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Complete report of Basic Biology with the title Anatomy Vertebrate, created
by :
name
: Bertha Tandi
reg. number
: 1414442010
group
:V
class
: ICP B of Biology Education
after its checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has
fulfilled requirement.
Makassar, Januari
Assistant Coordinator,
Djumarirmanto, S.Pd
Assistant,
Makmum Ashari
ID: 1214441004
Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
2015
Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum the collagen will know
about a shape, color, organ position, and it relation with other organ in the organ
system.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Animal body consists of various organs of the body. The organs that work
together to perform the function of a higher form organs. Anatomy of a frog can give
moist environments on land. The eggs lack a shell and dehydrate quickly in dry air.
Some amphibian species lay vast numbers of eggs in temporary pools, and egg
mortality is high. In contrast, other species lay relatively few eggs and display various
of parental care. Depending on the species, either males or females may house eggs
on their back, (in their mouth, or even in their stomach) Certain tropical tree frogs stir
their (Cambal, 2008).
Frogs are the most diverse group of amphibians, with approximately 5,000
species that live on all continents except Antarctica. Frogs have a body plan that is
more specialized than the salamander body plan for movement on land. Adult frogs
use their hind limbs to jump many times their body length on land. Frogs have a
number of modifications that allow them to avoid predators, including skin that acts
as camouflage and defensive chemicals that are poisonous to predators secreted from
glands in the skin. Frog eggs are fertilized externally, as they are laid in moist
environments. Frogs demonstrate a range of parental behaviors, with some species
exhibiting little care, to species that carry eggs and tadpoles on their hind legs or
backs. The life cycle consists of two stages: the larval stage followed by
metamorphosis to an adult stage. The larval stage of a frog, the tadpole, is often a
filter-feeding herbivore. Tadpoles usually have gills, a lateral line system, long-finned
tails, but no limbs. At the end of the tadpole stage, frogs undergo a gradual
metamorphosis into the adult form. During this stage, the gills and lateral line system
disappear, and four limbs develop. The jaws become larger and are suited for
carnivorous feeding, and the digestive system transforms into the typical short gut of
a predator. An eardrum and air breathing lungs also develop. These changes during
metamorphosis allow the larvae to move onto land in the adult stage (Melinda, 2013).
There are about 3000 species of amphibians live in the world, which are
grouped into 3 groups, namely Anura (frogs and toads). Caudata or Urodela
(salamanders). And Gymnophiona or Apoda (Caecilia). Only about 60 species of
Caecilia and about 200 species of salamander, an amphibian of the nation so largely
consists of frogs and toads. Amphibian terminology applied to members of this class
because the animals spend most of the early stages in the life cycle of water, from the
shape of a tadpole larvae that breathe with gills outside larvae then undergo
metamorphosis into frogs with a respiratory lung. Thus life is not absolute for all
amphibians, there are some who never leave the water and there are others that never
get into the water at a certain stage of the life cycle. There also are not have the lungs
to mature and breathe through the skin, so the skin is always moist and glandular
(Sukiya, 2001).
Frogs are bilaterally symmetrical . Digestive tract are visible from the outside
is the cavum oris , limited by the maxillae ( upper jaw ) roof on the top , being
bounded on the bottom by the mandible ( lower jaw ) and hyoid os . Then followed
by the pharynx, esophagus , and intestinal ventricullus located in the oral cavity ,
Lingula ( tongue ) which flattened stems at the base of the mouth anteriorly . On the
surface there are taste buds and the optic disc , coated with mucus , can be extended
from the rear to the front to catch prey. Lingula supported by the os hyoid ( which
form cartilage ) which allows the tongue tough but limp . On the outside there are
denta maxillae maxillaris ( tooth maxillaris ), was on the roof of the cavum oris denta
vomerin are useful to hold the prey to be swallowed . Close denta vomerin there are
two internal nares holes associated with the nares externa . Glottis is located at the
back of the pharynx ventral medium lingua , is a door leading to the pulmonary
(lung). Behind each eye near the corners of the mouth are pharyngeum ostium of the
Eustachian tube which connects the auditory cavum oris with inner ear space
(Jasin, 1992).
CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and place
Day / date : Monday, December 28th 2014
Time
: 04:00 pm 05:50 pm
Place
1.
Tools
a. Bottle killer
b. Surgical tray
c. Surgical instrument
Scissors 1 peace
Tweezers 1 peace
Needle 1 peace
Scalpel 1 peace
2. Material
a. Frogs (Bufo sp )
b. Cotton
c. Chloroform / ether (tranquilizer)
d. Drinking straws
Work Procedure
C.
1.
a.
Observations outside
Deadly frog
Taken wad of cotton (for joint masters fingers), moistened with ether /
chloroform, and then put in a killer bottle, put the frog into a bottle, sealed
properly left until the frog dead.
b. Issued a frog that has been passed out and placed on a surgical tray cotton
5) Forelimb
6) The upper arm (Branchium)
7) Forearm (Ante branchium)
8) The soles of (Manus)
9) The fingers (digit)
10) Hind limb
11) Thigh (femur)
12) Calf (Crus)
13) The soles of unified (Pes)
14) The fingers are webbed swimming
15) Cloaca (specify location)
16) Touched the surface of the skin and pay attention to the color.
d.
Surgery
2.
a. Frog laid on his back on a surgical tray. Nailed four fingers with the needle
With tweezers, clamped longitudinal abdominal skin near the thighs, lifted
slightly, cut crosswise tweezers under the skin, forming a slit in the skin of
the abdomen.
b
c
Through the skin slit, put the blunt end scissors, cut the skin toward the head
until hit by a pair of scissors. Turned to slits before, cut toward the groin.
