of the thread along the X axis (see Fig. 76-1 to 76-4) in microns (m). No decimal point is permitted.
Q Address (2nd G76 line)
The incremental depth of cut for the first cut (see Fig. 76-3 & 76-4).
The remaining depths of cut are calculated automatically to reach the final depth accounting for the R address
programmed in the first G76 block.
R Address (2nd G76 line)
Used for the programming of Taper threads. The value R represents the difference in radius at the beginning and end
of a taper thread (see fig 76-4).
The value of the R address can be calculated as follows:
R=tan a/2 x L where a is the angle of the taper and L the length of the taper.
The mathematical sign of R changes the direction of the thread.
For threads with increasing diameter (i.e. a tapered external thread), the value is negative and for a decreasing
diameter (i.e. a tapered internal thread), the value is positive.
G83 - Drilling Cycle on Z axis.

Drilled holes can be programmed using the G83 command.
Note: Before calling G83 an appropriate start point must be approached which positions the centre of the drill on the
X 0.00 axis and gives adequate clearance from the front face of the workpiece in the Z axis.
This cycle is called by means of one block with the following format.
X and U Address
The diameter at which the centre line of the drilled hole lies. (See Fig. 83-1 and 83-2). X = absolute diameter coordinate and U = incremental diameter co-ordinate from current position. Either X or U is programmed.
Note:- For a fixed drill with a rotating workpiece, this MUST be at absolute X 0.00. For a rotating drill (driven tool),
X can be in any position.
Z and W Address
The position along the Z axis of the target point E (see Fig. 83-1 and 83-2). Z = absolute co-ordinate and W =
incremental co-ordinate from the retraction plane - R position (see R address below for details). Either Z or W is
programmed.
F Address
P Address
The dwell at the bottom of the hole in milli seconds (ms). If no dwell is required, enter a value of zero or omit the P
address.
Q Address
The incremental depth of cut for each peck (see Fig. 83-2) in microns (m). No decimal point is permitted.
R Address
The incremental distance between the initial start position and the retraction plane (Z position each peck pulls out
to). This will usually be a negative value (see Fig. 83-1 & 83-2).
G90 - Axial Cutting Cycle

Cylindrical and conical contours can be programmed using the G90 command.
The cycle machines the contour in a CCW direction as follows:
The tool advances along the X axis in rapid traverse.
Linear interpolation at feed along the Z axis until the end point E is reached.
Pull out tool along the X axis at feed.
Rapid back along the Z axis to start position.
G90 X(U) Z(W) F R
The use of the individual addresses are as follows:X and U Address

The diameter of the target point E (see Fig. 90-1 and 90-2). X = absolute diameter co-ordinate and U = incremental
diameter co-ordinate from current position. Either X or U is programmed.
Z and W Address
The position along the Z axis of the target point E (see Fig. 90-1 & 90-2). Z= absolute co-ordinate and W =
incremental co-ordinate from current position. Either Z or W is programmed.
F Address
R Address
The difference between the radii of the initial and end diameter of the taper is programmed under the R address. This
is specified as an incremental radius value and is assigned a mathematical sign to determine the direction of the
taper. The sign convention is as follows:
External Turning - If the diameter increases from right to left (in the Z -ve) then R = -ve (as per Fig. 90-1)
External Turning - If the diameter decreases from right to left (in the Z -ve) then R = +ve
Internal Turning - If the diameter decreases from right to left (in the Z -ve) then R = +ve (as per Fig. 90-2)
Internal Turning - If the diameter increases from right to left (in the Z -ve) then R = -ve
If no taper is required, enter an R value of zero or omit the R address.

G94 - Radial Cutting Cycle

Cylindrical and conical contours can be programmed using the G94 command.
The cycle machines the contour in a CW direction as follows:
The tool advances along the Z axis in rapid traverse.
Linear interpolation at feed along the X axis until the end point E is reached.
Pull out tool along the Z axis at feed.
Rapid back along the X axis to start position.
G90 X(U) Z(W) F R
The use of the individual addresses are as follows:X and U Address

The diameter of the target point E (see Fig. 94-1 and 94-2). X = absolute diameter co-ordinate and U = incremental
diameter co-ordinate from current position. Either X or U is programmed.
Z and W Address
The position along the Z axis of the target point E (see Fig. 94-1 & 94-2). Z= absolute co-ordinate and W =
incremental co-ordinate from current position. Either Z or W is programmed.
F Address
R Address
The difference between the Z positions of the start and finish of a taper is programmed under the R address. This is
specified as an incremental value and is assigned a mathematical sign to determine the direction of the taper. The
sign convention is as follows:
External Turning - If the Z length decreases as the diameter decreases (in the X-ve direction) then R = -ve
(as per Fig. 94-1)
External Turning - If the Z length increases as the diameter decreases (in the X-ve direction) then R = +ve
Internal Turning - If the Z length increases as the diameter increases (in the X+ve direction) then R = -ve
(as per Fig. 94-2 top)
Internal Turning - If the Z length decreases as the diameter increases (in the X+ve direction) then R = +ve
(as per Fig. 94-2 bottom)
If no taper is required, enter an R value of zero or omit the R address.

