When

a scien*st doesnt know the answer to a

problem, he is ignorant. When he has a hunch as to
what the result is, he is uncertain. And when he is
pre;y damn sure of what the result is going to be,
he is s*ll in some doubtScien*c knowledge is a
body of statements of varying degrees of certainty
some most unsure, some nearly sure, but none
absolutely certain.

Richard Feynman (1955), Nobel Laureate

PSYC 210: Temperament and Personality

Developmental Origins,
Biological Bases,
and Implica6ons for Psychopathology

Dr. Alex Shackman
University of Maryland
Spring 2015

Semester Recap
AJ Shackman
08 December 2014

Where Did We Begin Our Adventure?

Where Did We Begin Our Adventure?

For most of us, we started from a place of ignorance,
informed by some combinaIon of

Prior training and course work in psychology and
biology (e.g., hazy recollecIons from Intro to Psyc)
AOtudes and ideasabout traits, personality,
temperament, heritability, mental illness, and the
brain that we passively absorb from our culture,
from friends and family, and from the media. Folk
psychology, in other words

Where Did We Begin Our Adventure?

For most of us, we started from a place of ignorance,
informed by some combinaIon of

Prior training and course work in psychology and
biology (e.g., hazy recollecIons from Intro to Psyc)
AOtudes and ideasabout traits, personality,
temperament, heritability, mental illness, and the
brain that we passively absorb from our culture,
from friends and family, and from the media. Folk
psychology, in other words

Where Did We Begin Our Adventure?

For most of us, we started from a place of ignorance,
informed by some combinaIon of

Prior training and course work in psychology and
biology (e.g., hazy recollecIons from Intro to Psyc)
AOtudes and ideasabout traits, personality,
temperament, heritability, mental illness, and the
brain that we passively absorb from our culture,
from friends and family, and from the media. Folk
psychology, in other words

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Become experts on how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms
that link T&P to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic
aXainment, divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P
to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment,
divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P
to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment,
divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P
to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment,
divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P
to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment,
divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P
to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment,
divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

Use Science to Dispel Ignorance

Leverage recent scienNc research in humans and other species in order to

Understand the core dimensions of T&P
Know how T&P inuence our daily lives and some of the mechanisms that link T&P
to important outcomes (e.g., temptaIon and self-control, academic aXainment,
divorce, dieIng, depression, drug and alcohol abuse, and death)
Develop a working knowledge of the psychological and neurobiological
mechanisms that underlie T&P
Understand the strengths and limitaIons of a broad spectrum of biological,
behavioral, and staIsIcal tools
Broaden the way you think about connecIons between the mind, brain, genes, and
behavior
Become a more criIcal consumer of psychological and neurobiological research
Become a more thoughYul and informed paIent, tax payer, voter, and ciIzen

What did we actually learn?

A ton!

What did we actually learn?

A ton!

Models

Models
BIS/BAS (Gray)
Behavioral InhibiIon (Kagan/Fox)
Big 3 (Caspi)
Big 5 (OCEAN; Costa & McCrae)

ScienNc Concepts

ScienNc Concepts
AecIve chronometry (e.g., Ime-to-peak, recovery, etc.)
AppeIIve moIvaIon
Approach/Withdrawal
Biomarkers, Endophenotypes & Intermediate Phenotypes
EpigeneIcs and Non-genomic transmission of acquired traits
Fear vs. Anxiety
Garbage In/Garbage Out
G * E interacIons
Hedonic hotspots
Heritability (common misconcepIons)
IncenIve sensiIzaIon model
Liking vs. WanIng
Natural language hypothesis
Pavlovian fear condiIoning (and the condiIoned emoIonal response/CER)
ScienIc skepIcism
Self-sImulaIon
SensiIvity, Specicity, and Reliability
Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) polymorphism

StaNsNcal Tools and Concepts

StaNsNcal Tools and Concepts

CorrelaIon (vs. causaIon)
Construct validity
Factor analysis
Meta-analysis
Reliability (Internal-consistency, Test-Retest)

Brain Regions and Systems

Brain Regions and Systems

Basal forebrain cholinergic system
Extended amygdala (including the BNST)
Lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Midcingulate cortex (MCC)
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
HPA axis
Medial forebrain bundle
MesocorIcolimbic dopamine system
Ventral striatum/Nucleus accumbens

Methods and Measures

Methods and Measures

ASL MRI
BART
CorIsol
Daily diary
Deep brain sImulaIon (DBS)
EDA/SCR/GSR
ERP (including N2, ERN, FRN, and P3b)
Eriksen anker task
Excitotoxic lesions
Experience sampling
FDG-PET
Fear-potenIated startle
fMRI (task-related and resIng-state)
Frontal EEG asymmetry
GWAS
LimitaIons of introspecIve measures and self-report (e.g., peak-end rule)
NeuroSynth
Pharmacological methods (e.g., benzodiazepines)
Stop-signal task

Disorders

Disorders
Anxiety
Depression
Impulse control disorders
Substance abuse
Parkinsons

People
Famous and Not-So-Famous Pa6ents


Famous and Not-So-Famous Scien6sts
Ralph Adolphs; Yair Bar-Haim; David Barlow; Kent Berridge; Jenni
Blackford; Jack Block; Ryan Bogdan; Turhan Canli; Avshalom Caspi;
Michelle Craske; Tony and Hannah Damasio; Richie Davidson;
Mike Davis; Hans and Mike Eysenck; Nathan Fox; Jerey Gray;
ChrisIan Grillon; Dan Grupe; Amad Hariri; Jerry Kagan; Ken
Kendler; Carl Lejuez; Joe Ledoux; Schmuel Lissek; Jerry Kagan; Ned
Kalin; Ken Kendler; Roman Kotov; Seymour Gig Levine; Colin
Macleod; Michael Meaney; Walt Mischel; Temi MoX; Jack
Nitschke; Danny Pine; Diego Pizzagalli; Tony Rangel and Todd
Hare; Terry Robinson; Kerry Ressler; Alex Shackman; Andy
Tomarken; Mike Treadway; Peter Visscher; David Walker; David
Watson; Paul Whalen; Tal Yarkoni; David Zald and many others

People
Famous and Not-So-Famous Pa6ents
B-19, EVR/Eliot, SM, and Phineas Gage

Famous and Not-So-Famous Scien6sts
Ralph Adolphs; Yair Bar-Haim; David Barlow; Kent Berridge; Jenni
Blackford; Jack Block; Ryan Bogdan; Turhan Canli; Avshalom Caspi;
Michelle Craske; Tony and Hannah Damasio; Richie Davidson;
Mike Davis; Hans and Mike Eysenck; Nathan Fox; Jerey Gray;
ChrisIan Grillon; Dan Grupe; Amad Hariri; Jerry Kagan; Ken
Kendler; Carl Lejuez; Joe Ledoux; Schmuel Lissek; Jerry Kagan; Ned
Kalin; Ken Kendler; Roman Kotov; Seymour Gig Levine; Colin
Macleod; Michael Meaney; Walt Mischel; Temi MoX; Jack
Nitschke; Danny Pine; Diego Pizzagalli; Tony Rangel and Todd
Hare; Terry Robinson; Kerry Ressler; Alex Shackman; Andy
Tomarken; Mike Treadway; Peter Visscher; David Walker; David
Watson; Paul Whalen; Tal Yarkoni; David Zald and many others

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

What is temperament?

What is personality?

Are temperament and personality fundamentally
dierent?

Is T&P emo*onal, cogni*ve, or a blend of both?

Are dimensions of T&P comprised of more basic
psychological or neural ingredients?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

How many dimensions or types of personality are
there?

Where did these dimensions come from; how were they
discovered?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

What exactly does it mean to be neuro*c? What makes
Woody Allen *ck?

What is self-control? Where does it come from? What
are the implica*ons of my niece grabbing that
marshmallow?

Is reward one thing? What mo*vates us to seek out
pleasure and reward?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

Is The Situa*on the primary determinant of thoughts,
feelings, and ac*ons?

Is T&P predic*ve of meaningful outcomes? Is it
impacOul or can we safely ignore individual
dierencestreat them as noise or error in our
equa*ons?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

How stable are trait-like individual dierences in T&P
across the life span?

How well can I predict your personality at age 70,
knowing what you're like when you are 2 or 3 years
old?

My son or daughter is extremely shy and re*cent
Should I hit the panic bu;on? Is s/he des*ned to
develop a debilita*ng emo*onal disorder?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

How are traits related to emo*onal states?

How does T&P interact with cues, challenges, and
perturba*ons in the environment?

Do people tend to exert control over those challenges and
the feelings they evoke or are they passive recipients?

Does T&P go away in the absence of challenges or is it
discernible all the *me? (Is our brain ever really at rest?)

Does T&P lead individuals to construct dierent
environments for themselves?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

Does T&P reect nature, nurture, or both?

Does T&P breed true? Does it reect a few genes or
many?

Are heritable traits xed and immutable or plas*c?
How informa*ve is heritability is one group ALWAYS
going to come out on top?

If T&P is somewhat malleable, should we intervene in
the case of high-risk T&P?

New Answers to Fundamental Qs

Is depression just being really sad?

Is addic*on just an excess of approaching highs and
avoiding lows?

Why do we so oaen succumb to tempta*on and immediate
gra*ca*on? What mechanisms are involved?

Do drugs of abuse exert las*ng consequences on reward
circuitry?

Is dopamine a natural joy juice?

Some Broad Take Home Points

T&P Are Important,

But Incompletely Understood
Individual dierences in temperament, which rst
emerge early in life, can exert a profound impact on
disease and wellbeing, socioeconomic status, and
academic and occupaIonal aXainment

One important way in which temperament inuences
these diverse outcomes is by conferring risk for the
development of psychopathology.
The challenge is to understand the psychological and
biological mechanisms that link disposiIonal risk to
posiIve and negaIve outcomes.

T&P Are Important,

But Incompletely Understood
Individual dierences in temperament, which rst emerge
early in life, can exert a profound impact on disease and
wellbeing, socioeconomic status, and academic and
occupaIonal aXainment

One important way in which temperament inuences these
diverse outcomes is by conferring risk for the development
of psychopathology
The challenge is to understand the psychological and
biological mechanisms that link stable dierences in risk
and resilience to important posiIve and negaIve outcomes
in the real world

T&P Are Important,

But Incompletely Understood
Individual dierences in temperament, which rst emerge
early in life, can exert a profound impact on disease and
wellbeing, socioeconomic status, and academic and
occupaIonal aXainment

One important way in which temperament inuences these
diverse outcomes is by conferring risk for the development
of psychopathology
The challenge is to understand the psychological and
biological mechanisms that link trait-like dierences in risk
and resilience to important posiIve and negaIve outcomes
in the real world

I am really proud of you guys and all

that you have accomplished and
learned this semester

Be Proud of Your New Knowledge and

New Ways of Thinking,
But Not Too Proud

hXps://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=zMxatjSLngc (546 to 7:37)

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1)

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1)

Complete the course evaluaNon
hXps://www.courseevalum.umd.edu/

The numeric/quanItaIve porIon of the evaluaIon directly impacts
me, in terms of promoIon and retenIon (tenure)

The narraIve/free-response porIon directly impacts students
enrolled in future classes. I take your feedback and suggesIons very
seriously and use it to revise the class.

In CANVAS, submit a brief statement to the eect that

I, <Your Name> , pledge on my honor that I have truthfully
completed the Course EvaluaNon for Psychology 612

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1)

Complete the course evaluaNon
hXps://www.courseevalum.umd.edu/

The numeric/quanItaIve porIon of the evaluaIon directly impacts
me, in terms of promoIon and retenIon (tenure)

The narraIve/free-response porIon directly impacts students
enrolled in future classes. I take your feedback and suggesIons very
seriously and use it to revise the class.

In CANVAS, submit a brief statement to the eect that

I, <Your Name> , pledge on my honor that I have truthfully
completed the Course EvaluaNon for Psychology 612

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1)

Complete the course evaluaNon
hXps://www.courseevalum.umd.edu/

The numeric/quanItaIve porIon of the evaluaIon directly impacts
me, in terms of promoIon and retenIon (tenure)

The narraIve/free-response porIon directly impacts students
enrolled in future classes. I take your feedback and suggesIons very
seriously and use it to revise the class.

In CANVAS, submit a brief statement to the eect that

I, <Your Name> , pledge on my honor that I have truthfully
completed the Course EvaluaNon for Psychology 612

Take Home QuesNon (Just 1)

Complete the course evaluaNon
hXps://www.courseevalum.umd.edu/

The numeric/quanItaIve porIon of the evaluaIon directly impacts
me, in terms of promoIon and retenIon (tenure)

The narraIve/free-response porIon directly impacts students
enrolled in future classes. I take your feedback and suggesIons very
seriously and use it to revise the class.

In CANVAS, submit a brief statement to the eect that

I, <Your Name> , pledge on my honor that I have truthfully
completed the Course EvaluaNon for Psychology 612

The End.

Good luck with your
end of term responsibili6es
and the nal examina6on

and

Have a great summer!

Exam Review

Based on fear condiIoning studies in the

psychophysiology lab, we can say that children and
adults with extreme anxiety tend to show

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A. Amplied signs of anxiety

(startle) in response to
certain threat (CS+)
B. Exaggerated anxiety to
uncertain, ambiguous,
unpredictable dangers
(CS- , ITI; evidence of
over-generalizaIon or
decient safety learning)
C. Anxiety-related responses
which are strictly limited
to immediate danger

Real-Ime fMRI neurofeedback

studies demonstrate that
A.

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a

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Subjects report that in order to

increase acIvaIon, they were
imagining engaging in dierent
kinds of high arousal, negaIve
acIviIes
B. Subjects can learn to regulate
acIvaIon in the VS/NAcc,
providing important mechanisIc
insights into the neural circuitry
underlying reward
C. Subjects who experienced the
most intense posiIve aect
showed the smallest increases in
VS/NAcc acIvaIon
D. A and B
E. B and C

Family, twin, and adopNon studies

(aka behavioral geneNcs) teach us
that:

A. Psychiatric disorders and

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a

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a

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B.

T&P are not heritable

Psychiatric disorders and
T&P aggregate in families
Things that blood relaIves
share (e.g., SES, toxin
exposure, stress, habits)
are irrelevant to
understanding
psychopathology or T&P
A and C
B and C

Many or most individuals with

diagnosable major depression or an
anxiety disorder

A. Fail to receive high-

quality, evidence-
based treatment
(under-treated)
B. Receive high-quality
pharmacological or
cogniIve-behavioral
treatment

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T&P reect trait-like individual

dierences in emoIonal and cogniIve
(and neural) biases that:

Ar
e
fi

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s

A. First emerge in mid-life

B. Are xed at a relaIvely
young age
C. Account for consistency
and biases in behavior,
inner experience, and
risk across Ime and
contexts
D. A and B
E. B and C

MechanisIc studies in animal models

tell us absolutely nothing about
A. Mechanism/
CausaIon, as this can
only be achieved in
studies of human
paIents with
circumscribed brain
damage
B. SubjecIve experience
and feelings

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Are there pleasure centers in the

brain?

in
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A. Yes! Hedonic
hotspots; opioid and
endocannabinoid
signaling
B. No!
C. Yes! Medial
forebrain bundle
D. Yes! Dopamine

Orbitofrontal cortex

Ap
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A. Signals value, such as

tasIness
B. Signals value, such as
healthiness
C. Appears to be regulated
by lateral prefrontal
cortex (i.e., aXend to
health, downweight
taste)
D. All of the above

Individuals who show increased acNvaNon in the

ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAcc)
when looking at yummy foods in the scanner, tend
to

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likely to give in to their
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B. b. Experience less
intense food desires in
daily life and are less
likely to give in to their
temptaIons to eat

fMRI signals in the ventral striatum are

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B. Nonspecic
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moIvated behavior in
real life (sex, food
consumpIon)
D. A and C
E. B and C

Substance abuse disorders are associated with

A. High N/NE
B. Low C/SC
C. Both

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Which is the more correct statement?

A. Nearly every aspect of
human behavior is
somewhat heritable and
reects the acIvity of the
brain, suggesIng that all
behaviors are biological
B. Very few aspects of
human behavior are
heritable; heritable
behaviors are especially
biological; biologically
mediated behaviors are
special

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Which is FALSE: Height is

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0%

A
a

0%

t h
t-l
er
ike
ita
p
b.
he
Ca
.
no
nn
ty
ot
pe
b
e m
th
a.
ar
..
ke
dl
y a
ffe
...

e m
os

D.
E.

0%

A
tra
i

C.

g t
h

B.

Among the most heritable

mammalian traits, although
ospring show considerable
variaIon (probabilisIc, not
determinisIc)
A trait-like phenotype that is
associated with variaIon in a small
number of geneIc polymorphisms
Cannot be markedly aected by
intervenIons (diet, nutriIon, and
healthcare access), underscoring
that public policy and other kinds of
intervenIons can have a huge
impact on highly heritable traits
A and B
B and C

Am
on

A.

Substance abuse disorders reect

gin
rin
s b
Pr
ob
le
m

0%
Bo
t

g r
eg
ul

n
(..
.
tio
za
iti
e s
en
s

0%
a.
..

0%

In
ce
nt
iv

A. IncenIve sensiIzaIon
(permanent changes) in the
mesolimbic dopamine system
that creates MoIvaIonal
Magnets
B. Problems bringing regulatory
circuits centered on the
lateral prefrontal cortex on-
line (inhibitory failure);
acIvity in this braking
system predicts real life
impulse control problems
(e.g., giving in to food
temptaIons)
C. Both

Which statement is MORE scienIcally

TRUE, based on the latest evidence
(through 2015) discussed in class?

0%

os
t
m
da
y
To

da
y

fe
w

n
eu
ro
sc

n
eu
ro
s

ie
nt

cie

is.
..

nt
...

0%

To

A. Today few neuroscienIstsassertthat

dopamine causes pleasureFor example
Wisewas recently quoted [as saying],
I no longer believe that the amount of
pleasure felt is proporIonal to the
amount of dopamine oaIng around in
the brain, and pleasure is not a
necessary correlate of dopamine
elevaIons
B. Today most neuroscienIstsassertthat
dopamine causes pleasureFor example
Wisewas recently quoted [as saying],
the dopamine juncIons represent a
synapIc way staIon . . . where sensory
inputs are translated into the hedonic
messages we experience as pleasure,
euphoria or yumminess

Amygdala damage/lesions is
associated with
A.

