Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword
scope
10
11
3.1
terms
11
3.2
symbols
15
3.2.1 General
15
15
17
20
20
21
4.1
21
5.6
30
31
6.1
general
31
6.2
32
6.2.1 General
32
34
35
6.3
35
35
36
36
36
37
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
6.3.6 Cohesiveness, C
37
37
38
7.1
general
38
7.2
slim silos
39
39
44
7.2.3 Uniform increase of loads in place of reference-surface loads for fills and
discharges of the load-types for circular silos
49
7.2.4 Discharge loads for circular silos with large eccentricities during discharge 50
7.3
55
57
7.3.3 Large eccentricities for filling in of circular low silos and circular silos
of medium slimness
59
7.3.4 large discharge eccentricities for filling in of circular low silos and
7.4
60
61
61
62
7.5
62
7.5.1 General
62
62
7.6
63
7.6.1 general
63
64
64
7.7
65
65
65
65
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
8.1
general
65
65
67
8.2
69
69
8.2.2 Vertical loads on level silo bottoms in low silos and silos of
8.3
Medium slimness
69
steep hoppers
71
71
71
71
8.4
72
flat hoppers
72
73
73
8.5
73
loads on tanks
74
9.1
general
74
9.2
74
9.3
74
9.4
74
75
A.1
general
75
A.2
75
75
76
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
A.5
77
78
B.1
general
78
B.2
actions
78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
B.2.8 snow
79
B.2.9 wind
79
81
81
81
81
81
B.3
81
B.4
combination of actions
81
82
C.1
general
82
C.2
application
82
C.3
symbols
82
C.4
terms
83
C.5
83
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
C.6
84
84
84
85
C.7
85
wall friction
C.7.1 general
85
86
87
C.8
88
88
89
C.9
89
91
93
93
95
C.11 determination of the upper and lower characteristic values for the bulk
Material parameters and the determination of the conversion factor a
96
96
97
99
D.1
goal
99
D.2
99
D.3
Annex E (normative)
100
101
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Annex F (normative) determination of the flow profile, mass flow
And core flow
102
103
G.1
general
103
G.2
symbols
103
G.3
103
G.4
seismic actions
104
104
104
106
H.1
general
106
H.2
terms
106
H.3
symbols
106
H.4
106
H.5
107
H.6
108
H.7
108
109
I.1
general
109
I.2
application
109
I.3
109
I.4
109
I.5
ignition sources
110
I.6
protective measures
110
I.7
calculation of components
111
I.8
111
I.9
111
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
I.10
111
I.11
111
Diagrams
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
26
Diagram 3
27
Diagram 4
28
Diagram 5
28
Diagram 6
29
Diagram 7
32
Diagram 8
40
Diagram 9
42
47
52
Diagram 13 loads in low silos or silos with medium slimness after the
fill (fill loads)
Diagram 14 fill pressures during eccentric filled low silos or silos with
56
59
medium slimness
Diagram 15 fill pressures in a braced-wall silo
62
66
67
Diagram 18 bottom loads in low silos and in silos with medium slimness
70
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Diagram C.1 equipment for determination of
85
Diagram C.2 test procedure for determination of the coefficients of wall friction
87
88
Diagram C.4 test procedure for determination of the angle of the internal
Friction i and c and the cohesiveness based upon the tension
Created by pre-compression
90
Diagram C.5 test procedure for determination of the elasticity module during
loading and unloading
94
100
Diagram F.1 demarcation of mass and core flow conditions in conical and
cuneiform hoppers
102
Diagram G.1 possible rearrangements oat the bulk material surface due to
Seismic actions
103
104
Diagram G.3 cross-section through the vertical silo shaft with details of
the additional horizontal loads due to seismic actions
Diagram H.1 alternative rules for the hoppers
105
108
Tables
Table 1
23
Table 2
25
Table 3
34
Table A.1
77
Table C.1
test parameters
91
Table C.2
Table E.1
Material parameters
98
101
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Foreword
This standard was compiled in the NABau-AA 00.20.00 Actions on Buildings
(Spiegelausschuss zu CEN/TC/ 250/SC 1).
This standard is part of the new series DIN 1055 Actions on Structures, which consists of
the following parts:
Part 1:
Part 2:
Part 3:
Part 4:
Part 5;
Part 6;
Part 7:
Part 8:
Part 9:
Part 10:
Part 100:
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
References to standards belonging to the series DIN 1055, contained in this standard,
refer exclusively to the above-mentioned new series DIN 1055.
This standard was developed by the Work Committee NABau 00.20.00 on the basis of
DIN V ENV 1991-4 and conforms largely to the draft manuscript prEN 1991-4.
Any deviations of this standard from the above-mentioned manuscript prEN 1991-4
conform by and large with possible commitments to the national safety standards so that,
in the case of an eventual ratification of EN 1991-4, this standard can be compatible in
the national context.
Revisions
Vis--vis DIN 1055-6:1987-05 the following revisions have been made:
a) structural adaptation in line with the EN 1991-4
b) terminology adaptation in line with the EN 1991-4
c) adaptation of the calculation and safety concepts in line with the EN 1991-4
d) incorporation of regulations for actions due to dust-explosions
e) incorporation of regulations for actions due to earthquakes
f) incorporation of regulations for actions due to bulk material properties
Earlier Editions
DIN 1055-6: 1964-11, 1987-05
10
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
1. Scope
1) This standard contains general principles and information relating to the influences
for the design and calculations of silos for storage of bulk materials and for tanks.
It is to be applied in association with the other parts of the series DIN 1055.
2) This standard also contains stipulations for actions on silos and tanks which
extend beyond the direct action caused by the stored bulk material or fluids (e.g.
effects of temperature differences).
3) While applying the rules for calculations made for silo bins and silo structures the
following geometric limitations should be kept in mind:
--- The cross-sections of the silo bins are limited to the instances shown in diagram 1d.
Smaller deviations are allowed under the condition that the possible effects on the silo
structures due to the pressure changes resulting from these deviations will be taken into
account.
--- The foll. Limits will apply for the geometric measurements:
hb
< 10
dc
hb < 100m
d c < 60m
--- The transition from the vertical silo shaft into the hopper takes place in a simple
horizontal plane (also possible in several steps) (see diagram 1a).
11
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
--- The influences on the silo pressures due to inbuilt things or customized restrictions
and inbuilt things such as discharge cones, discharge girders, consoles and spots, etc.,
are not covered (apart fro discharge hoppers).
4) While applying the rules for calculations made for silo bins and silo structures the
following limits should be kept in mind with regard to the stored bulk material:
--- The calculation for a particular property of the bulk material has to be made for every
single silo.
--- The bulk material is free flowing or it can be ensured that in special cases it behaves
as free flowing material (see 3.1.12 and Annex C).
--- The maximum grain size of the bulk material is not more than 0.03d c (see diagram
1d).
NOTE
If the bulk material particles are large in comparison with the thickness of
the silo wall, the effects of the contact of individual large particles with the wall are to be
regarded as a form of a deposit of individual loads.
5) While applying the rules for calculations made for silo bins and silo structures the
following limits should be kept in mind with regard to the operational conditions
during filling and discharging:
--- During filling the action of the forces of inertia and impact are very slight and may be
ignored
--- in case of use of discharge aids (e.g. transporting equipment (feeders) or central well
with absorption opening), the bulk material flow is uniform, undisturbed and central.
12
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
hw
ho
3
Z
ef
dca
hc
hb
e*
hh
(a) Geometry
eo
(b) Eccentricity
Legend:
1 Junction
2 Equivalent bulk material surface
3 Surface contours in filled silo
4 central axis of silo
13
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
=r
=a
dc
ph
Pw
Pv
dc
(h 2 )
2r (1 + b )
a
Pn
dc
Pf
a
(c) Loads
a
dc
( 4) =
= 3a
dO
dc
( 4) = d
= 3a
dO
14
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
6) The given load deposits on silo hoppers are applicable only for conical (generally
axial symmetric shape or pyramid shape with quadratic or rectangular crosssections) and cuneiform (generally with vertical walls at the front and the reverse
sides) hoppers. Hoppers that deviate from this or hoppers with inbuilt things
require specialized and greater attention.
