IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO.

1, JANUARY 2014

27

Mirror-Integrated Dielectric Resonator Antenna

Nan Yang, Kwok Wa Leung, Fellow, IEEE, and Eng Hock Lim, Member, IEEE

AbstractA mirror-integrated dielectric resonator antenna

(MIDRA) is proposed. The mirror consists of a glass layer with a
very thin light-reflective film coated at its back. It is overlaid on
top of a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA), forming a two-layer
DRA when the thin light-reflective film is neglected. To allow the
wave to penetrate from the DRA to the glass layer, the film is made
of nonconducting alternate layers of titanium dioxide TiO and
silicon dioxide SiO instead of the traditional conducting silver
(Ag) or aluminum (Al) coating. To demonstrate the idea, two
cylindrical MIDRAs were designed and fabricated. The first one
is excited in its TM
mode by axially feeding it with a coaxial
probe, giving an omnidirectional radiation pattern. For the second
mode is excited by using a slot-coudesign, the broadside HEM
pled source fed by a microstrip line. Experimental results show
that these two MIDRAs radiate effectively as conventional DRAs.
Since the proposed antenna appears to be a mirror, it can be an
excellent hidden antenna that provides practical mirror functions.
Index TermsDielectric resonator antenna (DRA), dualfunction
antenna, glass antenna, hidden antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

UALFUNCTION or multifunction antennas have been

developed rapidly because they can effectively reduce the
system size and cut down the overall cost [1]. Recently, dualfunction transparent antennas have received much attention due
to their attractive features. They have found a wide range of
applications, such as on-glass antennas for vehicles or aircraft
[2][10], protective [11][13] and light-focusing [13] antennas
for solar cells, light-cover antennas for integrations with lighting
systems [14], [15], decorative antennas that turn antennas into
artworks [16], and invisible RFID reader antennas attached on
mirrors of fitting rooms [17].
For many years, transparent antennas have been of planar
structures. These designs usually deploy transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films such as indium tin oxide (ITO),
fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), and silver coated polyester
(AgHT). TCO films, however, need to compromise between the
electrical conductivity and optical transparency; increasing the
transparency will decrease the conductivity and vice versa. As
a result, these transparent antennas have much lower efficienManuscript received November 27, 2012; revised August 24, 2013; accepted
September 24, 2013. Date of publication October 23, 2013; date of current version December 31, 2013. This work was supported by a GRF grant from the
Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
(Project No.: 116911).
N. Yang and K. W. Leung are with the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter
Waves and Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong
Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR (e-mail: ee.nanyang@my.cityu.edu.hk;
eekleung@cityu.edu.hk).
E. H. Lim is with the Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku
Abdul Rahman, 53300 Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (e-mail: limeh@utar.
edu.my).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2013.2287007

cies and antenna gains than their metallic counterparts. This

problem can be solved by using the glass dielectric resonator
antenna (DRA) [13][16]. It is because transparent DRAs do
not need any TCO films to operate. The dielectric constant
of glass was measured as 7 from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz [1].
This value is much higher than that at optical frequencies
(
for a refractive index of 1.5) and is sufficient for
good DRA designs. The studies in [13][16] show that DRAs
fabricated with glass has not virtual effect on the antenna gain
at frequencies below 6 GHz.
In this paper, a dualfunction glass DRA that provides an additional function of mirror is developed. It consists of a conventional DRA and a glass layer on its top. Here, the glass is a dielectric loading of the underlaid DRA, instead of a substrate for
transparent patch antennas as studied in [17]. It is worth mentioning that as compared with the design of [17], the present
mirror-integrated antenna has no components on its mirror surface. Also, it has a much higher antenna gain and efficiency.
To provide the mirror function, the glass layer is coated at
its back with a very thin periodic multilayer reflective dielectric film [18]. This reflective film is nonconducting, which is
needed to enable energy couplings between the DRA and glass.
The antenna is essentially a two-layer DRA when the thin reflective coating is neglected. Traditionally, the two-layer DRA is
used to broaden the impedance bandwidth. Our objective here,
however, is simply to integrate a mirror with the DRA instead
of widening the bandwidth. In fact, since the thickness of glass
should not be too thick for a mirror or multiple images will result, no significant bandwidth enhancement can be made in our
design.
In this paper, the idea is first demonstrated using an axially
probe-fed cylindrical DRA excited in its omnidirectional endfire
TM mode. The DRA, glass, and ground plane have the same
cross section to form a single cylinder. In the second demonstration, the slot-coupled source is used to excite the broadside
HEM
mode of the DRA. In this case, a large mirror is used
to show the flexibility of the design.
Using ANSYS HFSS, the two cylindrical mirror-integrated
DRAs (MIDRAs) operating at 2.4 GHz were designed for
WLAN applications. In each case, a prototype was fabricated
and its reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, and antenna
gain were measured. To study the effect of the reflective film,
a film-free counterpart was also fabricated and measured for
the endfire-mode case, and the results are compared with those
of the endfire MIDRA. It was noticed that the mirror effect
degrades when observed at a large oblique angle. This problem
can be solved by inserting a piece of paper (or any opaque
material) between the coated glass and the DRA. It was found
that the effects of the reflective film and paper on the antenna
performance are not significant and can therefore be neglected
in the design.

