CN3132

Separation Processes (II)

Lecture 01:
Mass Transfer Models
Wankat 3rd: 15.1; 15.2.1; 15.2.4; 15.3.1; 15.3.2
Treybal: Chapter 2

Dr.ZHAODan
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering
4EngineeringDrive4,Blk E5,#0216
Tel:(65)65164679
chezhao@nus.edu.sg

Course Outline
MassTransfer

(Lecture0103,week1)

Modelsformasstransfer
Twofilmtheory
Individualandoverallmasstransfercoefficients

RateBasedMethod

(Lecture0409,week23)

Transferunitsconceptsinratebaseddesign
Applicationofratebaseddesignforcontinuouscontactoperationof
absorptionanddistillation
Designofpackedcolumn

Humidification

Humidity,adiabaticsaturation,wetbulbtemperature
Humidificationanddehumidificationprocesses
Psychrometricchart
Designofcoolingtower

Adsorption

(Lecture1014,week45)

(Lecture1517,week6)

Definitions
Sorbenttypes
Isotherms
Chromatography
2

Schedules
Lectures
Asusual,Monday9:0010:35am;Thursday9:009:45am,LT6
AmakeupclassscheduledthisSaturday(11Oct)9:0010:35amLT6

Tutorials
Asusual,totally5tutorials,startingnextweek(13Oct2014)

Consultation
Fridays14:0016:00pminmyoffice(E50216)
Appointmentonotherdays
IVLE,Webcast,Email

Midterm Test

Time:Thursday,13Nov2014,9:009:45am
Venue:tobeannounced
Openbooktest
Bringincalculatorsandstationery
3

How to excel in CN3132?

(1) Attend lectures!

WhatWebcast cando:

Makeupforemergentabsence
Reviewlectures
Prepareexams
Saveyouseveralsleepinghours

WhatWebcast canNOTdo:

Liveshow!
Feelpeerpressure
Interactwithlecturers
Selffulfillment

How to excel in CN3132?

(2) Solve problems!!

Readthetextbook
Derivetheequationsatleastoncebyyourself
Workonthehomeworkbeforeyoucometothetutorials
Balancebetweengroupstudyandindividualstudy

Recap

DesignConceptforSeparation

Equilibrium
Gibbsphaserule:F=C P+2
Relativevolatility

Topoperatingline
Bottomoperatingline
Feedline
q
McCabeThielemethod
Numberofstages
Optimumfeedlocation
Minimumrefluxratio

MultiComponentAbsorption
Extraction(ImmiscibleSystems)
Analogytostripping

BinaryMultiStageDistillation

Equilibriumline
Operatingline
Molefractionvs.moleratio
Kremser equations
MinL/Gratio(absorption)
MaxL/Gratio (stripping)

Identifythekeycomponent

MultiComponentFlashDistillation
Trialanderror

FlashDistillation
Equilibriumline
Operatingline
Graphicalsolution

BinaryAbsorptionandStripping

Extraction(PartiallyMiscible)

Triangulardiagrams
Mixingpoint
Inverseleverarmrule
Equilibriumline
Operablerangeoffeedcomposition
Correlationcurve
HunterNashmethod
6

Thermodynamics vs. Kinetics

(Equilibrium vs. Rate)

Staged Column vs. Packed Column

Mass Transfer

Whenasystemcontainstwoormorecomponentswhose
concentrationsvaryfrompointtopoint,thereisanatural
tendencyformasstobetransferred,minimizingthe
concentrationdifferenceswithinasystem.Thetransportof
oneconstituentfromaregionofhigherconcentrationto
thatofalowerconcentration iscalledmasstransfer.
9

Models for Mass Transfer:

(1) Molecular Movement

Allmoleculesmoveandcollidebecauseofthermalenergy
Molecularcollisionsresultinmasstransferbydiffusion
Moleculestendtodistributethroughoutthevolumeavailable
Atequilibriumthereisanequalnumberofdensity
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Models for Mass Transfer:

(2) Ficks 1st Law of Diffusion

ForabinarymixtureofAandB,
dc A
J Az = DAB
dz

AdolfEugen Fick (18291901)

J Bz

dcB
= DBA
dz

JAz:molecularfluxofAinBalongzdirection[mole/(m2s)]
DAB:moleculardiffusivity(m2/s)
dcA/dz:concentrationgradientofAalongzdirection(mole/m4)
Minussign:diffusiondirectionisoppositetoconcentrationgradient
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Other Forms of Ficks Law

