Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Revision exercises 1
Questions 1-1 and 1-2 refer to the following information:
In a factory, machines U , V and W produce 60%, 30% and 10% of the total output respectively. Of
these outputs, 2%, 3% and 4% are defective.
R1.1-1 The percentage of defective items produced at the factory is
A. 9.0%
B. 3.0%
C. 2.8%
D. 2.5%
E. 2.2%
R1.1-2 An item chosen at random from the combined output of a days production is found to be
defective. The probability that it was produced by machine W is equal to:
A. 0.10
B. 0.16
C. 0.20
D. 0.33
E. 0.40
R1.1-3 The Markov chain with state space {0, 1, 2} has transition probability matrix P , where
0.70
P = 0.20
0.20
0.20
0.60
0.30
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.55
P 2 = 0.30
0.30
0.29
0.46
0.37
0.16
0.24
0.33
0.44
P 4 = 0.37
0.37
0.35
0.39
0.38
0.21
0.24
0.25
B. 29
C. 7
D. 27
E. 5
d
E. 12 .
R1.1-7 A probability interval, a confidence interval and a prediction interval are statements about:
A. a parameter, a statistic, and an observation, respectively;
B. a statistic, an observation, and a parameter, respectively;
C. a statistic, a parameter, and an observation, respectively;
D. a parameter, an observation, and a statistic, respectively;
E. an observation, a statistic, and a parameter, respectively.
R1.1-8 A 95% confidence interval for a mean of a random variable with known variance, based
on the normal distribution, is found to be (15.1, 15.9). Without any further calculations, the
P -value for test of H0 : =15 versus H1 : 6=15 is such that
A. P > 0.05;
B. 0.01 6 P < 0.05;
C. 0.001 6 P < 0.01;
D. P < 0.001;
E. cannot be determined without knowing the sample size.
R1.1-9 The graph of the relative likelihood function, RLL() is shown in the diagram below.
R1.1-10 In a 44 Latin square experiment with one-replicate, the following sums of squares for the
analysis of variance were obtained:
rows
columns
treatments
error
total
SS
300
600
120
60
1110
From the analysis of variance the F -ratio for treatments is such that
A. F = 4 and so the treatments are not significant;
B. F = 4 and so the treatments are significant;
C. F = 2 and so the treatments are not significant;
D. F = 2 and so the treatments are significant;
E. F = 1 and so the treatments are not significant.
R1.2
R1.3
(a) Write down the transition probability matrix for this Markov chain.
(b) Suppose that each procedure at each stage takes one hour. Explain how you could
obtain, using matrix multiplication, the probability that an item is completed within
five hours of processing time.
P160
(a) Let Y = i=1 Xi , where the Xi are independent and identically distributed random variables, each having probability mass function: p(0) = 0.2, p(1) = 0.6, p(2) = 0.2. Find
Pr(Y 6 150).
(b) Let T denote a positive continuous random variable with hazard density function h(t) =
0.03 t, t > 0. Find Pr(T > 4).
(c) If E(Z) = and var(Z) = c2 , find approximate expressions for E( Z) and var( Z). For
what values of c will the approximation be best?
d
ii. Suppose that the threshold is random: T = N(50, 32 ), and that T and X are independent Find the probability that X exceeds the threshold T .
R1.4
(a) Evaluate the sample mean and sample standard deviation for the following data set:
23.2, 37.4, 29.9, 12.4, 17.0, 43.5, 31.5, 19.6, 22.2, 34.7.
(b) A random sample of 49 observations is obtained from a normal population, N(320, 402 ).
Specify values you might expect to observed for min, Q1, med, Q3 and max. Hence sketch
a typical boxplot for such a sample.
d
Specify the coordinates of the indicated point, explaining how they are obtained. Use the
diagram to obtain estimates of and .
d
R1.5 Twelve independent observations are obtained on X = N(, 52 ). To test H0 : =40 vs H1 : 6=40,
40| > 3.
the decision rule is to reject H0 if |X
if = 40.
i. Find a 95% probability interval for X
ii. Find the size of the specified test.
iii. Find the P -value if x
= 44.0.
iv. Find the power of the specified test if =45.
v. Find a 95% confidence interval for if x
= 44.0.
vi. Find a 95% prediction interval for X if x
= 44.0.