Tutorial 1 - Linear Interpolation and Rapid Traverse

This tutorial introduces simple part programming using the G01 preparatory code (linear interpolation) and also the
G00 code (rapid movement).
The program is for the profile from A to E.
The absolute co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below.
Point Datum
22
22
24
24
25
-15
-30
-35
-35
Tools used : LH Turning Tool

The Program is written as follows:PROGRAMMING SHEET
Drg No.
TITLE: TUT1
Mis
Prep
c
Cod
Cod
e
e
Description
N
Metric
10
21
1st Tool
20
Park
30
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
WRITTEN BY
Fee
Spindl
d
e
Rat
Speed
e
Axis Coordinates
X
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
Tool
No.
U
T
01
00
30
10
Position
Move to
Start
40
A to B
50
B to C
60
C to D
70
D to E
80
Spindle Stop 90
End
Program
10
0
04
01
22
22
-15
24
-30
200
0.05
-35
25
00
05
30
10
30
EXERCISE 1 - Simple Programming - Absolute Co-ordinates

1.
Tabulate the absolute co-ordinates of points A to E on the profile.
2.
Using a programming sheet write a program to machine the profile.
3.
Enter the program into the computer and simulate the tool movements.
(Do not attempt to machine the component)
Tutorial 2 - Incremental Co-ordinate Programming

The program is for the profile from A to E.
The incremental co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below.
Point Datum
20
-15
-15
-5
The program is written as follows:
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT2
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc Axis CoCode Code ordinates
Description
N
Metric
10
21
1st Tool
20
Feed
Rate
Spindl
e
Speed
Tool
No.
U
T
01
Park
Position
30
Move to
Start
40
Move to A
50
A to B
60
B to C
70
C to D
80
D to E
90
Spindle Stop
10
0
End
Program
110
00
04
30
10
22
01
200
0.05
-15
2
-15
-5
1
00
05
30
10
30
Exercise 2 - Simple Programming - Incremental Co-ordinates

Using the component shown in exercise 1:
Tabulate the incremental co-ordinates of points A to E on the profile.

1.
2.
Enter the program into the computer and simulate the tool movements.
Tutorial 3 - Turning and Facing a Stepped Shaft

This tutorial introduces the student to the completion of operation and programming sheets and the writing of a
program
for
a
component
requiring
roughing
and
finishing
cuts.
The operations sheet lists the sequence of machining operations, feed, spindle speed and the tool required. It also
gives
details
of
the
material
and
its
position
in
the
chuck.
A roughing and a finishing cut have been asked for on each diameter. The programming sheet lists the program to
machine the component; an explanation of each line has been given in the left hand column. The datum is at the
right hand end of the component.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT3
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc Axis CoCod Cod ordinate

e
e
s
Description
N
Metric
10
21
1st Tool
20
Park Position
30
Spindle On
40
Move to Start
50
00
26
Face Off
60
01
-1
Rapid Clear
70
00
Move to 1st Cut
80
00
Cut 23.5 x 35 Long
90
01
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
U
T
01
00
30
10
04
200
0
0.05
1
23.5
-35
0.05
Rapid Clear
10
0
00
24.5
Move to Next Cut
110
00
22
Cut 22 x 35 long
12
0
01
Move Clear
13
0
01
Rapid Clear
14
0
00
Move to Next Cut
15
0
00
Cut 20.5 x 30 Long
16
0
01
Rapid Clear
17
0
00
21.5
Move to Next Cut
18
0
00
19
Cut 19 x 30 Long
19
0
01
Cut Chamfer x 45
20
0
01
Rapid Clear
21
0
00
Move to Next Cut
22
0
00
Cut 17 x 10 Long
23
0
01
Rapid Clear
24
0
00
18
Move to Next Cut
25
0
00
15
Cut 15 x 10 Long
26
0
01
Move Clear
27
0
01
Park Position/Spindle
Off
28
0
00
End Program
29
0
-35
26
0.05
0.05
1
20.5
-30
23
0.05
-30
0.05
-32
0.05
1
17
-10
1
-10
20
05
0.05
30
0.05
0.05
10
30
Exercise 3- Turning and Facing a Stepped Shaft

The component for this exercise is similar to that in Tutorial 3.
1.
Write an operations sheet for this component.
2.
Write a program to machine the component.
3.
Test run your program and edit if necessary.
Tutorial 4 - Circular Interpolation