J Az = cDAB

dx A
dz

J Bz

dxB
= cDBA
dz

c:mixtureconcentration(mole/m3)
xA:molefractionofA

J Az =

DAB dp A
RT dz

J Bz =

DBA dpB
RT dz

R:idealgasconstant8.314[J/(Kmol)]
T:temperature(K)
dpA/dz:pressuregradientofAalongzdirection(Pa/m)

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Fickian Binary Gas Diffusivities

DAB

T 3/2 (1/ MW )1/2

ptot 2

DAB:moleculardiffusivity(m2/s)
T:temperature(K)
MW:averagemolecularweight
ptot:totalabsolutepressure(Pa)
:averagediameterofthe
sphericalmolecules()

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Fickian Binary Liquid Diffusivities

0
DAB

1.173 1016 [ B ( MWB )]1/2 T

=
BVA0.6
DAB:moleculardiffusivity(m2/s)
B:solventinteractionparameter
MWB:molecularweightofB
T:temperature(K)

B:solventviscosity(Pas)
VA:molarvolumeofsolute
(m3/kmol)

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Convection vs. Diffusion

ForabinarymixtureofAandB,thefluxesrelativetothefixed
positionforeachcomponentscanbederivedas:
NA =

cA
dc
( N A + N B ) DAB A
c
dz

NB =

cB
dc
( N A + N B ) DBA B
c
dz

NA:fluxofA
NB:fluxofB
cA:concentrationofA
cB:concentrationofB
c:totalconcentration
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Equimolar Counterdiffusion (EMD)

Inequimolar counterdiffusion,themolarfluxesorAandBare
equal,butoppositeindirection,andthetotalpressureis
constantthroughout,soN=NA+NB=0
N A = J Az = DAB
z2

DAB
dz
=

z
NA
1

NA =

cA 2

dc A
dx
D dp
= cDAB A = AB A
dz
dz
RT dz

cDAB
dc
=

c A
NA
A1

xA 2

DAB
dx
=

x A RTN A
A1

pA 2

dp

p A1

DAB
cDAB
DAB
(c A1 c A2 ) =
( x A1 xA 2 ) =
( p A1 p A 2 )
( z2 z1 )
( z2 z1 )
RT ( z2 z1 )
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Constant Molar Overflow (CMO) in Distillation

Theheatofvaporizationpermoleisconstant
Withineachsectiontheliquidandthevaporflowrates
remainconstantinthewholesection
EMDapplies
17

Unimolecular Diffusion (UMD) (1)

Ammonia
+

Water

Air

SteadystatediffusionofAthroughstagnantB,soNB=0
NA =
z2

cA
dc
dx
p
D dp
N A DAB A = x A N A cDAB A = A N A AB A
c
dz
dz
p
RT dz

cDAB
dz
=

z
NA
1

NA =

cA 2

dc A
cDAB
=

c c cA
NA
A1

xA 2

dx A
pDAB
=

x 1 xA RTN A
A1

pA 2

p A1

dp A
p pA

cDAB
c cA2
cDAB
1 xA2
pDAB
p p A2
ln
ln
ln
=
=
( z2 z1 ) c c A1 ( z2 z1 ) 1 x A1 RT ( z2 z1 ) p p A1
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Unimolecular Diffusion (UMD) (2)

logarithmicmean:

yx
M lm ( x, y ) =
ln y ln x

cDAB
pDAB
( xA1 x A 2 ) =
( p A1 p A 2 ) [UMD]
NA =
( z2 z1 )(1 x A )lm
RT ( z2 z1 )( p p A )lm

DAB
cDAB
DAB
(cA1 cA 2 ) =
( x A1 xA 2 ) =
( p A1 p A 2 ) [EMD]
NA =
( z2 z1 )
( z2 z1 )
RT ( z2 z1 )

difference between
UMD and EMD

19

Example Question

Oxygen(A)isdiffusingthroughcarbondioxide(B)under
steadystateconditions,withtheCO2 nondiffusing.Thetotal
pressureis1x105 Pa,andthetemperatureis0C.The
diffusionpathis2.0mm.Thepartialpressuresofoxygenat
the2endsare13,000and6,500Parespectively.The
diffusivityofthemixtureis1.87x105 m2/s.Calculatethe
molarfluxofO2 inthemixture.GivenR=8.314[J/(Kmol)]

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Solution
ThisisacaseofcomponentAdiffusinginanotherNon
diffusingcomponentB.Theequationtobeusedis:
NA =

pDAB
p pA2
ln
RT ( z2 z1 ) p p A1

Given:

p=1x105 Pa
T=0C=273K
DAB =1.87x105 m2/s
R=8.314J/(Kmol)
(z2 z1)=2.0mm=2x103 m
pA2 =6500Pa
pA1 =13000Pa

NA =2.97102 gmol/(m2s)

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