R1.6
R1.7
(a) Sketch a graph, roughly indicating location and spread, of each of the following:
i. the pdf of t10 ;
ii. the pdf of 210 ;
iii. the pdf of F10,10 .
d
(b) A random sample of nine observations is obtained on X1 = N(1 , 12 ), and it is found that
x
1 = 38.9, s1 = 7.41.
d
R1.8
(a) Determinations of the strength of a fibre after using three treatments were as follows:
control
treatment A
treatment B
number
6
6
6
mean
76
82
84
variance
20
24
31
i. Show that the error mean square is 25; and hence, or otherwise, complete the following analysis of variance table:
treatments
error
total
df
SS
MS
**
**
**
******
******
575.00
****
****
***
(b) A study was made to determine if humidity conditions have an effect on the force required
to pull apart pieces of glued plastic. Two types of plastic were tested using three levels
of humidity. The results are given in the table below. There are two observations on each
factor combination; the number in brackets is the average of these two observations.
type
30%
humidity
60%
90%
A
B
P
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Q
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
R
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
P0
P1
Q0
Q1
R0
R1
av.y
14.7
17.1
16.4
15.4
17.9
13.9
The following split-up of the sum of squares for these data was obtained using MATLAB, with
X1=P , X2=Q and X3=R:
Source
Sum Sq. d.f.
Mean Sq.
F
Prob>F
------------------------------------------------------X1
11.1
1
11.1
Inf
NaN
X2
2.2
1
2.2
Inf
NaN
X3
31.2
1
31.2
Inf
NaN
X1*X2
2
1
2
Inf
NaN
X1*X3
0.3
1
0.3
Inf
NaN
X2*X3
1.3
1
1.3
Inf
NaN
X1*X2*X3
0.1
1
0.1
Inf
NaN
Error
-0
0
-0
Total
48.2
7
R1.10
(a) The following tables gives two observations on y for each of the specified values of x. The
average value of y for each x-value and the overall average are also given.
x
y
y
0
13
16
14.5
1
25
23
24.0
2
27
29
28.0
3
32
33
32.5
4
37
35
36.0
y = 27.0
y = 16.7 + 5.15 x
se
t
P
1.155
14.46 0.000
0.471
10.93 0.000
SS
MS
F
P
530.45 530.45 119.37 0.000
35.55
4.44
566.00
S = 2.108 R-Sq = 93.7%
One-way ANOVA
Source
Between groups
Within groups
Total
DF
4
5
9
SS
555.00
11.00
566.00
MS
138.75
2.20
F
63.07
S = 1.483
P
0.000
R-Sq = 98.06%
Revision exercises 2
R2.1
(a) Consider a system of components that works if at least k out of n independent components operate. Denote such a system by [k/n]. Consider systems made up of independent
components each of which has reliability 0.9.
Find the reliability of a [3/4] system.
(b) Minor flaws occur randomly in a production process. Suppose that each item coming off
the production line has an average of 0.4 flaws.
What is the expected proportion of items free of flaws?
(c) The hazard density function (hdf) of a continuous random variable T is given by
f (t)
h(t) =
1 F (t)
where f and F denote the pdf and cdf of T .
If T has pdf f (t) = 1/(1 + t)2 (t > 0), find the hdf of T .
(d) X is a random variable with mean 20 and standard deviation 2. Let Y = ln X.
Find an approximate value for the standard deviation of Y .
d
1+q
(h) If W = |Z|, where Z = N(0, 1), show that cq (W ) = 1 ( 2 ), where denotes the
standard normal cdf. Hence find the median of W .
(i) The log-likelihood function for a particular data set is given by
ln L = 50( 1)2 .
R2.2
(a) The events A and B are such that Pr(B) = 0.2, Pr(A | B) = 0.4 and Pr(A | B 0 ) = 0.1.
i. Find Pr(A).
ii. Find Pr(B | A).
iii. Are A and B positively related? Explain.
(b) A production process consists of two stages. Items begin in stage 1. As a result of stage
1, three things can happen: the item is scrapped, with probability 0.1; or the item is reworked, i.e. sent through stage 1 again, with probability 0.4; or the item moves along to
stage 2. As a result of stage 2, three things can happen: the item is returned to stage 1
with probability 0.2, or it is sent through stage 2 again with probability 0.3, or it is deemed
satisfactory and complete
Consider this process as a Markov chain with four states: 0 = scrapped, 1 = stage 1, 2 =
stage 2, and 3 = complete.
i. Write down the transition probability matrix, P .