This gives an explanation of the G02 and G03 codes for clockwise and anticlockwise circular interpolation
respectively.
The programs are for the profile only and do not include any roughing cuts. Do not use these programs to machine a
component.
Circular Interpolation (G02 and G03)
To program an arc it is necessary to define a FINISH point by an X (U) and Z (W) dimension and, in addition
either(a) I and K values which give the co-ordinate of the arc centre from the start point in the X and Z directions
respectively; (these are unsigned) or (b) the radius of the arc as an R value.
The start and finish point of an arc must be in the same quadrant. A semicircle requires two blocks to be
programmed.
G02 Clockwise Circular Interpolation
The absolute co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below:
Point Datum
17
17
25
-22
-25
Tool Used: LH Turning Tool

The program is written as follows:
Drg No.
Description
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT4-1
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Feed Spindl
Rate
e
Speed
Tool
No.
Metric
1
0
21
1st Tool
2
0
Park
Position
3
0
Move to
Start
4
0
A to B
5
0
01
B to C
6
0
02
Spindle Stop
7
0
00
End
Program
8
0
01
00
04
30
10
22
200
-23.5
05
25
-25
30
10
0.05
1.5
0.05
30
Note: In block N60 I and K are the co-ordinates of the arc centre measured from the start of the arc.
G03 Counter Clockwise Circular Interpolation
The absolute co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below:
Point Datum
20
23
23
25
17
-1.5
-20
-20
-3

The Program is written as follows:
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT4-2
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Description
N
Feed
Rate
Spindl
e
Speed
Tool
No.
U
Metric
10
21
1st Tool
20
Park
Position
30
Move to
Start
40
Point A
50
01
A to B
60
03
B to C
70
01
C to D
80
Spindle Stop
90
End
Program
10
0
01
00
04
30
10
20
2
0
0.05
23
-1.5
0.05
23
-20
0.05
25
00
05
200
30
0.05
10
30
Exercise 4 - Circular Interpolation

This exercise involves using both the G02 and G03 codes.
1.
Tabulate the absolute co-ordinates of points A to D on the profile.
2.
3.
Enter the program into the computer, simulate and edit if necessary.
1.5
Tutorial 5 - Circular Interpolation and Roughing Cuts with a Tool Change

This tutorial gives a further example of circular interpolation and also illustrates how to rough surplus material from
the billet so that the maximum depth of cut of 3mm on the diameter is not exceeded.
Suppose that it is required to take roughing cuts before turning an arc of 4mm radius on a steel component. A scale
drawing of the arc section will reveal the variations between the lengths of roughing cut. In the drawing below, the
horizontal lines represent the depths of cut and the vertical lines the lengths of roughing cuts.
An alternative method is to take chamfering cuts on the surplus material. This is generally more difficult to program
because the X co-ordinates are measured on the diameter and so are double the corresponding Z co-ordinates to give
a 45 degree chamfer.
The drawing on the next page is used to determine the length of the roughing cuts; 2mm is left on the diameter
before the final finishing cut is taken.
The operations sheet shows the details of the roughing cuts and a program for the component is given. Test run the
program and examine its operation.
Programming a Tool Change

The first tool is specified by entering a T01 command, selecting the tool from the library list and entering a park
position on the next line as the above tutorials show. The second and subsequent tools are entered into the program
with two lines of information.
The first line stops the spindle and moves the tool away from the work and the second line selects the next tool.
Entering a T number already used in the program will change back to that tool.
A typical example of this is:Line G
70
80
05 30.000 10.000
02
Modal Programming
When programming G01, G02 and G03, Axis positions (X, Z), G, F and S values are modal.
Therefore if the mode or value is not required to change it need not be re-entered.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT5
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc Axis CoCod Cod ordinate

e
e
s
Description
N
Metric
10
21
Select LH Turning Tool
20
Park Position/Spindle On 30
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
U
T
01
00
Move to Start
40
04
Face Off
50
01
Rapid Clear
60
00
Move to 1st Cut
70
Cut 23 x 35 Long
80
01
Rapid Clear
90
00
Move to Next Cut
10
0
Cut 21 x 35 Long
110
01
Rapid Clear
12
0
00
Move to Next Cut
13
0
30
10
26
-1
200
0.05
1
23
-35
24
0.05
21
22
19
-35
0.05
0.05
Cut 19 x 24 Long
14
0
01
Rapid Clear
15
0
00
Move to Next Cut
16
0
Cut 17 x 23 Long
17
0
01
Rapid Clear
18
0
00
Move to Next Cut
19
0
Cut 15 x 22 Long
20
0
01
Rapid Clear
21
0
00
Move to Next Cut
22
0
Cut 13 x 22 Long
23
0
01
Rapid Clear
24
0
00
Move to Next Cut
25
0
Cut 11 x 2 Long
26
0
01
Rapid Clear
27
0
00
Move to Next Cut
28
0
Cut 8 x 0.8 Long
29
0
01
Rapid Clear
30
0
00
Move to Finish Cut
31
0
Increase Spindle Speed
32
0
Finish Cut 4mm Radius
33
0
03
Finish Turn 11
34
0
01
Finish 4mm Radius
35
0
03
Finish Turn 19
36
0
01
Finish Turn Face
37
0
-24
20
0.05
17
-23
18
0.05
15
-22
16
0.05
13
-22
14
0.05
11
-2
13
0.05
8
-0.8
9
0.05
04
225
11
19
26
-4
0.07
-23
0.07
-27
0.07
-35
0.07
Tool Change Position
38
0
Select Parting Tool
39
0
Move to Part Off

