1st week

Networks
Understanding the network systems
and networks:
Network concepts
Cable
Network devices
Network Topologies

What Is Networking?
Involves

connecting computers for the

purpose of sharing information and resources
Requires a great deal of technology
Offers many possible choices for physical
connections and related software

Networking Fundamentals
Consists

of two or more computers

connected to each other by wire or cable to
transmit data back and forth
Primary motivation arises from a need for
individuals to share data quickly and
efficiently

Primary Benefits of Networking

Permits groups of users to exchange information

routinely and to route data from one individual to
another

Improves human communication using network

services

Single consistent master copy of data files

Electronic mail (e-mail)

Enables network device, database & source sharing

Fund saving
Group working

Network - Why?

Network - Why?
Headquarters
at USA

Office at
China

Office Representative
at Vietnam

Local and Wide Area Networks

LAN

A collection of computers and other networked devices

that fit within the scope of a single physical network
Provides the building blocks for internetworks and WANs
Distance: ~ km
Speed: 100 Mbps

WAN

An internetwork that spans distances measured in miles

Links together two or more separate LANs

from simple LAN

PC1

PC2

Computer

Computer

PC3

Computer

PC4
Printer

Laptop

Hub

Hub/Switch

Printer

Minicomputer

PC5

Workstation

Server

to WAN,

Workstation
Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Router

Workstation

Saigon

H Ni

Workstation
Workstation

ng Nai

, and Internet !!!

TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)

VN

Internet
Internet

AU

64 Kbps

FR

A Networking Terminologies
Clients,

peers, and servers

Network medium and network messages
Network protocols
Network software
Network services

Clients, Peers, and Servers

Server
A

computer that shares its resources across the

network
Responds to client requests for information by
providing the requested information
Client
A

computer that accesses shared resources

Requests information

The Client/Server Relationship

Clients, Peers, and Servers

Client/server

Certain computers take specialized

roles and function mostly as servers
Ordinary users machines tend to
function mostly as clients
Web, Ftp, Mail servers

Peer-to-peer

network

network

Each computer can be a client to other

computers and act as a server as well

The Network Medium Carries

Network Messages

Network medium

Usually refers to the cable (metallic or fiber-optic) that links

computers on a network
Can also describe wireless networking

To access any network, computers must attach to

the network medium with a physical interface

Network interface card (NIC)

Network adapter

Network Protocols
Sets

of rules for communicating across a

network
Examples
TCP/IP

(SMTP, POP3, HTTP )

NetBEUI
IPX/SPX
NWLink

Network Software
Issues

requests and responses that let

computers take the roles of clients and
servers
Network operating system (NOS)
Specialized

collection of software that gives a

computer the ability to communicate over a
network and to take advantage of networking
services

Network Services
Reside

primarily on servers
Can include file and print services, filesharing, e-mail and other messaging services

Network Models

OSI vs TCP/IP

The Layered Nature of

Networked Communications

Cable

Fiber
Coaxial cable
UTP v RJ-45 jack

Cables

Twisted pair

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Type

Purpose

C1

Voice only (telephone wire)

C2

Data to 4 Mbps

C3

Data to 10 Mbps (Ethernet)

C4

Data to 20 Mbps (16 Mbps for Token ring)

C5

Data to 100 Mbps

Twisted pair Cable

Cables

Coaxial Cable

used normally in cable television or networks.

has a better performance than the twisted pair.
Bandwidth: ~ 10 Mbps

Thinnet (10Base2)
Thicknet (10Base5)

Thinnet connects directly to the network card.

Thicknet can be used to connect Thinnet networks.
A transceiver is used to connect the 2 cable types.