Powers of P were computed with the following results:
P4
1.0000
0.1834
0.0434
0.0000
0.0000
0.1166
0.0630
0.0000
0.0000
0.1575
0.0851
0.0000
0.0000
0.5425
0.8085
1.0000
P40
1.0000
0.2188
0.0625
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.7812
0.9375
1.0000
ii. Specify the probability that an item is still in the system after four cycles.
iii. Specify the proportion of items scrapped in the production process.
iv. If an item has reached stage 2, specify the value for its probability of successful completion.
R2.3
R2.4 A random sample of 100 observations is obtained from a Normally distributed random variable
d
X = N(60, 102 ).
(a) Specify approximate values you would expect to obtain for each of the following statistics
for this sample:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
(b)
R2.5
R2.6
Verify that x
= 6.0 and s2 = 5.0.
Find a 95% confidence interval for .
Find a 95% confidence interval for .
Find a 95% prediction interval for X.
Give your answers to two significant figures.
d
(a) A following sample is obtained on X =N(, 2 ) to test the hypothesis =50 against 6=50
using a significance level of 0.05.
54.0, 45.0, 39.9, 41.5, 55.6, 48.8, 36.6, 49.0, 47.4, 45.6, 39.8, 51.3, 34.2, 32.8, 59.3, 36.0.
For this sample n = 16, x
= 44.8 and s = 8.0.
i. Show that t = 2.60, specify the appropriate critical value and hence show that H0 is
rejected.
ii. Specify the p-value for this test.
(b) Suppose the above sample represents results for the strength of the adhesion for glued
tiles. You are required to report to management on the mean strength of the adhesion. In
particular, management is concerned that the mean should be no less than 50. Test the
hypothesis = 50 vs < 50.
Write a brief statement summarising your conclusions for management.
R2.7
(a) Independent random samples are obtained from Normally distributed populations, X1 =
d
5, 4, 10, 7
12, 8, 9, 15
15, 9, 12, 14
P
(y y)2 = 150.
6.5
11.0
12.5
7.0
10.0
7.0
i. Show that s2 = 8 and hence, or otherwise, derive the analysis of variance table for the
above data.
ii. Test the hypothesis H0 : P =Q =R giving an approximate P -value.
iii. Find a 95% confidence interval for the effect of treatment R relative to treatment Q,
i.e., R Q .
iv. State the conclusions you reach from your analysis.
R2.8
(a) Twenty-four experimental units are available in blocks of six. It is required to run an
experiment to compare three treatments: a control C, treatment A and treatment B. Give
an appropriate assignment of treatments to the experimental units. Explain your method.
(b) The experiment described in (a) is carried out, with results as indicated in the table below:
C
B1
B2
B3
B4
9, 12
5, 8
10, 14
10, 12
23, 19
16, 18
23, 20
23, 18
12, 15
11, 14
15, 20
19, 14
(av)
10.0
20.0
15.0
df
**
**
**
**
SS
400
***
***
574
MS
***
***
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
y
4
8
4
16
2
8
6
14
8
14
12
20
10
16
12
22
A
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
B
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
C
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
anova
source
A
B
C
D
AB
AC
AD
BC
BD
CD
ABC
ABD
ACD
BCD
ABCD
Error
Total
df
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
15
SS
169
1
81
225
4
0
0
0
0
16
1
1
1
1
4
A0
A1
av
7.75
14.25
C0
C1
8.75
13.25
D0
D1
7.25
14.75
C0D0 6.00
C0D1 11.50
C1D0 8.50
C1D1 18.00
504
i. How might a half-normal plot be used to indicate which interactions might be nonzero? Indicate in a rough sketch its appearance in this case.
ii. Show that A, C, D and CD are significant.
q
iii. Show that the estimate of the error standard deviation, s = 13
.
11
iv. Give an estimate of, and a 95% confidence interval for the effect of A. Use s 1.1.
v. Sketch a cell-mean plot to indicate the interaction between C and D. Write a sentence
describing the interaction.