Position
40
0
Part Off
41
0
01
-1
Rapid Clear
42
0
00
30
Park Position
43
0
05
End Program
44
0
30
00
05
30
10
02
04
27
38.6
200
0.05
10
Exercise 5 - Circular Interpolation and Roughing Cuts with a Tool Change

This exercise involves the use of clockwise circular interpolation, tool changing and parting off.
1.
Complete an operations sheet for roughing and finishing the component below.
2.
3.
Enter the program into the computer, simulate and edit if necessary.
Tutorial 6 - Canned Cycles - Facing and Rough Turning

This tutorial serves as an introduction to Canned Cycles which simplify the programming of respective operations.
The tutorial is in two parts. In the first part the G94 canned cycle for Radial Cutting is considered, and in the second
part the G90 canned cycle for Axial cutting is used.
G94 Radial Cutting Cycle
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 6/1. It is required to reduce the length of the billet from 40mm to
37mm in 0.5mm deep cuts.
Before commencement of the cycle, the tool must be positioned at an appropriate start position on the previous line
of the program. A suggestion is 2mm away from the face in Z and 2mm greater on diameter in X. On completion of
the cycle the tool will return to its start point.
X (U), Z (W) = Cut position = X0.00 W-2.50
F=Feedrate = 70
R=Taper amount (if applicable) = 0 (or omit).
To repeat the cycle for the remaining cuts, all the columns remain modal so only the Z movement has to be specified
= W-3, -3.5, -4, -4.5,- 5. The cycle is cancelled with either a G00, G01, G02 or G03.
The program is shown on the programming sheet. Test run the program and examine how the cycle operates.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT6-1
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Description
N
Metric Units
10
21
1st Tool
20
Park
Position
30
Move to
Start
40
Radial Cut 1 50
Feed
Rate
Spindl
e
Speed
Tool
No.
U
00
04
94
30
10
27
200
0.05
-2.5
-3
Radial Cut 3 70
-3.5
Radial Cut 4 80
-4
Radial Cut 5 90
-4.5
10
0
-5.0
Spindle Stop 110
T
01
Radial Cut 2 60
Radial Cut 6
00
05
30
10
End
Program
12
0
30
G90 Axial Cutting Cycle

The component previously machined is now required to have its outside diameter reduced from 25mm to 15mm for
a length 25mm.
This is shown on the drawing and operations sheet for TUT 6/2.
The program for TUT 6/1 can be edited and extended by using the G90 canned cycle. Because it is the same
component it retains work datum X0,Y0 and so the start point for G90 will be X27, Z-1 i.e. 2mm greater in diameter
and 2mm clear of the work in the Z axis
Start Point = X27 Z-1
X (U), Z (W) = 1st Cut position = X27 W-27
F=Feedrate = 70
R=Taper amount (if applicable) = 0 (or omit).
To repeat the cycle for the remaining cuts, all the columns remain modal so only the X movement has to be specified
= U-4, -6, -8, -10,- 12. The cycle is cancelled with either a G00, G01, G02 or G03.
The program for TUT6-2 is shown on the programming sheet.
This can be used to extend TUT6-1 at the appropriate block no.
Extend TUT6-1, test run the program and examine how the cycle operates.
Drg No.
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT6-2
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
Metric Units
PROGRAMMING SHEET
10
21
Feed
Rate
Spindl
e
Speed
Tool
No.
U
1st Tool
20
Park
Position
30
Move to
Start
40
Radial Cut 1 50
01
00
04
94
30
10
27
-1
200
0.05
-2.5
Radial Cut 2 60
-3
Radial Cut 3 70
-3.5
Radial Cut 4 80
-4
Radial Cut 5 90
-4.5
Radial Cut 6
10
0
-5.0
Move to
Start
110
00
Axial Cut 1
12
0
90
Axial Cut 2
13
0
-6
Axial Cut 3
14
0
-8
Axial Cut 4
15
0
-10
Axial Cut 5
16
0
-12
Spindle Stop
17
0
End
Program
18
0
00
27
-1
0.05
05
30
-4
-27
10
30
Exercise 6 - Canned Cycles - Radial and Axial Turning

You are required to produce a component which fulfils the following machining specification:
Billet size 25mm x 40mm stickout from chuck.
Billet material - Plastic.
Face to 35mm length with 0.5mm deep cuts.
Outside diameter roughed to 19mm in cuts not exceeding 3mm on diameter.
Part off to a finished length of 30mm.
Complete the following tasks:

1.
Complete an operation sheet for the above machining operations.
2.
Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3.
Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Tutorial 7 - Canned Cycles - Grooving

Examine the operations sheet and drawing.
The G75 grooving cycle is carried out using the parting off tool. This tool is 1.6mm wide and when setting offsets,
its reference face is taken as the side nearest the chuck.
The tool is positioned clear of the diameter to be cut in the X axis (2mm is suggested) and is aligned to one side of
the finished slot in the Z (side nearest billet front face is suggested).
Start Point=X22 Z-11.6
The G75 cycle is defined on two lines.
Line 1
R = Pull out amount when pecking (in microns) = 500
Line 2
X (U) = Finished diameter of groove = X15
Z (W) = Groove Width (less width of cutter) = W-10
F = Feedrate = 70mm/min
P = Depth of Peck (in microns) = 2000

Q = Movement in Z axis after each cut (in microns) = 1500
Test it and examine its operation.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT7
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
Metric Units
10
21
LH Turning Tool
20
Park Position
30
Move to Start
40
Face Off
50
01
Rapid Clear
60
00
Move to Start
70
Axial Cut 1
80
Axial Cut 2
90
5.333
Axial Cut 3
10
0
-7
Chamfer Start
110
T
01
00
04
30
10
26
-1
0.05
1
27
0.5
90
00
200
0.05
18
3.667 35.5
Cut Chamfer
12
0
01
Park Position
13
0
00
Parting Tool
14
0
Groove Start
15
0
00
Grooving Cycle 1
16
0
75
Grooving Cycle
2
17
0
75
Park Position
18
0
00
End Program
19
0
05
20
-1
30
10
0.05
02
04
22
-11.6
200
0.5
15
05
30
0.05
-10
200 150
0
0
10
30
Exercise 7- Canned Cycles - Grooving

Billet size 25mm x 40mm stickout from chuck.
Billet material - Plastic.
Face to length of 40mm with one cut.
Outside diameter machined to 18mm in cuts not exceeding 2mm on diameter.
Machine a groove of depth 6mm x 12mm long starting 8mm from the free end.

1.
Complete an operation sheet for the above machining operations.
2.
3.
Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary
Tutorial 8 - Canned Cycles - External LH Thread.

Note: A threading tool is required for this tutorial.
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 8.
The component is the same as that for TUT 7 except that a screw thread has been added and the component has to be
parted off.
The program for TUT 7 can be edited and extended to include the screw thread by using the G76 canned cycle.
The work datum X0 Y0 is the same as that for TUT 7. The start point for G76 will be X22 Z1.5, i.e. 2mm greater in
diameter and 1.5 clear of the work in the Z axis.
Tool used: Threading tool
Start Point=X22 Z-11.6
The G76 cycle is defined on two lines.
Line 1
P = Six digit address. Digits 1 & 2 = Number of passes made at route without cutting. Digits 3 & 4 = Run out at end
of thread (not supported by Boxford machine so 00 Must be used). Digits 5 & 6 = angle of the tool edge (60 for
standard tooling) = 020060
Q = The smallest cut allowed (in microns) = 50
R = Finishing allowance at the root of the thread = 500
Line 2
X (U) = The core diameter of the thread = 18.770
Z (W) = The target point for the thread = -12.000
F = Thread Pitch = 0.750
P = The depth of the thread (in microns) = 615
Q = Depth of cut for the first pass. The remaining passes are automatically controlled by the system to achieve
constant material removal.
R = Required for programming taper threads. Represents the difference in radius at the beginning and end of the
taper thread (for parallel threads enter 0 or omit value) = omit
Note: After the first movement in the X axis there is a pause whilst the computer looks for the spindle marker point.
The program for TUT 8 is shown on the programming sheet. This can be used to extend TUT 7 at the appropriate
block no.
Extend TUT 7, test it and examine its operation.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT8
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
Metric Units
10
21
LH Turning Tool
20
Park Position
30
Move to Start
40
Face Off
50
01
Rapid Clear
60
00
Move to Start
70
Axial Cut 1
80
Axial Cut 2
90
5.33
3
Axial Cut 3
10
0
-7
Chamfer Start
110
T
01
00
04
30
10
26
-1
0.05
1
27
0.5
90
00
200
0.05
18
3.66 35.
7
5
Cut Chamfer
12
0
01
Park Position
13
0
00
Parting Tool
14
0
Groove Start
15
0
00
Grooving Cycle 1
16
0
75
Grooving Cycle 2
17
0
75
Park Position
18
0
00
Threading Tool
19
0
Thread Start CSS off
20
0
97
Threading Cycle
1
21
0
76
Threading Cycle
2
22
0
76
Park Position
23
0
00
Parting Tool
24
0
Spindle and CSS

On
25
0
Parting Position
26
0
Part Off
27
0
01
-1
Rapid Clear
28
0
00
25
Park Position
29
0
05
End Program
30
0
30
05
20
-1
30
10
0.05
02
04
22
-11.6
200
0.5
15
05
30
0.05
-10
2000
150
0
10
03
04
05
22
1.5
18.77
-12
30
10
400
0.75
02006
0
50
615
200
0.02
5
02
96
04
200
22
30
-33.6
0.04
10
Exercise 8 - Canned Cycles - External RH Thread.