0018-926X 2013 IEEE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014

It should be highlighted that the proposed antenna can be

packaged as a useful mirror. Also, it is an excellent hidden antenna which helps avoid possible concerns about radiation when
it is in close proximity to people.
II. REFLECTIVE FILM OF MIRROR
Traditionally, glass of mirror is coated with a thin silver
(Ag) or aluminum (Al) layer, which will block electromagnetic
waves. To let waves penetrate into the glass, a nonconducting
light-reflective film is used instead. In this paper, a stratified periodic light-reflective dielectric film is deployed. It is composed
of a periodic succession of alternate layers of titanium dioxide
TiO and silicon dioxide SiO , which have refractive
indices of
and
, respectively. For each
layer, the former and latter have thicknesses of
and
, respectively, where
is the free-space
wavelength of the light wave to be reflected. There are 25 layers
in total, with both the first and last ones being TiO layers. The
reflectivity of this film at normal incidence is given by [18],

Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed endfire MIDRA.

TABLE I
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE ENDFIRE MIDRA (UNIT: mm)

(1)

and
are refractive indices of the media flanking
where
is the total number of the layers, i.e.,
the film, and
in our case. It can be shown that
regardless
the values of
and , showing that it is a good reflective film
for obtaining an excellent mirror.
It is known that the sensitivity of light-adapted eyes is generally maximum when the wavelength
is 555 nm. With this
wavelength, the thickness of the film can be calculated as
(2)
Obviously, this thickness is negligibly small as compared
with the dimensions of the glass and DRA. Therefore, the film
can be neglected in designing the proposed MIDRA.
III. ENDFIRE TM

-MODE MIDRA

A. Configuration
Fig. 1 shows the antenna configuration. A cylindrical DRA
with a radius of , a height of , and a dielectric constant of
is placed on a circular ground plane. The DRA is
excited in its fundamental endfire TM
mode using an axial
coaxial probe with a length of and a radius of
mm.
On top of the DRA is a piece of glass with the same radius and
a thickness of . Here, the DRA, glass, and ground plane have the
same cross section so that the composite structure forms a single
circular cylinder that can be handled conveniently. To obtain a
mirror, the bottom of the glass is coated with a light-reflective
film, which has been discussed in detail in the last section.
B. Measured and Simulated Results
The dielectric constant of the glass was measured using an
Agilent 85070D Dielectric Probe Kit. It was found that the dielectric constant is given by
from 2.0 GHz to 3.0
GHz. A dielectric material of
was used to fabricate

Fig. 2. (a) Photo of the MIDRA prototype. (b) Photo showing the image of a
coin at normal incidence without the DRA. The paper at the bottom is used to fix
the mirror. (c) Photo showing the semitransparent image for an oblique viewing
angle. (d) The image in (c) becomes good when the mirror is backed with an
opaque material which is the DRA in this case.

the cylindrical DRA. With these dielectric constants, an MIDRA

was designed at 2.4 GHz using HFSS, with the values of the various parameters listed in Table I.
Fig. 2(a) shows the fabricated MIDRA prototype with these
parameter values. The performance of the mirror using the nonconducting reflective film is investigated first. Fig. 2(b) shows
the image of a coin at normal incidence with the DRA removed.
With reference to Fig. 2(b), a very clear image is obtained,
which can be expected according to the analysis of the film for
a normal incidence. However, the mirror becomes semitransparent when the viewing angle is large, as shown in Fig. 2(c).
The problem can be solved easily by backing the glass with an
opaque material, e.g., a dielectric or a piece of paper. Fig. 2(d)