Leather cut to the side so that the left and right abdominal skin can be
revealed. Examined muscle tissue attachment to the skin. Only at certain
points in the muscles attached to the skin, forming a kind of pouch (saccus).
Note also the center of the abdominal muscles. Looks white line along the
longitudinal abdominal muscles (called the linea alba).
Clamped with tweezers abdominal muscles in addition to the linea alba, and
cut crosswise, forming a gap. blunt tip scissors are inserted into slits cut
abdominal muscles and start to head towards the bottom of the
f Continued cutting through the groin.
Abdominal muscle tissue exposed to the left and right side of the abdominal
cavity that opens looks innards.
3.
observed shape of the teeth, in touch with the finger on the upper jaw and
teeth on the vomer ceiling.
With tweezers pulled his tongue out, observed form attachments.
b.
and colors:
1) Heart of the right, there are several lobes, look for gall bladder, how
the color.
2) The stomach to the left heart, raised slightly will appear duodenum and
pancreas.
3) Trace the small intestine continues until thick intestine. Noting the
meeting.
4) Rectum that turn into the cloaca.
4.
a.
5.
c.
6.
In female frogs, there is a pair on the left and right ovaries. Lifted slightly
ovary, oviduct will appear in the form of a funnel (ostium) is near the heart.
Made part of the system image urogenitalia frog. Gave names of its parts.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
B. Discussion
After observing the experiment objects found in the frog parts, namely:
1.
a.
of upper eyelid and lower eyelid, the lower eyelid are advanced
Ventral
b.
upper arm, forearm, palm, and fingers as much as four pairs. Meanwhile,
the rear legs consisting of thighs, calves, feet, and fingers as much as five
pairs.
2.
3.
4.
Digestive System
Digestive system in amphibians, almost the same with the fish, covering,
digestive tract and digestive glands. One of amphibians are frogs. Food such as
frogs, small animals (insects). In a row on the frog gastrointestinal tract include:
1) Oral cavity: there is a cone-shaped teeth to hold prey and tongue to catch
prey.
divided into two, namely the inclusion of the esophagus and out the hole into
the intestines.
4) Intestinal (gut) can be distinguished on the small intestine and thick. Include
the small intestine, the duodenum, jejenum and ileum, but not clearly
demarcated. Thick intestine ends at the rectum and into the cloaca.
5) Cloaca: an estuary along the digestive tract of food, reproductive tract, and
urine.
5.
Circulatory System
Circulation or circulatory system in frog form a closed circulatory
system and double circulatory. In double circulatory system of blood through
the heart twice in one cycle. First, blood from the heart to the lungs and then
back to the heart. Second, the blood of the whole body toward the heart and
circulated back to the rest of the body. Frog heart consists of three chambers,
two atria (right atrium and left atrium) and a ventricle. Between the atria and
ventricles are valves that prevent the blood in the ventricle does not flow back
into the atrium.
6.
Excretory system
The main means of excretion in the frog is a pair of kidneys located on
the left and on the right spine. Kidney brownish red. Kidney as a filter will
excrete the rest, namely mineral salts and fluids from the blood.Frog excretory
duct is a pair of channels which will empty into the cloaca. In the male frog
renal tract and genital tract fused while the female frogs do not.
7.
Reproductive System
Male and female frogs do not have external genitalia. Fertilization
occurs outside the body. At the time of mating, the female and male frogs
frogs will do ampleksus, the male frogs will stick to the back of the female
frog and a female frog stomach pressing. Then the female frog will release the
ovum into the water.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
After doing this experiment, it can be deduced that the amphibian frog
belongs to a class that represents the anatomical structure of vertebrate
animals. The morphology of the frog consists of the nose, eyes, mouth slit, sleep
membrane, tympanic membrane, forelimb and hind limb. Anatomy of the mouth
which consists of outer nose, teeth, holes ballot box, tongue, vomer teeth, nose
in, the attachment of the tongue. The respiratory system is made up of larynx,
glottis, bronchi, lungs. The digestive system consisting of the pharynx,
APPENDIX
A. Question
1.
2.
Why can frog color change? What factors change the ordinary?
3.
Where frog attached to the base of the tongue? What are the benefits to the
frogs with attaching the tongue like that?
4.
Liver and pancreas instead of the digestive tract, but into the digestive
system. Why is that?
5.
Why can not breathing frog stomach? How interesting frogs and exhale?
Explain why it is said the blood clean and dirty blood mixed in the heart of the
6.
7.
B. Answer
Classified in class amphibious frog because frogs can live in two places,
1.
2.
the body. Where is the outside conditions are temperature and light, while the
condition in question is a hormone epiphysis and hepopisis.
Contained in the frog base of the tongue and the lower jaw towards the back
3.
with the folded edges such sticking, tongue frog easily extended to assist in the
capture of prey.
Heart and pabcreas, but not the gastrointestinal tract including the digestive
4.
system because both these organs play an important role in the digestive
process. Liver is a digestive gland that serves as the manufacture of bile while the
pancreas is the organ that produces digestive enzymes.
Frogs can not do abdominal breathing because frogs do not have a
5.
6.
7.
body.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sukiyah. 2001. Biologi vertebrata. Yogyakarta : JICA.
Hoeve, Van. 1992. Ensiklopedia Indonesia Seri Fauna. Jakarta : PT Ikrar Mandiri
Abadi
Melinda, Bill. 2013. Concepst of Biology. Amerika : OpenStax College
Campbell N. A. 2008. Biology 8th Edition. Jakarta : Erlangga.