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

a.
A
tt e
nu
at
ed
b.
(b
A
ut
p
n
ro
ot
fo
ab
un
...
d
c.
in
El
c
ev
re
at
as
ed
e i
le
n.
..
ve
ls
of
se
d.
lf-
A
...
ll o
f t
he
e.
a
N
bo
on
ve
e o

f t
he
a
bo
ve

a. AXenuated (but not

abolished) signs of fear/anxiety
in the presence of learned
threats (CS+) and unlearned
threats (snakes, spiders),
suggesIng a causal role in N/NE
B. b. A profound increase in fear/
anxiety elicited by naturalisIc
threat (haunted houses, armed
muggers, scary lm clips),
suggesIng a causal role in N/NE
C. c. Elevated levels of self-
reported N/NE and trait anxiety
D. d. All of the above
E. e. None of the above

Some Parkinsons paIents on the dopamine

augmenIng agent Pramipexol

in
gg
es
t
h,
su
Bo
t

0%
th
e.
..

re
f le
ct
p
...

pe
ar
s

Th

is
ap

m
pu
y i
sp
la
Di

0%

to

lse
co
nt

ro
l

d
.

..

0%

g t
ha
t

A. Display impulse control

disorders (e.g.,
hypersexuality, compulsive
shopping)
B. This appears to reect
problems turning dopamine
o in the ventral striatum
C. Both, suggesIng that the
mesolimbic dopamine system
can play a causal role in
impulse disorders such as
substance abuse

Recent meta-analyses demonstrate that

A. A variety of anxiety disorders,

much like N/NE, are
associated with heightened
amygdala acIvaIon to
potenIal threat
B. Depression, much like N/NE,
is associated with increased
amygdala reacIvity to
aversive cues
C. Both A and B, providing
evidence for a common or
overlapping biological
substrate
D. Neither A nor B, suggesIng
dissociable substrates

d
i
xie
ty

De
pr
es
s

o
f a
n
rie
ty
A
va

0%

0%

0%

so
io
r..
n,
.
m
u
ch
Bo
lik
th
A
e N
a
/..
nd
.
B
, p
ro
Ne
vi
di
i th
ng
er
e
A
...
n
or
B
, s
ug
ge
st
i..

0%

Which is more TRUE: AddicIon

involves
A. The development of
long-lasIng changes
in the brain
B. FleeIng processes
that rapidly subside
a}er a transient
period of acute
withdrawal

0%

ro
ce
ss
g p
Fle
et
in

Th

e d
ev
el
op

m
en
t

o
f

es
th
a

lo

t r
a.
..

ng
-..
.

0%

Deep brain sNmulaNon (DBS) provides important

mechanisNc (causal) clues about the neurobiology of E/PE. In
parNcular, DBS of the human ventral striatum (VS) / nucleus
accumbens

0%

0%

0%

0%

d.
A
&
B

e.
B
&
C

0%

a.
A
tt e
nu
at
es
b.
th
A
e
m
VS
el
re
io
ra
s..
t
.
es
c.
d
In
ep
cr
ea
re
se
ss
io
s
...
re
st
in
g
m
e.
..

A. a. AXenuates the VS response

during reward anIcipaIon
B. b. Ameliorates depression
and increases behavioral
engagement, suggesIng a
causal role in behavioral
approach and reward
responsiveness
C. c. Increases resIng
metabolic acIvity in the VS
D. d. A & B
E. e. B & C

Are there pleasure centers in the brain

A. Yes
B. No

0%
No

Ye
s

0%

Which is more TRUE: Reward, addicIon, fear,

anxiety and other key emoIonal features of T&P
emerge from

A. The acIvity of
isolated brain
regions
B. The coordinated
acIvity of widely
distributed brain
circuits

0%

na
e c
oo
rd
i
Th

Th

e a
ct
iv

i ty
o
f i

so

la

te
d
a

te

d
b

ct
ivi
ty

ra
..

..

0%

Is the neurotransmiXer dopamine the source of

pleasure and reward?

A. Yes
B. No

0%
No

Ye
s

0%

Which is FALSE: The amygdala:

Sh
o

s e
nh

an

ce
d
ac
tiv

in
sp
ot
ot
fe
ar
h

at

r..
.
th
e
b

st
e
ra
t
Is
a

o
or
ch
es
t

0%
io
...

0%

at
..

0%

He
lp
s t

A. Helps to orchestrate states of

fear and anxiety via
connecIons to brainstem and
subcorIcal regions
B. Is a fear hotspot in the brain
and is uniquely and
specically associated with
fear
C. Shows enhanced acIvaIon in
response to drug-related cues
in addicts, consistent with the
idea that it helps to prioriIze
the processing of emoIonally
and moIvaIonally salient
cues in the environment

In rodents, increasing dopamine

transmission or signaling in a circuit
centered on the nucleus accumbens

es
w
In
cr
ea
s

es
l

er
A
n
o

B
nd

0%
r B

0%

h
A
a
Bo
t

g (
e.
g.
, .
..

0%

Ne
ith

ik

an

tin

in
g (

or
o-
fa
c i.
.

0%

In
cr
ea
s

A. Increases liking (oro-

facial expressions of
pleasure)
B. Increases wanIng
(e.g., bar pressing)
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

Is Reward

0%
...

in
g

0%

A
se
t o

f p
ro
ce
ss

es
t

ha

t n

On
e
th

A. One thing
B. A set of processes
that normally work
together to support
adapIve behavior
(e.g., foraging for
food)

Self-control in the face of temptaIon

reects interacIons between
A.

ov
e

0%

he
ab

of
t

Al
l

ra
l p

e
lat
e

f t
h

Re
gi

0%

re
...

t..
fro
n

e
or
bi

f t
h

on
s o

0%

to

rc
ui
tr.
..

0%

p
ci
to
Re
gi

ito
ib
In
h

A
w

an
t

in

g/
a

ry
/
s

pp
ro
a

ch
/

g
o

..
.

0%

on
s o

A wanIng/approach/go circuit
centered on the amygdala
B. Inhibitory/stop circuitry
encompassing the right posterior
parietal cortex
C. Regions of the orbitofrontal
cortex (OFC) that are sensiIve to
overall value and preferences
and that integrate informaIon
about long-term health and
short-term reward
D. Regions of the lateral prefrontal
cortex that help to represent
impulsive preferences (yummy!)
E. All of the above

Is the neurotransmiXer dopamine the source of

pleasure and reward?

A. Yes
B. No

0%
No

Ye
s

0%

Is Reward

0%
...

in
g

0%

A
se
t o

f p
ro
ce
ss

es
t

ha

t n

On
e
th

A. One thing
B. A set of processes
that normally work
together to support
adapIve behavior
(e.g., foraging for
food)

Deep brain sImulaIon of the ventral striatum /

nucleus accumbens

of
t

i..

0%

gg
es
t

ov
e,
su

he
ab

he
V
S r

es
po
...

0%

Al
l

te
s t
ia

Po
te
nt

es
m
et
a

bo

lic
ac

io
d
ep
re
ss
es
In
cr
ea
s

ra
t

0%

tiv
it.
..

0%

Am
el
io

A. Ameliorates depression
B. Increases metabolic
acIvity in the VS
C. PotenIates the VS
response during reward
anIcipaIon
D. All of the above,
suggesIng a causal role
for this system in the
wanIng component of E/
PE/BAS as well as
depression

Which is more true of liking and

wanIng?
A. They represent the
same underlying
construct
B. They are dicult to
tease apart with
self-report and
behavioral (reacIon
Ime) assays

0%

t t
ffi
cu
l
re
d
i
ey
a
Th

Th

ey
re
pr
es
en
t

th

o
te

e s
a

as

m
e.
..

e.
..

0%

In humans, pharmacological manipulaIons that

increase dopamine transmission in the ventral
striatum

A. Increase willingness
to work for reward
B. Decrease willingness
to work for reward

0%

ng
illi
se
w
De
cr
ea

In
cr
ea
s

e w

ill

in
gn

es
s

ne
ss

to

to

..
.

o.
.

0%

Depression is associated with blunted acNvaNon in the ventral striatum/

nucleus accumbens. ManipulaNons (ketamine, deep brain sNmulaNon) that
increase VS/Nacc acNvaNon ameliorate depression. CollecNvely, these
observaNons are consistent with the idea that

A. Major depression
reects sensiIzaIon
of the psychological
funcIon of this circuit
(e.g. wanIng)
B. Blunted VS/NAcc
acIvaIon in the face
of reward is a
proximal cause of
depression

0%

ed
V
nt
Bl
u

aj
or
d

ep
re
ss

io
n

S/
NA
cc
a

ct

iva

re
fle
ct
s

...

ti o
...

0%

In humans, nucleus accumbens / ventral striatum

acIvaIon is

ith

As
s

oc
ia

te
d
w

Is
t

0%
er

0%

Ne
ith

t-l
ra
i

0%
N
/N
E

ike

0%

Bo
t

A. Is trait-like
B. Associated with N/
NE
C. Both
D. Neither

Sensory pleasure appears to reect the acIon of

ca
l

0%

0%
C
nd

A
a

nd

0%

A
a

0%

le
d
he
do
He
ni
c h
do
ni
ot
c h
sp
ot
ot
He
...
sp
do
o
ts
ni
th
c h
at
ot
re
sp
..
ot
s t
ha
t r
el
...

0%

So

A. So called hedonic hotspots in

the medial shell of the
nucleus accumbens and other
brain regions; sImulaIon
increases liking facial
expressions
B. Hedonic hotspots that rely on
dopamine
C. Hedonic hotspots that rely on
opioids (opium) and
endocannabinoids (marijuana)
D. A and B
E. A and C

Which is FALSE? Reduced reward

responsiveness

0%

Pr
os

0%

...

0%

ti o
ns

o
f s

...
sy
m
ita

ct
s

s t
he
li

p
re
di

er
ita
bl

pe
ct

ive
ly

Is
n

op
h

ot
h

en
...

...
st
st
id

at
e
en
d

-re
te
st
te

ca
nd

Is
a

oo
d
s g
w
Sh
o

0%

0%

Av
oi
d

A. Shows good test-retest

stability; is trait-like
B. Is a candidate
endophenotype for
depression
C. Is not heritable
D. ProspecIvely predicts
symptoms & treatment
response
E. Avoids the limitaIons of
self-report (mnemonic
distorIons, biases, lying)

Increasing dopamine levels in the circuit centered

on the nucleus accumbens

A. Increases liking
(facial expressions)
B. Increases wanIng
(e.g., bar pressing)
C. Both

0%

0%

tin
an
es
w

In
cr
ea
s

In
cr
ea
s

es
l

ik

in
g (

fa
cia

Bo
t

l e
x.
..

g (
e.
g.
, .
..

0%

Michael Meaneys group has provided evidence

that the impact of experimenter handling on rodent
temperament (N/NE or stress reacIvity) is

te
d
by

ge
ne
s

th

at

i..

y .
..
at
ed
b
m
ed
i

ed
ia
M

0%
.

0%

ly
Pr
ox
im
al

d
ec
re
as

ed
ex
pr
es
...

0%

Re
f le
ct
s

A. Reects decreased expression

of benzodiazepine receptors
in the amygdala
B. Proximally mediated by a
maternal behavior,
underscoring the importance
of early nurture for adult T&P
and highlighIng the fact that
parents can regulate the
development of their
osprings brains
C. Mediated by genes that
increase maternal LG-ABN
and decrease ospring
reacIvity (i.e., a common
geneIc cause)

Dopamine is

0%
er

...

0%

fo
r e
xp
er
ie
nc
in

en
t
fic
i
Su
f

Ne
ce
ss

ar
y f
o

r e
xp
er
ie
nc
in
...

0%

Ne
ith

A. Necessary for
experiencing
sensory pleasure
B. Sucient for
experiencing
sensory pleasure
C. Neither

Which is TRUE: Behavioral AcIvaIon

therapy for depression:

0%

0%

0%

0%

n
ev
id

Is
a

o
n

co
gn
i

ti v
e
a

C
nd

B
a

nd

A
a

nd
en
e
...
ce
Pr
-b
ov
as
id
ed
es
tr
m
e.
ec
..
ha
ni
st
ic
ev
i. .
.

0%

Fo
cu
s

A. Focus on cogniIve and

emoIonal change; aXempt to
directly regulate thoughts
and feelings
B. Is an evidence-based
treatment for depression
with a large eect size
C. Provides mechanisIc
evidence that high levels of
behavioral acIvaIon and
increased engagement with
reward serve to maintain
pathological depression
D. A and B
E. B and C

Blockade or disrupIon of the mesolimbic dopamine

system

g (
e.
g.
, b

e
xp
...
ial

an
t

in

ng
(f
ac

s w

iki
Di

sr
up
t

s l
sr
up
t
Di

0%
h

0%
a.
..

0%

Bo
t

A. Disrupts liking (facial

expressions)
B. Disrupts wanIng
(e.g., bar pressing)
C. Both

Increasing dopamine levels in the circuit centered

on the nucleus accumbens

A. Increases liking
(facial expressions)
B. Increases wanIng
(e.g., bar pressing)
C. Both

0%

0%

tin
an
es
w

In
cr
ea
s

In
cr
ea
s

es
l

ik

in
g (

fa
cia

Bo
t

l e
x.
..

g (
e.
g.
, .
..

0%

Dopamine is

0%
er

...

0%

fo
r e
xp
er
ie
nc
in

en
t
fic
i
Su
f

Ne
ce
ss

ar
y f
o

r e
xp
er
ie
nc
in
...

0%

Ne
ith

A. Necessary for
experiencing
sensory pleasure
B. Sucient for
experiencing
sensory pleasure
C. Neither

Rats, chimps, and humans

io

0%
h

..

0%

e
xp
re
ss
ial

es
e o
ro
-fa
c

Th

Sh
o

si
m

ila

r e
m
ot

io

na
l

f.
..

0%

Bo
t

A. Show similar emoIonal

facial expressions in
response to liked and
disliked food and drink
B. These oro-facial
expressions provide a
direct behavioral read-
out of liking
C. Both

The mesolimbic dopamine system

A. Is acIvated by natural
rewards and all major
drugs of abuse
B. When blocked
(pharmacologically,
lesions, geneIc
engineering), radically
amplies reward-
moIvated behavior
(e.g., bar pressing for
cocaine)

re
...
W
he
n
bl

oc
ke
d
(p

ha

ur
al
at
b
y n
ed
ct
iva
t
Is
a

0%
rm
ac
o.
..

0%

AfenNonal biases to threat:

in
in
Re
tra

er
A
n
o

B
Ne
ith

nd

0%
r B

0%

h
A
a

tte
nt
io

na

ca
...
g t
he
a

s m
od
if i
l b
ia
io
na
At
te
nt

0%
...

0%

Bo
t

A. AXenIonal bias modicaIon

is not clinically eecIve,
according to the meta-
analyses reviewed in class
B. Retraining the aXenIonal
bias produces a lasIng
diminuIon in anxiety in the
lab (e.g. in a public speaking
task), suggesIng that it is an
"acIve ingredient" in the
development of extreme
anxiety.
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

Which is true of depressed

individuals?

0%

0%
C
nd

B
a

nd

0%

A
a

0%

ey
e
xp
re
ss
Th
b
lu
ey
nt
u
ed
nd
li
er
ki.
-in
Th
.
ve
ey
st
a
in
re
m
m
or
e.
e
.
w
ill
in
g t
o.
..

0%

Th

A. They express blunted

liking of rewards and
posiIve sImuli in the
lab
B. They under-invest in
meh (low-reward)
acIviIes in daily life
C. They are more willing
to work for reward
D. A and B
E. B and C

The mesolimbic dopamine system

A. Underlies hedonic
pleasure and
consummatory
reward
B. Supports wanIng
and appeIIve
behaviors aimed at
geOng rewards

0%

an
s w
po
rt
Su
p

Un
d

er
lie
s h

ed
o

tin

g a

ni
c p
l

nd

ap

ea
s

...

u.
.

0%

AcIvaIon of the medial forebrain bundle

A. Supports robust,
frequent self-
sImulaIon in
rodents and humans
B. AcIvates pleasure
centers in the brain

0%

ea
s
p
l
es
at
Ac
tiv

Su
p

po
rt

s r
ob

us
t

ur
e c
en
te

, f
re
qu
en
t

rs

...

..

0%

T&P predicts:
A. MoIvated behavior:
Approach or avoidance in
the absence of trait-
relevant challenges
B. EmoIon regulaIon &
recovery following
challenges
C. AnIcipatory thoughts and
feelings (e.g., worry)
before challenges
D. All of the above (A-C)
E. None of the above

An
t

ici

pa

to
ry
th

io

pp
...

at

io
r:
A
io
n

re
gu
l

be
ha
v
d
Em
ot

at
e
ot
iv
M

0%

0%

0%

0%

n
&
re
c..
.
ou
gh
Al
ts
an
l o
f t
d.
he
..
ab
ov
e
No
(A
ne
-C
)
o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Which is FALSE: Over Ime, the repeated experience

of social failure among individuals with high levels
of BI may
A. Train them to interpret
ambiguous social
situaIons as threatening
B. Cause them to believe
that poor social outcomes
are their fault
C. Promote excessive anxiety
about social situaIons
and public performance
D. Reduce the risk of
developing depression
and substance abuse

0%

0%

0%

b
Pr
el
om
ie
ve
ot
e
th
ex
..
ce
s
siv
Re
e
du
an
ce
xie
th
t..
e
.
ris
k o
f d
ev
el
o.
..

e
th
em
to

Ca
us

Tr
ai

n
th

em
to
in
te

rp
re
t .
.

0%

FILL IN THE BLANKS: ______s (or their absence) do not hard-wire people for
certain behaviors. There is no _____ for understanding calculus [or
extraversion or neuroIcism or self-control] Specic behaviors are [not
biologically] hard-wired. M.I.T. math majors arent born doing calculus Its not
just ______s make brain make behavior. You have ___________ too.

A. Experience;
Experience;
Experience; Gene
B. Gene; Gene; Gene;
Experience

en
e;
E

xp
er
...

0%

Ge
ne
; G
en
e;
G

Ex
pe
rie
nc
e;
E

xp
er
ie
nc
e;
..
.

0%

Individuals with elevated N/NE are:

0%

e a
b

ov
e

ov
e
e o
f t
h

he
ab

...
of
t

to

0%

No
n

ke
ly
t

o
or
e
li
M

0%

ex
pr
es
s

de
-e
sc
al

se
d
..

ke
ly
t

be
ex
po

or
e
li

to

M

el
y
ik
s l
Le
s

0%

a.
.

0%

Al
l

A. Less likely to be exposed to

daily conicts in their
relaIonships
B. More likely to de-escalate
negaIve aect during conict
C. More likely to express toxic
social behaviors (criIcism,
contempt, defensiveness, &
stonewalling), perhaps
contribuIng to increased
marital dissaIsfacIon and
higher rates of divorce among
highly neuroIc individuals
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

Rewards are liked (hedonic pleasure during

consumpIon) and wanted. Liking and wanIng

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

tia
iff
er
en

0%
ov
e

0%
te
d
..

0%

e n
eu
ra
...
bl

oc
ia

Ar
e
d

iss
Re
f le
ct
d

Ar
e
ch

al

le
ng
in

g t
o
te

as

e .
..

