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BNTERTNATEC$NAL

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STANDARD

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'{.2944-1

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Paints and varnishes

- Corrosicin
protection of steel structures
by protective
aal-*
arra*ampaint systems

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.I

Part 1 :
General introduction
Peintures et vernis
de peinture

j rat

Anticorrosion des structures en acler par systdmes

Partie 1: lntroduction gen1rale

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IT{TERNATIOi{AL STAT.JDARD

O ISO

lS0

X2944-1:1998{E)

Paints and varnishes

Gorrosion protection of steel structures
by protective paint systems

Part 1 :
Gene,ral introduction

1
1

Scope

.1

ISO 12944 deals with the corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint sysrems.

1.2 ISO 12944 covers only the corrosion-protective function of paint systems. Other protective functions, like the
protection against:
microorganisms (marine fouling, bacteria, fungi, etc.),
chemicals (acids, alkalis, organic solvents, gases, etc,),
rrrechanic;rl acticln (abrasion, etc. ) and

fire

ai not coverecl by ISO 12-944,

1.3

The fietd of application js characteri;zed by:

ttre iype of structrrr-e,
the iype of surface and surface preparation,
tiis. type of environrnent,
the type of protective paint system,

the type of worl< and

the durabiliW of the protective paint system,

Althougir l$() 12944 rjoes not cover all types of structure, surface arid surtace preparation, it rnpy, by aEreement,
also be applied to those eases which are not covered bv the standarc;.
The various aspects of the field of applieation are slescribed in more detailiri 1.3.1 to 1 3.6.

Licens kabt"af: l-lempel

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1.3.1 Type of structure

lSo'l 2944 concerns structures made of carbon or low-alloy steel (e.g. in accordance'with EN i002b) of not less
than 3 mm thickness, which are designed using an approveo srrength calculation.
Not covered by

lso

12944 are concrete structures reinforced with sreer.

1.3.2 Type of surface and sur{ace preparation

ISO 12944 deals with the following types of surface consisting of carbon or low-alloy steel, and their preparation
uncoated surfaces:
surfaces thermally sprayed with zinc, aluminium or their alloys;

hotdip-galvanized surfaces;
zi

nc-electro plated surfaces

sherardized surfaces:
surfact;s pairrted with prefabrication primer;
other prainted surfaces.

1.3.3 Type of environment

ISO 12944 deats with;
six corrosivity categories for atmospheric environments,
three categories for structures immersed in water or buried in soil.

1.3.4 Type of protective paint system

ISO -1 2944 covers a range of paint products whieh dry or cure at ambient conditions.
Not ccvered by ISO 12g44 are:
powder coating materials,
stoving ename!s,
heat-cured paints,
coatings of more than 2 mnr dry-film thicxness,
linings of tanks,
products tbr the chemical treatment of surfaces (e.g. ohosphating solutions).

1-3.5 Type of work

lS0 12944 covers

both new work and maintenance.

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1.3.6 Durability of the protective paint systenr

lso

'l29zl4 considers three different

durability ranges (low, medium and high). See 3.5 and clause 4

The dur;rbility range is not a ,,guarantee time',.

Normative refef,ences

The-following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute proVisions
of this part
of ISO 12t944. At the time of publication, the editions indiiared were valid. All standards
are sublept to revision, and
parties tcl agreements based on this part of ISO 12944
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the standards indicated below Members of IEC and l5O maintain regisiers of currLntly

valid Internatiorral Standards.

ISO 462f-1
Paints and varnishes
of degradation of paint coatings
- Evaluation
quantity iznd"19E\2,
- Desigitation
size of common types of defect
Part 1: GeneVat principles and rating ichemes.

of

intensity,

ISO 462l-2:1982, Paints and varnishes

of degradation of paint coatings
- Evaluation
quantity itnd size of common types of defect
Part 2: Desi{nafion of degree

Desig4tation

of

intensity,

Designation

of

intensity,

ISO 462E-4: 1982, Paints and varnishes

Evaluation of degradation of paint coating,s
quantity eznd size of common types of defect
Part 4: Designation of degree of crizciing.-

Desigrltation

of

intensity,

SO 462E-5:1982, Paints and varnishes

of degradation of paint coating.s
- Evaluation
quantity ztnd size of common types of defect
Part 5: Desig=nation of degree of 1akiig

Desigrlation

of

intensity,

of blistiring.

fSO 462i-3:1982, Paints and varnishes

of degradation of paint coating,s
- Evaluation
quantity and siz:e of common types of defect
ParT 3: Designation of degree of rustiigt.

EN 1002{i:1 990, Hot-rolted products of non-alloy structuralsfeels

Technicat detivery conditions.

Defirnitions

f-o1tne purposes of ISO 12944, the followinq definitions apply. Additionat definitions are given in the other pai-ts of

tso

12944.

NioTE"-

Some of the definitions have been takerr from lSo8044:1989, Carrosion

Fl"l 971-1:199f,, Paints and varnishes

-*Terms

3.1

ancl definitians

coat: A crrntinuous layer of rretal materiai

apptication,

or

for coating materials

continuous film

of

metals ancl alloys,-Vocabulary, anc

pan' 1: C)eneralfernr$, as rndicated

of pairrt (3.7), resultihg from a

single

3.? conrosion: Physicochemical interaction tletvveen a metal and its environment wfrich results in changes ir'' the
properties; of the metal and which may often lead to impairment of
the function of the rnetal, the envirorrment or the
technical system of whieh these form a part.
[lSO g044i

3'3 corrosion damage; Corrosion effect which is corrsirlered detrimental to the fulrction of the metal, the
envtronrnent or the technical system of which these fonr a part.
llso 9044]
3'4

eorrcsion stresses; The environmental factors rvlrich promote corrosion.

3'5

dur;rbitity; The expected life of a protective paint system to the first major maintenance painting. See

3.6

!ining: A protective coating on the inner sudace of a tank"

alsa

.,Licens kqbt af: Hernpel*1/S l_r.rcicltoftevej

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3'7

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paint:

A pignrented coating material, in liquid or in paste or powder form, which, when applieQ to a substrate,
forms an opaque film having pro'iective decorative or
other specific properties. tEN g71-il

3,8 protective coating system: The sum total of the coats of metal materials and/or parnts or
felated products
which are trr be applied or which have been applied to a substrate
to provide corrosion protection,

3'9 prote'ctive paint system: The sum total of the coats of paints or related products which are to be applied or
which have been applied to a substrate to provide corrosion protection,
3'10 substrate:

The surface to which the coating material is iapplied or is to be applied.

IEN 971-1]

General considerations and requirements

4'1 Since the period during which the protection provided by paint systems is effective is; generally shorter than the
expected seryice life of the structure, due consideration shall be given at the planning
Lnd oeiign stage to the
possibility

c,f

their maintenance or renewal.

4.2 Struct

re exposed to

corroslon P
and hetrce

ssembly shall be
structure, for the

achievedb

atingsystems,o
designi

cornponents from corrosion-resistant material,

specificatiorr of a corrosion allowance).

which a
n prote,ct
life of th

etaken

that

th

4,3

The cost-effectiveness of a given corrosion protection system will generally be in dir,ect proportign
to the length
of tirne for which effective protectLn is maintained, since the anrount
oimaintenance or replacement work required
during the service life of the structure will be reducecj to a mininrum"

4"4

Ti"re levei of coating failure before the first major rnaintenatlce painting shall be agreed by
the

ilterested parties

artd strall be assessed in ac;cordance with lso 4628.-1 to ISO 4628,5, unless othenwise agreerl
between the
irrtereriterrj
paft i es.

irr

this slanrlard, ciurability

ic'rv (1")

sed in terms of three ranqes:

2 to 5 years

tr,rrliunr (1l4) 5 io 15 years

L;-t.

tJ\

Itrj\rner liett Ltp

a "guarantee time". l?urability is a iechnical eonsideration tliai can help ihe

maintenart$e progralnnrc. A gilarartee tinre is a consideration that is the lqgal suhlrict of

'^|.lilLlsr,'5i in thr:, edrninistrative part-af
the c;r:Lntiact" 'Ihe guar'i;rnteu time is usualty shr;.rter than the durability
railge, l-i'e'e ere no rufes that rinh the two Dariods of time"

4"5

i:crI ciuality Inanagerneot purposes, the iSO t)000 series of standarris shculd preferal5ly be
takerr into accor,iril

.1 Heaith

and safety and envirorlrnentari 6rrcrtectlern

ii is th* dr.ri5;' of
Prcj*ci [n cetrry

and saietv of ih

ontiactors, paint aiarrufacturer.s. inspectors and all other p'ersonnei inv,:lverj iri a
iclr they are respc)nsible in such a manner that they do not endanger the health

Licsns kabt af: l-lempel*VS Lundtoftevej ,150, 2800 Lyngby

lso

12944-1 :'lB9s{F)

In pursuzrnce of this duty, each parly shall ensLtre that all the statutory requirements of the couptry in which thelr
work, or any paft of their work, is to be carried out are complied with.
NOTE

ltems that will need particular attention are for example:

noi specifying or using toxic or carcinogenic substances;

reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)'
measures against harmful effects of fumes, dust, vapours and noise, as well as fire hazards;
protection of the body, including the eyes, the skin, the ears and the respiratory systern;
protection of water and soil during corrosion protection work;
recycling of materials and waste disposal.

nformation on the other pads of ISO 12944

6' 1 ISO 12944-2 describes the corrosion stresses produced by the atmosphere, lby different types of water and by
soil' lt de,fines atmospheric-corrosivity categories and indicates the corrosion stresses to be expected in situations
where str-'el structures are immersed in water or buried in soil. The corrosion stresses to which a steel stfucture ts
exposed represent one essential parameter governing the selection of appropriate protective paint systems in
accordance with ISO 12944-5.

