Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
DATE : 15/4/2015
LECTURER : Prof. Madya Dr. Ismail bin Zainol
EXPERIMENT : Entalphy
MATRIC NUMBER
D20141066992
D20141066978
D20141066961
EXPERIMENT 4 : ENTHALPY
OBJECTIVES :
1.
2.
Determine the quantity and direction of the heat transfer in the dilution of a salt
INTRODUCTION :
Enthalpy is the amount of heat content used or released in a system at constant pressure. Enthalpy is
usually expressed as the change in enthalpy. The change in enthalpy is related is related to a change in
internal energy (U) and a change in the volume (V) which is multiplied by the constant pressure of the
system.
Enthalpy of neutralization is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and
one equivalent of base undergo neutralization reaction to form water and salt. When a reaction is
carried out under standard conditions at the temperature of 298 K and 1atm of pressure and one mole
of water is formed,it is called the standard enthalpy of neutralization.
Enthalpy of solution is produced when a salt dissolve in water. It can be defined as the enthalpy
change associated with the dissolution of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure resulting in
infinite dilution. The enthalpy of solution is most often expressed in kJ/mol at constant temperature.
PROCEDURE :
4a) Heat of Neutralization of Acid-Base
1.
50.0 mL 1.0 M HCL was obtained and the temperature was measured
2.
50.0 mL 1.0 M NaOH standard solution was obtained and put into a dry stiroform cup and
the temperature is measured. The molar concentration for the base was recorded.
3.
Acid was added to the base in the stiroform cup quickly. The cup was covered by placing a lid
on the top to prevent heat lost. The cup was stirred and temperature recorded for 10-20 seconds.
4.
Temperature-Time graph was plotted and the maximum temperature for neutralization
reaction was determined.
5.
6.
Steps 1-5 repeated by using HNO3 and both of the Hn was compared.
2.
Mass of dry cup was measured. Then, 20 mL distilled water was put into it and temperature
was recorded.
3.
Salt added into the stiroform and covered with lid. The cup was swirled until salt completely
dissolved. Temperature recorded for every 10-20 seconds.
4.
Temperature-Time graph was plotted and maximum temperature for neutralization of the
reaction was determined.
5.
RESULT
Enthalphy of neutralization for acid-base reaction
HCl + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O
Trial 1
o
Trial 2
Time(s
)
26
Trial 1
Time(
s)
20
26
26
40
26
Time(s)
20
22
26
40
60
26
26
80
26
Trial 2
o
Time(s)
20
22
20
22
40
22
40
60
22
60
22
60
26
80
22
80
22
80
100
26
100
21.8
100
21.8
100
26
120
26
120
21.8
120
21.8
120
26
140
26
140
21.5
140
21.5
140
25.8
160
25.8
160
21.5
160
21.5
160
25.5
180
25.5
180
21.5
180
21.5
180
25.5
200
25.5
200
21.5
200
21.5
200
25
220
25
220
21.5
220
21.5
220
Trial 2
Time(s
)
36
Time(
s)
20
36
20
36
40
36
40
36.3
60
36.3
60
36.9
80
36.9
80
36.9
100
36.9
100
37.3
120
37.3
120
37.4
140
37.4
140
37.3
160
37.3
160
37.5
180
37.5
180
37.5
200
37.5
200
37.5
220
37.5
220
HCl + NaOH
O3
NaOH
Trial 1
Trial 2
50
50
Trial 1
50
Trial 2
50
24.6
24.6
22
22
50
50
50
50
23
24
23
23
1.0
i.
HN
Item
HCl + NaOH
HN
O3
NaOH
Trial 1 Trial 2
22
21
Trial 1
26
Trial 2
27
28
29
500
100
4.18 J/g.
500
100
C
500
500
100
100
4.18 J/gC
Amount of O H
836
0.05
836
0.05
836
0.05
836
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
base ( C )
Temperature change,T (
Amount of
H2O
reacted (mol)
produced (mol)
H20
Hn
24
23
Calculation
*Density of solution is 1.0 g/mL
HCl + NaOH
1. Temperature of calorimeter and NaOH = 26 C
2. T determined from curve after adding HCl to the NaOH = 28C
3. Heat gained by solution = q
= Msolution Cwater t
= (100 g)( 4.18 J/g. C)(28-26) C = 836 J
= Ccalt
= (135.24 J/C)(28-26) C
= 270.48 J
= 836 J + 270.48 J
= 1106.48 J
6. HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
solution
= 1.0 M x 0.05 L
= 0.05 mol HCl
8. The number of moles of H2O produced in reaction of : 50 mL 1.0 M HCl and
50 mL 1.0 M NaOH
= number of moles of HCl ratio of moles of H2O to HCl
= 0.05 mol HCl (1mol of H2O /1mol of HCl)
produced
= 1106.48 J / 0.05 mol H2O
= 22.13 kJ
HNO3 and NaOH
1. Temperature of calorimeter and NaOH = 22 C
2. T determined from curve after adding HC 2H3O2 to the NaOH
3. Heat gained by solution = q
= 24 C
= Msolution Cwater t
= (100 g)( 4.18 J/g. C)(24-22) C
= 836 J
= 836 J + 270.48 J
= 1106.48 J
6. HC2H3O2 + NaOH
NaC2H3O2 + H20
produced
= 1106.48 J / 0.05 mol H2O
= 22.13 kJ
Trial 1
Trial 2
5.000
5.125
0.005
0.005
22.147
23.150
2.110
2.100
20.037
21.050
34
33
ii.