YANG et al.: MIRROR-INTEGRATED DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA

Fig. 3. Measured and simulated reflection coefficients of the MIDRA and reference antenna. The design parameters are given in Table I.

shows the image when the mirror is backed by the DRA. It can
be observed that a good image is now obtained again.
To investigate the effect of the reflective coating, a reference antenna without any reflective coating was also fabricated.
In this paper, the reflection coefficients were measured using
an Agilent 8753ES vector network analyzer, while the radiation patterns and antenna gains were measured using a Satimo
StarLab system. Fig. 3 plots the measured and simulated reflection coefficients of the proposed and reference antennas. Since
the constitutive parameters of the coating are not known, the
MIDRA cannot be simulated and only its measured result is
shown in the figure. In contrast, both measured and simulated
results of the reference antenna are provided in the figure. For
the MIDRA, its measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth is 3.7%
(2.392.48 GHz), which entirely covers the 2.4-GHz WLAN
band (2.402.48 GHz). It can be seen from the figure that the
result nearly coincides with that of the reference antenna, implying that the effect of the coating is negligible. It can also
be seen that the measured resonance frequency
is
slightly higher than the simulated value, which should be caused
by experimental imperfections including possible air gaps introduced between the different interfaces.
To study the effect of the glass on the antenna, the cylindrical
DRA without the glass overlay was also simulated and measured. It was found that in this case the measured resonance frequency
shifts upwards from 2.43 GHz (MIDRA) to
2.62 GHz (DRA without glass). In other words, adding the glass
layer will decrease the resonance frequency of the antenna. This
is reasonable because a larger dielectric volume should have a
lower resonance frequency.
Fig. 4 displays the measured radiation patterns of the
MIDRA, along with the measured and simulated results of the
reference antenna. With reference to the figure, the three results
are in good agreement. It can be observed from the figure that
the MIDRA has an omnidirectional radiation pattern, which is
expected for the fundamental endfire TM
mode. For each
result, the copolarized field is stronger than the crosspolarized
counterpart by at least 15 dB, which is acceptable.
Fig. 5 compares the measured antenna gains between the
MIDRA and reference antenna. It also displays the simulated
antenna gain of the reference antenna, which is in reasonable

29

Fig. 4. Measured and simulated radiation patterns of the MIDRA and refer. The design
ence antenna. (a) Elevation plane. (b) Azimuth plane
parameters are given in Table I.

Fig. 5. Measured and simulated maximum gains of the MIDRA and reference
antenna. The design parameters are given in Table I.

agreement with the measured result. With reference to the

figure, the gains are maximum at around 2.4 GHz, as expected.
It can be seen from the figure that the measured antenna gains
of the MIDRA and reference antenna are very close to each
other, showing again that the effect of the coating is small.
The maximum measured gain of the MIDRA is found to be
1.1 dBi, which is 0.3 dB lower than that of the reference antenna
(1.4 dBi). The gain reduction of the MIDRA should be due to
the loss introduced by the reflective coating.
C. Discussions
To confirm that the radiation is due to the MIDRA rather
than the feeding probe, a parametric study was carried out using
HFSS. It was found that the resonance frequency of the MIDRA
changes significantly with different mirror thicknesses and dielectric heights , which is a typical behavior of a DRA mode.
It was also found that changing probe length does not significantly affect the resonance frequency but influence matching
level. All these results verify that it is a DRA mode rather than
a probe mode.
The effect of the ground plane was also investigated. Fig. 6
shows the simulated reflection coefficients for different groundplane radii
. With reference to the figure, the resonance frequency increases significantly with a decrease of
when
is
smaller than the radius of the DRA (
mm). It is because
the image of the DRA below the ground plane is not a complete
DRA when the ground plane is smaller than the DRA base. This

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014

Fig. 6. Simulated reflection coefficients for different ground-plane radii

Other design parameters are given in Table I.

can be easily understood by considering the limiting case that

as
, no image can be formed at all and only an isolated
DRA in air results. In this case, the DRA size is only half of
that in the perfectly imaged case, leading to a higher resonance
frequency and a different impedance level. As can be observed
from the figure, the change of the resonance frequency becomes
much smaller when
because a more complete image
can now be obtained. It is expected that the change of the resonance frequency will be negligible when the ground plane is
much larger than the DRA.
IV. BROADSIDE HEM