6.2

ISO 12944-3 gives

resistance to corrosion. I

esign criteria for steel structures for the purpose of improving their
itable and unsuitable designs, indicating, with the help of diagrams,
which structural element
elements are likely to cause accessibiiity problems during surface
preparation work and when applying, inspecting and maintaining paint systems. In addition, desi[n features which
will facilitate the handling and transport of steel structures are discussed.

6'3 lso'12944-4 des

and gives information
ctremical and thermal
ce preparation graoes
(reiughness), assessm
of prepared surfaces,
ternporarily protected
ng metal coatings, Qn
aspects. As far as possible, reference is made to the basic International Standards on the surface preparation of
steel substrates before application of paints and related products. ISO 12944-4 is intended to be read in conjunction
vvilh l-eO 12944-5 and ISO i2.944-7.

G"4 ISO 12944-5 describes different generic types r:f paints on the basis of their chemical colnposition and the
type ol fillm forrnation process. lt gives examples of various proteclive paint systerms that have proveri suitable for
r;tt'Ltcturers exposed to corrosive stresses and corrosivity categories described in ISO 12944-i:, reflecting uurrent
k';ic;urledg;e r:n atworld-wide scale. ISO 12944-5 is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO '12944-6.
G'S lSO 1?944-6 specifies laboratory test metlrods that are to be used
systetils is to be assessed" lt is particr.iiarly intendeel for paint systerns for

application
Atmosph

Vers testing of paint systems designed fnr

and to thermally sprayed nretallic c.ciatings.

protective paint
xperience is not
cleaning, to lrotnersion in water

ea water) are also covered.

ti.6

lSO 12944-7 describes how paint work is to be carried out in the workshop or on site. lt desoflbes rnethods for
i'l"te application of coaiing materials. Handling and storage of coating materials before application inspection of the
wc-rrlt and follow-up of the resulting paint system, as well as
;.rreparation of reference areas, are alsr'.: covered. lt does

nci cover surface preparation work (see ISO 12944^4J"

6.?

ISO 12544-8 gives guidance for cleveioping speciflcations for corrosion proterction work, degcribing everything
hr:t has to be taken into account when a steel struciure is
gainst corrosion, For tfre coivenience of
the user, ISO 12944
project
aint system specification, paint work
speciflcation, and ins
ication.
deal with particular aspects such as
planning of the work, r
on, anfl
rms intended to facilitate the rryork
f

,Licens kahtaf: Hempel,fuS Lrindisftevej 1S0, 2800 L:ynghv

ISO 12s44-j:i998{87

o tso

Ana:ex A
(informative)
GuidelEnes for Llslng ISS 12944 for a given prcject

In order to r:nsure effective corrosion protection, it is important that suitable

specifications are writteh for the project
(lSO 12944-8), taking the foltowing items as the basis:

a)
b)
c)

Analyse or estimate the corrosivity of the environment in the area where the structure is located or is to be
locatecl (lSO 1 2944-2).
Establish any special conditions which may affect the choice of paint system to be used (lSO 12944-s).

Examine the design of the structure and make sure that corrosion traps have been avoided and adequate
provided for corrosion protection work. Avoid galvanic corrosion by insulating dissimilar
-has been
metals from
each other (lSO 12944-3\.
access

d)
e)

For maintenance painting, assess the condition of the surface to be treated (lSO i2g44-4).

ldentify thosel paint systems with the required durability from those listed as being suitable for the relevant
if no long+errh experience is

environme_nt (lSO 12944-5), or from results of laboratory performance testing

available (lSO 12944-6).

Select, from the paint systems identified, the optimum one, taking into consideration the methotJ of sudace
preparation which wiil be used (tSO 12944_4).

S)

Make sure that damage to the environment and all health and safety risks are minimized (lSO'12944-1,

lso

12944_8).

h)

Draw up a plan of work and seiect a method of application

i)

Establilih a programrne of inspections to be carried out during and after the work

j)

(lso

12944-7).
(lSC) 12944-7 , tSO 12S41.8)

Establish a maintenance programme covering the whole service life of the structrire.

NOTE

For detailed pianiring, see ISO j2g44-g, annexes

r--

and D.

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Paints and varnishes

Corrosioh
protection of steel structures by protective
paint systems
Part 2:
Cl assification of environ ments
Peintures et vernis
de peinture

Anticorrosion des structures en acier par syslemes

Partie 2: Classification des environnements

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Reference nunrbeT

ISO 12944'2:1998(E)

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ISO 12944-2:'199s(E)

ph

eric-corrosivify categoq'ies a nd examples af $,pi cal e nvironmenls

ass loss per unit surface/thickness loss

on steel
Thickness
loss

z
Mass loss

r-1

<10

very low

>

wl
low

r-1

>

medium

a-A

>

10 to 200

200 to 400

> 400 to

hish

<

pm

9lm2

<

1,3

<

0,7

Heated buildings with

clean atmospheres,
e.g. offices, shops,
schools, hotels.

0,1

1,3 to 25

>0,7to5

> 0,1 to 0,7

Atmospheres with low

level of pollution.
Mostly rural areas.

Unheated buildings
where condensation
ma'y occur, e.g. depots,
sports halls.

>25to50

> 5 to'15

>

Urban and industrial

atmospheres,
moderate sulfur
dioxide pollutlon.
Coastal areas with low
salinity.

Production rooms
with high humidity and
some air pollution, e.g.
food-processing planls,
lauridries, breweries,

lndustrial areas and

coastal areas wi[h
moderate salinity.

Chemical plants,
swimming pools,
coastal ship- and
boatyards.

lndustrial areas with

high humidity and
aggressrve
atmosphere.

Buildings or areas
with almost oermanent
condensation and with
high pollution.

Coastal and offshore

areas with high
salinity.

witli almost oermanent

>50to80

650

lnte rior

Exte rior

Tliickness
loss

pm

r\R

Examples o{ typical environments

in a temperate climale (informalive only)

(after first year of exposure)

Corrosiv'ity
category

>15to30

O,7 to 2,1

> 2,1 lo 4,2

very high

> 650 to 1 500

>

>30to60

80 to 200

>

4,?.

lo 8.4

(industrial)

C5-M
very.high

> 650 to 1 500

>

80 to 200

>30to60

> 4,2 to 8,4

imaflne)

dairies.

Buildings or areas
condensation and with
high pollution.

l'.iOTES

-l
2

The loss values ttsed forthe corrosivily categories are identical 1o tho:;e given in ISO 9223,
lrr_coastal areas in hot, hunrid zones, the rnassj or thickness lossee can exceed the limits

lir)erefole'Jetaken whenselectingtrprotectivepaintsyslernsforsirucluiesinsuchareas.

s.t

of calegory C5-M Special

precauticrns must

fiare,gories for water and soi!

Flrt sirui;lures irnilersed in water or buriecl in soii, corrcrsiof') is norrnally local in nature and corrosivity categories arc;
diiiirrult tr: ,lefine Hov,ever. tr"rr the pLrrpclie ot this Internaticrnal Stendard, r,arious enrrironnrents can be ,Jcs:r-ibed
:r! tiiDie 2, iifrr+.:er different en,rironrnents are grven tqqether vlith tlreir desiqnations. See 4.2 for mr;re detail
Nll)TE

--- l!-i:Ilrany such siluations;, batlrorlir:;rrctectirrri

is involirerl arrr.i this shqulcl l-,n borne iri rnino

Ta:rle 2 "-- Cafegories for.rvater and soii

I

(;iltergor],

Ertvirottnlcrr

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Fresir

lin2

-t.ie

lfl.J

Snii

v.iate:r

a or brackuh rrlal,:r

iL.+iia.c'

I Rr,.i,.'_! l.rnk<r c::rrot rtilr-r: croor nrroc

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Iil{T ER IUATiCflNAL

STANDARD

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First editi
1 998-05-1

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Paints and varnishes

- Corrosion
protection of steel structures
by protective
paint systems
Part 3:
Design considerations
Peintures et vernis
de peinture

Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systdmes

Partie 3: Conception et dispositions constructives

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Reference nurnber
ISO 12944-i]:1998(E)

1-icens ksbt af: Henrpel Al,S

Lundtoftevej 1 50i 2800 Lyngby,

ISQ 1Z94rt-4:1QSS{E)

Contents

Page

Sr.nno

Normative references

Definitions

General

Types of surface to be prepared

...............
Surface preparation methods
Surface preparation grades

6
7

I
I

Sulrface proflle (roughness) and surface profile gradinS

Assessment of prepared

4
5
g

....... 10

surfaces

10

10

Temporary protection of prepared surfaces from corrosion

and/or contamination ................