) from graph
Trial 1
Trial 2
30
35
-335.02
-87.99
-540.96
-135.24
Temperature change , T (
-875.98
Amount of O H
recorded
0.005
0.005
H20
produced
0.005
0.005
Amount of
-223.23
Hs
-875.98
( J/mole salt)
Average Hs
-223.23
-549.61
Calculation
1. Temperature of salt and water
= 34 C
= 30C
= Mwater Cwater t
= (20.037 g)( 4.18 J/g. C)(30-
34) C = -335.02 J
4. Heat released by salt = q
= Csalt t
= (135.24 J/C)(30-34) C
= -540.96 J
= -(335.02+540.96)
= -875.98 J
6. HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
= -4.38 x 103 kJ
DISCUSSIONS
The basic principle of heat transfer applied to obtain the calorimeter heat capacity and heat of
neutralization is when heat is evolved, the reaction is exothermic. If heat is absorbed, the reaction is
endothermic. In this experiment, two exothermic reactions will be observed, and the heat of reaction
for each will be found. The basic principle for the heat of neutralization, which is the enthalpy
change produced when an acid and a base react to form water.
The first three readings temperature were recorded for every 5 seconds because in order to detect if
there are small change of temperature as the solution does not mix well yet. This time was used to
wait for the solution to well mixed and reach their equilibrium temperature. At this time, the transfer
of heat is in action. It is also to get the average temperature of the calorimeter. This average
temperature reading would portray the stable equilibrium reading of the calorimeter.
The value obtain are experimental data that must be compared to the true value in order to gauge the
accuracy of this experiment. The theoretical value of the joules released per mole of water for the HCl
reaction is 58.2 kJ/mol while for acetic acid is 55.8 kJ/mol.
When the magnitude of heat of neutralization for weak and strong acid is compared the
number of moles of NaOH acting on acid in both experiment are same. While initial any final
temperature may vary, the change in temperatures should be the same. Thus, the two heat of
neutralization should be the same.
A few suggestions appropriate apparatus should be used in order to get more accurate result is
a pipet should have been used for maximum accuracy because using a graduated cylinder leaves room
for a crucial error in volume determination, which would then lead to errors in determination of mass,
molar content of the solution, and every other derivative formula. In addition, the thermometer had to
be calibrated, which improves accuracy but is itself an imprecise technique. The thermometer and the
calorimeter should wipe till it completely dry to prevent the errors in reading. The calorimeter also
should run in closed area to prevent the heat easily lost to the surrounding.
CONCLUSION
For experiment part A, heat capacity of calorimeter is equal to heat gained by the calorimeter /
temperature increases and the answer is 270.48 J.
For experiment part B, we calculated heat of neutralization of HCI-NaOH. At first,
temperature of calorimeter and NaOH is 26.0 C. While we can see that T determined from curve
after adding HCl to the NaOH is .Heat gained by calorimeter is 270.48 J. Heat gained by the
calorimeter for heat neutralization of HCI NaOH is 1106.48 J.
For experiment part C, we can conclude that there are slightly different in heat gained by calorimeter
of strong acid of HCI and weak acid, HC2H3O2. The heat gained by calorimeter of weak acid is low
than heat gained by calorimeter of strong acid.
At the end,we can say that the experiment was successful as the procedure was carried out
correctly. The calorimeter prove as a good heat insulator for this experiment, as it prevent the heat
lose as the solution is put in it. Even the result is not too accurate, we can conclude that neutralization
process releases energy in the form of heat and it is exorthermic processes. Moreover, accurate
apparatus can lead to a improvement in the result we got.
REFERENCES
Raymond,C. Chemistry Tenth Edition. (2010). McGraw.Hill International Edition
Laboratory Manual SKU 3023 (Chemistry II)