This exercise is a repeat of Tutorial 6 except that the 20mm diameter has a right hand thread.
Note that the Z value in the G76 cycle for a right hand thread is positive. A new start position for the thread will
have to be calculated.
1.
Complete an operations sheet, based on TUT 7 for the shape and TUT 8 suitably modified for the thread.
2.
3.
Tutorial 9 - Canned Cycles - Peck Drilling

A 7mm drill is required for this tutorial.
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT9.
It is required to face the billet, and turn the 23mm diameter, centre drill to a depth of 5mm, peck drill the 5mm
hole and then part off the component.
Tool used: 5mm drill.
X (U) = Start Point in X axis (must be on X 0). = 0
Z (W) = End Point in Z axis. = -20
F = Feedrate = 0.04 mm/rev
Q = Peck Depth (in microns) = 10000
R = Absolute distance from Z start point to retraction plane when pecking = 2
The program for TUT9 is shown on the programming sheet. Test it and examine its operation.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT9
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
N
Metric Units
10
21
LH Turning Tool
20
Park Position
30
Move to Start
40
Face Off
50
Turn 23 x 33
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
U
T
01
00
30
10
26
94
-1
0.05
60
90
23
-35
0.05
Park Position
70
00
30
10
Centre Drill
80
Move to Start CSS Off
90
97
Drill Centre
10
0
01
-5
Rapid Clear
110
00
04
05
200
02
03
2500
0.06
Park Position
12
0
5mm Drill
13
0
Drilling Speed
14
0
Peck Drill Cycle
15
0
83
Park position
16
0
00
Parting Tool
17
0
Park Position
18
0
05
30
10
03
03
2000
0
05
-20
1000
0
0.04
30
04
30
10
25
-33.6
Part off Position - 19

CSS On
0
96
Part Off
20
0
01
-1
Rapid Clear
21
0
00
25
Park Position
22
0
05
End Program
23
0
30
04
30
200
0.05
10
Exercise 9: Canned Cycles - Deep Hole Peck Drilling

Note: A 5mm drill is required for this tutorial.
Billet size 25 x 40mm stickout from chuck.
Billet material = PLASTIC
Face to a length of 40mm with one cut.
Turn outside diameter to 19mm in cuts not exceeding 3mm on diameter.
Centre drill.
Peck drill a 5mm dia. hole 12mm deep.
Part off to 30mm long.

1.
Complete an operations sheet for the above machining operations.
2.
3.
Give your program a run and edit it if necessary.
Use tutorials 6 and 9 to help you with this exercise.
Tutorial 10 - Circular Interpolation - Partial Arcs

The topic of circular interpolation was introduced in Tutorial 4.
These arcs were of 90 degrees and occupied a single quadrant. If the arc is less than 90 degrees, it is called a partial
arc.
Examples of partial arcs are shown below:
1.
Two partial arcs programmed next to each other to form a groove. In this case, care has to be taken to
ensure that the correct tools are chosen so that the toolholders do not rub against the edges of the groove.
2.
Four partial arcs connecting tapers.
3.
A partial arc as a fillet to a taper and a shoulder.
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 10.

The drawing shows a component turned with a taper together with two partial arcs - one clockwise and the other one
counterclockwise.
The operations sheet gives details of the roughing cuts.
The I and K or R values are determined in the same way as for 90 arcs, i.e.
the I value is the incremental distance measured along the X axis and the K value is the distance measured
along the Z axis to the arc centre from the tool position at the commencement of the cut, or
the R value is the radius.
The X and Z values are the coordinates of the tool at the finish of the arc.
The calculations required to determine these values may involve trigonometry.
The program for TUT 10 is shown on the programming sheet. Test it and examine its operation.
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT10
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
Metric Units
10
21
LH Turning Tool
20
Park Position
30
Move to Start
40
Move to Start
50
Face Off
60
94
Axial Cut 1
70
90
Axial Cut 2
80
-28.5
-5
Axial Cut 3
90
-28
-7
Axial Cut 4
10
0
-27
-9
Axial Cut 5
110
-21
-11
Axial Cut 6
12
0
-13
-13
Axial Cut 7
13
0
-7
-15
T
01
00
04
30
10
26
200
1
-1
0.05
-29
0.05
-3
Axial Cut 8
14
0
-2
-17
Axial Cut 9
15
0
-0.8
-19
Rapid to Start
16
0
00
Feed to Start
17
0
01
Turn Radius
18
0
03
9.93 -3.48
0.05
Turn Taper
19
0
01
16.07
26.53
0.05
Turn radius
20
0
02
24
-30
0.05
Turn 24
21
0
01
24
-36.6
0.05
Park Position
22
0
00
30
10
Parting Tool
23
0
Part off Position
24
0
00
Part Off
25
0
01
-1
Rapid Clear
26
0
00
25
Park Position
27
0
05
End Program
28
0
30
2
0
05
0.05
4
02
04
25
30
-36.6
200
0.03
10
Exercise 10 - Circular Interpolation - Partial Arcs.