11

11

Preparation of temporarily or parfly protected surfaces

before application of further coatings

11

Freparation of hot-dip-galvanized surfaces

11

Preparation of thermally sprayed metal

(zinc and aluminium) surfaces

12

12
13
14
15
1G

Preparation of zinc-electroplated and sherardized surfaces

12

Flreparation of other coated surfaces

12

Rercomrnendations regarding pollution and the environment

13

17

l-leralth and safety

13

Annexes

A
E

(0 rso

Standard preparation grades for prirnary (overall) surface

preparation

14

Standard preparation grades for secondary (parliai) surface

preparation

15

Procedures for removal of extraneous layers and foreign

matter

17

1e9B

All righls resenred. Untess otfrerwise specified, no part

of this publicalion may be reproouceo
in.any form or by any means, electronic or mechanicai, inctudirrg photocopying and

l,:-lLil:,J without permission

mrcrolllm,
in writirrg from the publisher.
nlernational Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 e g1-1211 Gendve 20 Switzerland
I

inlernet

iso@iso.ch

"

Licp;rs.hpbt af: flenipel AJS Lu.ndtoite-Vej. 1l 50, 28&.0,I-yngSy

INTERNATiGE\AL
STANEARD

ssG
G 2944=4
First edition
1

998-05-1 5

:4'

t*
'.-. 4e--i

1j--

_.l i9+
et
Lt_

'

Paints and varnishes

Gorrosion
protection of steel structurds by protective
paint systems

t*I lt

{/?
i

(-)

Part 4:
Types of surface and surface preparation
Peintures et vernis
de peinture

Anticorrosion des structu4es en acier par sysfdmes

Partie 4: Types de surface et de preparation de surface

iJJ

s
E.

t*
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.'fl

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Reference nrrmbei
ISO 12944-4:19s8(E)

Licens karbt ai: l-,lempeltuS Luncltoftevei 15t], ?8fr0 t.yngbv

ISO'12s44-a:1998(E)

o tso

Frnnex i\
(normative)

Standard prepa!'atlon gnades far primary {overail) surface prepa!'at'on

Standard
Surface
preparatio rn preparation
grade 1)
method

Sal

Blastcleaning

(6.2 3)

Representative
photographic
examples in

Essential features of prepared surfaces

For further details, including treatment prior to and

after surface preparation (column 2), see ISO 8501-1
8501-12)3)4)

lso
BSal
CSal
DSal

Poorly adhering mill s;cale, rust and paint coatings

and foreign matter are removed.5)

Sa2

BSa2
CSa2
DSa2

Most of the mill scale, rust, paint coatings

and foreign matter is removed. Any residual
contamination shall be firmly adhering.

Sa 2%

A Sa 2/z
B Sa2%

Mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter are

Sa 37)

or stripes.

ASa3
BSa3

Mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter are

removed. The surface shall have a uniform metallrc

UbAJ

DSa3

st2

Hand- or

power-tool
cleaning

(6.2.1,6.2.2)
qi"

Fiarne
cleenirrg
{6.3)

Poorly adhering mill scale, rust, paint coatings

and foreign matter are removed.5)

BSt3
CSt3
DSt3

Poorly adhering mill scale, rust, paint coatings

and foreign matter are removed.5) However, the

AFI
BFI

cFl

Acid oickling
(6.1 .B)

ir

a) uncoated steel
su rfaces;
b) coated steel
surfaces, if the
coatlngs are removed
to the extent that the
specified preparation
grade is achieved.6)

surface shall be treated much more thoroughly than

for St 2 to give a metailic sheen arising from the
metal substrate.
Mill scale, rusi, prainl coatings and foreign malter are
removed Any remaining residues shali show only as
a discoloration of the stirface (shades of different

.colg-urs).

_-

Mill scale, rust and residues lrom paint coatinE;s are

remc.rved aomrrletely.

Pi:int coatings shall be

removed prior to acid pickling by suitable means.

Key

The surface
preparation of

colour.

BSt2
CSt2
DSt2

DFI
Be

removed. Any remaining traces of contamination

shall show only as slight stains in the form of spots

C Sa2%
D Sa2%

Field of application

Prirlr to hor.dipgalvaniz.ing, irr

exaniple

lct syrrnbgl5 q5g6;

Sir ,- bli:rril-cieaning (lSO 8501.1)

St = hand.1,:i:l or pir.wer-tool cleaning {iSO tiS0i
[:l - llanre cl.ianing (lSO e5q1-.1)
Be '," acid pickling

1)

.)\

A' E' c

3)

The reprtxentiltive photogtapltic examples shr:,;,,only surfaces cr sirrfacer afeas thal were previously uncoated,
ln lhe r:ase of steei surfacers 'd/ith Painted or urrpairrteri rnelal ::oatings, an analogolrs application of oertain stald6rd preparation

lil
5)

ei
7l

14r

arrci [J are

initial corrciitinns o{ rrncoatec steer surfaces (see

lso

Bs01-.1

rni:y be agreed, provided thai these are iechnically feaslble urrclcr thE given cor,di-tions.
ivliii $cale is considernd to br.' ;:oorly adlrr:ring if it can be iemoveil by liflilg with
a blunt pultv knife

gi.eilLas

i-he factc'rs influenr;ilrg assessment sharr! be gh;en parlicurar oorrsirJeratior,

This sur-face preparation gtade can only be achiev'.:d and mairrioiner-j urrcier cer'lain conditions r,vhich
it may rrol be possihle lo produce
on site.

Liceps ksbt ai: HernpelAJS Llndtofievej ,!50, ,2g00

Lyngtry,

Bf,NTFRf,NAT!Gf,{AL

STANDARD

ss
T

gg44
First editi
1 998-05-

Corrected and re

;_ .LJ
I

i1.

t..

--

*--

ir,
l.d*

{si
4n

Paints and varnishes

- Gorrosion
protection of steel structures
by protective
paint systems
Part 5:
Protective paint systems
Peintures et vernis
de peinture

.--L3

Anticorrosion des structures en acier par systdmes

Partie 5: Systdmes de peinture

6.3J

;b

!4
'-1

Reference riumbef

ISO'12944-5;1998(E)

', '-'-,! ': ,

.,,:,

.,Liq'nsftabi:af:,r-rennperA/$. Lundtoftevej
is',,zg00Lynguy

iSO 12944-5:1s9s{F)

ISO850l-l:i988

o tso

Preparario, ofsreel subsrrares before apprication

ofpainrs and rerared prod,cts

Visual assesstnent of sutfoce cleanliness _

Part l Rust grades and preparation grades ofuncoared
sreer sr.tbstrares and oJ'sreel
"
substrates
afler overall removal of pivious coatinps.

ISO 8503-2:1988
ted

products -

leaned steel

ISO 12944-t:1998

Paints and vqrnishe's -- Coftosion prolection of

sleel slruclures by proteclive painl
sys/ems - Part L' General introduction

ISO 12944-2:t998

Paints and varnishes - corrosion protection

2: Classification o1[environments.

syslems - Parl

ISO 12944.4:1998

of sleel

slructures by prolective paints

Paints and varnishes - Coruosion protection of sleel

structures by proteclive painl
syslenrs - Part
4: Types ofsurface and sudace preparation.

ISO 12944-6:1998

Paints and varnishes - Corrosion proleclion of steel

structures by protective paint
systems - Part
6: Laboratory pedormance test nethods.

DEF'INITIONS

This clause covers those expressions

which are used in this part of
3.1

ISo 12g44 and.not covered by ISO 12g44-l

High-build

The property of a coating material

which permits the apptication of a coat of greater thickness
than usually considered
asnormaf fcrrthattypeofcoating.Forthep.r.po*r.ofthispartoflsO

12944,ahismeans>g0pmdryfilmthickness.

3.2
A term
J.J

tligh-sotid
used to describe paint materials with greater
a
than normal volume of solids.

Compatibility

(I) of pioducts in a paint system:

The ability c''f two or more products
to be used in

(iI)

t-rf a proctuct

'rhe ability
of
3.4

paint system without causing undesirable effecrs.

with tne substrate:

produci io be appiied to a substraie wiihoui
causing unciesirabie effecis.

Prinring coat(s)

The first ooa{(s) of

paint system, obtained by application of

primer.

Prirning coats provide go.cl aclhesion

to sufficiently rougherred, cleaned metal
solr*d base fi:rr and offering adhesion

and./or cleaned old coating, ensuring

to the subsequent coats. They normally also provide

corrosion protection dur.ing
the o'yercoating interval anil
the whole service lil.e of.the paint svstern.
J.5

Intermediate coat(.s)

Coat(s) betlvr:t:n priming and

1op coat(s).

NOTE I
ril the E'glish language, the ter-rn "undercoat" is someljmes
used sy'onymous)y, normally for a
applied direcrly before the top
coltlsi

coat

"i :i

Licensksht'.at-:t'renaperA/s LuncrtoftevejisO,2g0!-ynghy:",,

. : ,:, . :.

ISC 12944-5:19sS{F)

:t,6

Top coat(s)

The last coat(s) of a paint system, designed to protect

the coats beneath from the envirorunent, to contr.ibute to
.verall conosio' protectio' offered by the system and to give
the requisite colour,

r./

llecoat

A coat designed to improve intercoat adhesion and,/or avoid

certain

3.8

defects during application.

Stripe coat

A supplementary

3.9

coat applied to ensure adequateprotection of critical areas like

edges, welds etc.

Dry film thickness @FT)

T'he thickness

3.10

of a coating remaining on the surface when the coating has hardened.

Nominal dry fitm thickness (NDFT)

The dry film thickness specified for each coat

or for the whole paint system to achieve the required duLability.

