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Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

Chapter 6 Analytic Geometry (2)

1. Relations of two lines


Parallel Lines and Their Slopes
Straight lines will be parallel if they have the same slope.
The following are equations of parallel lines: y = 3x + 1 and y = 3x 8.
They have the same slope 3.
So if two lines are parallel, then they have the same slope. That is m1 m2
In other words, the slopes of parallel lines are equal.
Note that two lines are parallel if there slopes are equal and they have different y - intercepts.

If the y-intercepts are the same, then two lines are coinciding exactly the same line.
Perpendicular Lines and Their Slopes
Straight lines will be perpendicular if
their slopes have opposite signs -- one positive and one negative, and
they are reciprocals of one another.
That is: If m is the slope of one line, then a perpendicular line has slope 1/m or
m1 x m2 = -1

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

In other words, perpendicular slopes are negative reciprocals of each other.

To be specific, if a line has slope 4, then every line that is perpendicular to it has slope .

2. Equation of a Straight Line


To establish a rule for the equation of a straight line, consider the previous example.
An increase in distance by 1 km results in an increase in cost of $3. We say that the rate of change of
cost with respect to distance is $3 per kilometre.
The information given in the graph can be represented by the equation c = 5 + 3d. That is:

1) slope-y intercept form


A line with equation y = mx + c has slope m and y-intercept c. m is also called gradient.

The slope of a straight line is the coefficient of x.

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

Particular Case
If a straight line passes through the origin, then its y-intercept is 0. So, the equation of a straight line
passing through the origin is y = mx, where m is the slope of the line.

Example 1

Solution:

Since the equation has slope and intercept, we call y = mx + b the slope-intercept form.

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

Example 2
Use the slope-intercept method: graph y = 2x.

So, the straight line passes through (0, 0). Use this point to draw a line of slope 2 (i.e. go across 3
units and up 6 units).

Note:
It is simpler to find the run and rise if we start from the y-intercept.
Example 3
Calculate the slope of the straight line given in the following diagram; and find its equation.

Solution:

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

Example 4
Write the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line with slope 3 and which passes through the
point (1, 4). Use the direct method.
The equation will have the form y = mx + b
We are given that m = 3. Therefore, the equation is y = 3x + b.
Now we must determine b.
We are given that (1, 4) is a point on the line. Those coordinates, then, solve the equation:
4 = 31 + b
This implies b = 7.
The equation of the line is y = 3x 7.
Class practice: Write the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line with slope 1 and which
passes through the point (8, 2).
We are given that m = 1 and that (x1, y1) = (8, 2).
Substitute m = 1: y = mx + b y = -x + b
Substitute (x1, y1) = (8, 2): -2 = -(-8) + b b = -10
Therefore, the equation of the line is y = -x 10.
2) The point-slope formula.
Let (x, y) be any point on the line. And let (x1, y1) be a given point on the line.

Then the slope

y
is equal to the slope m of the line.
x

This is called the point-slope formula for the equation of a straight line. We can use the formula
when we know the slope m of the line and one point (x1, y1) on it.

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

Example 5
We are given that m = 2 and that (x1, y1) = (1, 3).
Therefore, according to the point-slope formula: y -(-3)= 2
x-1
We must solve this for y:
y + 3 = 2(x 1) = 2x 2
This implies y = 2x 5. This is the equation of the line.
3) The two-point formula.

Let (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) be two given points, and let (x, y) be any point on the line. Then the slope
joining one of the given points and any point, is equal to the slope joining the two given points.

This is called the two-point formula for the equation of a straight line. We can use it to determine the
equation when we know two points. We may choose (x1, y1) to be either one of them.
Example 6
Find the equation of the line joining the points (2, 3) and (4, 7).
Solution:

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

y 3 2x 4

y 3
2
x2
y 2x 1

y 3 2( x 2)

Class practice: Find the equation of the line joining the two points (1, 5) and (4, 17).
y 5 17 5

x 1
4 1

y 5
4
x 1

y 5 4x 4

y 4x 1

y 5 4( x 1)

4) Linear Equation in Two Variables Standard Form: Ax + By = C


A linear equation in two variables is an equation that can be written in the form
Ax + By = C, where A and B are not both 0.
This form is called the standard form of a linear equation.
Example 7
Determine whether the equation y = 5x 3 is linear or not.
If we subtract 5x from both sides, then we can write the given equation as 5x + y = 3.
Since we can write it in the standard form, Ax + By = C, then we have a linear equation.
If we were to graph this equation, we would end up with a graph of a straight line.

Example 8
Determine whether the equation is linear y = x2- 4 or not.
If we subtract the x squared from both sides, we would end up with x 2 y 4 . Is this a linear
equation? Note how we have an x squared as opposed to x to the one power.
It looks like we cannot write it in the form Ax + By = C because the x has to be to the one power, not
squared. So this is not a linear equation.

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

5) Equation of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines


Example 9
Given the line 2x 3y = 9 and the point (4, 1), find lines through the point that are (a) parallel to the
given line and (b) perpendicular to it.
In other words, they've given me a reference line 2x 3y = 9 that I'll be comparing to, and some
point somewhere else on the plane namely, (4, 1). Then they want me to find the line through (4,
1) that is parallel to (that has the same slope as) 2x 3y = 9. On top of that, they then want me to
find the line through (4, 1) that is perpendicular to (that has a slope that is the negative reciprocal of
the slope of) 2x 3y = 9.
Clearly, the first thing I need to do is solve "2x 3y = 9" for "y =", so that I can find my reference
slope: Copyrig-2011 All Rights Reserved
2x 3y = 9
3y = 2x + 9
y = (2/3) x 3
So the reference slope from the reference line is m = 2/3.
a) Since a parallel line has an identical slope, then the parallel line through (4, 1) will have slope
m = 2/3. Hey, now I have a point and a slope! So I'll use the point-slope form to find the line:
y (1) = (2/3) (x 4)
y + 1 = (2/3) x 8/3
y = (2/3) x 8/3 3/3
y = (2/3) x 11/3This is the parallel line that they asked for.
b) For the perpendicular line, I have to find the perpendicular slope. The reference slope is m = 2/3,
and, for the perpendicular slope, I'll flip this slope and change the sign. Then the perpendicular slope
is m = 3/2. So now I can do the point-slope form. Note that the only change from the calculations I
just did is that the slope is different now.
y (1) = ( 3/2) (x 4)
y + 1 = ( 3 /2 ) x + 6
y = ( 3/2) x + 5
Then the full solution to this exercise is:
parallel: y = ( 2/3 ) x 11/3

perpendicular: y = ( 3/2 ) x + 5

Olympiads school Math grade 9 class 12: notes

5) Families of Lines
We always need at least two pieces of information to find the unique equation. If we are only given
one, then we will be able to find a family of lines all possible lines that satisfies the condition. We
will have an unknown constant (parameter) in our equation.
Example 10
Determine the equation for the family of lines having y-intercept 2.
The equation y = mx +2, for different real values of m, represents a family of lines with y-intercept 2
units. A few members of this family are shown in figure below.

Example 11
Find the equation of the family of lines with x-intercept -4.
Since the x-intercept of the family is given to be -4, therefore, each member of the family passes
through the point (-4, 0).
By using point-slope form, the equation of such a family of lines is y -0 = m (x -(-4)) i.e. y = m (x +4),
where m is a parameter.
Note:
The above equation of the family does not give the vertical line through the point (-4, 0). However,
the equation of this line is x = -4 i.e. x +4 = 0.
Therefore, y = m(x + 4) or x = -4.

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