0%

lly
re
la

A. Are challenging to tease

apart
B. Reect dissociable
neural substrates
C. Are dierenIally related
to substance abuse,
according to rodent
models (Berridge &
Robinson)
D. All of the above

Reduced reward responsiveness. Which is false?

A. Is a candidate
endophenotype for
depression
B. ProspecIvely
predicts symptoms
& treatment
response
C. Not heritable

0%

0%

pe
ct
Pr
os

Is
a

ca
nd

id

bl
h
er
ita
No
t

...
sy

ive
ly

at
e
en
d

p
re
di

ct
s

op
h

en
...

0%

Depressed individuals

g o

ill

kin

te
d
li
un

Ar
e
le
ss

b
l
w
Sh
o

0%

0%

0%

B
&
C

0%

f p
in
o.
Ar
g t
..
e
o
m
i
nv
or
es
e
t e
re
sp
...
on
siv
e
to
..
.

0%

A
&
B

A. Show blunted liking of

posiIve sImuli and rewards
B. Are less willing to invest eort
in obtaining rewards and
overinvest in low-reward
acIviIes
C. Are more responsive to
rewards in the lab and in daily
life
D. A & B
E. B & C

(Tomarken:) Measures of T&P need to:

Di

-re
te

No
n

e o
f t
h

he
ab

st
of
t

te

0%

0%

ov
e
(A
-C
e a
)
bo
ve
(A
-C
)

0%

Al
l

ie
nt
uf
fic

y s

sp
la

eq
u

at
e

in

te

rn
al

-..
.

..
tru
e c
on
s
at
Sh
o

ad

ad
eq
u
bi
t

0%

..

0%

Ex
hi

A. Exhibit adequate
construct validity
(sensiIvity and
specicity)
B. Show adequate
internal-consistency
reliability
C. Display sucient test-
retest stability (trait-
like)
D. All of the above (A-C)
E. None of the above (A-C)

In humans, nucleus accumbens /

ventral striatum (VS)

Ac
tiv

at

io
n

er
A
n
o

nd

h
A
a

Bo
t

0%
r B

0%

Ne
ith

is
as

so

cia

te

d
w

ar
d.
..
g r
ew
du
rin
io
n
at

0%
...

0%

Ac
tiv

A. AcIvaIon during
reward anIcipaIon is
trait-like
B. AcIvaIon is
associated with trait-
like individual
dierences in E/PE
and BAS
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

Electrical signals generated in the midcingulate

cortex and measured on the scalp are trait-like and
predict

0%
ce
o

gg
es
t

in

id
an
Bo
t

h,
su

av
o
ce
d
ha
n
En

th
is.

f c
...

b.
..
hi
d
in
n
an
ut
io
er
ca
Gr
ea
t

0%
..

0%

g t
ha
t

A. Greater cauIon and inhibiIon

following negaIve feedback
or errors
B. Enhanced avoidance of cues
associated with punishment,
loss, and negaIve feedback
C. Both, suggesIng that this
circuit accounts for anxious
individuals excessively risk-
and threat-avoidant prole of
choices and behaviors

When cumulated over many individuals or

experiences (e.g. job interviews of a minority
candidate), Iny or weak staIsIcal eects (e.g.
small correlaIons)

0%

nt
ta
be
o
f s
ub
s
Ca
n

ev
er
o

f a
n

y p

ial

ra
ct
ica
.

ra
...

..

0%

Ar
e
n

A. Are never of any

pracIcal importance
B. Can be of substanIal
pracIcal importance
when cumulated over
many individuals or
experiences; they may
also provide key clues
about important
therapeuIc targets for
drug development (as in
the cholesterol
example)

The AdapIve Control Hypothesis claims that

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

c..
an

0%
ov
e

0%

re
en
h

s a
na
l

es
e s
ig
Th

CC
u
s

es
p

un

ish
m

en
...
on
gn
iti
d
co
an

0%

en
t r
e.
..

0%

An
xie
ty

A. Anxiety and cogniIon

engage a common
territory in the MCC
B. MCC uses punishment
related informaIon to
bias behavior in the face
of uncertainty
C. These signals are
enhanced in anxious,
inhibiIon individuals
D. All of the above

The mesolimbic dopamine system

ur
al
at

by
n

0%

0%
B
&
C

0%

A
&
B

0%

...
ap
nd
ed

g a
tin

ct
iva
t

an
Is
a

s w
po
rt

Su
p

Un
d

er
lie
s h

ed
o

ni
c p
l

ea
s

u.
.

0%

r.
..

A. Underlies hedonic
pleasure and
consummatory reward
("neural joy juice")
B. Supports wanIng and
appeIIve behaviors
aimed at geOng rewards
C. Is acIvated by natural
rewards (food, sex) and all
major drugs of abuse
D. A & B
E. B & C

Pete & Paul: With regard to anxiety, cogniIve and

behavioral avoidance is

0%

pt
da
ala
M

ap

ti v
e
co

pi
n

ive
b
ec
a

us
e
it

g m
ec
h

..
.

...

0%

An
ad

A. An adapIve coping
mechanism that reduces
short-term distress and
arousal
B. MaladapIve because it
prevents exposure that
might contradict inated
negaIve expectaIons
(i.e., lost opportunity for
exIncIon)

Which is FALSE?

er
A
n
o

B
Ne
ith

nd

0%
r B

0%

h
A
a

y t
...

0%

re
e
as

s a
ef
fe
ct
ig

h
b
Su
c

In
d

ivi

du

al

co
m
m

on

ge
ne
t..

0%

Bo
t

A. Individual common
geneIc polymorphisms
(the SNPs measured by
SNP chips) generally have
strong eects on brain
funcIon, behavior, and
T&P (e.g., 50+%)
B. Such big eects are easy
to reliably detect in small,
inexpensive samples
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

Clinically eecIve anI-anxiety drugs

0%
nx
ie
..
a
at
e
te
nu
at

Se
le
ct
ive
ly

d
ec
re
as
e

fe
ar
e
...

0%

Se
le
ct
ive
ly

A. SelecIvely decrease
fear elicited by clear
and imminent
danger
B. SelecIvely aXenuate
anxiety elicited by
uncertain threat

Substance use disorder has been

linked to which of the following core
dimensions of T&P

ev
at

at
ed

El

0%
C

0%

nd

B
a

nd

0%

A
a

0%

ed
E/
C/
PE
SC
; i
nd
ee
d,
Am
...
pl
ifi
ed
N
/N
E

0%

At
te
nu

A. Elevated E/PE
B. AXenuated C/SC;
indeed, low levels of
self-reported
ConscienIousness/Self-
Control is among the
strongest prospecIve
risk factors
C. Amplied N/NE
D. A and B
E. B and C

Uncertainty, unpredictability, and ambiguity

A. Increase anxiety,
indexed by fear-
potenIated startle
or raIngs
B. Decrease anxiety,
indexed by fear-
potenIated startle
or raIngs

0%

nx
ie
se
a
De
cr
ea

In
cr
ea
s

e a
n

xie
ty
, i

ty
, i
nd
ex
e.
..

nd
ex
ed
...

0%

Unpredictable, neutral tones are sucient to

De
cr
ea

0%

0%

B
&
C

0%

A
&
C

0%

e a
m
yg
da
la
se
ac
b
ti v
eh
a.
a
Am
..
vi
or
pl
al
ify
m
am
an
yg
i..
.
da
la
r e
ac
tiv
i..

0%

In
cr
ea
s

A. Increase amygdala
acIvaIon in the rat
B. Decrease behavioral
manifestaIons of
anxiety in the rat
C. Amplify amygdala
reacIvity in humans
D. A & C
E. B & C

Which is true?
A. Anxiety and cogniIon
(aXenIon, inhibiIon,
memory) are
completely separable
and dierent in kind
B. Anxiety and cogniIon
are deeply and
inImately connected
An
xie
ty

an

d
co

gn
iti

ve
co
n

...

0%

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)

Da

0%

0%
B
&
C

0%

A
&
B

p
re
fe
re
n

ea
rs
t

Ap
p

i ti
ve
to
en
s

0%

o
ce
be
...
re
m
ag
gu
e
la
of
te
te
d
n
..
le
ad
s t
o
a.
..

0%

Is
s

A. Is sensiIve to
preferences and value,
such as tasIness and
healthiness
B. Appears to be regulated
by lateral prefrontal
cortex
C. Damage o}en leads to
anhedonia
D. A & B
E. B & C

Which is correct? My friend, Dr. X,

comes from a family of alcoholics

m
is

is

lis

Dr
. X

ho

0%

0%

0%

0%

no
t h
m
er
or
ita
e
Dr
lik
bl
e
. X
el
y t
ca
o
n
de
ch
oo
v..
.
se
to
a
bs
ta
i. .
.
Bo
th
A
a
nd
B
Bo

th
B
a
nd
C

0%

Al
co

A. Alcoholism is not
heritable
B. Dr. X is more likely to
develop a substance
use disorder (e.g.
alcoholism)
C. Dr. X can choose to
abstain from alcohol
and eliminate the risk
D. Both A and B
E. Both B and C

In parIcularly tempIng moments, subjects with low

acIvaIon in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG; as indexed
using fMRI during the performance of simple go/no-go
task) are

0%

to
ke
ly
m
or
e
li

lik

el
y

to

gi

gi

ve
in

ve
in
to

to

a
.

..

a.
..

0%

le
ss

A. less likely to give in to a food

desire and actually eat than
subjects with High IFG
acIvaIon, suggesIng that
this region of the lateral PFC
serves as an "accelerator" in
situaIons demanding self-
control
B. more likely to give in to a
food desire and actually eat
than subjects with High IFG
acIvaIon, suggesIng that
this region of the lateral PFC
serves as a "brake" in
situaIons demanding self-
control

Which is true?
A.

0%

0%
B
&
C

0%

A
&
C

0%

e e
rr
or
re
Th
la
te
e E
d
RN
ne
is
ga
in
tiv
Er
cr
i..
ro
ea
rs
se
(e
d
nd
by
og
cl
...
en
ou
s n
eg
at
i. .

0%

Th

The error related negaIvity

(ERN) is an event-related
potenIal (ERP) generated in the
mid-cingulate cortex (MCC);
bigger in individuals with an
anxious T&P
B. The ERN is increased by clinically
eecIve anI-anxiety drugs
(anxiolyIcs) eg benzodiazepines
C. Errors (endogenous negaIve
feedback ) are aversive and are
associated with potenIaIon of
the startle reex
D. A & C
E. B & C

NegaIve life events & psychological

pathogens such as stress tend to:

De
cr
ea

0%
nd

0%

B
a

0%

se
N
/N
E
A
an
d
B

0%

ev
el
...

o
f d

e r
isk

e t
h

In
cr
ea
s

e
in
di

vi

du
a

ls
to

cr
os

s..
.

0%

Ca
us

A. Cause individuals to
cross the diagnosIc
boundary and
experience a depressive
episode
B. Increase the risk of
developing a
diagnosable anxiety
disorder
C. Decrease N/NE
D. A and B
E. B and C

Individuals with elevated N/NE and

frank anxiety disorders tend to show

0%

in
f
ly
or
m
al
Ab
n

te

ne
d
a

vo
i

da

re
qu
en
t

a.

nc
e o
f..
.

..

0%

He
igh

A. Heightened
avoidance of
potenIal threat (I
cross the street to
avoid someone I
know)
B. Abnormally
infrequent aXempts
to control or avoid
distress by worrying

Heightened anxiety in response to uncertain,

ambiguous, unpredictable dangers (CS- , ITI/context
paired with shocks)

C.
D.

E.

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

bs
er
ve
d
in
Re
te
tro
en
sp
s w
ec
ith
tiv
..
Ap
el
.
y p
pe
ar
re
s t
di
ct
o
s t
re
Is
..
fle
se
ct
le

al
ct
te
iv
ra
el
t..
y a
.
m
pl
if i
ed
b
y .
Al
..
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

B.

Is observed in teens with a

childhood history of stable, extreme
behavioral inhibiIon (Fox lab) ,
suggesIng that it confers increased
risk and may contribute to disease
eIology
RetrospecIvely predicts the rst
onset of a depressive disorder (i.e.,
who will get sick) [Craske lab] and is
observed in many paIents with
bipolar disorder [Lissek lab]
Appears to reect alteraIons in the
posterior parietal cortex
Is selecIvely amplied by clinically-
eecIve medicaIons for anxiety,
such as the benzodiazepines, as well
as low doses of ethyl alcohol
All of the above

Is
o

A.

Amygdala damage/lesions is
associated with

er
A
n
o

B
nd

h
A
a

0%
r B

0%

Ne
ith

c ia
l a

pp
ro
a

ch

tr.
..
ed
so

re
du
ce
d
cr
ea
s

in

og
ic a
lly
th
ol
pa

0%
...

0%

Bo
t

A. pathologically reduced
trust and paranoia
B. increased social
approach (i.e. reduced
social distancing),
underscoring that the
amygdala does much
more than just
orchestrate states of
fear and anxiety
C. Both A and B
D. Neither A nor B

Individuals with high levels of N/NE

are characterized by
A. Inated esImates of
threat likelihood
B. Abnormally low
esImates of threat
intensity

0%

ly
or
m
al
Ab
n

In
fla

te

d
es

tim

lo
w

at
es

e
st

im
at

es

o
f t
hr
ea
.

...

..

0%

Anxious individuals tend to show

A. Heightened anxiety
(startle) in response
to clear and
imminent threat (CS
+)
B. Excess anxiety to
uncertain and
ambiguous danger
(CS- , ITI)

0%

nx
ie
ty
to
u
a
Ex
ce
ss

He
igh

te

ne
d
a

nx
ie
ty
(s

ta

nc
er
ta

rtl
..

..

0%

About 10-20% of paIents treated for Parkinsons disorder with

Pramipexol exhibit severe impulse control problems (e.g.,
pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping, and
binge eaIng). Recent research using PET indicates that these
paIents show (i) reduced expression of the dopamine transporter
in the ventral striatum/VS (i.e., they are hypersensiIve to
Pramipexol-induced increases in VS dopamine signalling) as well
as (ii) increased VS acIvaIon and enhanced dopamine release in
the VS in response to reward cues. Behaviorally, their impulse
control problems rapidly decline as soon as they stop taking the
drug. CollecIvely, these pharmacological, clinical, and brain
imaging ndings provide unique and compelling evidence that

Lo
w

C
/S
C
an
Lo
w

lse
c.
..

0%

d
im
pu

C
/S
C
an

lse
co
...

0%

d
im
pu

lse
co
...
d
im
pu

C.

0%

C
/S
C
an

B.

Low C/SC and impulse control disorders

likely reect, at least in part, decreased
magnitude and duraIon of DA
transmission in the VS
Low C/SC and impulse control disorders
likely reect, at least in part, increased
magnitude and duraIon of DA
transmission in the VS
Low C/SC and impulse control disorders
is unrelated to striatal dopamine
transmission

Lo
w

A.

0%

0%

0%

p
ro
er
du
m
...
or
e,
C
Co
BT
lle
ta
ct
rg
ive
et
i. .
ly,
th
es
e m
ec
ha
...

ias

Fu
rth

in
in
Re
tra

cli
n

ica

g t
he
b

lly
e
ffe
ct

ive
, .
..

0%

is
is

albeit weakly
B. Retraining the bias
produces a lasIng
diminuIon in anxiety (e.g.
in a public speaking task)
C. Furthermore, CBT
targeIng excess anxiety
reduces the aXenIonal
bias (reverse eect)
D. CollecIvely, these
mechanisIc ndings
indicate a causal role

Th

A.

Anxious individuals aXenIonal bias to

threat can be re-trained using
computerized tasks. Which is the best
answer?
This is clinically eecIve,

Anxious individuals tend to

Ar
e
fa

st

er
to
re
sp

on
d

to

...

n
..
nt
io
tte
a
e
ex
ce
ss
ca
t
Al
lo

0%

0%
h

0%

Bo
t

A. Allocate excess
aXenIon to threat
B. Are faster to
respond to the dot-
probe when it
occurs at the same
locaIon as a
negaIve word
C. Both

Amygdala reacIvity to threat-related

cues
A.

0%
ov
e

..

e a
b

ct
s t

el
y
ec
tiv
sp

re
tro

e o
f t
h

os
a
d
ed
in

0%

No
n

an
xio
an
d
is
in

cr
ea
s

N
/N
E
ct
s
pr
ed
i

0%

e-
de
...

..

0%

pr
ed
i

predicts N/NE and anxious

temperament in humans and
monkeys
B. is increased in a dose-dependent
manner by drugs, such as
benzodiazepines, suggesIng that
it does not play a mechanisIc
(causal) role in N/NE
C. retrospecIvely predicts the
development of PTSD symptoms
in individuals who lived through
the Boston Marathon
bombingAll of the above
D. None of the above

Hypervigilance may reect

A. The direct inuence of the
amygdala on sensory
cortex
B. Robust projecIons from
the amygdala to the visual
cortex
C. An indirect inuence of
the amygdala, mediated
by acetylcholine neurons
siOng in the basal
forebrain (nucleus basalis
of Meynert); wake up!
D. All of the above

fr
om
..
di

re
ct
i

ns

0%

0%

.
nf
lu
en
ce
o
f t
..
Al
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

An
in

t p
us
Ro
b

Th

e d
i

re
ct
i

nf
lu

ro
je
ct
io

en
ce
o
f t
h

...

0%

Anxious individuals tend to

0%

Sh
o

an

xie
ty

ze

th

at

is

str

ict

nx
ie
ty
to
...

l..
.

0%

Ov
er
ge
ne
ra
li

A. Overgeneralize
anxiety to cues that
resemble genuine
dangers (e.g.,
Lisseks parametric
rings)
B. Show anxiety that is
strictly limited to
threat

Individuals with anxiety disorders

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

ill
w
w
ho

Al
l

c,.
..
ct
s
p
re
di
An
d

0%
d
e.
..

0%

ro
ni
ch

to
es

is
pr
om
ot

Th

ve
d
if f
icu

lti

es
t
u

ni

ng
t
...

0%

Ha

A. Have diculIes tuning

their anxiety and learning
what is safe (safety
learning decit)
B. This promotes to chronic,
pervasive anxiety, arousal,
and stress; they dont
know when its safe to
relax
C. And predicts who will
develop an anxiety
disorder
D. All of the above

Individuals with a childhood history of

extreme BI, a facet of N/NE, show

g p

0%
h

...

0%

ar
tl e
d
ur
in

ed
ev
at
El

Hy
pe
rv
ig

ila

st

nc
e o
n

th

e
do
...

0%

Bo
t

A. Hypervigilance on
the dot-probe task
B. Elevated startle
during periods of
objecIve safety
C. Both

Exam Review:

Material Covered During the
Middle Third of Course

The (fear-potenIated or emoIon-

modulated) startle reex is

Is
a

id

el
y

0%

of
t

he
ab

ov
e

0%

Al
l

us

ed
, v
al

in

g s
i

...