-MODE MIDRA

A. Configuration
The antenna configuration of the broadside case is shown in
Fig. 7. The cylindrical DR has a height of , a radius of
,
and a dielectric constant of
. On top of it is a piece
of glass with a thickness of . In this case, a much larger glass
with a radius of
mm is used to show the flexibility
of the design. The cylindrical DR is excited in its fundamental
broadside HEM mode by a rectangular slot printed on a substrate having a thickness of
mm and dielectric constant
of
. A 50- microstrip line is printed on the other
side of the substrate. The same type of light-reflective dielectric
film is used again for the mirror design. To avoid the semitransparent problem at large oblique viewing angles, the coated glass
is backed with a piece of paper.

Fig. 7. Configuration of the proposed broadside MIDRA. (a) Top view. (b)
Illustration of different parts of the configuration.
TABLE II
DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE BROADSIDE MIDRA (UNIT: mm)

B. Measured and Simulated Results

Since the material of
was used up, a material of
was used to fabricate the cylindrical DR. Table II lists
the design parameters of the MIDRA that were optimized using
HFSS.
Fig. 8 shows the fabricated prototype. The DR is placed at the
center of the slot, as shown in Fig. 8(a). Fig. 8(b) demonstrates
the mirror effect of the coated glass with paper. With reference
to the figure, the image of the object can be clearly seen without
any semitransparent problem.
To study the effect of the reflective coating and backing paper,
a reference antenna without the coating and paper was also fabricated and measured. Fig. 9 shows the measured reflection coefficient of the MIDRA, along with the simulated and measured results of the reference antenna. As can be observed from

the figure, the measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth of the

MIDRA is 10.2% (2.322.57 GHz), covering the entire 2.4-GHz
WLAN band. The simulated result of the reference antenna is
9.4% (2.322.55 GHz). It can be observed from the figure that
the measured result of the MIDRA agree very well with that of
the reference antenna, implying that coating and paper can be
neglected in the design process. With reference to the figure, the
measured resonance frequency
is, again, slightly

YANG et al.: MIRROR-INTEGRATED DIELECTRIC RESONATOR ANTENNA

31

Fig. 8. (a) Photo of the slot-fed DRA prototype. (b) Photo of the proposed
MIDRA with a piece of opaque paper at back, from which a clear image of the
glass swan can be observed and no semitransparent issue can be found from an
oblique viewing angle.
Fig. 11. Antenna boresight gains of the MIDRA and reference antenna. The
design parameters are given in Table II.

Fig. 9. Measured and simulated reflection coefficients of the MIDRA and reference antenna. The design parameters are given in Table II.
Fig. 12. Simulated bandwidth and resonance frequency as a function of mirror
thickness . Other design parameters are given in Table II.

Fig. 10. Measured and simulated radiation patterns of the MIDRA and referplane. (b) Elevation
plane.
ence antenna at 2.44 GHz. (a) Elevation
The design parameters are given in Table II.

higher than the simulated frequency due to experimental imperfections as mentioned before.
Fig. 10 shows the radiation patterns of the MIDRA and reference antenna at 2.44 GHz. From the figure, broadside radiation
patterns are observed for both antennas, as expected. The result
of the MIDRA almost coincides with that of the reference antenna, further showing that the coating and paper has no virtual
effect on the antenna performance. For each antenna, the copolarized field is stronger than the crosspolarized counterpart by
at least 20 dB. It can be seen from the figure that the measured
and simulated radiation patterns of the reference antenna are in
good agreement.
Fig. 11 shows the boresight gains of the MIDRA and reference antenna. With reference to the figure, the measured results