3"11

Maximum dry film thickness

The highest acceptable dry film thickness above which

the performance of the paint or the paint system may

irnpaired.

3,12

Primer

A paint that

3.13

has been formulated

for use as

priming coat on prepared surfaces, commonly under subsequent coats.

Pre-fabrication primer

A fast-drving paint that is applied to the blast-cleaned

sfill allowing

NOI'E

-3.14

the steel to be weldecl.

7n

steel of a structure to protect the steel during fabrication rvhi

rnany Ianguages, the term pre-fabrication primer does not have the
same meaning as in Iinglish.

Pot life

'fhe rnaximum time

during which a coating rnaterial suppliecl

l,-een

mixed together.

3.:[5

Shclf tife

T?re time riuring which a coating material,

unclel normal storage conditions.

NorE 3

as sepa.ate components should be usecl after they have

will remain in gcod condition when stored in its original

seaied conrainers

The expression "notmal storage conditions" is usually understood to mean

storage betweerr #3 oc

and -t-30 oC.

3.16

lzOC (volatile organic compound)

FTndamenlally, any organic liquid and/or solicl

that evaporates spontaneously at the prevailing ternperature a'd
of the atmosphere witir rvhioh it is in contact.

prossure

As tc current usage of the term

voc

in the fiercr cf coa.ting materiars

see

3,r?.

,tr'icens.ksbt af: tlernBe'l

ISO

.-

A/S Lundtoftevej 158, 280 Lyngby

o lso

12944-{i:199S{E)

3.17

VO{l content (volatile organic cornpound content/VGCC)

The mass of the volatile organic compounds present in a coating material, as determined under specified conditions

'fhe exact interpretation of the word "volatile" will depend on the sphere of application of the coating
NOTE 4
material and the conditions ai the place of appiicatron. For each sphere of application, the limitrng values of the VOC
content and th,e methods of determination or calculation are stipulated by regulations or by agreements,

TYPES OF PATNT

The followingl generic types of paint are widely used in paint systems for the protection of steel strucfures against
corrosion. Typical binders for these paints are mentioned in the following sub-clauses. Many other modifications or
combinations of thenr will also be possible.
NOTE J
The information given hereafter concems only the chemical and physical properties of paints and not the
way they are used. The limits given for drying and curing temperatures are indicative only. Variations can be expected
for each type ,of paint depending on its formulation.

Air drying paints

4.1

The film hardens by evaporation of organic solvents or water followecl by reaction of the binder with oxygen in the air'

Typical binders are:

alkyd;
uretharne alkyd;
epoxy ester.

The drying tirne will depend, among other things, on the temperatufe. The reaction with oxygen can take place down to
0 'C, although at low temperatures it is much slower.

Physically drying paints

4"2

Eormulations of these paints can be solvent-borne or water-borne.

4.2.I

Solvent-borne paints

The film Cries by evaporaiion of the solvents. Thr; process is reversitlle, i.e, the dry fihn refitains soluble in ils origirial
solvents.

Typicai bintir:rs are:

-_
_'

chlorinated rubber;

vinyl chloride copolyniers

(also known as PVC);

acryli,c resins;

bitrimen.

The drying time will depel,C, among other things, on air movement arrd temperature. Drying can take place dovin to
0 'C. although at low ternperatures it is much sio"'rer.

4.2.2

Water-bornc paints

In these paints the binder is dispersed in water

The fllm hardens by evaporation cf rvater

anC

film forming (eoalescr:nce) of the dispersed binder.

The I'rocess is not reversible. i.e, this fype of coa.iing is not ledispelsible in water after drying.

:,/ .
flSG

Licens,kebta'l: l{enrpelfu-S Lundtoftevej'150, 2800 Lyngby

12944-5:i998(E)

Typical binders are:

acrylic dispersions;

vinyl

dispersions;

polyurethane dispelsrons.
The drying time will deper.rd, among other things, on air movement, relative humidity and temperature. Drying can take
plact: down to +3 'C, although at low temperatures it is much slower.

Chemically curing paints

4.3

In general, this fype of paint consists of

a base

component arrd a curing agent component.

The paint film cures by evaporation of solvents,

cururg agent component.

if present, and subsequent chemical reaction between the base and

the

The types given in 4.3.1,4.3.2 and 4.3.3 are in use.

4.3.11

Epoxy 2-pack paints

Base componenl

The binders in the base component are polymers having epoxy groups which react with suitable curing agents.
Typ.ical binders are:

epoxy;
epoxy vinyl/epoxy acrylic;
epoxy combinations (e.g, epoxy hydrocarbon resins or epoxy coal tar).

Forrnulations can be solvent-bome, water-bome or solvent-free.

Epoxies chalk when exposed to sunlight. If colour or glossr retention is required, the top coat should be ari aiipharic
polyurethane (4.3.2) or a suitable physically drying type (4.2)"
Curing agenl iomponent
Pol5raminoutllines (polyamines), polyaminoamides (polyamides) or adducts of these are most commorrl)/ tlsed.
Pcllrav6i6tss afe more suitable for primers because
are generally more resistant to chemicals.

of their good wetting propefiies. Polyamines lead to coatings u'hicir

Cuiing does iiot require exposure to air. Thc diying tirle will depend anrongst other things on air movemettt anri c'n
temlpcrature. The curiErg reaction can taks place dcrvn l.c -15 "L.

4,3'Z

Folyurethane 2-pack pairrts

Ecse component
The binders are polymers with free trydroxyl groups which react with suitable curing agents.

Fotrnulations can be solvent-borne or solvent-free.

Typical binders are:

__
.-

polyester;
acryIate;
epoxy;
poiyether;

fluoro resin.

Lhe

'

Licens,ksht af:,HempelFJS Lundtoftevei 150, 2800 Lyn:gby

tSC 12944-5:1998{E)

ring

C u

ag

ent

c o

illp oil ext

Aromatic or aliphatic polyisocyanates are most comnonly used.

Aliphatic-polyisocyanate-cured products have excellent gloss-retention and colour-retention properties

if

combined

with a suitabie base component.

Aromatic-polyisocyanate-curing agents give faster drying but are less suitabie for exterior exposure, tending to chalk
and discolour rnore rapidly.
Curing does not require exposure to air. Ilowever, the drying time will depend, among other things, on air movement
and temperafure. The curing reaction can take place down to 0 "C, or lower, but the relative humidify should preferably
be kept within t;he paint manufacturer's recommended range to ensure coatings free from bubbling and pinholing,

4,3.3

Moisture curing paints

The film dries by solvent evaporation. It cures chemically by reacting with moisture from the air.

Typical types are:

pollurethane (1-pack);

alkyl si'licate, e.g.

ethyl silicate (2-pack);
ethyl silicate (1-pack).

The drying time will depend, amongst other things, on the temperature, the air movement, ttre humidity and the film
thickness. Thq curing reaction can take place down to 0 oC, or lower, provided that the air still contains moisture. The
lower the rela{ive humidity, the slower the curing.

It is irnponani that manufacturers instructions regarding the limits for moisture, relative humidity and wet and dry film
thickness are (:omplied with in order to avoid bubbling, pinholing, detachment etc. in the coating.

4.4

Geirera! properties of different generic types of paint

Fttrl.her inf.rrn{ration is given in aunex C, This informative annex is intended only as an aid to seleetion, but

if it

is r.rsed

it sfrail be useil in combinaiion with the tables iri annex A, rranut-achrrers published data and information from previous
plo.jects.

r,A)tN.I' SYSTEMS

5.1

{Jl4ssificatiou ofenviron,nents and surfaces to he painted

5,

1.1

Cleissification of environrnents

In accorda.ircd.wittr ISO 12944-.2 the environmerrt is divided into the lbllowing categories:

Six

a"tmoslihdric. u'on osivity categolies

C1 ve:iy lsw

iou'
tnedium
C4 high

C,2
C_3

C5-i viry triglL (inCushial)

C5-Izl 'very high (rnarine)

Three categoiies for water and soil

lml iurmersion in fresh u,ater
Im2 irlrmersion in sea or blackisii water
Im3 buLried in soil

tso

,l-icens ksbt af: He'rnpelpVS Lundtoftevei 150,'2800 Lvngby

ISO 12944'5:1998{E)

5,1.2

Surfares to bc painted

5.1.?:.1 I\e'n,structures
The paint systems listed in amex A are related to surface preparation grades Sa 2t/zattd St 2. For steel surfaces prepared
to St 2, rust grade C as defined in ISO 8501-l is the reference grade, The roughness of a surface is generally expressed
as th,e height of the major peaks relative to the nrajor valleys. A method for grading the surface profile of abrasive blastciea;ned steel is described in ISO 8503-2
The paint systems listed in amex A are typical examples of systems used in the environments defined in ISO 12944-2'
No r;orrosion protection is required for items in corrosion category C1. If painting is necessary for aesthetic reasons, the
systrems jn table A.2 (corrosion category C2) may be used.
The mechanical ol chemical surface treatrnent required for hot-dip-galvanized surfaces is described in IS O I 2944-4

S.l|2.2

'

Maintenance

For maintenance ofpreviously coated surfaces, the condition ofthe existing coating and the surfaces shall be checked
usin,g suitable methods, e.g. ISO 4628,to determine whether partial or complete repainting should be carried out' The
fype of surface preparation and protective paint system shall then be specified. The paint manufacturer should be
consulted for recommendations. Test areas may be prepared to check the manufacturer's recommendations.
Type of primer

5.2

Tab,les A.1 to A.9 in annex A give information on the type of primer to be used, and indicate whether the primer ls
zino-rich or based on other pigments. For zinc-rich primers, the minimum zinc dust pigment content of the non-volatile
portion of the paint shall be S-O "2" Uy mass (m/m), both for organic and inorganic binders. T'his frgure is the basis for
the durabitities given for the paint systems with zinc-rich primers in tables A.l to A.8. The zinc dust pigment shall
comply with the requirements specified in ISO 3549.