0%

ur
ed
u
s

be
m
ea
s

Ca
n

Is
p

ot
e

nt

ia

te

d
(in

cr
ea
se

d.
..

0%

en
ce
-..
.

A. Is potenIated (increased)
during periods of stress,
fear, and anxiety
B. Can be measured using
similar techniques in
rodents, monkeys, and
humans
C. Is a widely used, valence-
sensiIve measure of
condiIoned and
uncondiIoned fear
D. All of the above

ConvenIonal funcIonal MRI (fMRI)

pulse sequences measure
A. Blood oxygenaIon (the
hemodynamic BOLD signal);
fMRI is an indirect measure of
neuronal ring
B. Neuronal ring
C. The release of
neurotransmiXer-lled
vesicles into the synapse
(synpapIc cle})
D. FDG metabolism
E. Electrical acIvity generated
by ensembles of neurons,
providing exquisite temporal
resoluIon

Th

n
(th
e.
..
tio
xy
ge
na
od
o
Bl
o

0%

0%

0%

0%

Ne
e r
ur
el
on
ea
al
se
fir
o
in
f n
g
eu
ro
tra
n.
FD
..
El
G
ec
m
tri
et
ca
ab
l a
ol
ct
ism
ivi
ty
ge
ne
ra
t..

0%

Which is true?
A. There is one anxiety
disorder
B. There is a whole
family of anxiety
disorders

0%
ily
le
fa
m
ho
a w

er
e i
s
Th

Th

er
e i
s

on
e
a

nx
ie
ty
d
iso

...

o
...

0%

The most common family of

psychiatric disorders is
A. Anxiety
B. Depression
C. Schizophrenia
D. Somatoform

So
m
at

Sc
h

izo

ph

re
ni

io
n

0%
of
or
m

0%
a

0%

De
pr
es
s

An
xie
ty

0%

Anxiety disorders tend to onset

A. Late in life
B. Mid life
C. Early in life

0%

Ea

rly

id

in
li

lif
e

fe

0%
M

La
t

in

lif
e

0%

Depression tends to onset

A. Early in life
B. Mid life
C. Late in life

0%

lif
e
in
e
La
t

id

fe
in
li
rly

Ea

0%

lif
e

0%

The most burdensome disorder

(disability, illnes, death) in the US is
A. Depression
B. Heart Disease
C. COPD
D. Cancer
E. Alzheimers

ei
m
er
s

0%

Al
zh

er

0%
Ca
nc

0%
CO
PD

0%

ise
as

He
ar
t D

De
pr
es
s

io
n

0%

Elevated N/NE is a risk factor for

A. Anxiety disorders
B. Depressive
disorders
C. Both

0%
Bo
t

rd
er
s

0%

ive
d
iso

De
pr
es
s

An
xie
ty

d
i

so
rd
er
s

0%

Anxiety and depression symptoms

0%

t o
e t
h

ou
gh

go
ric
a
Sh
o

ul

d
b

te
Ar
e
ca

f a

lly
d
i st

s .
..

in

r (
...
ct
o
, f
a
co
he
re
nt

0%
ct

0%

Fo
rm
a

A. Form a coherent,
factor (internalizing)
B. Are categorically
disInct
C. Should be thought of
as natural kinds,
discrete enIIes that
exist in nature
waiIng to be
discovered

Anxiety and depression

A. Are highly co-
morbid
B. Rarely co-occur in
the same individual
0%
th
e
s..
.
co
-o
cc
ur
in
Ra
re
ly

Ar
e
h

igh

ly

co
-m
or
bi

0%

Treatments targeIng one emoIonal

disorder

in

g a

tin
gs
Bo
t

h,
su

gg
es
t

se
ra
De
cr
ea

0%
m
..

e.
..
se
) t
h
(d
ec
re
a
e
ra
t
Am
el
io

0%
o
f N
/N
E

0%

co
m

A. Ameliorate
(decrease) the
symptoms of other
emoIonal disorders
B. Decrease raIngs of
N/NE
C. Both, suggesIng a
common cause

NegaIve life events & psychological

pathogens such as stress tend to

e t
h
In
cr
ea
s

e
in
di

vi

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

e N
/N
E

0%

Al
l

o
f d

ev
el
...

0%

In
cr
ea
s

du
a

e r
isk

ls
to

cr
os

s..
.

0%

Ca
us

A. Cause individuals to
cross the diagnosIc
boundary and
experience a frank
depressive disorder
B. Increase the risk of
developing a
diagnosable anxiety
disorder
C. Increase N/NE
D. All of the above

Anxiety disorders, depression, and N/

NE
A. Reect completely
separate genes
B. Are inherited
together (shared
inheritance),
suggesIng a
common geneIc
underpinning

to
ge
th

ly

Ar
e
in

he
rit
e

et
e
om
pl
Re
f le
ct
c

0%
er
(.
..

se
pa
r..
.

0%

Recent meta-analyses demonstrate

that

g e
vid

...
h,
p
ro
vid
Bo
t

0%
en
ce
..
.

0%

ke
N
/N
E,
is

io
n,
li
De
pr
es
s

A
va

rie
ty

o
f a
n

xie
ty

d
i

so

r..
.

0%

in

A. A variety of anxiety
disorders, like N/NE, are
associated with
heightened amygdala
acIvaIon to potenIal
threat
B. Depression, like N/NE, is
associated with increased
amygdala reacIvity to
aversive cues
C. Both, providing evidence
for a common biology

Barlow argues that the development

of a parIcular Dx (diagnosIc
specicity) reects

0%

na

he
r n
o

te

vu
ln

...

n-
sp
ec
i..
.

0%

N/
NE
a

nd

o
t

in
an
nd
N/
NE
a

nd

di
so

rd
er
-sp

ec
i. .
.

0%

N/
NE
a

A. N/NE and a
disorder-specic
learned vulnerability
(e.g., fear dogs)
B. N/NE and an innate
vulnerability
C. N/NE and other
non-specic risk
factors

N/NE is a

l d
na
ot
io

Sy
m
pt

f e
m
e
o

0%

0%

0%

iso
om
r..
.
o
f e
m
ot
Id
en
io
na
tic
l d
al
to
...
o
r s
A
yn
sy
on
m
ym
pt
om
o.
.
o
f t
oo
m
uc
h
...

0%

Ca
us

A. Cause of emoIonal
disorders
B. Symptom of
emoIonal disorders
C. IdenIcal to or
synonymous with the
emoIonal disorders
D. A symptom of too
much anxiety

When confronted by potenIal threat

(robot, intruder), children with high
levels of behavioral inhibiIon (BI)

e q
u

th

dr
aw
to

Be
co
m

ay
in
W
ith

Ce
as

e p
l

d.
..
vo
i
ne
d
a
te
he
igh
bi
t

0%

0%

0%

ie
e p
t
ro
xim
it.
Al
..
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%
g

0%

Ex
hi

A. Exhibit heightened
avoidance and
freezing
B. Cease playing
C. Become quiet
D. Withdraw to the
proximity of their
caregiver
E. All of the above

Jenni Blackfords group uses a

quesIonnaire to retrospecIvely assess
childhood BI. This is

0%

l c
ua
e u
s
th

je
ct
to
Su
b

Bo
t

on
c..
.

...
an
th
tic
al
uc
h
m
or
e
pr
ac

0%
h

0%

A. Much more pracIcal

than starIng a new
longitudinal study
(waiIng 20 years)
B. Subject to the usual
concerns about
mnemonic biases
C. Both

BI in toddlers

xio
us

Is
a

Ec
ho

es
t

an
el
s
ra
ll

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

te
he
m
o
ss
pe
re
oc
tic
...
ia
al
Is
te
d
co
d
es
w
ns
cr
i
i..
th
id
.
er
R
Is

ed
so
> L

m
f.
ew a fa
..
c
ha
et
o
t s
f .
ta
Is
..
bl
he
e
(t
rit
es
ab
t-.
le
(i
.
nh .
e
Al
rit
l o
ed
f t
)
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Pa

A. Parallels anxious
temperament (AT) in young
monkeys
B. Echoes theoreIcal
descripIons of the BIS
(Jerey Gray)
C. Is associated with R > L
frontal EEG asymmetry, as in
studies of monkeys and
human adults
D. Is considered a facet of N/NE
E. Is somewhat stable (test-
retest)
F. Is heritable (inherited)
G. All of the above

Most preschoolers with

high levels of BI __________

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

o
ut
d
o
ev
h
f i
el
av
t
o
e a
p
an
n
ag
..
.
e-
ap
pr
op
r..
.
A
an
d
C
B
an
d
D
Ju
st

Ar
e
li

ke
ly

to

Gr
ow

k w

i th
it

0%

St
ic

A. SIck with it
B. Grow out of it
C. Are likely to develop
an anxiety disorder
D. Just have an age-
appropriate fear of
separaIon or
strangers
E. A and C
F. B and D

Kids with _____ & ______ are at risk

for developing ___________

St
a

bl

e,
h
ig

gh
le
ve
ls
t,
hi
en
i st

0%
h
le
ve
ls
of
B
I,
...

of
..
.

0%

Co
ns

A. Consistent, high
levels of BI,
substance and
emoIonal disorders
B. Stable, high levels of
BI, schizophrenia
and personality
disorders

Social anxiety disorder can be

characterized by

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

te

ne
d
Pe
an
rv
xie
as
iv
ty
e w
a
bo
or
u.
rie
..
s a
bo
ut
..
.
Av
oi
A
da
di
Hy
nc
sc
e
on
pe
ne
r-a
ct
ro
b
us
et
al
we
en
w
Al
...
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

He
igh

A. Heightened anxiety
about people and
performance
B. Pervasive worries about
being judged
C. Avoidance
D. Hyper-arousal
E. A disconnect between
what paIents know to
be raIonal vs what they
feel
F. All of the above

BI is associated with

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

s e
ffe
ct
ive
w
W
ay
or
s o
s
Lo
e
f i
so
nt
w
c ia
...
er
q
l o
ua
ut
lit
A
co
y p
lo
m
ss
ee
es
o
r r
f o
el
pp
Ch
at
or
al
io
le
t
ns
un
ng
i
t
es
y t
fo
o
rg
...
in
g s
tro
Al
ng
l o
...
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Le
s

A. Less eecIve ways of

interacIng with others
B. Worse social outcomes
C. Lower quality peer
relaIons
D. A loss of opportunity to
acquire criIcal social skills
E. Challenges forging strong
relaIons with new peers
and schoolmates
F. All of the above

Over Ime, the repeated experience of

social failure among individuals with
high levels of BI may

0%

0%

0%

b
Pr
el
om
ie
ve
ot
e
th
ex
..
ce
ss
ive
a
nx
ie
t..
.
Al
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

e
th
em
to

Ca
us

n
th

em
to
in
te

rp
re
t .
.

0%

Tr
ai

A. Train them to interpret

ambiguous social
situaIons as
threatening
B. Cause them to believe
that poor social
outcomes are their fault
C. Promote excessive
anxiety about social
situaIons and public
performance
D. All of the above

BI is a strong (candidate) _________

for ______________; but we sIll need
to establish ______ .

0%

0%

0%

m
oc
ar
ia
ke
l a
r,
..
em
ot
M
io
na
ar
ke
l d
r,
is.
ov
..
er
ac
ti v
e
in
su
la
...

yp
e,
s
Bi
o

he
no
t

do
p
En

er
m
ed
ia

te

p
he
no

ty
pe
,..
.

0%

In
t

A. Intermediate
phenotype, dysthmia,
causaIon
B. Endophenotype,
social anx disorder,
causaIon
C. Biomarker, emoIonal
disorders, heritability
D. Marker, overacIve
insula, heritability

T&P reect
A. Nature
B. Nurture
C. Both

0%
Bo
t

re

0%
Nu
rtu

Na
t

ur
e

0%

Genes (nature) can inuence

A. Environments and
experience
B. Neither. Nature and
nurture are disInct
and independent
forces

0%

er
. N
at
Ne
ith

En

vir
o

nm
en
t

s a

ur
e a
n

d
nu

nd
e
xp
er
i..

rtu

..

0%

Nature (heritability) is
A. Fixed and
immutable
B. PlasIc and can
change in response
to growing
autonomy or due to
cumulaIve impact

0%

d
ca
n
ic
an
as
t
Pl

Fix
ed

an
d

ch

im

m
ut

an
ge
in

...

ab
le

0%

Heritability is

V
=
G
P
V
al
ot
/
T

GV

0%
nd

/ G
V.

ti.
.
ria
n
of
va
or
tio
e p
ro
p
Th

0%
.

0%

A
a

A. The proporIon of
variaIon in a trait,
such as C/SC, that is
accounted for by
the pedigree (family
tree)
B. GV / Total PV = GV /
GV + EV
C. A and B

EsImates of heritability

0%
ci.
.

xe
d

0%

Ca
n

be
in

flu

en
ce
d
by
so

Ar
e
fi

A. Are xed
B. Can be inuenced by
social and
environmental
inuences (e.g., living in
a conservaIve religious
community) that
increase or decrease the
amount of variaIon in
the trait (e.g.,
disinhibiIon, partying,
smoking)

Heritability
A. Is the % of variaIon
in a trait, such as E/
PE, that is passed
down from your
parents
B. Reects the
inheritance of
genes, not
phenotypes or traits

0%

e
in
he
rit
a
th
Re
f le
ct
s

Is
t

he
%

o
f v
a

ria

tio

n
in

a
t

nc
e
o

...

...

0%

Heritability describes

ith
in

ty
pi
In
d

ivi

du

als

he
no
o
f p
e %
Th

0%
pu
...

c v
a

s .
..
t i
ha
t t
ra
i
o
f m
y t
e %
Th

0%
ri.
..

0%

p
o

A. The % of my trait that

is inherited (nature)
vs. environmental
(nurture)
B. The % of phenotypic
variaIon across a
group of individuals
that is inuenced by
geneIc factors
C. Individuals within a
populaIon (e.g., Alex)

Highly heritable traits, such as height

A. Are our desIny
B. Can potenIally be
powerfully
inuenced by
intervenIons
(environment)

0%

Ca
n

po
t

en
t

ia

Ar
e
o

lly
b
e
p

ur
d

ow

es
t

er
f..
.

in
y

0%

Ryan Bogdan: The neurogeneIc strategy

th
e
d

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

ov
e

0%

isc
ov
...

dr
es
s
Op
en
s

o
ad

oo
r t
o
d

...
ar
ia
g v
in
Pr
om
ise
s t

or
re
lat
es
c
ol
v

0%

W
H.
..

0%

In
v

A. Involves correlaIng variaIon

in geneIc polymorphisms
(SNPs) with variaIon in
intermediate phenotypes, such
as dierences in amygdala
acIvaIon
B. Promises to address WHY
individuals dier in brain
acIvaIon (e.g., why do
individuals high in N/NE show
heightened amygdala
reacIvity)
C. Opens the door to discovering
testable mechanisms for
geneIc inuence on behavior
D. All of the above

Which is false about the serotonin

transporter geneIc polymorphism

nd

0%
B
a

th
gg
es
t

lys

es

su

ba
d
M

et
a-
an
a

lle
le
is

0%
..

0%

:
In
d.
..

r..
.
co
ty
is
ivi

e
L a
Th

D.

re
ac
t

C.

0%

la

B.

Amygdala reacIvity is correlated

with variaIon in the serotonin-
transporter linked polymorphic
region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4
gene
The L allele is bad: Individuals with
the more transcripIonally-ecient
long allele (more transporter
proteins available to clear serotonin
from the synapse) show heightened
threat-related amygdala reacIvity
relaIve to individuals with the short
allele
Meta-analyses suggest that this
allele accounts for 20-50% of the
variance in amygdala reacIvity
B and C
Am
yg
da

A.

Which is false?

Se
ve
ra
l

al

in
...

0%

ps
(e
.g
.,
K

gr
ou

th
e
se
ro
t

th
at

n
to

ed
tio
re
la
In

0%
on
i. .
.

...

0%

..
th
a.

ve
su
gg
es
t

ed

D.

0%

So
m
e
ha

C.

ve
su
gg
es
t

B.

Some have suggested that the neurogeneIcs

strategy can address the molecular
mechanisms linking genes to brain to traits,
such as N/NE
Some have suggested that if we measure a
geneIc polymorphism with a known funcIon
(e.g., serotonin transporter) and we are willing
to make some assumpIons, then we can use
SNPs as a proxy for individual dierences in
brain chemistry (serotonin in the amygdala).
Which is awesome because we usually cannot
measure neurochemistry in living human
brains.
In relaIon to the serotonin transporter allele, a
key assumpIon of this strategy is that
dierences in the allele are actually associated
with dierences in the expression of the
serotonin transporter in the brain
Several groups (e.g., Kalin) have used PET to
show that there is in fact an associaIon
between the allele transporter expression in
the amygdala, conrming this key assumpIon

So
m
e
ha

A.

Which is true

0%

oc
a
pp
h
i
HP
A
=

e H
PA
ax
is

is
in

vo
l

m
pa
l,
pi

ve
d

tu
i. .
.

i..
.

0%

Th

A. The HPA axis is involved in

the release of corIsol,
epinephrine/adrenaline,
and norepinephrine/
noradrenaline in response
to physical and
psychological stress,
which increases the
availability of energy for
the brain as well as
defensive behaviors
(ght/ight)
B. HPA = hippocampal,
pituitary, amygdala

Which is false
A.

er
e.
..

0%

, r
a

ts

ho
w

cr
ea
...
ts
du
l
As
a

Ha

0%

o
in

g l
ea
ds
t

in

o
ti

gh
t

er
...

0%

nd
l

g l
ea
ds
t

in
nd
l
Ha

ar
ka
b

le
lif

e-
lo
ng

ch
a.
..

0%

Re
m

Remarkable life-long changes

happen to stress-reacIvity when
neonatal rats are exposed to
experimenter handling,
providing a nonhuman animal
model of early experience &
temperament
B. Handling leads to Ighter, more
precise regulaIon of corIsol
C. Handling leads to increased
expression of the glucocorIsoid
receptor in the hippocampus in
adulthood
D. As adults, rats who were
handled as pups are less
exploratory, more fearful, and
more stress reacIve (N/NE)

Which is false: Michael Meaneys group has

provided evidence that the impact of handling on
temperament (N/NE or stress reacIvity) is

itt

i..

ns
m

at

ly

tra

th
ge
ne
tic
al

ge
ne
s
No
t

te
d
by
ed
ia

0%
e.
..

0%

..

0%

so
c ia
l f
ac
to

a
d
by
te

ed
ia
M

te
d
to

in
cr
ea
s

ed
ex
pr
...