7) Silos with symmetric axes of the geometrical horizontal projection type which
change along the vertical axis are not covered by this standard. For example, silos
with a hopper which blends from a cylindrical shape into a cuneiform shape fall in
this category.
8) The rules for calculation for tanks apply only for fluids under normal atmospheric
pressure.
9) Loads on the roofs of silos and tanks are subject to the relevant standards DIN
1055-3, DIN 1055-4, E DIN 1055-5, DIN 1055-9 and DIN 1055-10.
10) The calculations for silos with rotary operation are not within the scope of this
standard.
11) The calculations for silos against dynamic stresses, which can appear during
discharge, such as silo tremors, jolts, hooting and silo knocking, are not within the
scope of this standard.
NOTE
applicability of this standard, one can neither rule out their occurrence nor ensure that the
silo structure is sufficiently dimensioned for the stresses they cause.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
The documents mentioned below are required for using this standard. In case of dated
references, only the edition mentioned is applicable. In case of undated references the
latest edition of the document mentioned is applicable (inclusive of all revisions).
DIN 1045-1
DIN 1055-1
DIN 1055-3
DIN 1055-4
DIN 1055-5
DIN 1055-7
DIN 1055-9
DIN 1055-10
DIN 1055-100
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
DIN EN 26184-1
DIN EN 1127-1
DIN EN 50014
ISO 3898:1997
VDI 2263
3.1
Definitions
The definitions given below as well as those given in DIN 1055-100 are applicable to this
standard.
3.1.1
Aerated silo bottom
A silo bottom in which grooves (aeration channels) have been provided, through which air
is injected in order to activate the bulk material flow in the area above the silo bottom
(see figure 6b).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.2
Internal diameter of a silo cross-section dc
The diameter of the largest inscribed circle of the inner cross-section of a silo bin (see
figure 1d).
3.1.3
Circular silo
A silo whose ground plan or shaft cross-section shows a circular form (see figure 1 d)
3.1.4
Cohesion
Shear strength of the bulk material when direct stress does not act in the plane of breach
3.1.5
Conical hopper
A hopper in which the inclined side-surfaces converge at a point, which can as a rule
ensure an axially symmetric flow of bulk material
3.1.6
Eccentric discharge
A flow profile in the bulk material in which the distribution of the moving bulk material is
unsymmetrical with relation to the vertical central axis. This is usually due to an
eccentrically placed outlet opening (see figures 3c and 3d, 4b and 4c). It can, however,
also happen due to other phenomena which lead to non-symmetry (see figure 5d).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.7
Eccentric filling
A situation during or after the filling of the silo, in which the peak of the banked-up bulk
material surface (peak of the banked-up cone) is no longer centered in the vertical central
axis of the silo (see figure 1b).
3.1.8
Equivalent bulk material surface
Height of the envisaged leveled (horizontal) bulk material surface, which is the result of
the volume balance between the envisaged and the actual pattern of the surface shape
(see figure 1a)
3.1.9
Hopper for expanded flow
A hopper in which the side surfaces in the lower part of the hopper are steep enough to
create a mass flow, while the side surfaces in the upper part of the hopper have a more
gradual inclination so that a core flow can be expected there (see figure 6d). This
arrangement reduces the height of the hopper and at the same time ensures a reliable
discharge.
3.1.10
Horizontal (silo) bottom
The inner bottom surface of the silo with an inclination that is less than 5o
3.1.11
Flow profile
The geometric form of the bulk material that is flowing out, when the flow is fully
developed (see figures 2 to 5). The silo is in this case is almost completely filled-up (state
of maximum fill).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.12
Fluidized bulk material
That state of a stored powdery bulk material in which it contains a large proportion of air
pockets with a pressure gradient which acts against the weight of the particles and
counterbalances the same. The air can either be drawn in by means of specific
ventilation or be introduced through the filling process. A bulk material is designated as
fluidized even if only a part of the weight of the bulk material is counterbalanced by the air
pockets.
3.1.13
Free-flowing granular material
Granular bulk material in which the flow pattern is not noticeably influenced by cohesion
3.1.14
Fully filled state
A silo is in the fully filled state when the surface of the bulk material has achieved the
highest position that it can possibly acquire within the service life of the structure while
the silo is in operation.
NOTE:
3.1.15
Core flow
Flow profile, in which a flow channel develops in the bulk material above the outlet
opening, while the bulk material remains undisturbed in the area between the flow
channel and the silo wall (see figure 2)
NOTE:
The flow channel can, in such case, come into contact with the vertical silo wall one
would then term it mixed flow or it can stretch right up to the surface without any point of contact
whatsoever with the silo wall, in which case the term funnel flow or shaft flow is used to describe it.
20
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.16
Granular material
Material which is composed of separate and individual grains of specific particles, with
the particles having more or less equal dimensions and where the air between the
individual grains plays only a marginal role in the determination of the loads and has only
a marginal influence on the bulk material flow.
3.1.17
High fill speed
That condition in a silo, in which the speed of the filling leads to an intake of air of such
an order that it would affect the pressure ratios at the wall.
3.1.18
Homogenizing silos
Silos in which the bulk material is homogenized with the help of fluidization, i.e.
homogenized by means of mixing.
3.1.19
Hopper
Silo bottom with inclined walls
3.1.20
Hopper load ratio value F
A value which specifies the relationship between the normal load pn on the inclined
hopper walls and the mean vertical load pv at this position in the bulk material.
3.1.21
Silo of medium slimness
A silo whose ratio of height to diameter lies between 1.0 < hc / dc < 2.0
NOTE:
3.1.22
21
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Internal funnel flow
Flow profile with funnel flow in which the flow channel limit stretches up to the surface of
the bulk material without the flow area coming into contact with the silo wall in the
process (see figures 2 and 3).
3.1.23
Horizontal load ratio K
A value which specifies the relationship between the mean horizontal load pn acting on
the vertical silo walls, and the mean vertical load pv at this position in the bulk material.
3.1.24
Marginal cohesion
A bulk material sample shows a marginal cohesion when the cohesion c is smaller than
4% of the pre-consolidation stress r
NOTE
3.1.25
Mass flow
Flow profile in which all the bulk material particles in the silo are simultaneously in motion
during discharge (see figure 2a)
3.1.26
Mixed flow
Core flow profile in which the flow channel, which is still beneath the bulk material
surface, comes into contact with the vertical silo walls (see figures 2c and 4)
3.1.27
Non-circular silo
A silo, wherein the cross-section is not a circle (see figure 1)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.28
Bulk material
A term used to describe a granular material ranging from a dust-like to a large-grained
variety with and without cohesion, which contains pores in addition to and in-between the
individual solid material particles that may be filled with air or moisture.
3.1.29
Reference surface load
Local load perpendicular to the vertical silo wall to be placed at any chosen height in a
specific portion of its surface.
3.1.30
Funnel flow
Flow profile in which the bulk material is in motion above the outlet opening in a vertical
or almost vertical flow channel, but is in a state of rest next to the flow channel (see
figures 2 and 3).
NOTE
If the outlet opening is placed eccentrically (see figures 3c and d) or if due to certain factors
the flow channel deviates from the vertical axis above the discharge (see figure 5), the flow of the bulk
material can appear against the wall.
3.1.31
Level flow
Flow profile in a silo with a rectangular or a quadratic cross-section and a slit-shaped
outlet opening. The discharge slit runs parallel to two silo walls. Its length corresponds to
the length of both these silo walls.