You are required to produce the component drawn below.
The billet size is 25 x 40mm stickout from chuck.
The billet material is PLASTIC

1.
Complete an operations sheet for the above component.
2.
3.
Tutorial 11 - Combining G Codes to Produce a Program

In this tutorial a selection of preparatory codes (G codes) are used to produce the component shown below.
Test run the program and examine its operation.
Drg No.
Description
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT11
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
Pre
p
Co
de
N G
Metric Units
10 21
Select LH Turning
Tool
20
Park Position
30 00
Move to
Start/Spind On
40
Face Off - Radial

Cycle
50 94
Turn 23 x 35
WRITTEN
BY
Mi
Axis
sc Coordin
Co
ates
de
M
Fe Spin
ed dle
Ra Spee
te
d
IK F
To
ol
No
.
U
01
30
10
26
-1
0.0
5
60 90
-35
0.0
6
Turn 21.5 x 23.5
70
23.5
Move to Next Cut
80 00
04
22 -16
200
-3
4.
5
Cut 20 x 19.5
90 01
20
19.5
0.0
5
Cut Taper
10
01
0
23.
-27
5
0.0
5
Rapid Clear
11
00
0
Turn 20 x 10
12
90
0
-10
Turn 15 x 10
13
0
Rapid Clear
14
00
0
14
Turn Chamfer
15
01
0
18.
-2.8
5
Rapid Clear
16
00
0
0.5
Move to Next Cut
17
00
0
12
Turn Chamfer
18
01
0
18.
-4.4
5
Rapid Clear
19
00
0
Move to Next Cut
20
00
0
Move to Next Cut
21
01
0
Finish Radius
22
03
0
17 -6.5
0.0
4
Finish 17
23
01
0
9.25
0.0
5
Finish Radius
24
02
0
20 10.7
5
0.0
4
Finish 20
25
01
0
16.7
5
0.0
5
Finish Taper
26
0
18
Finish Taper
27
0
23 -28
Park Position
28
00
0
Centre Drill
29
0
Move to Start CSS Off
30
97
0
Drill Centre
31
01
0
3.
5
0.0
6
-5
0.5
0.0
4
0.0
4
2
4
0
05
30
0.0
4
6.5
1.5
19.5
0.0
4
10
02
03
3
-5
2500
0.0
4
Rapid Clear
32
00
0
Park Position
33
0
5mm Drill
34
0
Start Spindle
35
0
Drilling Cycle
36
83
0
Park Position
37
00
0
Threading Tool
38
0
Move to Start
39
0
Move to Start
Major
40
00
0
Threading Cycle
Line 1
41
76
0
Threading Cycle
Line 2
42
76
0
Park Position
43
00
0
Parting Tool
44
0
Move to Part Off CSS On
45
96
0
Part Off
46
01
0
-1
Rapid Clear
47
00
0
30
Park Position
48
0
05
End Program
49
0
30
3
05
30
10
03
03
1500
0.0
4
0
05
30
-22
70
00
10
04
04
22
9.25
400
-2
200
0.0
50
60
25
18.
77
05
30
30
10.2 612
0
5
0.7
5
10
05
04
25 -34
30
200
0.0
3
10
Exercise 11 - Using a Combination of G Codes

You are required to produce the component drawn below.
The billet size is 25 x 40mm stickout from chuck. The billet material is PLASTIC

1.
Complete an operations sheet for the above component.
2.
3.
Tutorial 12 - Subroutines
In this tutorial, a subroutine is used to repeat a machining routine to produce the part shown below.
A subroutine is a program within a program which can be called at any time from the main program.
Subroutines are generally programed in incremental co-ordinates so they can be called at any position.
M98 = Subroutine Call
P = Subroutine Number = 0001
Drg No.
PROGRAMMING SHEET
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT12
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
N
Metric Units
10
21
20
Park Position
30
Move to Start/Spindle
On
40
Face Off - Radial Cycle
50
94
Park Position
60
00
Select Parting Tool
70
Start Spindle
80
Move to Start Point 1
90
Call Subroutine
10
0
110
Call Subroutine
12
0
13
0
Call Subroutine
14
0
Park Position
15
0
End Program
16
0
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
U
T
01
00
04
05
30
10
26
-1
30
10
200
0.05
02
04
30
10
26
-3.6
200
000
1
98
-14
000
1
98
-14
000
1
98
00
05
30
10
30
Subroutine 0001
Move to Start
10
-1
Grooving Cycle Line 1
20
75
30
75
Move to Next Cut
40
01
Finish Radius
50
03
0.05
-4
Pull Out
60
01
0.05
Move to Next Cut
70
Finish Radius
80
02
Rapid Clear
90
00
Rapid to Start
10
0.
5
0.05
-5 -8.4
500 140
0
0
2
-2
10.
4
0.05
-4
5
8.4
0
End Subroutine
110
99
Tutorial 13 - Nesting Subroutines
In this tutorial, a subroutine and a nested subroutine are used to create the component shown below
Subroutines can call other subroutines. This is known as nesting.