0%

Re
la

A. Related to increased
expression of benzodiazepine
receptors in the amygdala
B. Mediated by a social factor,
namely, maternal style (LG-
ABN: licking, grooming, and
arched-back nursing)
C. Mediated by genes that
increase maternal LG-ABN
and decrease ospring
reacIvity
D. Not geneIcally transmiXed
(i.e., moms can alter
adopted/cross-fostered pups)

Which is false about epigeneIcs

0%

0%

0%

0%

e
n
alt
re
f le
er
at
ct
Ex
...
s m
pl
et
ain
hy
s c
la
el
tio
l d
...
if f
Ca
er
n
en
ne
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ve
tio
r b
Ca
...
e
he
n
be
rit
h
ab
er
le
ita
(.
..
bl
e,
vi
ol
at
in
...

E.

0%

tr a
it-
lik

D.

Of
te

C.

B.

Refers to trait-like alteraIons in the

transcripIonal (protein-making)
potenIal of a cell (such as a neuron) that
are not due to changes in the genome
(DNA); turning certain genes on/o,
without changing the genes themselves
O}en reects methylaIon or histone
modicaIon of the DNA
Explains cell dierenIaIon (liver vs brain
cell) & developmentally appropriate
changes in the brain and body
Can never be heritable (transmiXed to
subsequent generaIons)
Can be heritable, violaIng a key tenet of
modern biology (inherited traits, such as
T&P, reect the intergeneraIonal
transmission of DNA)

Re
fe
rs
t

A.

Which is false: How does maternal

behavior produce lasIng changes in
(rodent) temperament (N/NE)

nd

t.
ea
d

ige
ne
tic
ch

Ep

0%
uc
..

..

0%

an
ge
s l

ige
ne
ti c
ch
Ep

ea
ne
y
s t

ea
m

sh

ow
ed
t.
..

0%

an
ge
s i

A. Meaneys team showed that

maternal behavior (LG-ABN)
produces epigeneIc changes
B. EpigeneIc changes lead to
increased expression of
glucocorIcoid receptors in
the hippocampus, supporIng
enduring changes in stress
reacIvity
C. EpigeneIc changes induced
by maternal behavior only
persist during the neonatal
period

Can paternal experience be transmiXed to ospring without a behavioral/

social intermediary? Can we benet (or suer) from our parents experience
without them teaching (or grooming) us? Can acquired characterisIcs be
inherited, as Lamarck posited in the 18th century?

0%

le
r a

nd
o

th
er
s h

av
e
...

No
!

0%

Re
ss

0%
Ye
s!

A. Yes!
B. No!
C. Ressler and others have
provided tantalizing evidence
suggesIng that this is
possible, but much remains
unclear (e.g., how fear
learning in the brain
inuences epigeneIcs in the
sperm/gametes)

Which is false: Trait-like dierences in T&P reect the

brain. Dierences in brain structure and funcIon
reect the inuence of

0%

0%

0%

0%

e/
DN
A

Ex
Ep
pe
ige
rie
no
nc
m
e/
Ex
e
En
pe
vi
rie
ro
nc
nm
e
in
en
te
t
ra
ct
in
g w
No
ne
i..
o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Ge
no
m

A. Genome/DNA
B. Epigenome
C. Experience/
Environment
D. Experience
interacIng with the
genome and
epigenome
E. None of the above

Which is false: Trait-like dierences in T&P reect the brain.

Nature (genome/DNA, epigenome) and nurture (experience)
interact to change

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

ex
pr
Ne
DN
es
ur
sio
A
oc
m
n
he
et
hy
m
Hi
ic a
la
pp
tio
l r
oc
ec
n
am
ep
to
pa
r .
l s
..
tru
ct
ur
e
Hi
a.
.
st
on
No
e
st
ne
at
o
us
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Pr
ot
ei
n

A. Protein expression
B. DNA methylaIon
C. Neurochemical
receptor expression
and binding
D. Hippocampal
structure and
funcIon
E. Histone status
F. None of the above

How does early experience (abuse,

stress, caregiver behavior) get into
the brain

A. Changes in the
geneIc code
B. Changes in the
epigenome that
alter the expression
of genes, leading to
changes in protein
synthesis and,
ulImately, acIvity

0%

in
ge
s
Ch
an

Ch
an

ge
s

in

th

th

e e
pi
g

e g
en
et
ic
co

en
o.
.

de

0%

* Taylors ques6on in class

GWAS pretends that

0%
ith
t w
ra
c
in
te

Al
le
le
s d
o

en
et
ic
va

ria

o
..

...

0%

Al
le
le
s (
i.e
.,
g

A. Alleles (i.e., geneIc

variants) do not
interact with or
inuence one
another (only
independent eects
are considered)
B. Alleles do interact
with one another

GWAS genome-wide associaIon

study
A. Brute force approach to
idenIfying correlaIons
between alleles and
phenotypes, such as N/NE
B. O}en relies on SNP chips
C. Suers from low staIsIcal
sensiIvity, because of the
very large number of tests
performed
D. Opens the door to
discovering new and
potenIally important
molecular pathways
E. All of the above

pp
ro
a
Of
te

fo
rc
e
a
e
Br
ut

0%

0%

0%

0%

n
ch
re
to
lie
..
s o
Su
.
ffe
n
SN
rs
fr
P
om
ch
ip
lo
Op
s
w
en

s
ta
s t
tis
he
tic
d
a.
oo
..
r t
o
di
sc
ov
Al
...
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Showing that a trait, such as E/PE, is

heritable indicates
A. A single, coherent or
unied biological
cause
B. Nothing whatsoever
with regard to the
number or kind of
substrates

0%

ts
ha
ng
w
hi
No
t

A
si

ng
l

e,
co

he
re
nt
o

oe
ve
r w

r u
n

ith

if.
..

...

0%

Kagans model of BI

0%

n
um
be
r o
s a
w
Sh
o

s a

n
um
be
r o

f p
a

f i
m

ra
l

po
...

le
..

0%

Sh
o

A. Shows a number of
parallels with N/NE and
Grays BIS, reinforcing the
idea that childhood
temperament and adult
personality are closely
related
B. Shows a number of
important dierences
from N/NE and Grays BIS,
reinforcing the idea that
childhood temperament
and adult personality are
disInct kinds

An allele is

Th

e
th

in

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

ov
e

0%

ive
s r
ise
...

t g
ha

g;
t

A
ge
ne
tic
va

ria

m
or
ph
ism
ol
y

0%
nt

0%

A
ge
ne
ti c
p

A. A geneIc
polymorphism
B. A geneIc variant
C. The thing; that gives
rise to geneIcally-
determined individual
dierences in trait-
like phenotypes
D. All of the above

Family, twin, and adopIon studies

(aka behavioral geneIcs) are

0%
ni
st

sc
ov
e.
..

l
na

ec
ha

io

Pr
ov
id

e a

to
ol

fo

Co
rr
el
at

0%

ic

0%

r d
i

A. CorrelaIonal
B. MechanisIc
C. Provide a tool for
discovering the
molecular
substrates of T&P

Family, twin, and adopIon studies

(aka behavioral geneIcs) teach us
that

er
ita

b
l

oo

Ar
e
h

at
Th

in
gs

th

tri
yc
hi
a
Ps

0%
tiv
e.
..

bl
e

0%

c d

iso
rd
er
s,
lik

e.
..

0%

d
re
la

A. Psychiatric disorders,
like T&P, aggregate in
families
B. Are heritable
C. Things that blood
relaIves share (e.g.,
SES, toxin exposure,
stress, habits) are
important
determinants of
psychopathology

Which is true
A.

Th

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

n
eu
...

0%

Al
l

ns

fo
rm

re
o
rg
a

ni
z.

0%

es
e p
ro
t

om
es
a

Ch
ro
m
os

In

hu
m
an

s,

DN
A
is

or
ga

ni
...

0%

ei

In humans, DNA is organized

into 23 pairs of chromosomes,
one descended from Mom and
one from Dad
B. Chromosomes are organized
into genes, regions of DNA
corresponding to the
instrucIons for a protein
C. These proteins form neurons,
axons, the myelin sheath
covering axons, neurochemicals,
synapses and every other
component of our brains, the
wetware that gives rise to our
T&P
D. All of the above

Developing a mechanisNc understanding of the molecular neurobiology of

T&P and associated psychiatric disorders promises to

B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

Redene diagnosIc categories and T&P

traits in terms of quanIable eIology
(root causes)
Accelerate the development of novel
treatments or prevenIon eorts targeIng
links in the eIological chain
IdenIfy at-risk individuals early (e.g.,
carriers of a parIcular polymorphism)
Predict treatment response or more
quickly pick the best treatment (e.g.,
carriers of a parIcular polymorphism)
Enhance prognosis: You have 3 months to
live
Provide a novel discovery tool for
addressing some of the most fundamental
quesIon about the nature of T&P
All of the above

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Re
de
fin
e
Ac
di
ce
ag
le
no
ra
t
e t stic
Id
ca
en
he
ti f
t

d
y a
e v e...
e
Pr
t-r
ed
isk lopm
ict
in
e.
tr
di
.
En
e
v
at
id
ha
m
ua
nc
en
l. .
e
.
t r
pr
Pr
e
o
s
gn
ov
po
os
id
...
e a
is:
Y
n
ov
ou
el
..
d
isc .
ov
Al
l o
er
...
f t
he
ab
ov
e

A.

Children with elevated behavioral

inhibiIon (BI)
A.

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Ar
e
m
or
Ar
e
e
lik
m
el
or
y
e
Ar
lik to
de
e
el
sh
ve
y

y a
to
l..
d
M
nd
e
ay
ve
sh r et
ice lo..
ow
.
Sh
nt
in
ow ele
va
th
a
te
...
R
d
>
Sh
l
L p
ev
ow
el
at
h
s..
te
ei
.
rn
gh
o
te
f f
ne
..
d
am .
Al
yg
l o
da
f t
..
he
ab
ov
e

Are more likely to develop anxiety,

mood, and co-morbid substance
abuse disorders later in life
B. Are more likely to develop
psychopathology if they show
stable, high levels of BI across
development
C. Are shy and reIcent in the face of
novelty and potenIal threat (e.g.,
scary robot, human intruder)
D. May show elevated levels of the
stress hormone corIsol
E. Show a R > L paXern of frontal EEG
F. Show heightened amygdala
reacIvity to novel faces in
adulthood
G. All of the above

If a trait is highly heritable, this means

that group dierences at one point in
history will always be that way
A. Yes
B. No

0%
No

Ye
s

0%

What are the long-term prospects for

linking genes to intermediate neural
phenotypes to traits, such as C/SC?

0%
d
D

0%
C
an

te
o
f..
.
s o

as
w
It
d

0%

n
Cu
th
e
rr
na
en
tu
t e
re
vid
..
en
ce
su
gg
es
..

0%

ep
en
d

le
! W
ha

t a

Aw

es
o

m
e!

0%

Te
rri
b

A. Awesome!
B. Terrible! What a waste of
taxpayer money!
C. It depends on the nature
of the linkages, which we
do not yet know
D. Current evidence suggests
somewhere in between
awesome and terrible, but
we do not yet know
E. C and D

Which is true
A.

0%

0%

0%

0%

m
on
ge
ne
Su
tic
ch
p
sm
ol
ym
al
o.
l e
Su
..
ffe
ch
c
ts
sm
a
re
al
sm
l e
ffe
a.
Su
ct
.
ch
s h
sm
av
e
al
le
l e
...
ffe
ct
s h
av
e
Al
l..
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Co
m

Common geneIc polymorphisms

(the SNPs measured by SNP
chips) have, at most, weak
eects on brain funcIon and
behavior (e.g., 2-5%)
B. Such small eects are small and
hard to reliably detect without
using very large and expensive
samples
C. Such small eects have led to
many non-replicaIons
D. Such small eects have led many
to wonder whether this research
strategy is worth the money
E. All of the above

Which is true

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

..

ov
e

0%

re
cu
s a
id

s
k
h
of
D
r.
S

Bo
t

ica

h
is

an

1
8 m

.o
. g
i

oy
a 6
y.
o.
b
h
is
nn
a

0%
rl

0%

Ha

A. Hannah is a 6 y.o.
boy
B. Micah is an 18 m.o.
girl
C. Both of Dr. Ss kids
are cute as all get
out
D. All of the above

The Big 3 superfactors are about

A. 10% heritable
B. 45% heritable
C. 90% heritable

e
bl
90
%

h
er
ita

bl
45
%

h
er
ita

bl
h
er
ita
10
%

0%

0%

0%

In class, we discussed several

arguments for why even these small
eects are potenIally important

0%

Th

e d
i

sc
ov
er
ie
s a

re
tr
ul
y .

f t
h
o
at
e
e
to
d

e e
xp
en
s

..

..

0%

lim
...
g;
a
Th

is-
le
ad
in
m
l is

C.

0%

al

B.

Small is mis-leading; a limited

number (on the order of a few
tens) of SNPs, each accounIng
for a small % of the variance, can
add up to meaningful dierences
(as in the height example)
The expense to date of this
research is modest compared to
military expenditures or even
large-scale physics projects
(colliders)
The discoveries are truly novel,
opening the door to models and
treatments that we probably
never would have predicted or
developed based on our exisIng
knowledge and intuiIons

Sm

A.

Which is inherited (heritable)?

A. Genes
B. Trait-like
phenotypes, such as
E/PE
C. All of the above
ov
e

0%
he
ab

of
t
Al
l

s..
yp
es
,
he
no
t

ike
p
t-l
Tr
ai

0%
.

Ge
ne
s

0%

Heritability reects
A. The % of between-
individual variaIon
predictable from
pedigree
B. The % of a trait
within an individual
(you!) that is
inherited from your
forebears

0%

it
tr
a
o
f a
e %
Th

Th

e %

o
f b

et
we
en
-in

wi
th

di

in

vid

an

...

...

0%

A wide variety of environmental

factors can

0%

0%

0%

er
ge
ne
tic
p
Co
re
m
di
pe
sp
ns
os
at
...
e
fo
r o
En
ha
r r
eg
nc
ul
e
or
a.
.
ac
ce
nt
ua
te
g.
..
Al
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Tr
igg

A. Trigger geneIc
predisposiIons (e.g., to
high levels of N/NE)
B. Compensate for or
regulate the expression
of geneIc
predisposiIons
C. Enhance or accentuate
geneIc predisposiIons
D. All of the above

Heritability
A. Is probabilisIc and
predicIve of average
outcomes
B. Is determinisIc if
you know the
parents, you know
exactly what to
expect of the
ospring regardless
of environment or
experience

0%

et
e
Is
d

Is
p

ro
ba

bi

rm
in

lis

ist

tic
an

ic

if

yo
u

d
pr
ed
i

..
.

c..
.

0%

Anxiety disorders, such as GAD, and

major depression are

0%

d
an
or
bi
Of
te
n
co
-m

go

ric
a

lly
d

d
sh

o.
..

iff
er
en

0%

Ca
te

A. Categorically
dierent
B. O}en co-morbid and
show a number of
other similariIes, in
terms of therapeuIc
response, heritability,
and do on, suggesIng
that they are closely
related to one
another and form a
spectrum

Treatments targeIng anxiety disorders

in

0%

0%
C
nd

B
a

nd

0%

A
a

0%

flu
en
Se
ce
le
N
ct
ive
/N
E a
ly
in
...
flu
en
On
ce
ly
th
h
el
e
p
...
so
m
e
pa
tie
nt
s

0%

Te
nd
to

A. Tend to inuence N/
NE as well as
depression
B. SelecIvely inuence
the targeted disorder
C. Only help some
paIents
D. A and C
E. B and C

Anxiety disorders, depression, and N/

NE appear to share

0%

0%

su

bs

tra

te
s (

Bo
t

e.
g.
,..
.

Ge
ne
s

0%

Ne
ur
al

A. Genes
B. Neural substrates
(e.g., amygdala
hyper-reacIvity)
C. Both

Lesion studies in rodents, monkeys,

and humans demonstrate that the
amygdala

nt

...

0%

r t
he
re
te

ir e
d
fo

No
t

r e
qu
i

re
d

0%

Is
re
qu

ir e
d
fo

r t
he
n

or
m

a.
..

0%

Is
re
qu

A. Is required for the

normal acquisiIon of
new fear learning
(condiIoned
emoIonal response)
B. Not required
C. Is required for the
retenIon of already
learned fears

Elevated N/NE

xie
t..
.
am

on
g

an
Is
co
m
m
on

on
g
am
Is
co
m
m
on

0%
h

0%
d
ep
re
...

0%

Bo
t

A. Is common among
anxiety paIents
B. Is common among
depression paIents
C. Both

Psychological pathogens, such as

stress and family conict
A. Exert similar eects
on depression,
anxiety disorders, and
N/NE, suggesIng a
common substrate
B. Have disInct eects
on T&P vs. depression
vs. anxiety disorders

0%

ts
ct
e
ffe
c
in
ve
d
ist
Ha

Ex
er
t s

im
ila

r e
ffe
ct
s

o
n

o
n

..
.

...

0%

In a widely cited paper published in Science in 2003, Caspi and colleagues

provided evidence that Individual dierences in the serotonin transporter
SNP

...
ly
an

e s
t
lif
W
as

co

m
pl

et
e

i th
d
w

ra
ct
e
te
in

d
ut

re
ss

io
d
de
pr
es
s
ct
e

0%
te
...

0%

0%

pr
ed
i

A. predicted depression
B. interacted with life stress
to predict depression,
providing evidence of a G
x E interacIon and
suggesIng a
neurochemical substrate
for psychiatric risk
C. Was completely and
uXerly unrelated to
depression

Amygdala lesions in monkeys block

A. The acquisiIon of
new condiIoned
fears
B. Innate anxiety about
snakes
C. Both

0%

e a
at
In
n

Th

e a
cq
u

i si

tio
n

nx
ie
ty
a

of
n

bo
ut

ew

sn
ak

c.
..

es

0%

Height is

0%

Ca
n

ed
..

be
m
ar
ke
dl

y a

t h
er
it
e m
os

g t
h

ffe
ct

ab

t-l
Tr
ai

0%

le
...

ike

0%

Am
on

A. Trait-like
B. Among the most
heritable traits,
although ospring will
show considerable
variaIon
C. Can be markedly
aected by
intervenIons (diet,
nutriIon, and
healthcare access)

Jerry Kagan argues that the root cause

of childhood behavioral inhibiIon (BI)
is

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

W
or
ry
Di
So
sr
es
c ia
s
l r
et
ice
nc
e
Sh
yn
es
s

er
-re
ac
ala
tiv
da
e a
pt
m
ive
yg
co
da
gn
la
iti
ve
co
...

0%

An
o
v

A. An over-reacIve
amygdala
B. MaladapIve
cogniIve coping
mechanisms
C. Worry
D. Disress
E. Social reIcence
F. Shyness

The administraIon of a
benzodiazepine (anI-anxiety
medicaIon)

A. Causes a dose-
dependent
reducIon in
amygdala acIvaIon
B. Causes a dose-
dependent increase
in amygdala
acIvaIon

0%

d
o
es
a
Ca
us

Ca
us

es
a

d
o

se
-d
ep
en
d

se
-d
ep
en
d

en
t

en
t

...