A method for the determination of the zinc dust pigment content of the non-volatile portion of paints
described in ASTM D 237 1-85 , Standard Test Method for Pigmenl Content of Solvent-Reducible Painls

NOTE

is

NO,Ttr 7
Some countries have national standards with a minimum content higher than 80 % by mass (m/m) A
higher zinc dust pigment content genei-ally improves the durability of paint systems.

5"3

Low-VOC paint systems

'i'hr: examples listed in annex

emission of solvents.

A include paint

systems with a lolv VOC content der;igned to rneet requirements

fbr

For each corrosivity category one or rwo separate ta.hles indicate tvhether the paints for the paint systems listed

lorv

are

av4ilablq as waier-bome materials, or as a l-pack or 2-pack. Several of the paint systems listed can inelude cither high-

solids or water-borne paints for both the primer ancl tlie top coating materials, or a combination of'high-solids and

water-borne paints

5.4

Drv film thickness

t)ehnirions of clry film thickrress (DF'f) and nominal dry'film thickness (NDFT) are given in clause

3.

Film thicknesses indicated in the tabies in annex A are nominal dry film thicknesses. Dry fihn thicknesses are getlerally
checkerl on the cornplete paint system. Where ludged appt'opriate, the dry film thickness of the priming coat or of other
parts of ths paint system rnay be meesured ,-purut"ly. Deperrding on the inslrument calibration, measurerient method
a.nrJ fibn thickness, the roughness of the steel surface will have a different degree of influence on the tneasurenrellt
resuit,

Methods for the measLlrement cf film thickoess are clescibed in ISO 2808. The procedure for checking norninal dry
fihn thicknesses (irrstruments, calibration, and any allowance to be made for the contribution o1'the surface roughness
to the result) shall be agteed between the interested parties.

Licens kobt af: l,{empeliVS l-r-lncltoftevej 150, 28flS !-yngby

@

ISO i2944-15:1998(E)
Unless agreed othelwise, indi'f,idual dry f,rlm thicknesses of less than 80 % of the nonrinal dry film thickness are llot
acceptable. Unless agreed othJrwise iniividual values befween 80 % and 100 % of the nominal dry filnr thickness are
acceptable providecl that the of,erall average (rnean) is equal to or gtealer than the nominal dry film thickness'

Care shall be taken

to achidve the nominal dry film thickness

ancl

reconrmended that the niaximJm dry film thickness is not greater than 3
excessive maximum dry fllm ihi.kn..r, expert agreement shall be fouri
which have a critical maximum dry filn thickness or, in special cases,
technical data sheet shall be observed.

lt

is

ss' In the case

of

thickress'

ducts or systen'ls
t manufacturer's

The number 0,f coats and the {ry fitm thicknesses quoted in annex A are based on the use of airless spray application.
Application by roller, brush or conventional spraying equipment will produce lower fihn thicknesses, and more coats
will be needecl to produce the pame dry film thickness for the system. Consult the manufacturer for more information.

5.5

Durability

Definitions o1'both durability and durability ranges

The durabiliqr of

protective

are given

in ISO 12944-1.

int system depends on several parameters, such as:

the typ,e of paint syste

the desiign of the st
the condition of the
trate before preparation;
the effbctiveness of
surlace preparatlon;
the standard ofthe
ication work;
the conditions during pplication;
the exposure conditi
after application,

The condition of the paint s tem applied can be assessed by means of ISO 4628-1 to ISO 4628-6' It has been assumed
in compiling the tables in
.* R ittot the first major maintenance painting would normally need to be carried out for
reasons of co rrosion protect
once the coatins has reached the level Ri 3 as defined in ISO 4628-3
ity has been indicated in this parl of ISO 12944 in terms of three ranges;

Based on this precondition,

lovz (L)

2ta5

medium (N4)

15

ears

high (H')

more t

I5

to

'Ihe durability range is not

i'naintenairce prograrnm,e.

part $f: the coniract.

periods of time,

T'he

h4.rinlenance is cften
for aresthr,tic clr other reas
5.6

Strron

and site

years

"guarantee time". Durabitity is a technical consideration that can help the o"*'nel set ltp a
uarantee time is a corrsideration that is the legal subject of clauses in the administtative
tee tirrre is usually shor:ter than the durabilit-v range. There are no rules that link the two

at mcre f.requegt

inteivals becausc of f'acling, chalking, coniaminatio-rr or wear atid'rear, or

ication

'l'o ensure rnaximum nelfo

ance of a paint system, thr.r nrajority of the coats of the system ol, iipossible, the complete

system, should pr"aferably

appliediltheshop The:iclvantagr:sandcltsadvantagesofshopapplicaticrrareasfollows:

Arlvanfages

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

.FJetter control

ofappl

(lontrolled temperatu
(-jontroiied relative
Easier repail of da.rn
Gr eater outpnt
Retter waste and pol

Disadvanttrges
al }:ossible limitation of the size of the building compolierrls
b) Darnage due to handling, transpofi and ereciion
o) Over"coaiing time can be exceeded
C) Possillie contamination of the last coat

lso

'Licens kobt af: HernpelA/S Lundtoftevej 150, 28S0 Lyngby

ISO 12944-5:1998(E)
After conrpletiol of fabrication on site, any darnage shall be touched up and the cornplete stntcture can then be coated
with the final coat of the paint system.
Site application of the coating system wiil be strongly influenced by the daily weather conditrons which
cefiain influence on the expected lifetime.

will

also have

preloaded bearing type connections are to be painted, paint systems shall be used which do not lead to an
unacceptable decrease in the pr:eloading force. The paint systems selected and/or the precautions taken for such

If

co6ections will depend on the fype of structure and on subsequent handling, assembly and transportatton.
llables for paint systems
The tables given in annex A give examples of paint systens for several environments' The paints used for all these
systems shall be suitable for the highest corrosion stress of the given corrosivity or inrmersion category. The specifrer
shall have access to documentatron, or a statement frorn the paint manufacturer, conhrming the suitability or the
durability of a paint system in a given corrosivity or immersion category. If required, the suitability or durability of the
pairrt system shall be demonstrated by experience and/or artificial-ageing tests in accordance with ISO 12944-6 or as
othr:rwise agreed.
patttt
For paint systems based on new products or when no experience has been obtained with a particular system, the
given.
sysl;em shatl be tested at least in accordance with ISO 12944-6 and meet the requirements
The paint systems have been listed in the tables using two different principles:
are
In tables A.l, A.5 and A.9, which list systems for more than one corrosivify categoly (table A.l and A'5
binder
to
the
according
referred to in the following as "summarizing tables"), the systems have been arranged

a)

coat are to
used in the top coat. This arrangement is rnore convenient when the performance properties of the top
for
systems
paint
of
durability
overall
of
the
be taken as the basis for the ryrt"- selection, and for comparison
exactly'
known
not
is
category
more than one corrosivity category when the corrosivity

ln tables A.2, A.j,A,4, A.6, A.7 ancl A.8,lvhich list systems for one corrosivity category only (referred to in the
priming
following as "individual tables"), the systerns have been arranged according to the binder used in the
to
the
environment
of
category
coat. This arrangement is oonvenient for users who know exactly the corrosivity

b)

which their structute is exposed.

The pairrt svstems listecl have been choserr taking into accbunt sysiems ltsed as "fypical systenls"
it
sel.eral couutries. ihis has necessarily led to sorne systems being iisted which are not typical in other couutries'
treern concluded, hcrwever, that a simple overyiew cannot be given, nor can all options be covered.

NCtTEt8

'the
ln several eases, systoms have beel lncluded with more coatsbut no increase in expected durability'
application of more coats ;11ay b. n."".rury, and wil'be cost-efficient in particular cases (see also iSO 12944"1, sub-

NOTE

ciause 4.r't.
use
a specilier intencis to make use of the paint systems listed in tl.re tables, he should first decide whether he rvrli
fivo
the
paiilt systerns from summarizing tables or-tiom irrdividual tables because fhe system nurntreling rs different in

If

tyfles

crf table.