Coaxial Cable

Cables

Fiber optic cable (10BaseF)

These utilized glass or plastic threads to and modulated

light waves to carry the signal.
Bandwidth: ~ 2Gbps
Distance: ~ km
Consumed signal on cable: low
Name

Type of cable

Maximum length (m)

10BaseT

Unshielded Twisted pair

100

10Base2

Thin coaxial

185

10Base5

Thick coaxial

500

10BaseF

Fiber Optic

2000

Fiber optic cable

Ethernet Cable Standards

Ethernet

10Base-T

(100m, Unshielded Twisted Pair = UTP)

10Base-2 (~200m, Coax)
10Base-5 (500m, Coax)
10Base-FL (2000m=2km, Multimode Fiber)

Fast

Ethernet

100Base-TX

(100m over CAT5 UTP)

100Base-FX (2000m=2km over MM Fiber)

Gigabit

Ethernet

1000Base-SX

(300m over MM Fiber)

1000Base-LX (550m over MM Fiber, 3000m over
SM Fiber)

Types of network devices

NIC Network Interface Card

Types of network devices

Repeater:

Layer 1 Physical
~ 100m
2 ports : 1 in, 1 out

Hub

Multi-port Repeater

Hubs

Active Hubs
Regenerate

the signals as they receive them

and send them along
Generally have many ports; sometimes called
multiport repeaters
Require electrical power to run

Passive Hubs
Simply

a central connection point

Signal passes through the hub without any
amplification or regeneration
Require no power

Hybrid Hubs
Interconnect

different types of cables

Maximize a networks efficiency
Intelligent

Hub, switch Hub

Types of network devices

Bridge:

Forward or receive frame based on MAC address.

Used to connect 2 or more networks with the same
protocol.
Learning bridge
(auto update)

Switch
Switch

Bridge

(Layer 2 - Data Link) : multi-port

Router
Router

(Layer 3 Network)

Router

Routers operate at the network layer, connecting two or more

network segments that may different data link layer protocols, but
the same network layer protocol.
They can also connect different types of cable.
Another important router feature is that they choose the best
route for a packet to follow, hence the name router.
This also means that routers need to perform more processing
than bridges or layer 2 switches.
Another important difference is that, unlike a bridge, a router only
processes messages that are specifically addressed to it.

Example of Router

Gateway
Like

routers, gateways also operate at the

network layer, but they are more complex
than routers because they provide an
interface between more dissimilar networks.
Like routers, gateways only process
messages that are specifically addressed to
them.
Some gateways operate at the application
layer as well.

Example of Gateway

Network Topologies
Bus

Network Topologies
Star

Network Topologies
Ring

Network Architectures
Peer-to-peer
Server-based
Storage-area
Hybrid

Peer-to-peer Networking
Any

computer can function as either a client

or a server
No one computer has any higher priority to
access, or heightened responsibility to
provide, shared resources on the network
Every user must act as a system
administrator

Typical Peer-to-peer Network

Server-based Networks
Users

act as clients of dedicated machines

that take the server role

Typical Server-based Network

Storage-area Networks (SANs)

Centralized

network storage
Data transfer occurs over high-speed links for
faster access
Appropriate for largest-scale networks

Typical SAN

Hybrid Networks
Incorporates

both peer-to-peer and serverbased features

Sometimes called combination networks

Specialized Servers
Application

servers
Communication servers
Domain controllers/directory servers
Fax servers
File and print servers
Mail servers
Web servers

Application Servers
Supply

the server side of client/server

applications, and often the data that goes
along with them, to network clients

Communication Servers
Provide

access to network resources for

users not directly attached to the network
(inbound communications)
Permit network users to access external
resources not directly attached to the network
(outbound communications)

Domain Controllers/
Directory Servers
Handle

the logon services and manage the

collection of computers, users, and so on in a
domain

Fax Servers
Manage

fax traffic for a network

Receive

incoming faxes from phone lines and

direct them to users across the network
Collect outgoing faxes across the network before
sending them over a phone line
Typically

use one or more fax modem

interfaces

File and Print Servers

Most

common type of network servers

Provide basic networked file storage and
retrieval services and access to networked
printers
Let users run applications locally but keep
their data files on the server

Mail Servers
Manage

the flow of e-mail messages for

network users
Commonly provide store-and-forward
services

Web Servers
The

combination of hardware and software

that stores information that is accessible over
the Internet via the World Wide Web (WWW)

Selecting the Right Type of

Network
Budget
Number

of users
Types of applications or network services
Requirements for centralized administration
and control

Homework (Group 1)
Advantages & Disadvantages

1.
a)
b)
c)

When do choose a

2.
a)
b)

3.

Peer-to-peer Networking
Server-based Networking
Storage-area Networking
Peer-to-Peer Network
Server-based Network

Difference between Repeater, Hub, Bridge,

Router and Gateway