3.1.32
Powdery bulk material
A bulk material whose mean particle size is smaller than 0.05 mm
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.33
Silo with braced wall
Silo with a horizontal bottom and and a height to diameter ratio of hc / dc < 0.4
3.1.34
Flat hopper
A hopper in which the full amount of wall friction is not mobilized
3.1.35
Silo
A structure for storage of bulk material
3.1.36
Slim silo
A silo with a height-diameter ratio of hc / dc > 2.0, or one which fulfills the additional
conditions given in 5.3
3.1.37
Slimness
Ratio of the height to diameter hc / dc of the vertical portion of the silo
3.1.38
Low silo
A silo with a height-diameter ratio of 0.4 < hc / dc < 1.0 or one in which the additional
conditions as per 5.3 are fulfilled.
NOTE
In case of a height-diameter ratio of hc / dc < 0.4, and if the silo contains a hopper, the silo
will fall into the category of a low silo. Otherwise in case of a flat silo bottom it falls into the braced-wall
silo category.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.39
Steep hopper
A hopper in which the full wall friction is mobilized after the filling
3.1.40
Stress in the bulk material
Force per unit area within the stored bulk material
3.1.41
Tank
A structure for storage of fluids
3.1.42
A thick-walled silo
A silo with a diameter-to-wall thickness ratio which is less than dc /t = 200
3.1.43
A thin-walled silo
A silo with a diameter-to-wall thickness ratio which is greater than dc /t = 200
3.1.44
Wall friction
Force per unit area along the silo wall (vertical or inclined) on account of friction between
the bulk material and the silo wall.
3.1.45
Hopper junction
The section between the hopper and the vertical silo wall, i.e. the transition from the
vertical part of the silo into the hopper
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3.1.46
Vertical Silo shaft
The part of the silo which comprises of the vertical walls
3.1.47
Wedge-shaped hopper
A hopper in which the surfaces converge at a slit for ensuring an even flow of the bulk
material; the walls of each of the other two hoppers run vertically
3.2
Symbols
3.2.1 General
A list of basic symbols (letter symbols) is given in DIN 1055-100. The additional letter
symbols for this part of the standard are given below. The symbols used are based on
the conventions of ISO 3898:1997.
Ac
eccentricities)
B
Co
discharge factor (load augmentation factor during discharge) for the bulk material
Cop
bulk material parameter for the reference surface load (load augmentation factor)
26
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Cb
Ch
Cpe
load augmentation factor for the reference surface loads during discharge
Cpf
load augmentation factor for the reference surface loads in case of fill loads
CS
CT
Cw
correction value for discharge for the wall friction loads (load augmentation factor)
Es
effective elasticity modulus of the stored bulk material at the relevant stress level
Ew
relationship between the vertical loads on the silo wall and the mean vertical load
in the bulk material at this point
Fe
load ratio in the hopper during the discharge (relationship between loads
perpendicular to the silo wall and mean vertical loads in the bulk material)
Ff
load ratio in the hopper after the filling (relationship between loads perpendicular
to the silo wall and mean vertical loads in the bulk material)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Fpe
integral of the horizontal reference surface load for thin walled circular silos in the
case of discharge loads
Fpf
integral of the horizontal reference surface load for thin walled circular silos in the
case of filling loads
ratio of the radius of the flow channel to the radius of the internal cross-section of a
circular silo
Km
Ko
value of K when horizontal elongation as well as principal stresses that run or are
aligned horizontally and vertically are ruled out
Pwe
characteristic value of the sum total of the wall friction loads for each running
meter in the circumferential direction of the vertical silo wall in the case of
discharge loads
Pwf
characteristic value of the sum total of the wall friction loads for each running
meter in the circumferential direction of the vertical silo wall in the case of fill loads
PzSk
characteristic value of the wall loads for each running meter in the circumferential
direction of the vertical silo wall for low silos and large filling eccentricities
geometry factors for the hopper loads (= 2 in the case of cone shaped hoppers, =1
in the case of wedge shaped hoppers)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Usc
(inner) circumferential length of the flow channel in the contact zone up till the non
flow zone of the bulk material during discharge with large eccentricities
Uwc
(inner) circumferential length of the flow channel in the contact area with the silo
wall during discharge with large eccentricities
depth variation function: function for the description of the increase in load with
increasing depth in the silo
YJ
YR
side length of a silo with a rectangular or a hexagonal cross-section (see figure 1d)
ax
aK
29
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
b
dc
characteristic dimensions for the inner cross-section of the silo (see diagram 1d)
ec
eccentricities of the central axis of the flow channel during discharge with large
eccentricities (see figure 11)
ef
largest eccentricity of the bulk cone at the bulk material surface during filling (see
figure 1b)
ef,cr
largest fill eccentricity for which the simplified rules for the allowance for marginal
eccentricities can be used (ef,cr = 0.25dc )
eo
eccentricities of the centre point of the outlet opening (see figure 1b)
eo,cr
largest eccentricity of the outlet opening for which the simplified rules for the
allowance for eccentricities can be used (eo,cr = 0.25dc )
et
eccentricities of the peak of the fill-up cone at the bulk material surface when the
silo is filled up (see figure 1b)
et,,cr
largest eccentricity of the fill-up cone at the bulk material surface for which the
simplified rules for the allowance for eccentricities can be used (et,,cr = 0.25dc )
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
hb
overall height of a silo with hopper, measured from the envisaged hopper peak, up
to the equivalent bulk material surface (see figure 1a)
hc
height of the vertical silo shaft, measured from the hopper junction up to the
equivalent bulk material surface (see figure 1a)
hh
height of the hopper measured from the envisaged hopper top up to the hopper
junction
ho
distance between the equivalent bulk material surface and the lowest point at the
base of the bulk material cone (at the lowermost point of the silo wall which is not
in contact with the stored bulk material when the latter has been filled to the
specified extent)(see fig 1, 13 and 17)
htp
total height of the back-filled cone at the bulk material surface (vertical distance
from the lowest point of the silo wall up to the tip of filled-up cone when the bulk
material, which is filled to the specified extent, is not in contact with the silo
wall)(see figures 1a and 17)
ph
horizontal load from the stored bulk material (see figure 1c)
phae
horizontal load in the area where the bulk material is at rest next to the flow
channel, during a discharge with large eccentricities
phce
horizontal load in the flow channel during a discharge with large eccentricities
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
phco
phe
phe,u
horizontal load during discharge and use of the simplified calculating method
phf
phfb
horizontal loads after the filling at the lower end of the vertical shaft
phf,u
horizontal loads after the filling using the simplified calculating material
pho
asymptomatic horizontal loads at a great depth from the stored bulk material
phse
horizontal loads in the bulk material (which is in a state of rest) at a great distance
from the flow channel during a discharge with large eccentricities
phT
pn
loads from the stored bulk material, that are perpendicular to the hopper walls (see
figure 1c)
pne
pnf
loads after the fill that are perpendicular to the hopper walls
pp
ppe
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
ppei
ppe.nc strip shaped reference surface load for silos with non-circular cross-sections
during discharge
ppf
ppfi
ppe,nc strip shaped reference surface load for silos with non-circular cross-sections after
the filling
ppes
reference surface load at the cylinder ordinate for thin walled circular silos during
discharge
ppfs
reference surface load at the cylinder ordinate for thin walled circular silos after
the filling
pt
pte
ptf
pv
pvb
pvf
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
pvft
vertical load at the hopper junction after the filling (foot of the vertical silo shaft)
pvho
vertical load at the foot of the filled cone at the bulk material surface according to
equation (86) and with the bulk material depth being z = ho
pvsq
vertical load on the horizontal bottom of a low silo or a silo of medium slimness
pvtp
geostatic vertical load at the foot of the filled cone at the bulk material surface
pw
wall friction load along the vertical wall (shear force per unit area due to friction)
(see figure 1c)
pwae
wall friction loads in the bulk material which is in a state of rest right next to the
flow channel during the discharge with large eccentricities (at the transition from
stationary to flowing bulk material)
pwce
wall friction loads in the flow channel during discharge with large eccentricities
pwe
pwe,u
wall friction loads during discharge using the simplified calculation method
pwf
pwf,u
wall friction loads after the filling using the simplified calculation method
pwse
wall friction loads in the bulk material which is at rest at a large distance from the
flow channel during discharge with large eccentricities
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
rc
radius of the eccentric flow channel during discharge with large eccentricities
/16 =
0.2dc)
t
vertical coordinate in the hopper with origin in the hopper peak (see figure 16)
depth beneath the equivalent bulk material surface in the filled state (see figure
1a)
zo
zoc
characteristic depth according to the theory of Janssen for the flow channel during
discharge with large eccentricities
zp
depth of the mid-point of the reference surface load beneath the equivalent bulk
material surface in a thin-walled silo
zs
depth beneath the highest point of contact between the bulk material and the silo
wall (see figures 13 and 14)
zV
unit of measurement of the depth for determining the vertical loads in low silos
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
T
Temperature differences between the stored bulk material and the silo walls
Mean angle of inclination of the hopper walls with reference to the horizontal
Angle of inclination of the hopper wall with ref. to the vertical (see figures 1a and
1b) or the angle of the steepest hopper walls in a quadratic or rectangular hopper
Characteristic value for the specific gravity of the stored fluid or the stored bulk
material
Upper characteristic values of the specific gravity of the stored fluid or the stored
bulk material
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Wall contact angle of the eccentric flow channel with reference to the central axis
of the flow channel
Characteristic value of the wall friction angle at the vertical silo wall
heff
Mean value of the wall friction coefficients between bulk material and silo wall
im
Angle of slope of a bulk material (conical bulk heap) (see figure 1a)
Wall friction angle (arc tan ) between bulk material and hopper wall
wh
Wall friction angle in the hopper (arc tan h) between bulk material and hopper wall
Reference stress for the tests for determination of the bulk material parameters
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
4.1
The actions on silos are to be estimated with regard to the silo structure, the
properties of the stored bulk material and the flow profiles that arise during
emptying of the silo.