'iables A 2, A''3 antl A'4

All exarnples of palnt systems for con'osivir.y categones C2, C3 and C4 are given in table .A. l.
paint
is not showtr in
system
A
categories,
sh6w separltely the same paint systems f", *u"i, of these conosivity
paint
is not sh{}r''II lil
systcm
a
Likewise,
A,3.
table
in
tatile A.2 if ii is sho.ln as having a ciurabiiil'y classification "high"
tatrle A,2 or A.3 if shovun as "ltish" in talrle A-.4.

iir;
.; l
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ie;

ii :: E+;
2tq n
;

ZE

Ea

:
q

: E I E ::* :r +i' F ;

i h

tEa 3:
r
?
E !:s zi :ef
E'ti r
; is B
d

,::
ri F s E e3=*
:;E
.o
: -E : ! :

E=* C;i
Yi i;*

liiE- E s;
+i iEI
+5i Ii EF:
'; + tE rE e:E

E *:;
S )F E eE + E
a;b
E !S ; ;; E "t 1 =uz

=-a?aG-6';9t=

o
D

Et

tEt "ij iI
!;
E:r
=a S?E

E-=

1:

(J
tr

(j

;
te
EI
:J

f>
ts

5.s

;d

F.Fx

4
r'.

de
a>
a:
dg
:5

ltl

-.i

:.=

'--

.Zu

?x
a;

U)

9:

a
=

Licens kaht a'f: Hempel ."VS Luncltofte,re.l 1S0, 2800 Lvngbv

l.SO 12944-b:.JeSS(E)

Table A,2: Pziint systents for c.or.rosjvity catcgory C2

'J'hc paint
r;1'stems given irr the

following table are only exarnples. Other painl sl,stenrs having lhe sume perforrnance arc possible.
Ifthese exanrples are used' it shall be Jnsured that tlie
paint systenrs choscn cornpJy rvith the indicared durability wheD executrorr

place as sprecified. See also 5.7.

Paint
S

Surfacc

Prinring coat(s)

1'op coat(s) including

intermediate coat(s)

tenr ;l rep a ratio n

No,
gradcl)

ys

sr2

2Y

Sa

nde16l

Type of Number
of coats

NDFTJ

pr i nrer2)

indero.)

Fm

Paint systcnn

ot thc

painr rvork takcf

Expcctcd durability
ISO I 2944-l

(see 5.5 and

Nunrber NDFTJJ
of coats
pnt

Number

of

coa ts

r-----:I r oral

LOW

Medium

t{igh

I NDFTs)
I

tml
s2.01

s2,02

:(

s2.03

i2.04

2
X

s2.0s
s2.06

AK

M isc

s2.07
s2 08

s2.09
s2,10

80

40

t20

40

2-3

120

80

't-2

80

\4

160

t-2

80

ta

80

'2-4

160

I-2

80

z-3

r20

3-5

200

l-2

100

80

AY, CR,

t-2

80

PVC4,)

AK

t-2

t-2

100

80

3-4

I60

80

IA

AY

80

AY, CR, PVC

l:2

80

t-2

80

t-z

.80

80

40

l-:

,80

80

t-2

80

80

s2_17

EP, PUR

5Z l8

ESI

zn {R)

Ili!!ders for pr iming coaf(s)

r;;Jl l-"""k

l!

lall

crvlic
Folyvinvl chlolde
Epoxv

I.,Si

Etllvl sil;care

*l9]*:q4''i"----lurS1 r-usl
Zr {P') 7-i:,
l',lDI'I l.lot

4
i.-)

i,iis,,.:

120

-.

'80'r
BO

tlainfs

Waterbome
puss!

(l iq

L i

rt,
V/a1er
l)

orn i;

l,lc
x

-;-"1
-._,.'-'_-.1

"-----J
XI

)l

--'*-'--"1

-'-'---"

lrrSr2%rusigrade/r.ItorCasitetinedills(lg-sul I is the, ref:reircl grati

}v{is,:eiiirricur.rn- iypcs ;ii-aniir;oirosivr prenrents.

ickne;s. liee, -5.,1 i?.r firtLrci rieLrrtr
i.; rc.:.rrrrnehd.:t! that cornpaiibrlitv iri chr:rt:t:rl rziLh flr,:
niiiir( rnan,tiact''r .

ll
llct:l'r'rr ''trtiglorstEtel)ti(,fli)lJqLl:'.''.i,it,irr)cr)r)rn,enJirilh:rr.rlrc.:r{:cu,rrslrtrrll,Jl*hascduaallph:rtir!,lJp
iloi- :xpiartrtion oiabbroviatiorrs. scc ii:nt cf La.,lc.

160

t60

1.2:

dinISOS50l-iist],ereltrenceg.rade
5.2,

)20
160

chl crtnated rubber

,.\ Y
l)\." '

ints (liqr id)

n-o ofco nlponenLs

_"-/\

I
EP, PUR5)

160

100.

a f-t

80

EP

X'

80

80

PL,IR

80

AY, CR, PVC

{:

Lti

40

s2.t4

/r_K

40

100

s2.13

S2.l

40

t-2

s2.1i
q) r f

qt r<

40

Licens *,nYtt aI: Hemoel

lSiCl 12!l,rl4-S:.1

'rl,e paint
svsrcrs

,il::::il::il:T
Paint
eol
No.

S ys1

!r9S{f

A/g

o tso

giv:, in thc for.rv

ng

i.".:i:1';lr'n^rlbc

,",f"iiJlf;l;"LiilJ ll:t:;li,"11,:,:[::i]Jlil.::i:*rT[:,1...

Jnsured,r,.',ii"1",,,

lS u rfacc
preparatiun

svsrems choscn conrpry

Priming coat(s)

Top

u,itr

coar ls)

are possible
rrre indicated durabirity u,hcn ex,:cution

inclu Ing

lnlcrme liatc cor

:qra d el )

St

Luncltr.rftevej 150, :1800 l_yngby

Sa 2'/,

Binder 6)

1'ype

of

prinre12)

NDF Tr)
of coa

nder8)

!nt

Paint system

i3

(see 5.5

NoEl
F"''*
]
or
lrm of
N

coats

02

s3 03

80

3.04

s3

80

05

AK

M isc

I06

urnbel
coats

3,08

s3.ll
-l tl

AY, CR, PVC

)J. IJ

2-t

120

80

3Jl

160

80

2-tl

160

200

z0

80

80

l-2

80

80

t-2

80

BIT

4)

2-3

z0

200

2-3

z0

3-j

200

2-3

60

3-ji

240

60

1-1.

240

AY, CR, PVC

t-2

80

t4

S3

40

l-7

160

I-2

80

l-2

i3.t6
EP

It8

s3.i9
s3 20

EP, PUR
x

EP, PUR6)

zn (R)

40

z-J

2:3.

160

3-5

:::.240

160

l-2

:iI20.,'
2-.t

160

I-2

120
160

80

(]F., PVC

t-2

I]P, PUR5)

80

---,--J

lL"q.-l 2-oack

I
I

200

3-4

200

I60

80

80
160

20

34

80

2-3

tsinde rs for top :{rnt(s)

rDmmm

200
160

200
Paints (l
i',lo ofcon-,por,elts

Wflte rl,i

80

l-{
.

t20

Pair rts (ltqu. .r,1"."*_

''

l,:".16A'.'.

lr

AY

80

N";i.." -r;tJ
l

t20

80

80

irrrs t(.r piruling roat(s)

'200

200

80

z'tzr

3-5

40

240

40

t20

AY, CR, PVC

H igh

160

2-3

EP, PUR5)

M cdiurn

200

80

40

s-.1..',2-<

-,*'-*--+|
st :5

80

40

t60

80

80

sJ.24
---

240

t-2

EP, PUR5)

40

7))

3-4

34

160

AY

80

s3. 17

60

80

120

80

Lorv

t20

a-)
AY,CR,PVC4)

ta I

1-2

80

80

s3.09

g1l!

80

80

40

'.1'o

NDFT]
pm,

s3 07

AK

80

t3kcs

Expccted durabilitr
and ISO 12941-l)

(s)

i3.0

ol'the paint work

0nle

id)
Watr:r

bolrs

Iros:riblc

;cssjb

I
I

!,

i-

II:

i)
3)

1j

i,;.f.;i=lI;l-I,',",*.::"]]]:..l;'.I|.?,.'iuJ;,i],.:l:]:'f..:".'"grae,Fc,r
sc-e j,2, rvlisc = Misc..lar,eou" ;;?;;;,t,;;;;;,,,;;;,:il;

'',':, l,in::, 't

l;?,13i -.l:illl.
|1,-r11-ri1sl Ury
Filni h::kiress,
l!I]Fl
tt.ls Leuoffrrn,euded
,Iai compatibiiity

)l

l,

ll;l:: :::.|l1f:l,::::::i',,T
rrc

requir_ed, it

i,,.",",,.""iJ,t

Lhut

rh- i,,,r coal sh!,i,!,i be

paini sysLcm carr be adjusi;.J by subsrilucni

fl:rt']ll,
t is r(corrilerrde d thai one ot trre
LU.r),lilHl<

:)

8)

Frri esnlarrrri trr

t.0

S"" S f", i.,.,'f*, AJ,",ls"

is checke.J vrith tht pajnt maDLltaciureior

intcmr:diate coats

r1'

abbreviation:-. scc lboL of tahle

ii

coats

l,sed JS ,- tie cirar

l,a.seci

on airphatic pUR

ci1!. tll

Licerrs kahi af: Henrpel*\/S Luncltoftevej .tS0,

2g00 Lyrrgby

ISO't 294{t-S:'l $9S{E)

rhe painr.sysrerns gi'en ," ,n..,""11?.,,

,1j::::ilili"1i :';ii::';!'n'"
Paint
Syslem
No.

o'

urfacc

,,lilj:"i

l;..llil:8,.,iJ:il,:,l"rl,:"i1il;iJJ?.::::"-,ll]:,i,:nce are possibre

"","1-,;";;;";;trr svsrems choscn cc,r.ply wirh rl,e indicared durabiriry,r,ht:n execLrrrorr

Prirning coat(s)

rrpa ration

'lop coat(s) inclu

Sr2

Sa 2t/z

indo18)

Typc of Number NDFTJ)

of coats
[m

B inderu)

pr imer2)

l4--ir

11

YI?

s4.03

80

80

l3

x
EP

S4

BIT

S4

120

2-3

120

2-1

160

)tl

EP, PUR6)

Zn (R)

s4.21

s4.22

':
K

s4.)-4

r60

t-4

240

J-f

280

2-3

120

J-l

200

z-)

160

3-5

240

40

2.00

120

280

2-3'

160

3-5

240

120

4.2..