R2.10 The table below gives the corresponding values of variables x and y.
x
y
5
20
6
22
7
26
8
24
10
34
11
30
12
38
13
36
14
32
14
38
Revision exercises 3
R3.1
R3.2 Consider the following sampling plan. Test a random sample of 100 items chosen from a lot
containing a very large number of items, and accept the lot if at most five defective items are
found.
Use an appropriate Poisson approximation to sketch the graph of the OC curve for this sampling plan, for 0 6 p 6 0.1, where p denotes the lot defective proportion.
R3.3 A production process consists of three stages. Items begin in stage 1, and as a result of each
cycle, three things can happen: the item is scrapped, with probability 0.05; or the item is reworked, i.e. sent through the same stage again, with probability 0.25; or the item moves along
to the next stage. Consider this process as a Markov chain with five states: 0 = item scrapped,
1 = stage 1, 2 = stage 2, 3 = stage 3 and 4 = complete.
(a) Write down the transition probability matrix, P .
(b) Given that
P5
1.0000
0.1799
0.1279
0.0666
0
0
0.0010
0
0
0
0
0.0137
0.0010
0
0
0
0.0766
0.0137
0.0010
0
0
0.7289
0.8575
0.9324
1.0000
i. Specify the probability that an item is still in the system after five cycles.
ii. Give an approximate value for the proportion of items scrapped in the production
process.
iii. If an item has reached stage 2, give an approximate value for its probability of successful completion.
R3.4
(a) Minor flaws occur randomly in the production process. Suppose that each sprocket coming off the production line has an average of 1.2 minor flaws. What proportion of items
are free of minor flaws?
(b) Sprockets are checked for major flaws before being used. 90% pass the test. The other
10% are scrapped. Of 18 sprockets tested, what is the probability that at most two are
scrapped?
(c) The sprockets must fit in their place in the assembly, so their measurement needs to be
within 0.20 mm of specifications. If the deviation of this measurement from specifications
is roughly normal with mean 0.05 mm and standard deviation 0.10 mm, find approximately the proportion of sprockets rejected on this measurement check.
R3.5 A random sample of sixteen observations is obtained from a population having a standard
normal distribution, i.e. N(0, 1). Find approximate values for:
i. the probability that the sample mean is greater than 0.5;
ii. the probability that the sample variance is greater than 2;
Consider the distribution of X(16) , the maximum of a random sample of sixteen observations
from a standard normal distribution.
iii. Use the Statistical Tables to specify the mean of X(16) .
iv. Use the Statistical Tables to show that Pr(X(16) 6 1.2816) = 0.1853.
R3.6 The diagram below gives the sample cdf for a random sample of 100 observations on X.
R3.8 A random sample of n observations is obtained on X which has pdf and cdf given by
f (x) =
(1 + x)+1
(x > 0);
F (x) = 1
1
(1 + x)
(x > 0).
(a) Find the maximum likelihood estimate of and an expression for its standard error.
(b)
R3.9 For a random sample of n observations taken from a normal population, the variance of the sample
2 4
variance, S 2 , is given by var(S 2 ) = n1
.
Use this result to show that an approximate expression for the standard error of the sample
standard deviation s is given by se(s) s
.
2(n1)
Hence find an approximate 95% confidence interval for based on a random sample of n = 33
observations from a normal population, for which s = 16.
The exact 95% confidence interval in this case is (12.9 < < 21.2). Explain how this exact
confidence interval is obtained.
R3.10 A random sample yields the following graphs of the log likelihood, ln L; the score function,
2
ln L
; and the observed information function, V = ln2 L .
U =
R3.11 Consider a sequence of independent trials with probability of success . We wish to test H0 :
= 0.05 vs H1 : = 0.1.
(a) Define the size and the power of a statistical test.
(b) Given the following MATLAB output, which gives the cdf of a binomial distribution, specify a test, based on n=300 observations which has size 6 0.05 and power > 0.95 to test H0 :
= 0.05 vs H1 : = 0.1.