(2)
Ambiguities related to the flow profiles, the influence of the fill and discharge
eccentricities on the fill and discharge processes, the influence of the silo
shape and size on the type of the flow profile and those that are related to the
time-dependant discharge and fill pressures are all to be taken into
consideration
NOTE 1
The magnitude and the distribution of the rated loads depend upon the silo structure, the
material parameters of the bulk materials and the flow profiles which build up during emptying. The
inherent differences in the properties of the different bulk materials that are stored and the
simplifications in the load models lead to variations between the silo loads that actually appear and the
design loads (calculated loads) according to sections 6 and 7. Thus, to quote an example, the
distribution of discharge pressures along the silo wall changes with time. An exact prediction of the
prevailing mean pressure, its divergence and its temporal variability is not possible, given the present
level of knowledge.
(3)
Allowance should be made for loads on the vertical walls of the silo when it is
filled and while it is emptying, with fill- and discharge- eccentricities being
marginal; this is to be done using a symmetric load component and an
unsymmetric reference surface load. In case of large eccentricities the loads
are to be described using a pressure distribution curve.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
Should the chosen form of the silo structure show a sensitive reaction to
changes of the estimated load-guidelines, allowance has to be made for this
through appropriate investigations
(5)
(6)
(7)
The unsymmetric loads on the vertical silo walls in case of large eccentricities
during fill and discharge are to be additionally registered using a unsymmetric
distribution of horizontal pressures ph and friction loads pw
(8)
(9)
The load augmentation factors C for silo cells in categories 2 and 3 (see 4.5)
register unaccounted additional load influences alone, which arise due to the
bulk material flow during emptying of the silo.
(10)
The load augmentation factors C for silo bins in category 1 (see 4.5) register
additional influences during emptying that are caused by the bulk material
movement as well as the influences due to the deviation of the bulk material
parameters.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
NOTE 2
The load augmentation factors C are intended to cover the ambiguities related to the flow
profile, the influences of eccentricities during filling and emptying, the influence of the shape of the silo
on the manner of the flow profile and proximity influences which arise when allowance is not made for
the presence of fill and discharge pressures that are time dependant. For category 1 silos (see 4.5) the
load augmentation factor also takes into account the deviation of the material properties of the bulk
material. In silos of categories 2 and 3, allowance for the deviation of the material parameters
influenced by the loads is not made by a load augmentation factor C but by the formulation of the
appropriate characteristic calculation values for the bulk material parameters , , K and i.
(11)
In silos of category 1 (see 4.5) the allowance for unsymmetric loads is made by
means of an increase of the symmetric loads by applying a load augmentation
factor for the discharge loads C.
(12)
4.2
4.3
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(3) Reference surface loads for making allowances for the filling and discharge
processes in silo bins are to be classified as variable free actions in
accordance with DIN 1055-100.
(4) Eccentric loads for making allowances for the eccentric filling and discharge
processes in silo bins are to be classified as variable stationary actions.
(5) Loads arising from air or gas pressures in connection with pneumatic conveyor
systems are to be regarded as variable stationary actions.
(6) Loads due to dust explosions are to be classified as extraordinary actions as
defined by DIN 1055-100.
4.4
Loads on tanks that arise due to the filling up of the tanks can be classified as variable
stationary influences acc. to DIN 1055-100.
4.5
STANDARDISED CATEGORIES
(1) Based upon the design of the silo structure and its susceptibility to different types of
malfunctions, various accuracy standards are used in the process of determining the
influences on silo structures.
(2) The silo influences should be determined in accordance with one of the following
standardized categories specified in this standard (see Table 1).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
STANDARDISED
DESCRIPTION
CATEGORIES
standardized
category 3
Silos with a capacity of more than 10 000 tonnes, in which one of the
foll. calculating conditions is present
a) eccentric discharge with
eo
dc
eo
dt
> 0.25
standardized
all silos which are covered by this load standard and do not fall in the
category 2
standardized
category 1
NOTE
The differences amongst the categories listed in Table 1 have been determined
taking into account the shortfalls of an exact estimation of the influences. The rules for small silos
are simple and conservative on the safer side, as they have a robustness of their own and high
costs of an estimation of bulk material parameters for example, are not justified.
(3) A higher category for a silo than that which is required as per Table 1 can always be
chosen. For any part of the procedures (computation of loads) described in this standard,
a higher category than that in Table 1 can be taken as a basis, if required.
(4)
In case several silos are connected to one another, the suitable category for each
bin should be individually determined, and not for the set of silos as a whole.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
5.
CALCULATING CONDITIONS
5.1
GENERAL
(1)
The influences on silos and tanks, for each of the relevant calculating conditions,
It is important that the relevant calculating conditions be observed and the critical
The combination rules depend on each of the verifications and are to be chosen in
account.
(5)
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5.2
SILOS
(1)
Loads on silos caused by stored bulk materials are to be ascertained for the
The loads estimates for filling and for discharge can be used as evidence for
The dimensioning for filling and for discharge of bulk materials has to comply with
the principal load-types which can lead to differing boundary states for the structure:
-
(4)
For determination of loads, the upper characteristic values of the bulk material
(5)
The determination of the loads of a load type should always be made for a specific
For each of these load types its extreme value is attained when each of the bulk
material characteristic values , K and i acquires differing extreme values within the
variance range of their characteristic bulk material parameters. In order to ensure
adequate safety for all boundary states during dimensioning, differing combinations of the
extreme values of these parameters have to be examined. Table 2 gives the extreme
values of the bulk material parameters which are to be used for each load types that are
to be examined.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
HORIZONTAL
WALL FRICTION
RATIO
FRICTION
filled state
hopper
discharge
hopper
LOAD
ANGLE
COEFFICIENT OF
INTERNAL
horizontal
load
ratio
HOPPER WALLS
NOTE 1
It is to be noted that the wall friction angle is always smaller or same as the angle of internal friction of the
stored bulk material (i.e. wh i ) . Otherwise, when transverse stresses recorded at the wall contact surface are larger
than those due to the internal friction of the bulk material itself, a slide surface develops within the bulk material. This means
that in all cases the coefficient of wall friction should not be taken as larger than tan
NOTE 2
i ( = tan w tan i )
The loads that are perpendicular to the hopper walls p n are as a rule largest when the wall friction in the
hopper is small, because thereby a smaller portion of the loads in the hopper are take away are removed through friction. It
is to be observed which maximum parameters become decisive for the individual dimensioning exercises (i.e. it is the
malfunctioning that is being examined, which determines whether the wall friction loads or loads that are perpendicular to
the hopper wall are to be calculated as maximum)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(7)
The above table notwithstanding, silos of category 1 can be dimensioned using the
mean values of the bulk material parameters, namely the mean value of the coefficient of
wall friction m , the mean value of the horizontal load ratio K m and the mean value of the
angle of internal friction im .