80

2-3

200

J<,

240

4-6

tz0

2-3

160

160

1A

200
240

4)n
;4 ).3

200

3-4

120

a-)

I 50 -''.

40

12

t60

3-4

200

EP, PUR5)

200
z,-J

240

:290

llt'
'!!

AY, CI{. PVC

200
244

I20
l6t)

34

200

3-4

240

200

34

2ti0

.+-J

320

t-2

80

2-3

EP PIIRs)

8C

R0

ng coar(s)

Pair ts (liq'

i'[;'*'r

,onents

-nack

l-";.k

ossi blg

160

oomF

yd

Ac;
-;'-Ti
-"-i; 'Y
-:ll__-_., __ :'n
j_= p.F^^
u__-_--.
yuc

lf

)i

'.2

)
.r)
4)
5)
6)

t)
8)

Li

()l-j

(liq

ponenls

Wati;rboi

jl -, .:--- cttl orinatcd nrbbel

---x lI vc---:--ll'l ,,vrnyl
::---ctrloride
-

Fai nts

;f";;

't"

-r!----+l K-,.----".--4u,
:n

|llililTlltlt

|inders for ton cftAf/c

)
Water.

80

l-4

8',\)

'.

I60
3-4

80

30

280

'320

120

2-3

I6L)

80

4.J2

. 4-5I

80

ESIT)

J-4
)-4

80

ia lo

320

ln

80

-i"l 'l

280

40

80

x
.__..::_J

200

80

40

High

200

200

4A
x

?_40

4A

;4.23

3-5

40
X

2E0

2-3

AY, CR, PVC

L40

l-5

160

EP, PUR5)

Mcdium

200

i60

40

LOW

pnl

160

4]

AY, CR, PVC

80

l-2

NDFl'])

80

l-2

S4

Expected dunrbiliii'

200

AY, CR, PVC4

_-"-_Jl tJR ..

Lakcs

(sec 5.5 und ISO 12944-t )

2-3

I't-4)

40

j4-

80

s4.1 4

80
M isc

:4.12
s4.

80
80

14.09

s4.1

-2

AY, CR, PVC

4't0

coats

AK

80

s4.05

a08

urrbe

80

Yg
s4.07

of

80

AK

s4 06

rng

inlcrnediatc co: (s)

gradel)

of the Paint rvork

In0D

re

X
X

x
x
/.

Pol' ,uretb ane

is riie rcferonce giade.

ci antjccirosive pigments
rlher dc_talls.
r the paint manufac:furcr,
iijed that the last coat shnuld bc basetl ol aliphatic PU]{,
vided that tire Ep or pUii ,t inc rich prrnter crrttsen is
suitable for
SuLj!.,r t::I C,lalj.

neorrs type,i

,. ,n ,cL.uUrrrLe!loco tnat one oi rhe lntermediaic

,oals is ,ra"Oll ,,
Pr,r cz1;i;rnation ufabbre.,iations,
ser fbct of,trble.

,i",rri

sucLr an

NDFT In this case. tlrc

Licens ksht af: l-lempet ,A/S l_ilncltoftevej 1Stt,

2B0Ci

Lyngby

lscr r?944-5:.t998(E)

o tso

Tab.le A.5: Paint systen.rs slrntmarizcd lbr ror.rosirril)r

catcsor.es C5_l and C5_Ml

paint syr;tenrs givcn in the tbllowing
table are only, exarrples Othcr paint systcms having tlre sanre pcrlbrmaltce
arc possible

'1'he

iiji::;::']i:T,J:..:i::,;;:'..',u.Jn,u,"a_iioiii"l,i"..,,.",",cllosencotlp|ywi|htheindlcatedtlurab|ity
Paint
Systcnl

Su
p

t\ 0.

rep

rtace
a

Priming coat(s)

Top coat(s) including

internrcdiatc coat(s)

ration

gra del )

Paint syslcm

[)xp

Sa Tt/t

Binder

2)

Type ol
primerl. of coa

CR

s5.02

Misc

DI-

T{

E] i

\DFT4 Nltmbe

nde12)

f coatl

Frn

80

120

s5-01
ES]6)

Itn

of

coatu

Io1 al

L M H

NDFT4

EP, PUR5)

s5.07
s5.08

s5.09

i4

200

16.0

80

3-4

200

i6

02

80

200

280

i6

07

80

240

320

s6,l

200

240

s7 08

40

3-4

280

A<

320

s7 09

EP + CR lo)

t20

160

120

200

EP, PUR5)

Zn (R)

40

200

240

2-4

60

3-5

240

s6.06
s6,09

80

204

280

s6.03

80

80

Misc

EP, PUR?)

s7 02

s5 l2

200

280

S5

\o l0

80

240

3-5

?tn

i6

50

150

300

s(

EP, PUR

L:

Misc

80

1?

ESI6)

zn (R)

CTV9)

At8)

100

Misc.

400

EP, PUR5)

zn (R)

!,P,

s5.27

CTEg)

PLTR5)

240

Ep+CTEe)l

0)

?00

CT\'9)

200

CTV9)

lvl r sc

t00

C'I E9)

2C0

zn (R)

4C

lreo

Fain

---N".;--

500

280:

.J

s6,04

360

_;::-_.

ChLo111 ated

00

400

s7 01

00

s7,t6
ill|iltl

,s7

V"'algi

possi ble

v.

llth','i

I:e!":--_-

_._,._

ioal ta firly.l_._-_..__-._
C-oal ta

;;-

i-or Sa ?.Z nrst

2i

iir:r

.r)

v_

-:__

It

gr-ade A, B or

(.

as

{tP
X

UR -

VC
=
:11-V ',
.
TI'l

_9PeLv_*__.*-*

liolined in ISO g50j I is the refe.rericc

expli:irra.tion of ai:breviafions, see {bol of table.

t!

$sliil.--bornr

WaLer-borle,

rubLer

Polvurt )tnaDe

s7.04

300

componerirs

-pack | 2-oack

s7.t4

06

Bindcrs for top cnat(s)

lrsqt)---_-

s7. t2

400:

40

Hir,lri{ir.s for prinring r:o: rt(s)

08

s7,07

s7,03

320.''

250

80

EP, PTIR

*9
70

J-9

250

s5.t8
s5

zn (R)

ESI6)

s? 0l

80

EP, PUR

'7

t20

40

SlJ If;

Acrylic
Chlu;irated

4-;:+-,:J

rLibber

Epoxy
Polyureihane
Polvvinvl chloride
Coal lar vinvl
Coul Lat sDo):\

-.t

gracie.

olrl!s,v plgrirenr

4)

-il

or

i,l_f

Ii zini: r tch pri mcr ohose' is s uita ble

6)
!)

c;rl sliottid trr,lrase' on aliphatic PUR.

h)
9)
-!

he firsi lflhe abbreviarjons rerari:s ro the

inLerrrediate coai anLr rh, i:,!ter t/l tirc torl cilat,
l- - low, lVi = mcdiun, H - hign.

!2)

fl.rl;tenrs fr;r Cl5-l

111

''j'/slgms

ifr

l3)

M isc

!s,1i

t0)

?)

EP, PUR

ESt6)

S5

ii)

lr

s5 l0
1

A6

CR, PVC

40

s5.06

ta blcs

cs-M

l-2

Zn (R

s5.05

s5.1

l-2

EP, PUR5)

04

Cor rts-p0nding
paint sl,stcm
nunrbct in

12944-1)

c5-l I
pnn

s5.01

s5

tcd

[s(:e 5,5 and

IS0

st2

ec

durabilityll)

oflen be used irlr C5-lr4 blt uvith a rcdlti:eC +lurahiliir,.

can ofrer he userr frl (----5-r L)ur *itt, u,, ;".-i.r..ri,ir,r"u;r;,,

r:arr

hr c5 M

{br srrr:h aa NDFT., ln th::; ; :ise the

Licens ksbt af: l-lemnel

lSfi

'l

;1944-5

:1

i\/S

l_urndtofterrej 180, ZB00 Lvnghv

.998{E)

'i'able A.6: Print s1'sterns 1or co:.ros!r,ily

category

{15_1

The painl systerns givcll in tlte follorving table are only

exanrples othcr paint systcnrs having the sanrc perforprancc are possible.
lfthese examples are used, jt shall bc ensured that tlrc painL
sysLenrs chosen comply with rhe indicated durability whcn execution ofthe pai[t rvork takcs
place as specified. See also 5.?,

Paint

Su rfa ce

Systenl

preparation
gra del)

No.