of the two antennas are, again, very close to each other. It can
be found from the figure that the measured gains of the antennas
are 4.5 dB over the WLAN band (2.42.48 GHz), which is
0.5 dB lower than the simulated result.
From the results of Figs. 911, it is obvious that the effects
of the reflective film and backing paper on the antenna performance are negligibly small, simplifying the MIDRA design.
The effect of the mirror (glass) thickness on the impedance
bandwidth is studied in Fig. 12. With reference to the figure,
the bandwidth increases with an increase of , which can be expected from the knowledge of the two-layer DRA. As discussed
before, however, cannot be too large or the image will be unclear. The effect of on the resonance frequency of the antenna
was also studied and displayed in the same figure. As can be observed from the figure, the resonance frequency decreases with
increasing , which is consistent with the fact that a larger resonator has a lower resonance frequency.
V. CONCLUSION
An MIDRA has been proposed and investigated for the first
time. It consists of a conventional DRA and an overlaid glass
layer. The back of the glass layer is coated with a nonconducting
light-reflective film to provide the mirror function. Both endfire
and broadside MIDRAs have been studied in this paper. In the
former case, a cylindrical MIDRA fed by an axial coaxial probe
was designed, fabricated, and measured. It is excited in its fundamental endfire TM mode. A reference antenna without the
reflective coating was also fabricated to investigate the effect of

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 62, NO. 1, JANUARY 2014

the coating on the antenna performance. It has been found that

the effect of the coating is small. Therefore, the coating can be
neglected when designing the antenna, making the design very
easy.
For the broadside design, the slot-coupled source is used to
excite the fundamental broadside HEM mode of the DRA. In
some applications, it may be required that the size of the mirror
be much larger than the DRA. In this case, the coating region
outside the DRA can be covered by an opaque material (e.g.,
paper) to obtain a good mirror at different viewing angles. It
has been shown in this paper that reflective coating and backing
paper have negligible effects on the antenna performance and
can therefore be neglected in the modeling.
Finally, it should be mentioned that the MIDRA simply appears as a mirror which can be widely used in our daily life. It
can also be used as an excellent hidden antenna to avoid possible concerns of radiation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for
their useful comments. They would also like to thank Mr. M. S.
Leung for taking the photos in this paper.
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Nan Yang was born in Yangling, Shaanxi, China,

in 1987. He received the B.Sc. and M.Eng. degrees
in electronic engineering from Zhejiang University
(ZJU), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, in 2008 and
2012, respectively. He is currently working towards
the Ph.D. degree at City University of Hong Kong.
From 2012 to 2013, he was a Research Assistant at
City University of Hong Kong. His research interests
include microwave and mm-wave circuits and dielectric resonator antennas.

Kwok Wa Leung (S90M93SM02F11) was

born in Hong Kong in 1967. He received the B.Sc.
degree in electronics and the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from the Chinese University of
Hong Kong, in 1990 and 1993, respectively.
From 1990 to 1993, he was a Graduate Assistant
with the Department of Electronic Engineering,
the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In 1994, he
joined the Department of Electronic Engineering
at City University of Hong Kong (CityU) as an
Assistant Professor. Currently, he is a Professor and
an Assistant Head of the Department. From January to June, 2006, he was a
Visiting Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA. His research interests include
RFID tag antennas, dielectric resonator antennas, microstrip antennas, wire
antennas, guided wave theory, computational electromagnetics, and mobile
communications. He was an Editor for HKIE Transactions and a Guest Editor
of IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation. He has served as an Associate
Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION (TAP)
and IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.
Prof. Leung is a Fellow of HKIE. He received the International Union of
Radio Science (USRI) Young Scientists Awards in 1993 and 1995, awarded
in Kyoto, Japan and St. Petersburg, Russia, respectively. He received Departmental Outstanding Teacher Awards in 2005, 2010, and 2011 and the CityU Research Excellence Award 2013. He was the Chair of the IEEE AP/MTT Hong
Kong Joint Chapter for the years of 2006 and 2007. He was the Technical Program Chair, 2008 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Hong Kong, the Technical Program Co-Chair, 2006 IEEE TENCON, Hong Kong, and the Finance
Chair of PIERS 1997, Hong Kong. He has been rated as Outstanding Associate Editor of TAP and received IEEE TRANSACTIONS Commendation Certificates twice in 2009 and 2010. He has been the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION since August, 2013. He is a
Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society.

Eng Hock Lim (S05M08) was born in Selangor,

Malaysia. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical
engineering from National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung City, in 1997, the M.Eng. degree in
electrical and electronic engineering from Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore, in 2000, and
the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from City
University of Hong Kong in 2007.
Since 2008, he has been an Assistant Professor at
the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. His current research interests include multifunctional antennas and microwave components.
Dr. Lim is an Associate Editor of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND
PROPAGATION.