(8)
The fundamental equations for calculating the silo loads are given in sections 7
and 8. These are to be taken as the basis for the calculation of the following
characteristic loads:
-
5.3
CALCULATING
CONDITIONS
CAUSED
BY
DIFFERING
GEOMETRIC
(2)
In a silo that has been filled-up, the trajectory of the filling stream of the filled up
bulk material may at times cause the build-up of an eccentric back-fill cone at the
bulk material surface (see fig 1b) and when this happens different storage
densities can arise in different parts of the silo which lead to un-symmetric loads.
While calculating the size of these loads, the largest possible eccentricity of the
filling stream is to be taken as a basis (see 7.2.1.2 and 7.3.1.2)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(3)
While dimensioning, the effects of the flow profiles are to be observed which can
be divided into the following Categories (see fig. 2):
-- Mass flow
-- funnel flow
-- mixed flow
1
3
5
3
4
4
a) MASS FLOW
b) CORE FLOW
C)CORE FLOW
(FUNNEL FLOW)
(MIXED FLOW)
Legend
1
flow
5 Effective passages
6 Effective hopper
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
If it can be additionally ensured during funnel flow that the flow channel is always
located within the bulk material without coming into contact with the silo wall (see figures
3a and 3b), the emptying pressures can be ignored. Low silos with concentric discharge
aided by gravity and silos with a mechanical discharge system located at the bulk
material surface which ensures a build-up of funnel flow (see fig. 5a, 5b and 6a) fulfill
these conditions (see fig. 7.1 (9) and 7.3.2.1(2) and (4)).
NOTE
A suitably designed central tube with lateral vents (anti dynamic tube) can
also ensure that this condition - i.e. building up an internal funnel flow - is fulfilled.
(5)
In case of symmetric mass flow or a mixed flow (see fig. 2), the un-symmetric
loads that usually occur are to be taken into account during the dimensioning (see
7.2.2.2 and 7.3.2.2).
(6)
In case of flow profiles with core flow (see fig 2) and partial contact of the moving
bulk material mass with the silo wall, other un-symmetric load components which
may arise specifically in this case are to be taken into account during
dimensioning (see fig 3c and 3d as well as fig 4b and 4c) (see 7.2.4).
(7)
For silos with several vents and presuming a state of maximum fullness, one has
to take into account that during operation either all the vents may be opened
simultaneously or a single vent alone may be open.
(8)
For silos with several vents, provisions of the combination of active vents for the
operation are to be regarded as normal calculating conditions. Other openings
which are not part of the planned operation are to be regarded as extraordinary
calculating conditions.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(9)
h
In case of an eccentrically filled very slim silo i.e. c
> 4 , the effects of mixed
d
c
flow in different areas could lead to either differing packing densities or cohesion of
the bulk material. In such cases the asymmetric alignment of the bulk material
particles can set off a un- symmetric core flow (see fig. 5d). This creates zones in
the silo where the bulk material flows along the silo wall and thereby gives rise to
un-symmetric loads. For such cases special load computations are to be used
(see 7.2.4.1 (2)).
4
3
INTERNAL PARALLEL
Funnel flow
INTERNAL CONVERGENT
ECCENTRIC PARALLEL
funnel flow
funnel flow
ECCENTRIC CONVERGENT
funnel flow
Legend
1
flow
flowing funnel
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
4
2
5
1
(A)
(B)
(C)
At rest
Effective hopper
Effective passage
Flow zone
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
2
4
2
5
3
1
1
]
1
1
b) Low silo
c) Slim silo
Legend
1
Effective hopper
Effective passage
Flow
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(10)
For silos with pneumatically conveyed powdery bulk materials two calculating
conditions, both at maximum fullness, are to be considered:
The bulk material filled in can develop a cone, as is the case with other bulk
materials.
It is to be taken into account that the bulk material surface, independent of the
gradient of slope and the filling eccentricities, could possibly also be of even shape
(see fig 6c). In this case the eccentricities e f and et can be fixed at zero.
(11)
In case of silos for storage of powdery bulk material where air-injection is used as
a discharge aid in the bottom area, (see fig 6b), the entire bulk material zone near
the bottom can become fluidized, which can generate an effective mass flow even
in low silos. Such silos are to be computed in accordance with the procedure for
slim silos, regardless of their actual slimness
(12)
hc
dc
In case of silos for storage of powdery bulk material where air-injection is used as
a discharge aid in the bottom area, (see fig 6b), just a part of the bulk material
zone near the bottom can become fluidized. This can generate an eccentric mass
flow (see fig 4b), which is to be taken into account while dimensioning. The
eccentricity of the resultant flow channel and the resultant value of the eccentricity
The vertical silo walls with a discharge hopper which causes an expanded flow
(see fig 6d), can form the basis of the conditions for a mixed bulk material flow.
This can lead to un-symmetric discharge loads. In this type of silo the ratio
hb
dc
hc
dc
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(14)
hc
dc
graded as a low silo. In case of a horizontal silo bottom this silo is to be graded as
a braced wall silo.
d) Expanded flow hoppers lead to mass flow at least in the lower hopper
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
5.4
(1)
(2)
For metal silos which mainly consist of nuts and bolts, the specifications for unsymmetric load values (reference surface loads) are to be complied with.
(3)
For metal silos with rectangular cross-sections that contain beam ties within the
silo shaft for reducing the walls bending moment, the specifications in 7.7 are to
be followed.
(4)
The effects of fatigue in silos and tanks are to be taken into account if they are
exposed to a load cycle more than once a day on an average. A load cycle is
equivalent to a complete filling and emptying cycle of a silo or, in the case of a airinjection silo, a complete process conclusion (rotation) of the sectors subjected to
air-injection. Fatigue effects are also to be taken into consideration in silos which
are exposed to the influence of vibrating machines/equipment components.
(5)
(6)
In case of slip openings or observation holes in the silo or hopper walls, the loads
on the stopper covers are to be taken into account using double the value of the
maximum load-values upon the adjacent wall sections. These loads are to be
computed only for the dimensioning of the stopper cover and its support or
attachment structures.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(7)
If the silo roof has to bear loads imposed by dust filtering equipment, cyclones or
mechanical transporting equipment, then these loads are to be treated as live
loads.
(8)
If pneumatic transport systems are used for filling and emptying of silos, then
loads resulting from differences in air-pressure are to be taken into account.
NOTE
pressures (generally 40kpa 0.4 bar) may also arise as a result of defective
dimensioning of specific transporting equipment or in case of an operational fault. Silos
must therefore be equipped with suitable pressure-relief devices for unforeseen
occurrences, if the designing engineer cannot otherwise rule out the same.
(9)
If vibrating equipment, air guns or rotary extraction arms on the silo bottom have
been used, the load changes caused by these have to be examined with respect
to the boundary state of fatigue, vibrations due to pneumatic transporting
equipment are likewise to be taken into consideration.
(10)
In case of reconditioning of existing silos by putting a lining on the silo walls, the
effects of
including the possible effects of a flow profile that may have undergone a change.
5.5
Loads on tanks caused by the fluids stored therein are to be calculated for the state of
maximum fullness.
55
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
5.6
(1)
As the liquids or bulk material stored in tanks or silos respectively may have a
tendency to explode, the potential damage could be limited or avoided by means
of the following measures:
--
--
--
(2)
A few bulk materials which are prone to explosions are listed in Annex I.
(3)
The instructions given in Annex I for the explosion loads are to be followed.