...

0%

Why do some individuals develop

parIcular disorders, such as specic
phobia of dogs?

0%

su

ty
(

ffi
ci

he
igh

...

en
t..
.

0%

Bo
t

h,
n
ei
th

er
is

ili

ne
ra
b

Co
re
vu
l

g a

nd
e
xp
er
ie
nc
e

0%

Le
ar
ni
n

A. Learning and experience

B. Core vulnerability
(heightened
neuroIcism, hyper-
reacIve amygdala,
inadequate regulaIon
of the amygdala)
C. Both, neither is
sucient to explain the
development of specic
emoIonal disorders

The RoboGator Experiment: Amygdala

lesions in rodents aXenuate

nt

he
ab
of
t
Al
l

o
f t
im

e h
i

di

od
...
Th

e a
m
ou

ge
t t
he
fo
en
ce
to

0%
ov
e

0%
n.
..

0%

Re
tic

A. ReIcence to get the food

pellet in the presence of
the remote-control
robogator, suggesIng a
substrate for the
reIcence demonstrated
by BI kids, consistent with
lesioned monkeys and the
human intruder
B. The amount of Ime
hiding in the nest area
(outside the arena
containing the Rgator)
C. All of the above

Heritability
A. Is informaIve about
the nature and
plasIcity of group
dierences (men/
women, black/white)
in traits
B. Is not informaIve
about such mean
dierences

0%

nf
o
ot
i
Is
n

Is
i

nf
or
m
at

ive
a

rm
at

bo
u

ive
a

t t

bo
u

he
..
.

t..
.

0%

Amygdala damage
A. Increases raIngs of
trust and
approachability to
faces that are
normally deemed
untrustworthy
B. Has no consequence
of social interacIons
or social cogniIon

0%

o
co
n
s n
Ha

In
cr
ea
s

es
ra
t

in

gs
o
f t

ru
s

se
qu
en
ce
o
f s
o

t..

...

0%

N/NE is
A. A specic risk factor
for anxiety disorders
B. A nonspecic risk
factor for a broad
range of psychiatric
disease

0%

ec
ifi
sp
A
no
n

A
sp
ec
ifi
c

ris
k

fa
c

c r
i sk

fa

to
r f
o

ct
o

r a

...

r f
..

0%

PaIent SM has circumscribed bilateral

destrucIon of her amygdalae. She

0%

0%

n
ew
r e
...
tu
rn
ed
to
th
e
...

ick
ly

Is
u

na
b

le
to

cq
ui
re

e
ha
u

...

0%

th

o
fe
ar
in
s n

w
Sh
o

Pi

ck
s

u
p

sn

ak
es
a

nd
sp

id
e.
..

0%

Qu

A. Picks up snakes and

spiders, despite
professing anxiety
B. Shows no fear in the
haunted house
C. Is unable to acquire
new condiIoned
fears in the lab
D. Quickly returned to
the park where she
was assaulted

Is BI a viable intermediate phenotype

for social anxiety disorder
A. Yes
B. No

0%
No

Ye
s

0%

EmoIonal disorders and N/NE

0%
lly
d
ist

ca

in

us
e

ct

0%

Ar
e
ca

te

m
m
on
co

Re
f le
ct
a

Ar
e
fu

nd
am

en
ta

lly

d
i

ffe
re
nt

0%

go
ric
a

A. Are fundamentally
dierent
B. Reect a common
cause
C. Are categorically
disInct

Exam Review:

Material Covered During the
First Third of Course

How can we idenIfy the cause(s) of

T&P (e.g., low C/SC)?
A. Forge a link between
individual dierences in a
trait and variaIon in a
relevant behavioral or
biological measure
B. Correlate traits and fMRI
acIvaIon
C. Compute a regression
(correlaIon) between task
performance (e.g., BART) and
traits of interest
D. Directly manipulate the
hypothesized cause.
E. All of the above

0%

0%

0%

a r
RI
..
eg
.
re
re
ss
ct
io
ly
n
m
(co
an
...
ip
ul
at
e
th
e
...
Al
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

d
fM
an

its

Di

pu
t

tra
Co
m

Co
rr
el
at

Fo
rg
e a

lin

k b

et
w

ee
n
in

di

...

0%

What's the problem with reducing a

complex, broad-band trait to a single
number?

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

ist

ic

0%

m
pl
o
si

To

o
c le
a.
..

0%

Al
l

ur
a

nd
er
s o
Hi

ixe
s d

ist

in

bi
lit

y t

ct
p

ro
ce
ss

es

0%

A. Mixes disInct
processes
B. Hinders our ability
to clearly resolve
the underlying
substrates
C. Too simplisIc
D. All of the above

One strategy for discovering the cause

of phenomenologically complex traits
(and mental disorders) is to

0%
nd

0%
A
a

0%

Se
ar
Gi
ch
ve
fo
u
r e
p
nd
op
he
no
ty
pe
s

se
th

em
in
to

si
...

0%

De
co
m
po

A. Decompose them
into simpler, more
manageable
intermediate
phenotypes
B. Give up
C. Search for
endophenotypes
D. A and C

Which of the following can we plausibly model in nonhuman

animal models (where we can perform mechanisIc
experiments to determine causaIon)

A.
B.
C.
D.

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

y o
rn
C/
f g
-ta
SC
ra
ki
t
ng
ifi
Hy
a
ca
pe
nd
tio
r-s
e
n
m
en
o
sit
tio
ivi
na
ty
...
to
re
wa
...
C
an
d
E

Tu

De
la

i-s

oc
ia

l b

eh
a

vio

0%

An
t

AnI-social behavior
C/SC
Delay of graIcaIon
Turn-taking and
emoIonal irritability
E. Hyper-sensiIvity to
reward-related cues
F. C and E

With respect to neurological so} signs

(trait), elevated lead levels in the hair
are

0%

do
p

th

he
no
t

e t
ra

..

yp
e

0%

ar
o
f
r
sc

ar
ke
r o
M

No
n

ca
u

sa

l s

ym
pt
om
/m
ar
...

0%

En

A. Noncausal symptom/
marker of the process
that causes the trait
or phenotype
B. Marker or scar of
the trait or the
organisms response
to the trait
C. Endophenotype

We discussed 2 kinds of intermediate

phenotypes. Both kinds are

0%

0%
es

te
gr
eg
a

Ag
gr
eg
a

te

in

in

fa

fa
m

ili

m
ili

bl
e

es

0%

He
rit
a

Ca
us

al

0%

Co
-se

A. Causal
B. Heritable
C. Aggregate in
families
D. Co-segregate in
families

Endophenotypes are

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

He
rit
a

ee
n
th
ge
b
et
w
A
br
id

0%
bl
e

0%

e
ge
...

Ca
us

...
it
on
e t
ra
n
th
ha
pl
er
t

0%
al

0%

Sim

A. Simpler than the

trait one seeks to
understand
B. Causal
C. A bridge between
the genotype and
phenotype
D. Heritable
E. All of the above

Which is true

te
p
he
no
M

er
m
ed
ia

0%

0%
C
nd

B
a

nd

0%

A
a

0%

ar
ke
ty
rs
pe
ca
s..
En
us
.
do
e t
ph
ra
its
en
, i
ot
n.
yp
..
es
ca
us
e t
r..
.

0%

In
t

A. Intermediate
phenotypes cause
traits, markers do not
B. Markers cause traits,
intermediate
phenotypes do not
C. Endophenotypes
cause traits,
biomarkers do not
D. A and C
E. B and C

Remarkably

...
h in
not

ne
xt t
o

ab
o..
ow

bit

e k
n

te a

qu
i
ow

We
kn

ow

qu
i

te a

bit
ab
ou.
..

0% 0% 0%

e k
n

A. We know quite a bit

about the mechanisms
linking genes to
endophenotypes
B. We know quite a bit
about the mechanisms
linking endophenotypes
to traits (and disorders)
C. We know next to nothing
about either mechanism
for any established
endophenotype

EEG/ERP aords
A. Exquisite spaIal
resoluIon
B. Exquisite temporal
resoluIon
C. Neither
D. Both

e te

uis
it

Exq

Exq

uis
it

e s

pat

ial

Bot
h

er
Ne
ith

res
ol

utio

n
mp
ora
l re
sol
...

0% 0% 0% 0%

ConvenIonal fMRI signals reect

A. Blood oxygenaIon
levels
B. Neuronal ring

Bl
o

od
o

al

fir
i

ng

0%

Ne
ur
on

xy
ge
na

tio

n
le
ve
ls

0%

Conceptually, acIvaIon in both

ERPs and event-related fMRI is
esImated by

A. CompuIng the
average response
evoked by a
parIcular condiIon
or kind of event
B. CompuIng the
cross-correlaIon
among sensors

0%

in
pu
t
Co
m

Co
m

pu
t

in

g t
he
a

g t
he
cr
os

s-c

ve
ra
g

or
r..
.

e .
..

0%

Which is true

el
y

ex
pe
ns
iv

...
ch
ea
p,
t

iv

el
y
fM

RI
is

re
lat

tiv
re
la
G
is
EE

0%
h

0%
..

0%

Bo
t

A. EEG is relaIvely cheap,

tolerant of moIon, and
reects neuronal
electrical acIvity
(EPSPs)
B. fMRI is relaIvely
expensive, sensiIve to
moIon arIfacts, and
does not directly
measure neuronal
acIvity
C. Both

EEG and fMRI are

0%

..
e l
o

e m

na
io
Co
rr
el
at

ic
(li
k
ni
st
ec
ha
M

ng
it.

pu
an
i

ud
i
n
st
ike
le
sio
(l
al
Ca
us

0%

...

es
)

0%

l (
lik

A. Causal (like lesion

studies)
B. MechanisIc (like
manipulaIng brain
acIvity in rodents
with drug infusions)
C. CorrelaIonal (like
longitudinal studies
of behavior)

In his 1968 book Personality and Assessment, Walt Mischel argued

that the primary determinant of moods, thoughts, and behavior is

Th

e s
it

ua

ti o
n,
b

ec
au

0%
h

0%

Bo
t

se
..
.

0%

T&
P

A. The situaIon,
because T&P at
most predict
outcomes r = .30
(9% variance)
B. T&P
C. Both

But contemporary science suggests that moods, thoughts, and

behavior are determined by

A. The situaIon
B. T&P
C. Both

Th

e s
it

0%
h

T&
P

0%

Bo
t

ua

tio
n

0%

Trait-like individual dierences in T&P are strongly predicIve

of

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Ac
ad
em
ic
pe
rfo
M
ar
rm
ita
an
l s
ce
ta
(.
b
..
M
ili
t
en
y &
ta
sa
l &
tis
p
fa
hy
...
sic
al
h
ea
lth
De
...
at
h
(m
or
ta
lit
Al
y)
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

A. Academic
performance (above
& beyond IQ)
B. Marital stability &
saIsfacIon
C. Mental & physical
health and wellbeing
(morbidity)
D. Death (mortality)
E. All of the above

CorrelaIon and variance explained: If two

variables are correlated R = .50, the amount
of variance accounted for is:

.7
07
1

= 7
0%

0%

Sq
rt(
.5
0)
=

1
=

10
0%

0%

0.
50
/
0.
50
=

0.
50
=

.2
5 =
2
5%

0%

0.
50
*

A. 0.50 * 0.50 = .25 =

25%
B. 0.50 / 0.50 = 1 =
100%
C. Sqrt(.50) = .7071 =
70%

Longitudinal research studies

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

ti o

n,
...

0%

us
a

p
ro
ve
ca

no
t

ly

, a
n

d
tim
...

0%

Ca
n

pl
ex
, c
os
t

Co
m

e s
t

ro
n

g e
vid

en
ce
t.
..

0%

Pr
ov
id

A. Provide strong evidence that

antecedants (childhood) predict
consequences (adulthood), a
precondiIon for establishing
causaIon
B. Complex, costly, and Ime-
consuming
C. Can not prove causaIon,
because they do not
manipulate the putaIve cause
of the outcome
D. All of the above

MoX et al PNAS: What is C/SC?

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

in
gs

b
Pr
y t
ef
he
er
b
o
oo
rd
k;
er
f.
an
..
Pl
d
an
n
ea
Ab
fu
tn
l;
le
no
es
to
s
t i
d
m
el
pu
ay
Fo
lsi
gr
cu
ve
at
se
ifi
d;
ca
n
tio
ot
e
n.
as
..
i ly
d
i st
Al
r..
l o
.
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Do
th

A. Do things by the book;

follow rules
B. Prefer order and neatness
C. Planful; not impulsive
D. Able to delay graIcaIon;
self-disciplined
(marshmallow test)
E. Focused; not easily
distracted
F. All of the above

Which features of modern culture tend to magnify the impact

of individual dierences in T&P, such as C/SC?

ti v

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

el
y

hi
g

h
p

re
va
l

n
.
oo
d

Th

e r
el
a

ur
e
(fa
s
ex
po
s

0%
...

..

0%

t f

Lo
n

ge
vit
y

0%

Ri
sk

A. Longevity
B. Risk exposure (fast
food naIon)
C. The relaIvely high
prevalance of
psychiatric disorders,
such as depression,
anxiety, and
substance abuse
D. All of the above

MoX et al PNAS: Key results: Childhood

C/SC predicted mid-life

Co
m

po
s

i te
m
ea
s
po
s

0%

0%

0%

ur
e o
f h
ite
e.
m
..
ea
su
In
re
ca
o
rc
f p
er
e.
at
..
io
n,
cr
im
in
al
co
...
Al
l o
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Co
m

A. Composite measure of
health
B. Composite measure of
personal wealth
C. IncarceraIon, criminal
convicIon and other
indices of public safety
D. All of the above

MoX et al PNAS: Key results: Which is

true?

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

ov
e

0%

pa
rt
..
ly

ar
es
ar
e o
n

ain

th
e
...

0%

Te
en
sn

ar
es
e
xp
l

Te
en
sn

ds

i th

lo

C
/S
C
a

re
..
.

0%

Ki

A. Kids with low C/SC are prone to

smoke, become parents, and
drop out of school as teens
B. Teen snares explain the
negaIve adult outcomes
experienced by many kids with
low C/SC
C. Teen snares are only part of the
story. Might make more sense
to target the root cause (low
childhood C/SC) for intevenIon,
rather than teen symptoms
D. All of the above

MoX et al showed that childhood self-control predicts health,

wealth & public safety in midlife. What was one intervening
mechanism during adolescence that parIally explained the link
from kid temperament to deleterious adult outcomes?

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

Ex
Be
Sm
ce
co
ss
ok
m
iv
i
in
e v
g a ng
id
p
eo
Vi
ga are n
ol
t
m
Hi
en
e
gh
ce
p
la
-ca
i
...
ffe n th
e
in
m
e e
ed
ne
ia
rg
y d
r in
ks
A
&
B
C
&
D

A. Smoking
B. Becoming a parent
C. Excessive video game
playing
D. Violence in the media
E. High-caeine energy
drinks
F. A & B
G. C & D

CorrelaIon and variance explained: If two

variables are correlated R = .50, the amount
of variance accounted for is:

.7
07
1

= 7
0%

0%

Sq
rt(
.5
0)
=

1
=

10
0%

0%

0.
50
/
0.
50
=

0.
50
=

.2
5 =
2
5%

0%

0.
50
*

A. 0.50 * 0.50 = .25 =

25%
B. 0.50 / 0.50 = 1 =
100%
C. Sqrt(.50) = .7071 =
70%

T&P reect trait-like individual dierences in emoIonal and

cogniIve biases that

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

t e
m
er
ge
in
ea
ue

rly
t
o
Ac
in
ev
co
lif
ol
un
v
e
e
t f
fo
or
r m
co
...
ns
Ca
ist
n
en
be
Ca
cy

r
e
n
i..
l
a
be
tiv
.
co
el
y s
m
pl
im
ex
pl
a
e
nd
m
ul
Al
t..
l o
.
f t
he
ab
ov
e

0%

Co
nt

Fir
s

A. First emerge early in life

B. ConInue to evolve for many
years
C. Account for consistency in
behavior, inner experience,
and risk across Ime and
contexts. Can be relaIvely
simple (e.g., anxious distress)
or complex and mulIply
determined (orderliness).
Excessive video game playing
D. Can be relaIvely simple
E. Can be complex and
mulIdimensional
F. All of the above

T&P are not dierent in kind (according to Shackman)

because they are both

A. Biological
B. EmoIonal
C. CogniIve
D. Somewhat heritable
E. All of the above
0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

bl

ov
e

0%

er
ita
t h

Co
gn

iti

ve

0%

So
m
ew
ha

0%

io
na
Em
ot

Bi
o

lo

gic
a

0%

What are the 3 fundamental dimensions of T&P?

0%
C

0%

A,
B
, a

nd

0%

nd
E

0%

A,
C
, a

0%

C/
SC

0%

S/
RE

P/
TA

N/
NE

0%

E/
PE

A. N/NE
B. P/TA
C. E/PE
D. S/RE
E. C/SC
F. A, C, and E
G. A, B, and C

N/NE can be dissected into which 2 facet traits

A. Distress (fear/
anxiety) and
IrritaIon (anger)
B. Guilt and Shame
0%

Di

st

re
ss

Sh
a
an
d
ilt

Gu

(f
ea
r/
an

xie
ty

) a
n

d.
..

m
e

0%

Which staIsIcal test is used to quanIfy

the conInuity (temporal or test-retest stability) of traits

A. Students t test
B. ANOVA
C. CorrelaIon

St
u

io

0%
Co
rr
el
at

0%
AN
OV

de
nt

s
t

te

st

0%

T&P is

0%

d
...
as

bl
Co
m

pl
et
el
y

p
l

ta
y s
el
od
er
at
M

ti c
an

e (
R
=

m
ut
im
an
d

0%

0.
...

ab
le

0%

Fix
ed

A. Fixed and
immutable
B. Moderately stable
(R = 0.4 to 0.6 over
periods of one to
several years)
C. Completely plasIc
and malleable

Which features of modern culture tend to magnify the

impact of individual dierences in T&P, such as C/SC?

ti v

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

el
y

hi
g

h
p

re
va
l

n
.
oo
d

Th

e r
el
a

ur
e
(fa
s
ex
po
s

0%
...

..

0%

t f

Lo
n

ge
vit
y

0%

Ri
sk

A. Longevity
B. Risk exposure (fast
food naIon)
C. The relaIvely high
prevalance of
psychiatric disorders,
such as depression,
anxiety, and
substance abuse
D. All of the above

The Five Factor Model (FFM) is predicated on the lexical

hypothesis, the assumpNon that the deep structure of T&P is
embedded in our natural language, waiNng to be discovered.
What are some concerns with this assumpNon?

No
gu

ar
an
te
e
th

at
w

.
o
f .
.
ec
ts
sp
ng
fu
l a
ea
ni

0%
h

0%
or
ds
...