>> x = [19 20 21 22 23]
x = 19
20
21
22
>> binocdf(x,300,0.05)
ans = 0.8810
0.9224
>> binocdf(x,300,0.1)
ans = 0.0171
0.0287
23
0.9514
0.9708
0.9832
0.0458
0.0699
0.1024
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
D
0.228
0.227
0.242
0.197
0.209
0.227
0.190
0.210
0.215
0.239
Describe how you would test the null hypothesis that N = D against the alternative N >
D . Give a rough analysis, without actually performing the test.
d
R3.13 Independent samples are obtained from normally distributed populations, X1 = N(1 , 12 ) and
d
x
1 = 80,
x
2 = 50,
s21 = 40;
s22 = 32.
i. Find a 95% confidence interval for 1 /2 ; and verify that the hypothesis 12 = 22 would
be accepted.
ii. Specify the pooled variance estimate based on both samples.
iii. Using the pooled variance estimate, obtain a 95% confidence interval for 1 2 .
R3.14
(a) Twenty experimental units are available in blocks of four. It is required to run an experiment to compare four treatments. Give an appropriate assignment of treatments to plots.
Explain your method.
(b) The experiment described in (a) is carried out, with results as indicated in the table below:
T1
16
9
4
17
14
60
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
(sum)
T2
25
17
21
28
29
120
T3
9
14
16
24
27
90
T4
30
20
19
31
30
130
(sum)
80
60
60
100
100
400
df
**
**
**
**
SS
400
***
***
1180
MS
***
***
15
R3.15 The table below gives the results of one replicate of a 24 experiment with factors P , Q, R and
S. Some relevant computer output is also given.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
y
49.0
56.2
49.8
49.0
52.8
62.2
51.8
57.2
52.6
55.4
50.2
56.6
57.2
63.2
57.0
61.6
anova-1
source df
P
1
Q
1
R
1
S
1
PQ
1
PR
1
PS
1
QR
1
QS
1
RS
1
PQR
1
PQS
1
PRS
1
QRS
1
PQRS
1
Error
0
Total 15
P
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Q
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
R
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
SS
41.603
122.103
14.823
105.063
1.102
5.522
0.122
0.003
6.003
6.003
0.062
3.063
12.602
0.062
5.062
323.198
S
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
P0
P1
av.y
53.50
56.73
Q0
Q1
52.35
57.88
R0
R1
56.08
54.15
S0
S1
52.55
57.68
anova-2
source df
P
1
Q
1
R
1
S
1
Error
11
Total
15
SS
41.60
122.10
14.82
105.06
39.61
323.20
MS
41.60
122.10
14.82
105.06
3.60
F
11.55
33.91
4.12
29.18
P
0.006
0.000
0.067
0.000
i. Indicate the steps in the analysis of this experiment. Include answers to the following
questions: How might a half-normal plot be used to indicate which interactions might be
non-zero? How is the second analysis of variance obtained from the first? Which effects
are significant? What is the estimate of the error variance?
ii. Give an estimate of, and a 95% confidence interval for the effect of P .
R3.16
(a) The table below gives the values of an independent variable x and a dependent variable
y.
x
0
1
2
3
4
y 90 87 82 74 67
For these data, the following statistics were calculated:
P
P
P
x
= 2, y = 80; (x x
)2 = 10, (x x
)(y y) = 59, (y y)2 = 358.
i. Assuming that E(Y | x) = + x and var(Y | x) = 2 , obtain estimates of and
using the method of least squares.
Revision exercises 4
R4.1
(a) The events A and B are such that Pr(A) = 0.5, Pr(B) = 0.4 and Pr(B | A) = 0.6. Find
Pr(B | A).
(b) Items from a production line are classified as having no fault, having a minor fault or
having a major fault. On average, 90% have no fault, 8% have a minor fault and 2% have
a major fault.
A fault detector is such that the probability that it signals a fault is 0.01 for items with no
fault; 0.6 for items with a minor fault; and 0.95 for items with a major fault.
i. For what proportion of items is a fault signalled?
ii. Of those items for which a fault is signalled, what proportion have a major fault?
R4.2
(a) A production process when in control produces 10% defective items. If a weeks production is 400 items, find the mean and variance of X, the number of defective items produced
in a week and hence give an approximate 95% interval within which X will lie.
(b) Consider the following sampling plan. Test a random sample of 100 items chosen from a
lot containing a large number of items, and accept the lot if the number of defective items
found is at most two.
Construct the OC-curve for this sampling plan.
