Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Nick Gamroth
Oct 2004
Abstract
The following are my self-study notes on S-Parameters and Smith
Charts. So its probably all wrong.
S-Parameters
a2
Zl
Vs
b1
b2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Nicholas Gamroth
Where,
Vi1 = Voltage wave incident on port 1,
Vi2 = Voltage wave incident on port 2,
Vr1 = Voltage wave reflected from port 1,
Vr2 = Voltage wave reflected from port 2.
Thats OK, but its not that great. This is though:
S11 =
S22
S21
b1
a1 a2 =0
b2
=
a2 a1 =0
b2
=
a1 a2 =0
S12 =
b1
a2 a1 =0
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Wow.
Its not obvious to me why these are useful, but they are. S11
and S22 are input and output reflection coefficients, respectively. S11
is the input reflection coefficient with the output port terminated in
a matched load, as in when ZL = Z0 , a2 > 0. S22 is the output
reflection coefficient when the input port is terminated in a matched
load. S21 and S12 are the forward and reverse transmission gains,
respectively with both being terminated in matched loads. I guess.
Reflection Coefficients
ZL Z0
ZL + Z0
(9)
ZL 1
ZL + 1
(10)
Nicholas Gamroth
3.1
Impedance
Z = R + jX
(11)
(12)
1
jC
(13)
X=
3.2
Admittance
Y = G + jB
(14)
(15)
X = jC
(16)
X=
Smith Charts
(17)
(18)
That was easy. The point right at the center of a Smith chart is the
origin. Most charts give more detail that Figure 2, and theyll have
Nicholas Gamroth
Figure 2: YOW!
things like numbers that you can use to plot things. So, the real part
of z is the resistance, and the imaginary part is the reactance. To plot
this complex number on the Smith chart, just go to 1 on the circle of
constant resistance, and 2 on the circle of constant reactance. Simps!
I did this on Figure 3. Point O is the origin, point A is the intersection of the circles of resistance 1 and reactance 2. Hmm, i wonder
what the reflection coefficient of this complex resistance is? Ok, its
= 0.5 + j0.5, or in polar, 0.707/45deg, on most Smith charts, theres
a angle scale printed around the red circle in Figure 3. Im not sure
about the magnitude, but it appears to be the distance between OA
and O to the red circle. Yeah, thats it. But I dont know a way to
get it by visual inspection (with eyeballs).
Heres another tip: to plot something like 10 j50, put that mess
on the lower half of the chart. Thats where the X < 0 circles live.
Actually, everything on the top half of a Smith chart represents inductance, and everything on the bottom half represents capacitance.
As in an inductive or capacitive impedance.
Oh yeah, and when you plot an impedance, itll change with frequency. So, if you have a RL circuit, its impedance on the smith
chart will look like a line around one of the circles of constant resistance (because resistance doesnt change with frequency, natch). Plus,
it normally moves clockwise as frequency increases.
Thats about it for plotting things on Smith charts.
http://www.web-ee.com/primers/files/SmithCharts/smith charts.htm.
Nicholas Gamroth
R=1
X=2
O
theta
Figure 3: Plot it
Amplifier Stability
Zs
Vs
Source
Match
Load
Match
in
Zl
out
S12
S22
(19)
Nicholas Gamroth
that can determine the stablility of an amplifier. The first one is the
determinant of the S matrix and is called . The second is K, which
is given by the following formula:
K=
(20)
)
(S22 S11
|S22 |2 ||2
S12 S21
RL =
|S22 |2 ||2
(21)
(22)
)
(S11 S22
|S11 |2 ||2
S12 S21
RS =
|S11 |2 ||2
(23)
(24)
These circles can be plotted on a Smith chart for added fun. Take
a gander at Figure 5. Those got plotted using the equations just given.
Theres a couple of conditions to determining whether or not the
amplifier is stable. First, theres a couple of parameters:
D1 = |S11 |2 ||2
(25)
D2 = |S22 |2 ||2
(26)
Nicholas Gamroth
Source Stability
Circle
S S S |
|S11
12 21 22
2
1 |S11 |
1 |S22 |2
(27)
Nicholas Gamroth
gu is called the relative gain ratio, and if its near 1, you can probably
treat the two-port as unilateral. A lot of things simplify somewhat in
power calculations because you can set S12 == 0.
Power Gains
Now things might actually get useful, at least for amplifiers. Well see.
So the big deal here is figuring out S and L to conjugate match
the source and load. The next two equations are the long way to get
this done:
S12 S21 L
(29)
S = S11 +
1 S22 L
L = S22 +
S12 S21 S
1 S22 S
(30)
Thats not too bad, but if you look at it close, you get excited
when you see what happens in the unilateral case (S12 = 0):
S = S11
(31)
L = S22
(32)
Nicholas Gamroth
Vs
L1
Load
Match
Zl
XS2
RS
1+
RL
RS RL
(33)
XS RS Q
RS
RL 1
(34)
X1 =
X2 = (XL RL Q)
(35)
OK, were not really done. The Xs from these equations are like
complex impedances for the matching network, so we need to pick
values for them. To pick the value for the inductor, use X1 like this:
X1
(36)
L=
And to find the value for the capacitor, use X2 like this:
1
C=
(37)
X2
Where is the frequency youre running the circuit at.
Nicholas Gamroth
References
10