Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Telecommunications
Multiple Access, LAN Basics, CSMA

Andrew Hamilton-Wright

Department of Computing and Information Science

University of Guelph

21st March 2005

Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Multiple Access Links and Protocols

Three types of links:

Point-to-Point single-wire e.g.; null-modem w PPP, SLIP
Broadcast shared medium
• shared wire - Simple Ethernet (w hubs)
• shared wireless - WaveLAN
• shared satellite etc
Switched medium linkage changes over times
• switched Ethernet
• ATM
• etc
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Multiple Access Protocols

• single shared communications channel

• two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes:
• only one can send at a time successfully
• interference
• multiple access protocol
• distributed algorithm that determines how stations share
channel i.e.; determine when stations can transmit
• communications about channel sharing must use channel
itself!
• what to look for in multiple access protocols:
• synchronous/asynchronous
• information needed about other stations
• robustness (wrt channel errors)
• performance
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Bus/Ring

Bus Ring

All stations are equal and must compete for control of the
medium
“Medium Access Control” (MAC)
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Star



















hub 

























“Star”
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Bus





 









 
Tap  terminating



 



 

 





 



 

  resistor














flow of information
















































Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Bus LAN Frame Transmission

A A

A B C D

A A

A B C D

A B C D
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Ring

Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Joining LANs together





































repeater











































hub




























 


 






 





 


repeater

Bus “Star”
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Joining LANs together . . .










 


 
hub 



 





 





 


 


 














 



















 

 


























 


 


Hierarchy of Hubs
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

LAN Topologies : Joining LANs together . . .



 

 

headend



 


 

 
 

“Tree” (usually broadband)

Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

MAC Protocols

Three broad classes:

Channel Partitioning
• divide channel into smaller “pieces” (time
slots, frequency)
• allocate pieces to node for exclusive use
Taking Turns
• tightly co-ordinate shared access to avoid
collisions
Random Access
• allow collisions
• detect and “recover” from collisions
Goal: efficient, fair, simple, decentralized
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Channel Partitioning MAC Protocols : FDMA

FDMA : frequency division multiple access
• channel spectrum divided into frequency bands
• each station assigned fixed frequency band
• unused transmission time in frequency bands goes idle














 Time





 
 
 
 
 

 

 

 

 

 


 


 1 


 




 2 

 
frequency bands

 
 3 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



 


 


 






 4 


  



 

 

 

 


 


 


 


 


 
Example: 6 station LAN












with data from machines




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1, 3, 4 



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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Channel Partitioning MAC Protocols : TDMA

TDMA : time division multiple access

• access to channel in “rounds”
• each station gets fixed length slot (length = pkt tran time) in
each round
• unused slots go idle

Example: 6 station LAN with data from machines 1, 3, 4

 


 
 






 



 


 


   


 
 










 


 


 









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3 





 4 




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 4 

  5 6
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Channel Partitioning MAC Protocols : CDMA

CDMA : code division multiple access
• unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e.; code set
partitioning
• used mostly in wireless broadcast channels (cellular,
satellite etc)
• all users share the same frequency, but each user has own
“chipping” sequence (or code) to encode data
• encoded signal = data × chipping sequence
• decoding is the inner-product of encoded signal and
chipping sequence
• allows multiple users to co-exist and transmit
simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are
orthogonal)
• there are a limited number of orthogonal “chipping”
sequences
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

C
A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

C
A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

C
A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B
C

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

A
A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration








































































































AC
A B

C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration























         






















 



        













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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration

 
       

















 
      

































 
  
  
  
 

















  
  
  
 


































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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration























         






















 



        













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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration























         






















 



        













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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration























         






















 



        













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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Taking Turns: Token Ring Arbitration








































































































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C
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Random Access Protocols

• when node has packet to send

• transmit at full channel data rate
• no a priori coordination among nodes
• two or more transmitting nodes → “collision”
• random access MAC protocol specifies:
• how to detect collisions
• how to recover from collisions (e.g.; via delayed
retransmissions)
• Examples of random access MAC protocols:
• ALOHA, slotted ALOHA
• CSMA and CSMA/CD
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

CSMA : Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CSMA: Listen before transmit:

• if a channel sensed idle: transmit entire packet
• if channel sensed busy, defer transmission
Persistent CSMA : retry immediately with probability p
when channel becomes idle (but this may
cause instability)
non-persistent CSMA : retry after a random interval
• Human analogy: Don’t interrupt others!
• CSMA/CD : Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : OK

1
frequency
bands

2

CTRL

Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : OK

      

1      
frequency
bands

2


CTRL 


Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : OK

      

1  

 
 
 
 
 


frequency


bands

2

  

 
CTRL 

Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : OK

 
          












           












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bands

 
          
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CTRL  



Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : Collision

1
frequency
bands

2

CTRL

Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : Collision

1
frequency
bands

2

CTRL


Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : Collision

1
frequency
bands

2






CTRL






Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : Collision

1














frequency

 



 










bands

2


  
CTRL   
Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

FDMA Control Contention : Collision

              
1







   

   

   

       
frequency

  

 

 



bands

2

 

 




    
CTRL   
Time
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Channel Contention : General Case w Arbiter

request request
expect expect
reply reply
backoff collision backoff
time b1 time b2
request
reissue
request 
















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reply 

 

 

 

  














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Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Channel Contention : General Case w Arbiter

Collision occurs because of concurrent requests:

• devices infer collision from lack of response from
arbiter/controller (base)
• each chooses a random backoff time bi
• each unique value of bi has chance for reissued request to
be received by base, but duplicate bi = bj will cause
devices i, j to reissue requests concurrently and collide
again
• each station chooses new backoff time after each
successive collision until contention is resolved or
attempt limit is reached
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Examples of Contention For a Sub-Channel

wireless
• new device in cell (uplink)
cable modem
• slot reservation request (on uplink) by active
device
• new arrival announcement (uplink) on cable
modem
satellite
• slot reservation request (uplink)
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

Examples of Contention For a Sub-Channel

Examples: wireless cable modem satellite

Notes:
1. all the above are devices asking a controller for permission
to connect or transmit, i.e.; compete for attention of an
arbitrator
2. systems infer collision from lack of response
3. wireless (and satellite) systems cannot assume devices
could even “hear” each other:
• due to:
3.1 near-far problem
3.2 line-of-sight problem
• thus arbiter is necessary
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

“Near-Far” Problem
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

“Line-of-Sight” Problem
Topologies Token Ring CSMA Contention

References

William Stallings.
Data and Computer Communications.
Prentice Hall, 7th edition, 2004.