R4.3 A production process consists of three stages. As a result of each stage, three things can happen:
the item is scrapped; the item is reworked, i.e. sent through the same stage again; or the item
moves along to the next stage. The probabilities of these events at each stage are set out in the
following table:
stage 1
stage 2
stage 3
scrapped
0.1
0.1
0
reworked
0.2
0.2
0.6
next stage
0.7
0.7
0.4
Consider this process as a Markov chain with five states: 0 = scrapped, 1 = stage 1, 2 = stage 2,
3 = stage 3 and 4 = complete.
i. Write down the transition probability matrix, P .
ii. If N denotes the number of cycles (i.e. stages and repeated stages) required to complete
an item, specify approximately E(N ).
iii. Given that
P5 =
1.000
0.234
0.125
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.227
0.136
0.078
0.000
0.000
0.533
0.739
0.922
1.000
a. Specify the probability that an item is still in the production process after five cycles.
b. Specify the probability that an item is complete after five cycles.
c. Give an approximate value for the proportion of items scrapped in this production
process.
R4.4
(a) Suppose that X and Y are independent random variables, which are such that X =
d
R4.6 The following is a random sample of 10 observations on the integer-valued random variable Y
6, 4, 9,P3, 2, 4, P
11, 8, 6, 7.
For this sample
y = 60 and y 2 = 432.
(a) Find:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
(a) A random sample of twenty-five observations is obtained on X = N(, 102 ). The sample mean for this sample is x
= 46.4. Test the null hypothesis H0 : = 50 against the
alternative H1 : < 50. Specify the P -value.
(b) Each day for twenty days, a random sample of 25 items from the days production is
selected and carefully measured: the average of the 25 measurements (
x) and the range of
the 25 measurements (R) are calculated and recorded each day.
= 22.0; and the average
At the end of the twenty days, the average of the daily averages, x
R4.9 Independent samples are obtained from normal populations X1 = N(1 , 12 ) and X2 = N(2 , 22 ),
with the following results:
n1 = 8;
n2 = 8;
x
1 = 80,
x
2 = 50,
s21 = 40;
s22 = 32.
i. Find a 95% confidence interval for 1 /2 ; and verify that the hypothesis 12 = 22 would
be accepted.
ii. Specify the pooled variance estimate based on both samples; and state its distribution
under the assumption that 12 = 22 .
iii. Using the pooled variance estimate, obtain a 95% confidence interval for 1 2 , and
specify the value of the t-statistic used to test 1 = 2 .
R4.10 Random samples were obtained on each of four normal populations having equal variances,
2 . The samples contained n1 = 4, n2 = 3, n3 = 5 and n4 = 5 observations respectively.
i. Complete the following analysis of variance table derived from the above samples:
df
between samples
within samples
total
SS
MS
25
625
ii. Show that the hypothesis that the populations have equal means is rejected using a test of
size 0.05.
iii. Give an estimate of 2 , and a 95% confidence interval for 2 .
iv. If x
1 = 31 specify a 95% confidence interval for 1 .
v. Specify the standard error of
3
4 .
R4.11
(a) An experiment to compare the effect of three treatments is to be conducted using eighteen
plots. Six of the plots are classed as good quality, six as moderate quality and six
as poor quality. Describe in detail how you would decide which treatments would be
allocated to which plots.
This experiment is carried out giving the following analysis of variance table:
blocks
treatments
error
total
df
..
..
..
..
SS
48
24
39
111
MS
..
..
..
For these data, the error mean square, s2 = 1. Indicate the number of degrees of freedom
for each of the components in the standard analysis of variance for this situation; and indicate whether the corresponding F -tests are likely to be significant for these data, giving
reasons for your answers.
R4.12 A study was conducted to investigate the relationship between strength (y) and density (x) of a
particular material. Seventeen specimens were tested and for these data the following statistics
were calculated:
x
= 30, y = 50;
P
P
P
(x x
)(y y) = 200, (x x
)2 = 400, (y y)2 = 400.
i. Evaluate the sample correlation coefficient r and give a rough 95% confidence interval for
.
ii. Fit the straight line regression model y = + x + e; i.e. give estimates of and .
iii. Roughly sketch a possible scatter plot for these data.
iv. Complete the following analysis of variance table:
regression
residual
total
df
..
..
..
SS
..
..
..
MS
..
20
F
..