Further instructions including rules for dimensioning for dust explosions can be
taken from DIN-Fachbericht 140.
(4)
The effects of silo structure dust explosions upon the surrounding structures or
structural parts are to be taken into account.
6.1
General
(1)
For the estimation of silo loads the following influences have to be taken into
account:
the divergences from the bulk material parameters
the fluctuations of the wall friction at the silo wall
the silo geometry
the filling and emptying processes
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
Influences which have a favourable impact upon the bulk material stiffness may
not be taken into account while determining the loads and examining the
stability of the wall. A positive impact of a wall deformation upon the pressures
which develop in the bulk material may not be estimated, except if a
reasonable and verified method of calculation can be proved.
(3)
NOTE
The layout of the silo geometry for a mass flow is beyond the scope of this standard. The
methods and procedures specific to bulk material technology have to be used for this purpose.
0.8
Series1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
24
40
60
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
0.8
0.6
Series1
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
Legend
1
6.2.1 General
(1)
The material properties of the bulk material stored in the silos, which are to be
quantified for calculating the loads, are to be derived or obtained either as test results or
as data in any other suitable form.
(2)
While using values from test results and other sources of data, the same are to be
evaluated in a suitable manner keeping in mind the type of load in question in each case.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(3)
It should be kept in mind that there may be significant differences between the
material parameters measured in tests and the parameters that are determined by the
actual behaviour of the bulk material in the silo.
(4)
While evaluating the differences in bulk material parameters mentioned in (3), the
While evaluating the differences in bulk material parameters mentioned in (3) with
ref. to the coefficients of wall friction, the following factors must be kept in mind:
corrosion and chemical reaction of the bulk material particles, dampness
and the wall
abrasion and wear which can roughen or smoothen the wall of the silo
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
While determining the values for the material parameters the following is to be
kept in mind:
the facts regarding the application of the relevant tests should be wellpublicised and common knowledge
a comparison of the values of the individual parameters which have been
measured in the tests with the corresponding published parameters, taking
into account the experimental values
the deviation of the parameters relevant to the calculations
the results obtained from the large scale measurements on silos of similar
styles
correlation of results from different types of tests
perceptible changes in the material parameters during the period when the
silo is in use
(7)
The choice of the characteristic material parameters has to be made on the basis
of values the have been determined through laboratory tests, with due regard for
know-how acquired through experience.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(8)
CATEGORY
DESCRIPTION OF WALLSURFACE
TYPES OF MATERIAL
Cold-rolled stainless steel
Scarred stainless steel
D1
Polished
D2
Smooth
D3
Rough
D4
Corrugated
The effect of wrinkling in these surfaces has to be very carefully examined by means of the
particles embedded in the wall surface.
NOTE
rather than the roughness. The main reason for this is that there is only a small
correlation between the degree of roughness and the measured amount of wall friction
caused by the bulk material that slides along the wall surface.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
The material parameters to be used for the design calculation may have deviations
due to the changes in the structure, the production procedure, the grain size
distribution, moisture content, age and electrical charging during handling; these
need to be taken into account.
(2)
(3)
Bulk materials parameters which are not contained in Table E.1 are to be obtained
by means of test measurements in accordance with 6.3.
(4)
The calculated correction values for the coefficient of wall friction of the bulk
materials should take into account the roughness of the wall surface along which
they glide. In Table 3 the different classes of wall surfaces are defined for use in
this standard.
(5)
For silos with wall surfaces belonging to the class (category) D4 according to
Table 3, the effective wall friction coefficients should be determined according to
the procedure described in D.2.
(6)
The bulk material correction value Cop for the reference surface loads is to be
taken from Table E.1 or calculated according to the equation (8).
The parameters of commonly known bulk materials are to be taken from the Table
E.1. The values given there for the specific gravity correspond to the upper
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
characteristic value, while the parameters for the wall friction m, for the horizontal
load ratio Km and for the angle of the internal friction im represent mean values of
these characteristic quantities.
(2)
If individual bulk materials cannot be clearly classified under the bulk material
categories listed in Table E.1, then their parameters are to be determined
experimentally in accordance with the procedure described under 6.3
(3)
Km
ak
(4)
im
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
For determining the effect of action on silos of the requirement category 1, the
mean values m, Km and im may be used instead of the upper and lower characteristic
values.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
6.3
representative bulk material specimens. For every bulk material property a mean value of
the relevant parameter is to be determined keeping in mind the deviation of its relevant
so-called secondary influence parameter such as bulk material structure, filtering curve,
moisture content, temperature, age and the possibility of electrical charging during
operation or manufacture.
(2)
The characteristic values are derived from the experimentally determined mean
values with the aid of equations (1) to (6) and the corresponding conversion factors ax.
(3)
same one should take into account the fact that the bulk material parameters can
undergo a change during the service life of the silo. Likewise, the possible consequences
of the sedimentation phenomena in the silo and the inaccuracies during processing of the
material specimens are to be taken into account.
(4)
If the test data is there, the conversion factors ax are to be ascertained acc. to
The span between the mean value and the characteristic value of the bulk material
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
6.3.2 Specific Gravity of the Bulk Material
(1)
The specific gravity of the bulk material is to be determined for such a packing
density of the bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to
the packing density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum vertical
fill-pressure bzw in the silo. The vertical pressure Pvft can be determined from the
equations (11) or (86) for the depth of the bulk material at the lower end of the silo shaft.
(2)
For measuring the specific gravity the test procedures acc. to C.6 should be
used.
(3)
The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured
estimation of loads is to be determined for such a packing density of the bulk material
particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the
pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum horizontal fill-pressure Phfb in the
silo. The pressure level Phfb can be determined from the equations (9) or (78) for the
depth of the bulk material at the lower end of the zone with vertical walls.
(2)
For measuring the coefficients of wall friction the test procedures acc. to C.7
should be used.
(3)
The mean value m of the coefficients of wall friction and its standard deviation are
to be determined and derived through tests. If only one mean value can be ascertained
from the data material, the standard deviation is to be estimated in accordance with the
method described in C.11.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured
arc tangents from the ratio of the shear force to the normal force at the break under
equivalent load - for such a packing density of the bulk material particles and at such a
pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing density or the pressure level that is
present in the zone of maximum vertical fill-pressure Pvf. The pressure level Pvf can be
determined from the equations (11) or (86) for the depth of the bulk material at the lower
end of the zone with vertical walls.
(2)
For measuring the angle of internal friction i the test procedures acc. to C.9
should be used.
(3)
The mean value im of the angle of internal friction and its standard deviation are
to be determined and derived through tests. If only one mean value can be ascertained
from the data material, the standard deviation is to be estimated in accordance with the
method described in C.11.
(4)
The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
The horizontal load ratio K for the estimation of loads (the ratio of mean horizontal
pressure to mean vertical pressure) is to be determined for such a packing density of the
bulk material particles and at such a pressure-level, which corresponds to the packing
density or the pressure level that is present in the zone of maximum vertical fill-pressure.
The pressure level pvft can be determined from the equations (11) or (86) for the depth of
the bulk material at the lower end of the zone with vertical walls.
(2)
For measuring the horizontal load ratio K the test procedures acc. to C.8 should be
used.
(3)
The mean value Km of the horizontal load ratio and its standard deviation are to be
determined and derived through tests. If only one mean value can be ascertained from
the data material, the standard deviation is to be estimated in accordance with the
method described in C.11.
(4)
Equation (7) from the mean value of the angle of internal friction for first load application
(7)
The factor 1.1 in equation (7) is used in order to ensure an appropriate derivative
unit of measure for making allowance for the difference between a value of K (= Ko ) that was
measured under virtually absent wall-friction influences and a value of K that was measured in
the presence of wall friction influences (see also 6.2.2 (5)).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(5)
The conversion factor for deriving the characteristic value from the measured
6.3.6 Cohesion c
(1)
The cohesion of bulk material varies with the consolidation stress to which the
For measuring the cohesion c the test procedures acc. to C.9 should be used.