Drg No.
MATERIAL: PLASTIC
TITLE: TUT13
SHEET No. 1 OF 1
WRITTEN BY
Prep Misc
Axis
Cod Cod Coordinate
e
e
s
Description
Metric Units
PROGRAMMING SHEET
10
21
Fee Spindl
d
e
Rate Speed
I
Tool
No.
U
20
01
Park Position
30
Move to Start/Spindle
On
40
Face Off - Radial Cycle
50
94
Park Position
60
00
Select Parting Tool
70
Start Spindle
80
90
Call Subroutine
10
0
110
Call Subroutine
12
0
13
0
Call Subroutine
14
0
Park Position
15
0
End Program
16
0
00
04
05
30
10
26
-1
30
10
200
0.05
02
04
30
10
26
-3.6
200
000
1
98
-14
000
1
98
-14
000
1
98
00
05
30
10
30
Subroutine 0001
Move to Start
10
-1
20
75
30
75
Move to Next Cut
40
01
Finish Radius
50
03
0.05
-4
Pull Out
60
01
0.05
Move to Next Cut
70
Finish Radius
80
02
Rapid to Start Point 1
90
00
Call Subroutine
10
0
Rapid to Start Point 2
110
Call Subroutine
12
0
Rapid Clear
13
0
Rapid to Start
14
0
0.
5
0.05
-5 -8.4
500 140
0
0
2
-2
10.
4
0.05
-4
7.4
000
2
98
-5
000
2
98
00
5
6
End Subroutine
15
0
99
Subroutine 0002
Rapid to Position
10
00
-1
20
75
30
75
0.05
Move to Next Cut
40
01
0.05
Finish radius
50
03
0.05
-2
Pull Out
60
01
0.05
Move to Next Cut
70
Finish Radius
80
02
Rapid Clear
90
00
Rapid to start
10
0
End Subroutine
110
0.
5
-3 -1.4
1
0.05
0.05
-1
-2.4
-2
3
1.4
99
200 120
0
0

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Miscellaneous Codes (M Codes)

Programmed Intermediate Stop

Programmed Optional Stop

End of program (single quantity)

Spindle Start Clockwise

Spindle Start Anticlockwise

Driven Tool Off

Parts Catcher Retract

End of Program (Repeat)

Close Automatic Chuck

Open Automatic Chuck

Extend Automatic Quill

Retract Automatic Quill

Open Automatic Guard

Close Automatic Guard

Spindle Shot Bolt Engage

Spindle Shot Bolt Disengage

Turn output On/Off

M98 Subroutine Call

Address Codes Used

I = angle (30 deg increments)

Preparatory Codes (G Codes)

Address Codes Used

Rapid Traverse Movement

Circular Interpolation (Clockwise)

Circular Interpolation (Counter Clockwise)

Metric Programming Units

Imperial Programming Units

Grooving Cycle on X axis

Threading Cycle on Z axis

Drilling Cycle on Z axis.

Axial Cutting Cycle

Radial Cutting Cycle

Constant Surface Speed

Constant Spindle Speed (RPM)

A number of G codes from different groups can be specified in a single block.

Positional data and cycle parameters remain modal within a group.

G75 - Grooving Cycle on X axis.

R Address (first G75 line)

G76 - Threading Cycle on Z axis.

P Address (1st G76 line)

Q Address (1st G76 line)

ordinate from current position. Either Z or W is programmed.

G83 - Drilling Cycle on Z axis.

G90 - Axial Cutting Cycle

The tool advances along the X axis in rapid traverse.

Pull out tool along the X axis at feed.

Rapid back along the Z axis to start position.

The use of the individual addresses are as follows:X and U Address

If no taper is required, enter an R value of zero or omit the R address.

G94 - Radial Cutting Cycle

The tool advances along the Z axis in rapid traverse.

Pull out tool along the Z axis at feed.

Rapid back along the X axis to start position.

G90 X(U) Z(W) F R

The use of the individual addresses are as follows:X and U Address

If no taper is required, enter an R value of zero or omit the R address.

Tutorial 1 - Linear Interpolation and Rapid Traverse

Tools used : LH Turning Tool

EXERCISE 1 - Simple Programming - Absolute Co-ordinates

Tabulate the absolute co-ordinates of points A to E on the profile.

Using a programming sheet write a program to machine the profile.

Tutorial 2 - Incremental Co-ordinate Programming