0%

Bo
t

A. Meaningful aspects of T&P may not

be captured by single word
adjecIves (e.g., relaIonships or
processes). Key aspects of T&P might
be too complex for single words,
requiring phrases, sentences, or
even whole paragraphs of words
B. No guarantee that words (natural
language) will permit the expression
of scienIcally crucial aspects of
personality
C. Both

The FFM assumes that responses obtained from untrained lay

individuals (e.g., military personnel, undergraduates) are an
adequate means of uncovering the core dimensions of
personality. What are potenNal concern with this assumpNon?

ne
d
ju
ra
i

Un
t

ov
e

0%

he
ab

of
t

Al
l

dg
es
a

rs
m
te

ne
d
ra
ra
i

Un
t

0%

re
m
or
e.
..

ay
n
ot

y..
.
pp
ar
e s
lo
ua
ls

0%
...

0%

vid

D.

di

C.

in

B.

Lay individuals are sloppy and

inconsistent in their use of language
(e.g. aggressive, criIcal)
Untrained raters may not have
suciently sophisIcated mental
models of T&P
Untrained judges are more likely to
be biased or even to lie
All of the above

La
y

A.

Tomarken argued that biological

measures of T&P need to be
A. Reliable: Show adequate
internal consistency
reliability
B. Reliable: Show adequate
test-retest stability (trait-
like)
C. Reliable and Valid

0%

0%
lid
d
Va
e a
n

bl
Re
lia

ow
e:
Sh
bl
Re
lia

Re
lia

bl

e:
Sh

ow

ad

ad

eq
ua
t

eq
ua
t

...

...

0%

Establishing the construct validity

of a measure requires that we
demonstrate that it is

0%

Se
ns
it

iv

e a
n

d
Sp

s (
...

ec
ifi
c

0%

m
e p
ro
ce
s

to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c

iv

e t
o

so

m
e
p

ro
ce
ss

...

0%

Se
ns
it

A. SensiNve to some
process, such as fear
B. Specic to some
process (fear & no
other process)
C. SensiNve and
Specic

The FFM was derived using factor

analysis. Factor analysis is a useful
technique for

Cr
ea
t

ov
e

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

ire
s

0%

nn
a

es
t

io

sm
...
q
u

in
g n

ew

g d

re
la

sin
ify

in
g a

pr
es
Id
en
t

0%

tiv
el
y

at

i..
na
l
io
Co
m

m
en
s
e d
i
g t
h
cin

0%
a

0%

Re
du

A. Reducing the
dimensionality of a
dataset
B. Compressing data
C. IdenIfying a relaIvely
small number of factors
that describe a dataset
D. CreaIng new
quesIonnaires
E. All of the above

Can factor analysis be used to

objecNvely discover the nature of
T&P?

A. Yes
B. No

0%
No

Ye
s

0%

In terms of discovery, potenNal

limitaNons of factor analysis include

0%
o
...

bo

...

ys
na
l
he
a
ire
s t

je
ct
iv

Re
qu

e d
ec
is

io
n

t t

s a

ge
O
ut
rb
a
Su
b

rb
ag
e I
n

Ga

0%
..

0%

/G
a

A. Garbage In/Garbage Out;

Dependent on the kinds of inputs;
Cant idenIfy factors that are not
sampled or represented in the
data
B. SubjecIve decisions about the
number of factors to retain
(degree of acceptable
lossiness); SpliXer or lumper
C. Requires the analyst to decide at
the outset whether dimensions
are independent or correlated
(i.e., needs to pick the rotaIon
technique)

The FFM is largely based on factor analyses of adjecNves. Was

the pool of words

0%

as
th
e
b
on

se
le
ct
ed

at

ive
o
f t

he
En

is
of
p
...

gl.
..

0%

re
pr
es
en
t

A. representaIve of
the English language
B. selected on the
basis of
preconceived
noIons about the
importance and
understandability of
parIcular words?

Were the methods that were used to reduce the ~400,000

words comprising the unabridged dicNonary to a more
manageable pool of adjecNves (personality descriptors)

A. replicable,
objecIve, and
atheoreIcal
B. subjecIve,
idiosyncraIc, and
theoreIcally
biased?

0%

yn
cr
at
os
di
bj
ec
tiv
e,
i
su

re
pl

ica

bl

e,
o
bj
ec
t

ive
, a

ic,

..
.

nd
...

0%

The key take home point from Blocks

criNque is that the FFM

Is
a

..

0%
an

sh
or
t-h

co
nv

e
fu
th
Re
f le
ct
s

en
ie
nt

nd
am
en
t

al

o
f h
oo
nc
h
b
u

0%
...

ey

0%

Is
a

A. Is a bunch of hooey
B. Reects the
fundamental nature
of T&P
C. Is a convenient
short-hand, a
someImes useful
cIon that begs for
addiIonal research

MoX et al PNAS: Key results: Which is true?

0%

Al
l

of
t

he
ab

ov
e

0%

pa
rt.
..
ly

ar
es
ar
e o
n

ain

th
e
...

0%

Te
en
sn

ar
es
e
xp
l

Te
en
sn

ds

i th

lo

C
/S
C
a

re
..
.

0%

Ki

A. Kids with low C/SC are

prone to smoke, become
parents, and drop out of
school as teens
B. Teen snares explain the
negaIve adult outcomes
(reduced health, wealth,
public safety)
experienced by many kids
with low C/SC
C. Teen snares are only part
of the story.
D. All of the above

Establishing the construct validity

of a measure requires that we
demonstrate that it is

0%

Se
ns
it

iv

e a
n

d
Sp

s (
...

ec
ifi
c

0%

m
e p
ro
ce
s

to
so
Sp
ec
ifi
c

iv

e t
o

so

m
e
p

ro
ce
ss

...

0%

Se
ns
it

A. SensiNve to some
process, such as fear
B. Specic to some
process (fear & no
other process)
C. SensiNve and
Specic

Which item would NOT be found on a

paper-and-pencil measure of N/NE?
A. EmoIonally labile
(unstable)
B. Bothered by change
C. Prone to sadness
D. Prone to anxiety
E. Blue or depressed
F. Punctual

Bo
t

bi
le
(u
lly
la
io
na
Em
ot

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

ns
ta
he
bl
re
e)
d
by
ch
Pr
an
on
ge
e
to
sa
Pr
dn
on
es
e
s
to
an
Bl
ue
xie
o
ty
r d
ep
re
ss
ed
Pu
nc
tu
al

0%

While they tend to show good internal-consistency reliability and test-retest

stability, self-report measures of T&P can be limited by biases and arNfacts,
including

0%
ov
e

of
t

(e
.g.
.
or
tio

i st
c d

on
i
ne
m
M

ns

ge
rin
in

ok
i. .

ng
o
r m
al

Ly
i

(l
o
ty
es
ira
bi
li
d
ial
So
c

0%

he
ab

0%
g

0%

Al
l

A. Social desirability
(looking good)
B. Lying or malingering
C. Mnemonic
distorIons (e.g.,
peak-end rule)
D. All of the above

Behavior is guided by

0%

co
...
an

an

us

ts
Bo
t

h
co
ns

cio

bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t

d
un

d
im
pl

p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio

0%

...

es

0%

Co
ns

A. Conscious processes
B. AutomaIc habits and
implicit aOtudes that lie
outside of awareness
and which opaque to
introspecIon, hence not
measureable using
standard paper-and-
pencil measures of T&P
C. Both conscious and
unconscious processes

Behavior is guided by

0%

co
...
an

an

us

ts
Bo
t

h
co
ns

cio

bi
ic
ha
om
at
Au
t

d
un

d
im
pl

p
ro
ce
ss
us
cio

0%

...

es

0%

Co
ns

A. Conscious processes
B. AutomaIc habits and
implicit aOtudes that lie
outside of awareness
and which opaque to
introspecIon, hence not
measureable using
standard paper-and-
pencil measures of T&P
C. Both conscious and
unconscious processes

Which is true?

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

tio
ss

le
d
i
ou
b

is
d

0%
n.
..

..

0%

ur
se
lv.

e T
el
l O
Th

e S
t
Th

Am
yg
da

la

or
y W

le
sio

ns

b
l

oc
k t

h.
..

0%

oc
ia

A. Amygdala lesions block the condiIoned

fear response (SCR)
B. The Story We Tell Ourselves:
Hippocampal lesions block self-reported
conIngency learning
C. This double dissociaIon provides
direct evidence for separable substrates
and indicates the need for using both
raIngs and other kinds of measures
(e.g., physiological)
D. All of the above

 McNulty provided evidence that

A.

ov
e

0%

he
ab

in
t r
at

of
t
Al
l

r..
su
, e
xp
l

W
he
re
as

0%
gs
..

0%

ud
es
(m
ea

t it
at
it

pl
ic
Im

Im

pl
ic

it

&
ex
pl
ic i

t a

tti

tu

d.
.

0%

ici

Implicit & explicit aOtudes

toward spouses are
uncorrelated, suggesIng that
they reect disInct neural
circuitry
B. Implicit aOtudes (measured
behaviorally) predicted marital
saIsfacIon 4 years later
C. Whereas, explicit raIngs of
aOtudes toward ones spouse
did not
D. All of the above

There is considerable
evidence that

0%

E/
PE

p
re
di

he
ab

Al
l

ct
s

p
os

ffe
ct

ct
s
re
di

re
s p

of
t

el
..

t..
.

.
n
T.
Tr
ai

t m

ea
su

iff
er
en
ce
s i
ike
d
t-l

0%
ov
e

0%

0%

Tr
ai

A. Trait-like dierences in
T&P interact with trait-
relevant cues to
produce states
B. Trait measures predict
state raIngs
C. E/PE predicts pos aect
elicited by humorous
lm clips; N/NE predicts
fear and anxiety elicited
by aversive lm clips
D. All of the above

Traits predict

0%

0%

h
ei
g
is
re
f le
ct
s
Th

or
e
in

te

ns
e
st

at

es

ht
e

in

Bo
t

th

...

ne
d
...

0%

A. More intense states

in the presence of
relevant cues
B. This reects
heightened peak
acIvaIon in the
underlying neural
systems
C. Both

But, T&P also predicts

ov
e;
t

he
co

...

nd
s a
he
ab

ou
Al
l

of
t

to
ry
th
pa

ici
An
t

0%

...

0%

gh
t

n
&
re
c..
.

0%

io

re
gu
l
io
n

at
e

d
Em
ot

at

be
ha
v

io
r:
A

pp
...

0%

ot
iv

A. MoIvated behavior: Approach

or avoid
B. EmoIon regulaIon & recovery
following challenges
C. AnIcipatory thoughts and
feelings (e.g., worry) before
challenges
D. All of the above; the common
denominator is the ABSENCE of
trait-relevant cues in the
immediate environment;
therefore, the T&P x Context =
States model is true but
incomplete

Moods, thoughts, and behavior are determined by

A. The situaIon
B. T&P
C. Both

Th

e s
it

0%
h

T&
P

0%

Bo
t

ua

tio
n

0%

Longitudinal research studies

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

ti o

n,
...

0%

us
a

p
ro
ve
ca

no
t

ly

, a
n

d
tim
...

0%

Ca
n

pl
ex
, c
os
t

Co
m

e s
t

ro
n

g e
vid

en
ce
t.
..

0%

Pr
ov
id

A. Provide strong evidence that

antecedants (childhood) predict
consequences (adulthood), a
precondiIon for establishing
causaIon
B. Complex, costly, and Ime-
consuming
C. Can not prove causaIon,
because they do not
manipulate the putaIve cause
of the outcome
D. All of the above

The key take home point from Blocks

criNque is that the FFM

Is
a

..

0%
an

sh
or
t-h

co
nv

e
fu
th
Re
f le
ct
s

en
ie
nt

nd
am
en
t

al

o
f h
oo
nc
h
b
u

0%
...

ey

0%

Is
a

A. Is a bunch of hooey
B. Reects the
fundamental nature
of T&P
C. Is a convenient
short-hand, a
someImes useful
cIon that begs for
addiIonal research

The Five Factor Model (FFM) is predicated on the lexical

hypothesis, the assumpNon that the deep structure of T&P is
embedded in our natural language, waiNng to be discovered.
What are some concerns with this assumpNon?

ov
e

0%

he
ab
of
t

Al
l

at
w

ar
an
te

No
gu

Ke
y a

sp

ec
ts

o
f T

&P
m
ig

ht

..
o
f T
ec
ts
sp
ng
fu
l a
ea
ni

0%

or
ds
...

0%
..

0%

e
th

A. Meaningful aspects of T&P may not

be captured by single word
B. Key aspects of T&P might be too
complex for single words, requiring
phrases, sentences, or even whole
paragraphs of words
C. No guarantee that words (natural
language) will permit the expression
of scienIcally crucial aspects of
personality
D. All of the above

Are trait-like dierences in T&P

embodied in the on-going,
spontaneous ac;vity of the brain?

0%

el
ev
du
als
w
ith
Ye
s,
ind
i vi

s i
n

te
ra
c

t w
ith
tr

ait
-r.
..

at
ed
.. .

0%

ait

B.

No, traits interact with trait-

relevant cues to produce more
transient thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors (i.e., states)
Yes, individuals with elevated N/
NE (disposiIonal anxiety) show
increased FDG metabolism
(indexed using PET) and perfusion
imaging (ASL fMRI) in the
amygdala, even at rest.

No
, tr

A.

OBen;mes, physiological measures, such as

EEG, PET, and func;onal MRI are collected "at
rest" (i.e., when subjects are not asked to
perform any par;cular task). Are subjects
necessarily in an emo;onally-neutral state of
quiet quiescence?

0%

No
, n
ot
ne
c

es
s

ar
il

y.
M

ly
lyi
ng

in

an
y f
ea

t..
.

th
e..
.

0%

're
qu
iet

B.

Yes, they're quietly lying in the

scanner looking at a xaIon cross
No, not necessarily. Many
features of the scanning
procedures could potenIally
elicit anxiety (e.g., novelty,
conned condiIons, absence of
normal freedom of movement,
claustrophobia, noise stress, etc.)
Ye
s,
th
ey

A.

Can we discern temperament &

personality when rewards and
punishments are absent (at rest)?

0%

se
ar
ch
us
ing
EE
G,
PE
T,
a..

Ye
s,
re

s i
n

te
ra
c

t w
ith
tr

ait
-r.
..

0%

ait

B.

No, traits interact with trait-

relevant cues to produce more
transient thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors (i.e., states)
Yes, research using EEG, PET, and
funcIonal MRI demonstrate that
dierences in T&P are associated
with systemaIc dierences in the
acIvity and funcIonal
connecIvity of the brain in the
absence of explicit rewards and
punishments.

No
, tr

A.

Is the brain ever really at rest?

0%

0%
mp
ri s
es
.. .
co

No, although it only comprises

~2% of the adult body mass, the
brain consumes ~20% of the
body's oxygen and glucose at rest.
Importantly, this consumpIon is
only modestly altered when
subjects are acIvely engaged in
performing mental tasks.

on
ly

B.

Ye
s.

Yes.

No
, a
lth
ou
gh
it

A.

N/NE is correlated with varia;on in the

serotonin-transporter linked polymorphic
region (5-HTTLPR) on the SLC6A4 gene. In
par;cular, individuals with the
__________ allele tend to be
characterized by heightened N/NE.
Short
Long

ng

0%
Lo

0%
Sh
or
t

A.
B.

Canli and colleagues used a special kind

of func;onal MRI (arterial sping labeling
or perfusion imaging) to demonstrate
that individuals with the short ("bad")
allele of the 5-HTTLPR (serotonin
transporter polymorphism) show:

0%

Ele
v

ate
d a
c

tiv
i

ala
re

ac
ti

ty
(p
er
fu
sio
n)
in
...

vi t
y t
o.
..

0%

ate
d a
my
gd

B.

Elevated amygdala reacIvity to

threat-related images.
Elevated acIvity (perfusion) in
the amygdala and hippocampus
at rest.

Ele
v

A.

Conven;onal func;onal MRI (blood

oxygena;on level dependent signal)
is good for:

0%
ffe
re
nc

n a
cti

vit

es
...

..

0%

lik
e d
i

s i

ng
tr
ait
-
As
se
ssi

Assessing trait-like dierences in

resIng acIvity, because it's
calibrated to a real physical scale.

re
nc
e

B.

ng
di
ffe

Assessing dierences in acIvity,

because it's in arbitrary units that
vary from subject to subject

As
se
ssi

A.

Amygdala metabolism predicts

individual dierences in N/NE
(anxious temperament or nega;ve
aec;vity) in
Young rhesus macaque monkeys
Human adults
Both

he
su
s m
ac

0%
Bo
th

an
ad
ult
s

0%

Hu
m

aq
ue
m

on
ke
y

0%

Yo
un
g r

A.
B.
C.

We reviewed FDG-PET studies of disposi;onal

anxiety that were conducted in young monkeys
by Ned Kalin's lab. In these studies, the
monkeys are allowed to respond naturally to
various mild stressors (e.g., novel tes;ng cage,
human intruder's prole), anesthe;zed, and
then posi;oned in the PET scanner. Ac;vity in
the PET scanner reects

m
et
ab
...

0%

Re
gio
ns
t

ha
t w
er

e m
or
e

. T
he
re
f. .
.

Regions that were more

metabolically acIve and, hence,
took up more of the radiolabeled
glucose, during the preceding 30-
minute behavioral tesIng period.

0%

d b
ra
in

B.

The anestheIzed brain.

Therefore, acIvity does not
reect a reacIon to the scanner
environment.

Th
e a
ne
sth
et
ize

A.

Res;ng-state func;onal MRI (rs-fMRI) can be

used to quan;fy individual dierences in
func;onal connec;vity (co-ac;va;on over
;me). In humans, rs-fMRI is collected at rest. In
monkeys, it is typically collected under light
anesthesia. Unlike FDG-PET, fMRI
measures of func;onal connec;vity
acquired under anesthesia reect

..

0%

eg
ion
s t

ha
t w
er

e m
or
e

or
l

es
s.

. T
he
re
f. .
.

Regions that were more or less

connected during the 30-minute
period before the rs-fMRI scan
commenced.

0%

d b
ra
in

B.

The anestheIzed brain.

Therefore, dierences funcIonal
connecIvity does not reect a
reacIon to the scanner
environment, they reect the
brain's intrinsic organizaIon or
architecture.
he
an
es
th
et
ize

A.

Anxious temperament (AT; increased

freezing, increased levels of the stress
hormone cor;sol, and less frequent coo
vocaliza;ons) in young monkeys shows a
number of parallels with
_______________. Indeed, individual
dierences in AT and __________ can be
assayed using similar experimental
procedures.
Co
nt
ro

...
ien
tio
us
ne
ss/

tio
n S
ys
te
m

0%
l...

0%

Co
ns
c

tio
n.
..

Ac
tiv
a

ConscienIousness/Self-Control
(C/SC)

io r
al

C.