NOTE
Alternatively the cohesion can be estimated by means of results of tests in the shear cells
of Janike. A method for calculating the cohesion from test results is to be taken from C.9.
6.3.7 Bulk material Correction Value for the Reference Surface Load Cop
(1)
The bulk material correction value for the reference surface load Cop is to be
The discharge factors C make allowances for a host of phenomena which arise during the
emptying of silos. The symmetric increase of pressures is relatively independent of the stored bulk material,
yet the unsymmetric components are greatly dependant upon the material. The material-dependency of the
unsymmetric components is represented by the bulk material correction value Cop . This parameter is not
easy to determine with the help of experimental test procedures.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
NOTE 2
A suitable experimental test procedure for the parameter Cop has not so far been
developed. This factor is therefore based on evaluations of tests on silos and on experimental values of
silos with conventional filling and discharge systems, which were established within the usual structural
tolerances.
(2)
Values for the bulk material correction values for the reference surface load Cop of
For materials which are not listed in Table E.1, the bulk material correction value
for the reference surface load can be estimated from the divergence factors for the
horizontal load ratio aK and the wall friction correction value a acc. to equation (8):
Cop = 3.5 a = 2.5 aK 6.2
Where
a
aK
(4)
For special silos or special bulk materials (in the individual case) the suitable bulk
material correction value for the reference surface load Cop can be estimated by means of
large scale experimental investigations in silos with designs that are comparable.
7.1
General
(1)
For the filling and the emptying types of loads, the characteristic values of the
loads described in this section have to be fixed. For this purpose the loads are
differentiated as follows:
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
slim silos
silos of medium slimness
low silos
braced walls silos (silos consisting of braced walls)
silos for the storage of bulk materials air pockets between the bulk material
particles (for example, due to pneumatic discharge aids and homogenizing
silos)
silo hoppers and silo bottoms
(2)
The loads on the vertical silo walls are to be determined in accordance with the
The loads on the vertical walls are made up of a stationary load component, the
symmetrical loads and a free load component, the reference surface loads. Both the
components are to be assessed as acting simultaneously.
(5)
Special types of loads are to be taken into account for large fill and discharge
eccentricities. These are not to be placed simultaneously with the symmetrical and
reference surface loads; each represents a separate and clearly defined load category.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(6)
Detailed guidelines for the calculation of fill and discharge loads are given within
Rules for the additional types of loads for special types of silos and special design
For circular silos with large fill and discharge eccentricities, load estimates are
given in 7.2.4. For non-circular silo bins corresponding load estimates should be derived
from these load estimates, if they are found to be suitable for design calculations.
(9)
If
funnel flow can be ensured within the bulk material without contact points
between the flow zone and the silo walls (see 5.3 (4)), the calculations can be limited to
the estimates of the filling loads, in which case the reference surface loads are to be
taken into account along with these, if required.
7.2
Slim Silos
7.2.1.1
(1)
The symmetric fill loads (see figure 8) are to be calculated acc. to the equations
(9) to (14).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2) After the filling is done and during the storage of the bulk material, the horizontal loads
Phf, the wall friction loads Pwf and the vertical loads Pvf are to be estimated as follows:
(9)
(10)
Pvf ( z ) =
Pho
Y j (z )
K
(11)
With
Pho = Kzo
(12)
1 A
K U
(13)
zo =
Yj (z) =1 e
zo
(14)
Where
The characteristic value for the coefficients of wall friction for the bulk
material at the vertical silo walls
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
K
The depth of the silo material beneath the equivalent surface of the bulk
material
(3)
For the status after the filling is done, the resultant characteristic value of the wall
friction loads Pwf that have been added-up up till depth z with the force per unit of length
in the direction of the circumference e.g. [kN/M] is calculated using:
(15)
(4)
For determining the characteristic values for the required bulk material parameters
(specific gravity (), correction value for wall friction and horizontal load ratio K), the
values given in 6.2 and 6.3 are to be used.
7.2.1.2
(1)
and imperfections during the filling of the silos, reference surface loads or other suitable
load arrangements are to be placed.
(2)
For silos of category 1 the reference surface load can be ignored for the filling
loads.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Phf
z
Phf
Pvf
Pwf
Pwf
hc
z1
Legend
1
3)
For silos in which powdery bulk material is stored and which are filled with the help
of air injection equipment, the placing of reference surface loads for the filling loads can,
as a rule, be done away with.
(4)
The amount of reference surface load to be placed for the filling loads Ppf is to be
estimated on the basis of the maximum possible eccentricity ef the filled cone that
appears at the surface of the bulk material (see fig. 1b).
(5)
The fundamental value of the reference surface load for the filling load Ppf is to be
fixed with:
Ppf = C pf Phf
(16)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
With:
1.5 c d 1
C pf = 0.21Cop 1 + 2 E 2 1 e c
E=
2e f
(17)
(18)
dc
But C pf > 0
(19)
Where
Is the maximum eccentricity of the filled cone which appears at the
ef
Phf
Cop
The height of the zone at which the reference surface load is to be placed (see
figures 9 and 10) amounts to:
s=
(7)
d c
16
0.2d c
(20)
The reference surface load consists of only a horizontally acting load component.
There are no frictional forces to be taken into account as a result of these
horizontal load components.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(8)
The form of the reference surface load for the filling loads depends upon the
structural design of the silo. The following structural designs of silos can be
distinguished with respect to the reference surface load to be placed:
--
--
thin walled silos with circular cross sections, see figure 7.2.14 (e.g. metal
silos without braces);
--
Ppfs
Ppf
Ppf1
Ppf
Ppf
Ppf
S
Ppf
b) other circular silo
zp
hc
hp
S
b
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Ppe,nc
Ppf,nc
Ppe,nc
Ppe,nc
hc
hc
Ppf,nc
ppf,nc
Legend
a
as per choice
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7.2.1.3
(1)
The reference surface load for the filling load Ppf is to be estimated as it acts outwards
Along the opposite sides of a quadratic reference surface with the side length s (see
equation (20)). The unit of measurement for the side length s should be applied to
the curved surface in a suitable manner.
2)
In addition to the reference surface load Ppf that acts outwards, a complementary
Reference surface load Ppfi that is directed inwards is to be placed in the remaining
portion of the silo circumference above the same wall-height (see fig. 9b):
Ppfi =
P pf
7
(21)
Where
Ppf is the fundamental value of the reference surface load acting outwards
for the filling loads acc. to equation (16)
NOTE
The amount and the impact area of the load Ppfi which is directed inwards are chosen
such that the resultants of both the load components counterbalance each other in the
middle at the position at which these are to be placed.
(3)
The reference surface load for the filling loads is to be placed at any
position on the silo wall. However it may be placed in accordance with the manner
described in 7.2.1.3(4).
(4)
Half the height of the vertical bin shaft may be regarded as the most unfavourable
Position for placing the reference surface load. The largest percentage increase of the
dimensioning sections which result from the placing of reference surface loads at this
78
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
position can be carried over to the other areas of the wall by multiplying over there the
design sectional sizes with the value of the ratio between the horizontal fill pressure at
the observed position and the horizontal fill pressure at the position where the reference
surface load was placed.
7.2.1.4
(1) For thin-walled circular silos (dc/t > 200) of the categories 2 and 3 the reference
surface load for the filling loads has to be placed above the height s acc. to equation (20).
It changes from a maximum pressure with the quantity ppf that acts outwards at a
particular point, into a maximum inwards-acting pressure with the same quantity ppf at the
opposite side (see figure 9a). The progression in the circumferential direction is to be
estimated with:
(22)
Where
(2)
Ppf
The horizontal load Fpf that results from the reference surface load of the filling
Fpf =
(3)
sd c Ppf
(23)
For welded silos of category 2, the reference surface load can be placed as active
load in a depth zp beneath the bulk material surface. For zp the smaller of the following
values is decisive:
zp = zo
Where,
and zp = 0.5 hc
(24)
hc is taken as the height of the vertical silo shaft (see fig. 1a).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
For silos with screw and bolt connections of category 2, the reference surface
loads the reference surface load is to be placed at any position as active load.
