7.

0 RESULTS

7.1 Preparation of calibration curve

Conversion

0%
25%
50%
75%
100%

Volume in (ml)

0.1 M

0.1M

NaOH
100ml
75ml
50ml
25ml
-

Et(Ac)
25ml
50ml
75ml
100ml

Concentratio

Conductivit

n of NaOH

(M)

(mS/cm)

0.0500
0.0375
0.0250
0.0125
0.0000

6.62
4.11
1.57
0.731
0.0915

H2O
100ml
100ml
100ml
100ml
100ml
Table 1

7.2 Effect of residence time of the reaction in a CSTR.

No

Flow rate

Flow rate

Total flow

Residence

Conductivity

Average

Exit

Conversion

of NaOH

of Et(Ac)

rate of

time,t

(mS/cm)

volume of

conc.of

(%)

(l/min)

(L/min)

solution

(min)

NaOH

NaOH

(L/min)

titrated

(M)

0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6

(ml)
18.25
18.22
18.32
17.95
17.92

0.01350
0.01356
0.01336
0.01410
0.01416

1
2
3
4
5

0.1
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

0.1
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

7.3 Titration Method

50
33
25
20
17
Table 2

2.5
2.33
2.14
2.06
2.02

73.00
72.88
73.28
71.80
71.68

Sample

Volume of NaOH titrated (ml)

Average volume
of NaOH titrated

1st Reading
18.20
18.40
18.30
18.15
18.35

1
2
3
4
5

2nd Reading
18.15
18.20
18.55
17.90
17.75
Table 3

3rd Reading
18.40
18.05
18.10
17.80
17.65

18.25
18.22
18.32
17.95
17.92

7.4 Rate constant and the rate of reaction

Rate of reaction, -rA (mol/L.min)

Rates of constant,k (M-1min-1)

0.00073
0.0011
0.0015
0.0017
0.0021

4.005
6.005
8.211
9.029
10.515
Table 4

Based on sample 1:
Noted that A for NaOH and B for Et(Ac)
1.
CAi

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor or initial, CAi

1
2 CAf
1
2

(0.1)

= 0.05M
2.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = ( CNaOH,SOL / CHCl,SOL ) V1

(0.1/0.25) 18.25ml

= 7.3ml
3.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample, V3

V3 = V HCl, SOL V2
10

7.3

= 2.7ml
4.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample,n1

n1 = ( CHCl, SOL V3 ) / 1000

= (0.25 2.7) / 1000
= 0.000675mol

5.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in the sample, n2

n2 = n1
=

6.

0.000675mol
Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor

CNaOH = (n2 / VS )

1000

= (0.000675 / 50) 1000

= 0.0135M
7.

Conversion NaOH in the reactor,X

X=

C NaOH
C NaOHo

100%

0.0135
100%
0.05 )

= (1= 73%

Residence time,

8.

= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.20
= 50min
9.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = (Cao - Ca ) / CA2
=

(0.05 0.0135) / (50 0.01352)

= 4.005 M-1 min-1

10.0

Rate of reaction, -rA

-ra = kcA2
= (4.005 0.01352)

0.0135 / 0.05

= 0.00073 mol/ L. min

Based on sample 2:
Noted that A for NaOH and B for Et(Ac)
1.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor or initial, CAi

CAi

1
2 CAf
1
2

(0.1)

= 0.05M
2.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = ( CNaOH,SOL / CHCl,SOL ) V1

(0.1/0.25) 18.22ml
= 7.288ml

3.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample, V3

V3 = V HCl, SOL V2

10

7.288

= 2.712ml

4.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample,n1

n1 = ( CHCl, SOL V3 ) / 1000

= (0.25 2.712) / 1000
= 0.000678mol
5.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in the sample, n2

n2 = n1
=

6.

0.000678mol

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor

CNaOH = (n2 / VS )

1000

= (0.000678 / 50) 1000

= 0.01356M
7.

Conversion NaOH in the reactor,X

X=

= (1-

C NaOH
C NaOHo

100%

0.01356
) 100%
0.05

= 72.88%
8.

Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.30
= 33min

0.0135 / 0.05

9.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = (Cao - Ca ) / CA2
=

(0.05 0.01356) / (33 0.013562)

= 6.005 M-1 min-1

10.0

Rate of reaction, -rA

-ra = kcA2
= (6.005 0.013562)
= 0.0011 mol/ L. min
Based on sample 3:
Noted that A for NaOH and B for Et(Ac)
1.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor or initial, CAi

CAi

1
2 CAf
1
2

(0.1)

= 0.05M
2.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = ( CNaOH,SOL / CHCl,SOL ) V1

(0.1/0.25) 18.32ml
= 7.328ml

3.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample, V3

V3 = V HCl, SOL V2

10

7.328

= 2.672ml
4.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample,n1

n1 = ( CHCl, SOL V3 ) / 1000
= (0.25 2.672) / 1000
= 0.000668mol

5.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in the sample, n2

n2 = n1
=

6.

0.000668mol

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor

CNaOH = (n2 / VS )

1000

= (0.000668 / 50) 1000

= 0.01336M
7.

Conversion NaOH in the reactor,X

X=

= (1-

C NaOH
C NaOHo

100%

0.01336
) 100%
0.05

= 73.28%

Residence time,

8.

= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.40
= 25min
9.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = (Cao - Ca ) / CA2
=

(0.05 0.01336) / (25 0.013362)

= 8.211 M-1 min-1

10.0

Rate of reaction, -rA

-ra = kcA2
= (8.211 0.013362)
= 0.0015 mol/ L. min

0.0135 / 0.05

Based on sample 4:
Noted that A for NaOH and B for Et(Ac)
1.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor or initial, CAi

CAi

1
2 CAf
1
2

(0.1)

= 0.05M

2.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = ( CNaOH,SOL / CHCl,SOL ) V1

(0.1/0.25) 17.95ml

= 7.18ml
3.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample, V3

V3 = V HCl, SOL V2

10

7.18

= 2.82ml
4.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample,n1

n1 = ( CHCl, SOL V3 ) / 1000

= (0.25 2.82) / 1000
= 0.000705 mol
5.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in the sample, n2

n2 = n1
=

6.

0.000705mol

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor

CNaOH = (n2 / VS )

1000

= (0.000705/ 50) 1000

= 0.0141M
7.

Conversion NaOH in the reactor,X

X=

= (1-

C NaOH
C NaOHo

100%

0.0141
100%
0.05 )

= 71.8%
8.

Residence time,
= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.50
= 20min

9.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = (Cao - Ca ) / CA2
=

(0.05 0.0141) / (20 0.01412)

= 9.029 M-1 min-1

10.0

Rate of reaction, -rA

-ra = kcA2
= (9.029 0.01412)
= 0.0017 mol/ L. min
Based on sample 5:
Noted that A for NaOH and B for Et(Ac)
1.

Concentration of NaOH that entering the reactor or initial, CAi

CAi

1
2 CAf
1
2

(0.1)

= 0.05M
2.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl,V2

V2 = ( CNaOH,SOL / CHCl,SOL ) V1

(0.1/0.25) 17.92ml
= 7.168ml

3.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample, V3

V3 = V HCl, SOL V2

10

7.168

= 2.832ml
4.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in the sample,n1

n1 = ( CHCl, SOL V3 ) / 1000
= (0.25 2.832) / 1000
= 0.000708mol

5.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in the sample, n2

n2 = n1
=

6.

0.000708mol

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor

CNaOH = (n2 / VS )

1000

= (0.000708 / 50) 1000

= 0.01416M
7.

Conversion NaOH in the reactor,X

X=

= (1-

C NaOH
C NaOHo

100%

0.01416
) 100%
0.05

= 71.68%
Residence time,

8.

= VCSTR / Fo
= 10 / 0.60
= 17min
9.

Reaction rate constant, k

k = (Cao - Ca ) / CA2
=

(0.05 0.01416) / (17 0.014162)

= 10.515 M-1 min-1

10.0

Rate of reaction, -rA

-ra = kcA2
= (10.515 0.014162)
= 0.0021 mol/ L. min