Be
ha
v

Behavioral AcIvaIon System

(BAS)

be
ha
vi o
ra
l in
hib
i

B.

0%

Se
lf-

Childhood behavioral inhibiIon

(BI)

Ch
ild
ho
od

A.

Drew Fox and colleagues in the Kalin lab

demonstrated that amygdala metabolism
predicted dierences in disposi;onal
anxiety (anxious temperament) when it
was collected

u l

Bo
th
st
re
ssf

se
c

0%

cu
re
co
nt
. ..

an
d s
e

(h
om
e..
.

0%

ur
e c
on
te
xts

n t
..
alo
ne
i
ts
(

Both stressful and secure

contexts

In
mo
re

C.

0%

on
te
x

In more secure contexts (home

cage alone, home cage with usual
cagemate)

sfu
l c

B.

re
s

In stressful contexts (alone in the

novel tesIng cage, human
intruder)

In
st

A.

These results suggest that the "Traits

x Trait-Relevant Cues = States" model
is

True
False
True but incomplete

0%

Tr
ue
bu
t in
co

mp
let

0%
Fa
lse

0%
Tr
ue

A.
B.
C.

Individuals high in N/NE tend to

0%
Bo
th

0%

at
ed
m
et
...
el
ev

ac
t io
ns
to
th
r..
.

Sh
ow
ch
ro
nic
all
y

C.

0%

at
ed
re

B.

Show elevated reacIons to threat

(bigger peak, slower recovery)
Show chronically elevated
metabolism in regions of the
brain that help to orchestrate
states of anxiety and arousal
Both

Sh
ow
el
ev

A.

Trait-like dierences in N/NE reect

[pick the most correct & complete
response]

C.

The amygdala
The amygdala and other regions
(e.g., the bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis (BNST), hippocampus,
and periaqueductal gray (PAG)).
Elevated metabolism in the
amygdala and other regions (e.g.,
the bed nucleus of the stria
terminalis (BNST), hippocampus,
and periaqueductal gray (PAG)) as
well as altered funcIonal
connecIvity between the
amygdala and prefrontal cortex
(PFC).

0%

0%

0%

Th
Th
e a
e a
my
my
gd
gd
ala
ala
an
d o
th
er
Ele
re
va
gio
te
ns
d m
...
et
ab
oli
sm
in
th
e a
...

A.
B.

T&P poten;ally reects

0%

Di

ffe
re

nc
es
i

n t
he
t

hr
es

ho
ld,

ri.

sp
on
s..
.

0%

n t
he
pe
ak
re

Dierences in the threshold, rise

Ime, peak amplitude, and
recovery to baseline.

nc
es
i

B.

ffe
re

Dierences in the peak response

to perturbaIon

Di

A.

Jerey Gray outlined 2 fundamental

dimensions of T&P, one based on
sensi;vity to reward-predic;ng cues
('incen;ves'), the other based on
sensi;vity to punishment or threat-
predic;ng cues. These reect dierences
in the BAS and BIS, respec;vely. High-BAS
individuals tend to

ien
ce
le
Ex
pe
r

0%

ss
an
ge
r w
he
n t
h..
.

n .
..

0%

d t
o e
ng
ag
e i

do
m.
..

dis
po
se

Ar
e p
re

C.

0%

cia
ble
, s
oc
ial
ly

B.

Be more sociable, socially

dominant, and enjoy social
aXenIon
Are predisposed to engage in
appeIIvely-moIvated (approach)
behaviors.
Experience less anger when their
goals are thwarted.

Be
m
or
e s
o

A.

In principle, high-BAS individuals

tend to experience more intense

0%
al
sta
te

...

...

0%

"L
iki
ng

" r
e

lat

ed
em

ot
ion

lat
ed
em
ot
ion
al
s

"Liking" related emoIonal states

(contentment, hedonic or sensual
pleasure)

g"
re

B.

an
tin

"WanIng" related emoIonal

states (excitement, joy, anger)

"W

A.

BAS and BIS have been linked to stable

individual dierences in frontal EEG
asymmetry. High-BIS individuals tend to
show ______, whereas High-BAS
individuals tend to show ________ .

me
try
an
d L
...

0%

Rig

ht
<<
Le
ft
as
ym

me
try
an
d L
...

0%

ht
>>
Le
ft
as
ym

B.

Right >> Le} asymmetry and Le}

>> Right asymmetry.
Right << Le} asymmetry and Le}
<< Right asymmetry.

Rig

A.

Pharmacological manipula;ons (e.g., an;-

anxiety drugs) and neurofeedback
manipula;ons targe;ng frontal EEG
asymmetry don't just change the EEG, they
also change reac;ons to emo;onal
challenges. This suggests that

0%

ha
nis
ms
th
at
u.
..

l m
ec
Th
e n
eu
ra

0%

ha
nis
ms
th
at
u.
..

The neural mechanisms that

underlie the scalp-recorded EEG
asymmetry reect a
CONCOMITANT of T&P

l m
ec

C.

0%

Th
e n
eu
ra

The neural mechanisms that

underlie the scalp-recorded EEG
asymmetry reect a CORRELATE
of T&P

ha
nis
ms
th
at
u.
..

B.

l m
ec

The neural mechanisms that

underlie the scalp-recorded EEG
asymmetry make a CAUSAL
contribuIon to T&P.

Th
e n
eu
ra

A.

Nico;ne-deprived smokers
an;cipa;ng a pu and infants
an;cipa;ng a reunion with their
mother both show

ym
me
t
EE
G
as
L <

< R

fro

nt
al

EE
G
as

ym
me
t

ry,
. ..

0%

ry,
. ..

0%

nt
al

L << R frontal EEG asymmetry,

suggesIng that this biological
measure reects liking and
pleasure

fro

B.

> R

L >> R frontal EEG asymmetry,

suggesIng that this biological
measure reects appeIIve drive
(wanIng)

L >

A.

Using daily diary techniques, Gable

and colleagues provided evidence
that dierences in T&P reect

ex
nt
ial
ffe
re
Di

0%
Bo
th

a..
.

0%

po
su
re
to
m
ot
iv

y t
o m
ot
iv.
..
ac
tiv
it
re
nt
ial

C.

0%

ffe
re

B.

DierenIal reacIvity to
moIvaIonally-signicant daily
events
DierenIal exposure to
moIvaIonally-signicant daily
events
Both

Di

A.

Converging with the results of the

"res;ng" brain ac;vity studies,
Gable's results suggest that T&P can
bias transient moods, feelings, and
behaviors when

cti

0%
Bo
th

ve
l...

0%

re
a

nt
cu
es
a

bs
en
t .
..
it-
re
lev
a

re
a
Tr
a

nt
cu
es
a

C.

it-
re
lev
a

B.

0%

Trait-relevant cues are absent (or

present)
Trait-relevant cues are acIvely
ignored
Both
Tr
a

A.

Implicit/automa;c and explicit

(declara;ve knowledge) processes
can

A.

ed
, s
ug
ge
s

&
C
A,
B

A
&
B

tin
g d
Be
is.
di
..
G
s ru
uid
pt
e
be
ed
by
ha
vi o
ci
rcu
r
ms
cri
be
d..
.

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

Be
un
co
rre
lat

Be uncorrelated, suggesIng
disInct neural circuits
B. Guide behavior
C. Be disrupted by circumscribed
hippocampal and orbitofrontal
lesions, respecIvely
D. A & B
E. A, B & C

Electrodermal ac;vity (a.k.a. EDA/SCR/

GSR)

C.

Is valence-sensiIve: maximal
when one is experiencing a
negaIve emoIonal state,
intermediate for neutral states,
and lowest for posiIve states --
just like the startle reex.

D.

A & B

E.

B & C

0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
B &
C

Is a measure of arousal and can

be amplied by posiIve stress
(excitement), negaIve stress
(fear), and cogniIve challenges.

A
&
B

B.

cts
ch
an
Is
ge
a m
s i
n t
ea
he
su
sk
re

in'
of
Is
s r
ar
va
. ..
le n
ou
s
ce
a
l
-se
an
ns
d c
iti
an
ve
...
: m
ax
im
al
...

Reects changes in the skin's

resistance. Sweaty palms
(arousal) reduce the skin's
resistance, increasing
conductance.

Re
fle

A.

Extra Slides

Is T&P Impacnul?

Is T&P Impacnul? Yes!

1. Walt Mischel (1968) T&P only predicts ~10% behavior. Context is king.
2. Childhood C/SC predicts health, wealth, and public safety in early middle age and this is
mediated by teen snares
3. Childhood N/NE (BI) predicts psychopathology later in life (e.g., 3.4 risk raIo for extreme BI
vs. controls)
4. N/NE predicts a wide spectrum of mental and physical disorders transdiag risk factor
5. Features of modern society accentuate the import of T&P
- Longevity CumulaIve Impact
- Social fabric - public healthcare, public penal systems, public educaIon
- Increased exposure to certain lifestyle risks (sedentary, addicIve substances,
reIrement planning)
- Growing importance of substance abuse as well as mood and anxiety disorders, as we
have conquered other diseases; neuropsychiatric disorders are among the biggest
problems confronIng clinicians, health economists, and public policy makers today in
the developed and developing world

How Should We Dene T&P?

How Should We Dene T&P?

Trait-like individual dierences in emoIon and cogniIon
that rst emerge early in life (but conInue to evolve for
many years) that account for consistency in behavior,
inner experience, and risk across Ime and contexts

Are T & P Dierent in Kind?

Are T & P Dierent in Kind? No.

Classic view is that Childhood Temperament is
- innate, biological, endowed by nature/genes, emoIonal

Classic view is that Adult Personality is
- plasIc, environmental; reecIve of nurture, educaIon,
and experience; more cogniIve

My view is that T&P are implemented in the brain and reect a
combinaIon of genes/nature and environment/nurture.

Simpler, less dierenIated trait-like individual dierences
(distress) become more complex over the lifespan, in part
reecIng the later maturaIon of systems involved in regulaIon
and the maintenance of abstract goal representaIons in S-T and
L-T memory (I will lose 10 pounds by summer)

Spectrums or Types?

Spectrums or Types?
No compelling evidence for types (e.g., Type A),
Jerry Kagan notwithstanding

Data indicates conInuous individual dierences or
spectra lacking discernible zones of
disconInuity (gaps or clusters)

How is T&P structured?

How is T&P structured?

Growing consensus that there are 3 broadband traits
(E/PE, N/NE, and C/SC)

LiXle consensus about the narrow-band facet scales

Broadband traits are probably too broad

Impedes the search for mechanisIc substrates; there
is no gene or circuit for punctuality

Key challenge is to dissect the traits into simpler
consItuents (endophenotypes or biomarkers)

Fixed or PlasNc?

Fixed or PlasNc?
T&P traits are characterized by both conInuity (25%
variance) and plasIcity

If anything, more plasIcity

Social relaIonships, reinforcements & roles have a strong
inuence on the conInuity of T&P

Individuals are not passive; they acIvely select and
shape their environment in ways that reinforce conInuity

Your nature at birth is not your desIny, there is plenty of
room for intervenIon (Hope!)

Nature or Nurture?

Nature or Nurture?
T&P reect the inuence of both nature (genes; <50%) and nurture
(the environment; >50%)

Again, more plasIc than was once thought

However, in many cases, environmental inuences on T&P in fact
reect the distal consequences of T&P on physical (nighborhood, job)
and social context (peers, spouse) as well as life events (e.g., divorce);
niche building / G-E correlaIons

Nature and nurture should not be thought of as mutually exclusive
forces, as they o}en work together to inuence traits (G*E; G-E).
Genes can get out of the skin; Environment can get under the skin
(epigeneIcs)

Causal pathways can be complex and recursive

What Are the Long-Term Prospects for

Understanding the Chain ConnecNng
Genes to Brain to T&P?

What Are the Long-Term Prospects for

Understanding the Chain ConnecNng
Genes to Brain to T&P?

Are Traits Good or Evil?

Are Traits Good or Evil? No!

No, normaIve variaIon in T&P probably reects the
fact that traits are adapIve in parIcular
environments, contexts, or cultures; (t)

N/NE protecIve against danger

E/PE foraging, access to resources
such as mates, food

Is the FFM (Big 5) a Natural Kind?

Is the FFM (Big 5) a Natural Kind? No!

Reects the theoreIcal perspecIves, methods, and
assumpIons of key invesIgators

Key assumpIons underlying the 5 Factor Model may
not be warranted
- Single Words / Lexical Hypothesis
- Lay assessments and lay language
- Generic issues with single informants and

introspecIve self-reports (e.g., arIfacts,

biases, and fundamental limitaIons)
- Factor analysis

Are Biological Measures a Panacea?

Are Biological Measures a Panacea? No!

To paraphrase John Cacioppo, Just because youre
measuring the brain (or startle, or HR, GSR) doesnt
mean you can stop using your head

SIll important to establish psychometric properIes,
e.g., internal-consistency and test-retest

Determining construct validity (funcIonal
signicance) is hardneed to establish sensiIvity
(e.g., amyg is sensiIve to fear faces) and specicity
(e.g., amyg is sensiIve to many other cues)

Is NeurogeneNcs a Panacea?

Is NeurogeneNcs a Panacea? No!

Aside from the issues raised by Kendlers Broken Glass and Jet
Mechanic metaphors, neurogeneIcs confronts

- Small eect sizes
- Eect sizes can be increased at the expense of mechanisIc
insight (e.g., mulIlocus proles)
- Massive combinatorial complexity
- ProblemaIc assumpIons (e.g., that the genome [DNA] is
informaIve about protein expression in the brain regions
were excited about)

The jury is sIll out

How are Traits & States Related? I

How are Traits & States Related? I

The tradiIonal model going back to Eysenck,
Spielberger, Zuckerman, and Kagan) is that traits are
biological diatheses that, in the presence of trait-
relevant cues, lead to states

There is qrre and lab evidence for this view, but it is
surely incomplete

How are Traits & States Related? II

This model does not account for

1. PRE: AnIcipatory aect in the absence of cues
2. POST: Recovery-related aect in the absence of cues
3. MoIvaIon and instrumental behavior: Traits can
alter the probability of encountering cues, which
tends to regulate emoIonal states
Again, organisms are acIve agents, not passive
recipients

How are Traits & States Related? III

These phenotypic data are consistent with growing
evidence that the spontaneous, ongoing acIvity of the
brain predicts T&P

Chronic alteraIons in neural acIvity may, in turn, help to
explain dierences in emoIon and cogniIon in the
absence of trait-relevant cues (e.g., why anxious
individuals show pervasive distress in the absence of
threat)

Does T&P Simply Reect

Dierences in the Peak?

Does T&P Simply Reect

Dierences in the Peak? No!

No, other parameters are likely to be important

Hi Trait e.g. N/NE
Lo Trait e.g. N/NE
Rise Time to Peak

Threshold

Peak Amplitude

Recovery Time (RegulaNon/Decay)

Mood Spillover in the ESM Lit.

What are some strategies for dissecNng T&P

into simpler, mechanisNcally-important consNtuents?

What are some strategies for dissecNng T&P

into simpler, mechanisNcally-important consNtuents?
Endophenotypes (Gofesman)
- causal, heritable, xed, and simpler (not necessarily bioll)
- bridge between genes and 1 or mulIple phenotypes (T&P)
- T&P (e.g., BI) can serve as an endophenotype for Dx
- Some endos have been idenIed (e.g., P300 for
externalizing), but the links from the endo down to the genes and up
to the phenotype remain murky
Biomarkers
- all endos are biomarkers, but not all biomarkers are
endophenotypes
- again, the idea is to simplify
Cross-Species Comparisons (Borsook)
- dicult to establish causaIon in humans; need mechanisIc models
- animals do not suer from human diseases
- idenIfying common brain circuits provides validaIon
ManipulaNons (IntervenNons) in Humans
- intervenIons can be used to test the causal role of T&P (cf. Rapee)

How is T&P causally related to Dx?

How is T&P causally related to Dx?

To be honest, we do not yet really know

The most consistent evidence is for Common Cause

But the Spectrum and Diathesis-Stress models have
nearly as much support

Depends on the Dx (e.g., D-S for substance use)

N/NE is a Transdx Risk Factor. Why?

N/NE is a Transdx Risk Factor. Why?

The trait and the individual diagnoses have much in
common
- structural analyses indicate spectra not silos
- high co-morbidity across Dxs
- overlapping Tx eects
- shared neural correlates (e.g., amyg)
- shared envtl liabiliIes (adversity, abuse)
- relaIvely strong geneIc correlaIon
- common psychological phenotype (intolerance of
uncertainty, elevated NE, etc.); common
intermediate phenotype (biomarker): amygdala

How Should We Dissect N/NE?

(Just Remember Pete & Paul!)

How Should We Dissect N/NE?

(Just Remember Pete & Paul!!)
1. Inated esNmates of threat (burglar, not raccoon)
2. Elevated vigilance / threat bias (creaking oorboards)
- Causal role; amygdala
3. Decient safety learning and overgeneralizaNon (forgets alarm)
- Predicts 1st onset
4. Elevated threat avoidance (locks self in bedroom); MCC?
5. Elevated reacNvity (or decient regulaNon of reacNons) to
uncertain or ambiguous threat
- Causal role; extended amygdala
. 5 transdiagnosNc candidate endophenotypes


that support chronically elevated distress

Why Does the Amygdala Do So Much

Heavy Liuing in Theories of N/NE/Anxiety/
BI?

Why Does the Amygdala Do So Much

Heavy Liuing in Theories of N/NE/Anxiety/
BI?

What Are the Prospects for IntervenNon?

What Are the Prospects for IntervenNon?

Prefy good! Opportunity for growth & posiNve change!
- T&P is more plasIc than xed

- Highly heritable traits are amenable to
intervenIon (e.g., height, IQ)

- Early intervenIon might prevent long-term
cumulaIve damage (cf. BI) and minimize evocaIve
and acIve G-E eects (make Mommy mad; hang
with delinquents; Teen Snares)

- N/NE appears to be the co-morbidity glue linking
many psychiatric DXs and is sensiIve to Tx

An integraNve, mulN-disciplinary
perspecNve on the science of T&P

When a scien*st doesnt know the answer to a problem,
he is ignorant. When he has a hunch as to what the result
is, he is uncertain. And when he is pre;y damn sure of
what the result is going to be, he is s*ll in some doubt
Scien*c knowledge is a body of statements of varying
degrees of certaintysome most unsure, some nearly
sure, but none absolutely certain.

Richard Feynman (1955), Nobel Laureate

An integraNve, mulN-disciplinary
perspecNve on the science of T&P

Science is not a body of facts established by experts, but a set
of methods for esImaIng and reducing uncertainty;

It is a process, at Imes messy or tedious, of grappling with
nature and our preconceived noIons about how it works.

There are many, many fundamental quesIons about T&P that
remain unresolved.

Thats one of the things that make this class so fun! We havent
gured it out and there are many challenges that remain for
future research.