Priming coat(s)

Sa 2t/z

Tnp coat(s) including intermediatc

Paint

Expectcd durability

s5r511a1

coat(s)
tJtrd,er/

Type

of Number

primer2)

NDFTJ)

of coats

Fm

t-z

80

tJ

rnder

/,

(see 5.5 und

lso
Number

of

NDFT3)

coats

Frn

Number

of

coats

Total

Low

12944-l)
Mediun High

NDFT])
iltn

s6.01

CR

s6.02

s6.03

Mrsc

80

s6 04

s6.05

40

Zn (R)

s6 08

80

s6.10

ES16)

s6.1 I

Binders :[or primiing coat(s)

80

80

.l

'80

Paints (liquid)
No. of components
| -nack

Chlorinated rubber

2-pack

Polyurethane

t20

J-+

l-2

80

3-4

200

200

280

3-4

240

4-6

320

t20

160

200

200

24

240

3-5

320

2-4

160

3-5

240

200

280

24A

AY, CR, PVC

200

240

zao

Paints (liquid)

Waterbome

No. of
commnents

possible

x
stltcate

EP, PUR4)

Binders for top coat(s)

Epoxi

tthyl

AY, CR, PVC

80

s6,09

=
=

EP, PUR4)

40

s6 07

PUR

80

EP, PUR5)

s6 06

CR
EP

20

EP, PUR

AY, CR, PVC

.=
:
:

CR
AY
PVC
EP

PUR

-pacl

Chlorinated rubber

Acrylic

?-pack

Water-

bome
rossi blr

Polyvinyl chloride
Epoxy

Polyurethane

grade

orrosl./e prgments
coat should be based on aliphatrc pUR
orPUR zinc rich pnmerchosen is surtabje forsuch

!)

anNDFT !n lhis

cas-e, tlre

Licens kaht af: Hempel,r\/S Luncltoftevei i5{1,

lsc

2S{J0

Lvngby

o tso

29ri,:tr-5:1 99S{E)

ilable A.7: Faint sS,stents for corrosivity caiegor'1, [g-ffi

'fhe paint
systctlls givcn in the tblloiving table are only examples. Othel painL systerns having the sanrc perfornrarrce are possiblc,
Ifthese exarrples are used, it shall be ensured tha( the paint syslems chosen cornply u,lth the indicated clurability when execntion of the paint work
place

as

Paint

Su

Systrrn
No

rface

Priruing coat(s)

Top coat(s) including intermcdiate

pr cp arati on

Sa 2tA

inder

Type

o[

s7.01

Nunrbcr

NDFT3)

of coats

pn'1

It

CR

80

s7.02

in

derlo)

AY, CR, PVC

80

s7.03

EP, PUR

Misc

s7.04

150

I-2

(sce 5.5 and

400

! /.Uf)

250

s7.07

40

s7.08

EP. PUR5

Zn (R)

i7.09
s7 l0

;1.12

ESI6)

s7.13
4

) /- l )

i7.16

CTVs)

Al7)

CTEs)

Misc.

Binders for prriming coat(s)

NDFTI)
Fm

Nurnber
oI coats

120

34

200

120

200

]50

'.2

300

240

4-6

j-q

EP, PUR4J
3

Chlorinated rubber
Epoxv

trP

250

'.2

500

200

,1

240

200

240

280

4=5

320

EP + CR9)
EP, PUR4)

40

CTV8)

360

400

40

CTEE)

.360

400

80

EP, PUR4)
EP + CTEs) 9)

3-5

80

240
,280

80

EP, PUR4)

2-4

240

3-5

100

CTV8)

200

320
300 '

CTE8)

200

300

160

200

ES,L_: __ Erhfls_ilicare _
ffA_: _____!S.lEterhane _
V '-lb =
I

Coal iar vinvl

CoaltareDoxv

l)
1)

4)

J)
6)
1)
LYi

e)
| {.1)

?0

Paints fliquid)
No. of
Watercomponents

nossihle

CR
PVC
Ef
PUR
ITV

:
:
=
=
:

fE

AY
2)

Water-

x
x

Binders for top coat(s)

High

320

40

100

2-oack

Low Mcdiun

400

bo rne
I -pack

Total

12944-r)

NDF]'3)
tfrl

40

Paints (liquid)
No. ofcomponenls

Number
of coats

EP, PUR4J

80

s7.0s

rR

Expccted durabilifi'

rso
prime12)

;'1 .t

Paint systcm

coat(s)

gradel)

sr2

i7.l

takes

specificd, See also 5.7,

--

r-;;;kl
Chlorinated rubber

2-oack

borne
hlr

rnsqi

Polwinvl chloride
Epoxy
Polyurethane
Coal tar vinvl
Coal tar eDoxv

Acrylic

K
X

iror Sl 2 ii rusi grlde rr, B or C as defined in ISO 8.501-! is the relerence grade,
Ztt (R): Zinc ricir plimer, ser,5.2, Misc = fvlisccllaneous lypes of anticorrost,/e plgments,
t{DFT.= }.lominal Dry Filrn Thickness. See j.4 for rirriher detaiis,
Ifcolc,ur anri gloss retention is required, it is recornmended that the iast coat should be bascd on aliphatic PUR.
It js also possrnie to work wittr an l.lDFI of flO pr provided that the EP or PUR zinc fich primer chosen ir; suitable for such an NDFT ln this case,
tlre NDFT ol ihe complere painJ sysLem can be adjusrel. by subsequelrt coats,
ll is rero:nm:rdcd that cne of the internedilic coats it used ae a tie ccat,
-41

'.

A )unrinium. prgmented prrmer.

Aliernltives i.o cJal tar zire available.

'ihe firsl of the abbrevialions
relates to thc intemrerliaii coat and rhe la(di- io
irrrr expianatiori oiabbreviations, see foot oitable

r-he ,,op coar

j,

;,..,!.,,

Lieens*kabt

l flempe l AJ:S

af

Lu n dteftevej 1 50,,

g00,Lyn g by-.

ISO i2944-5:f 998{E)

lhe

painr svsrems given ,^

,n"-,"3,?l',1,1,[

lli:::: ilil|:T. t.'":l::';!:t"rr

Paint

Surface

System
No.

preparation

be Jnsured

ffi'',Tiil
if'
s

ffiffifflT"1jilh*rtJ;l3po,.iur"

p^i',

'r"i

Priming coat(s)

wirh

Bindets)

Type

of Number

prime12)
EP, PUR

NDFTJ)

of coats

EP4)

Misc.

Binders for

p.irning

Number
of coats

Total

Low

5)

CTPURs)

500

540

80

EP, PUR

300

380

800

500

I I

looo

120

380

000

CTPUR5)

*x$

Paints (liquid)
No. ofcomponenk

Binders for top coat(s)

Paints (liouid)

Water-

No,

borne

EP :
PUB :
3TP =

-pack

Epoxy
polyurethane

Coal tar epoxy

2-pack

x
X

x
x

of table.

of

oossible

Ep

Epoxy

PUR

Polyrrethane

=
=
:
ITE
ITPUR =

Coal tar epoxy

Coal tar polyurethane

in ISO 8501-l is the reference grade.

Miscellaneous rypes.of anticorros ive p igments,
5.4 for fudher details.

?'9

High

NDFT3)

40

800

CTE4)

NDFTJ)
pjn

Expectcd durability
(see 5.5 and
rso 12944-l)

CTE5)

x
x

Number
of coats

rakes

EP, PUR

CTE5)

s8.10

Paint system

or rhe painr work

ltrn

Zn (R)

EP

Binde16)

Fm

S8,02

s8.p8

"*""ution

coat(s)

Sa 2%

s8.06

durabiriry *r'"ln

Top coat(s) including intermediate

grader)

sr2

ahe indicared

Waterborne

Licens.kabt a{: l-"{er*pel AJS .f,_undto{tevej 1S0, Zg00 Lynggy,,,

,".

ISC 129,44-5:1e9S(E)

o tso

Table A,9: Paint systems for corrosivity categories C2 to C5_I and

C5_M

on1f;
tie

l'he painr svster's given ," ,n"-1"]l?:i.g ruur",uy,"

be Jnsu'"a tt'ai

ilj$:: $::li:T l:'.",:::';!:t"ll

ili:,?:,ttJ,*lperforn,ance

Top coat(s) including

intermediate coat(s)
tJ I n

are possibre,

wirh rhe indicated durabiriry when execution or the painr work

(see 5.5 and

ISO 12944-l)

OerJ,

crlc4

Binders for priming coat(s)

lcs-t

lcs-v

Binders for top coat(s)

SO 12944,4.
t-dip-galvan.ized surface,
at should be based on aliphatic pUR.

ol normally be used for

4d

these corrosivity categories, They are not listed in

Licens ksbi af: H.ernpelfuS Lundtoftevej 1S0, Zg00 LVngby

ISO '12944-S:'t99S(E)

.Arasnex

{informative)
Table C,1: General properties of different generic types of paint

C
A
e

ies of different generic fypers of painl

Excellent
Good
Pot-rr

Not relevant

The ratings may vary for

different
formulations of the same generic fype of
productl)
Gloss rr:tention

Colour retention

Iilater immersion

liolvents (splash)

l\cids (splash)

hlkalis (splash)
Ilguts-tgrl. qlg_$Llge!_ _
60 to ?0 "C
'70

to i 20 .c

120

to 150 "C
!al

h _vs

cal .proirerti es
A.brasion resistance

Irnpact resistance
F-lexibilily
Fl

ardness

Application bv
Llrushing
Roller coating

l)

_L^--'
1'u,1o syrtrbois

in one columlr means that significant differences mav occln

both symbols may apply