7.2.1.5
(1)
For non-circular silos of categories 2 and 3, one can make allowance for
the reference surface loads of the fill type by an increase of the symmetrical loads acc. to
(2) and (3).
(2)
point and depth in the silo as a stripe-shaped band with the band width s (acc. to
equation (20)) (see fig. 10a)
(3)
The quantity of the uniform reference surface load Ppf , nc is to be estimated using:
(25)
Where Ppf represents the fundamental value of the reference surface load of the fill type
acc. to equation (16). A suitable estimate for dc is to be derived from fig. 1d.
NOTE
The value and the extent of the uniform load Phf , n are so chosen that the resultant
bending moments for a silo with rectangular cross-section and without internal braces will take on
approximately the same order of magnitude as would result in the case of placing a local
reference surface load Ppf in the middle of the wall.
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7.2.2
7.2.2.1
(1)
For silos of all categories the symmetric discharge loads xx and xx are to be
determined from:
Phe = Ch Phf
(26)
Pwe = Cw Pwf
(27)
Where
Ch
Cw
The emptying factors Ch and Cw are to be estimated for each case present from the
equations (28) up till (32).
(3)
For silos of all categories which are emptied at the surface of the bulk material
(and therefore do not show any flow within the stored bulk material), the values from xx
and xx can be taken as
Ch = Cw = 1.0
(4)
(28)
For slim silos of categories 2 and 3, the discharge factors are to be estimated
using:
Ch = 1.15
(29)
Cw = 1.10
(30)
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(5)
For slim silos of category 1, for which the mean values of the bulk material
parameters K and are used for load determination, the following values are to be taken
as discharge factors:
Ch = 1.15 + 1.51 + 0.4 e Cop
dc
(31)
Cw = 1.41 + 0.4 e
dc
(32)
e = max (e f , eo )
(33)
Where
is the maximum eccentricity of the filled cone which appears during
ef
eo
Cop
is the bulk material correction value for the reference surface load
(see Table E.1)
(6)
For the discharge type load the resultant characteristic value of the wall friction
loads Pwe which have been added-up up to the depth z with the force per unit length for
the circumferential direction of the wall, e.g. [kN/m] is derived from:
(34)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
7.2.2.2
(1)
make allowances for the unplanned unsymmetric loads during emptying of the silo on the
one hand and the eccentricities during filling and emptying on the other (see fig. 1b).
(2)
For silos of category 1, the reference surface load of the discharge type may be
ignored.
(3)
For silos of categories 2 and 3 the procedures described in this section are to be
For silos of categories 2 and 3 the load estimates for slim silos (7.2.4) with large
discharge eccentricities (see 7.1 (5)) are to be used as a separate load-type, in addition
to the procedures described in this section, if the following conditions apply:
the eccentricity of the discharge outlet eo is larger than the critical value
The fundamental value of the outwardly-directed reference surface load for the
p pe = C pe Phe
(35)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
With
C pe
1.5 c d 1
c
= 0.42Cop 1 + 2 E 1 e
E=2
But
e
dc
(36)
(37)
h
C pe 0.272Cop c 1 + E 0 for c 1.2
dc
d c
(38)
e = max (e f , eo )
(39)
Where
ef
eo
Phe
Cop
is the correction value of the bulk material for the reference surface
load (see Table E.1)
(6)
The reference surface load for the discharge type load consists of only one
horizontally acting load component. Additional frictional forces due to this horizontal load
are to be disregarded.
(7)
The form of the reference surface load for the discharge type load depends upon
the structural style of the silo. This standard refers to the following structural styles of the
silos with respect to the reference surface loads to be assessed:
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Thick-walled silos with circular cross-sections see. 7.2.2.3 (reinforced
concrete silos);
thin-walled silos with circular cross-sections, see 7.2.2.4 (metal silos);
Silos with non-circular cross-sections, see 7.2.2.5.
7.2.2.3
(1)
The reference surface load for the discharge type load Ppe (see equation (20)) is to be
Assessed as it acts outwards along the opposing sides on a quadratic reference
Surface with the side length s, in accordance with the illustration in fig. 11b
(2)
In addition to the reference surface load Ppe that acts outwards, a complementary
Reference surface load Ppei that is directed inwards is to be placed in the remaining
portion of the silo circumference above the same wall-height (see fig. 11b):
Ppei =
Ppe
(40)
Where
Ppe is the fundamental value of the reference surface load acting outwards
acc. to equation (35)
NOTE
The amount and the impact area of the load Ppei which is directed inwards are chosen
such that the resultants of both the load components counterbalance each other in the
middle at the position at which these are to be placed.
(3)
The reference surface load for the discharge type load is to be placed at any
position on the silo wall. However this is to be laid out in the manner described in
7.2.2.3(4).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
Half the height of the vertical bin shaft may be regarded as the most unfavourable
position for placing the reference surface load. The percentage increase of the
dimensioning sectional sizes due to the placing of reference surface loads at this position
can be carried over to the other areas of the wall by multiplying over there the sectional
sizes with the value of the ratio between the horizontal fill pressure at the observed
position and the horizontal fill pressure at the position where the reference surface load
was placed.
Ppe1
Ppes
Ppe
Ppe
Ppe
Ppe
S
hc
zp
Ppe S
hp
Legend
a
any
Figure 11: Longitudinal Section and Transverse Section Showing the Load
Diagrams of the Reference Surface Loads during Discharge
86
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
7.2.2.4
(1)
dc
> 200 ) of the categories 2 and 3 the reference
t
surface load for the filling loads has to be placed above the height s acc. to equation (20).
It changes from a maximum pressure with the quantity Ppe that acts outwards at a
particular point, into a maximum inwards-acting pressure with the same quantity Ppe at the
opposite side (see figure 11a). The progression in the circumferential direction is to be
estimated with:
(41)
Where
(2)
Ppe
The horizontal load Fpe that results from the reference surface load of the filling
Fpe =
(3)
(42)
sd c Ppe
For welded silos of category 2, the reference surface loads can be placed as
active load in a depth Z p beneath the bulk material surface. For Z p the smaller of the
following values is to be fixed:
Z p = Zo
and
Z p = 0.5hc
(43)
Where the height of the vertical silo shaft is to be put for hc (see fig. 1a)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
For silos with screw and bolt connections of category 2, the reference surface
loads the reference surface load is to be placed at any position as active load.
Alternatively, the procedure in 7.2.3 can be used.
7.2.2.5
(1)
For non-circular silos of categories 2 and 3, one can make allowance for
The reference surface loads of the fill type by an increase of the symmetrical loads acc.
to (2) and (3)
(2)
point and depth in the silo above a height s (acc. to equation (20)) (see fig. 10b)
(3)
The amount of the uniform reference surface load Ppe, nc is to be assessed using:
(44)
Where Ppe represents the fundamental value of the reference surface load of the
discharge type acc. to equation (35). A suitable estimate for d c is to be derived from fig.
1d.
NOTE
The value and the extent of the uniform load Phe , n are so chosen that the resultant bending
moments for a silo with rectangular cross-section and without beam ties will take on approximately the
same order of magnitude as would result in the case of placing a local reference surface load Ppe in the
middle of the wall.
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In circular silos of category 2 the procedure, using reference surface loads given in
7.2.1 and 7.2.2, for taking into account the unsymmetries in case of filling and
discharge can be approximately replaced by increasing the loads.
(2)
In circular silos the following processes can be used only if the vertical silos are
designed such that they have adequate stiffness at their upper and lower ends to
withstand horizontal deformations and an adequate lateral distribution is ensured.
The upper end and the foot of the silo cylinder shell must be supported along its
circumference against the roof or a ring brace with a structural joint.
(3)
For thick-walled circular silos the resulting horizontal loads in case of filling
phf ,u = phf (1 + C pf )
(45)
p he,u = p he (1 + C pe )
(46)
= 0.5 + 0.01(dc t)
(47)
With
And
1.0
(48)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Where
C pe is the correction value for the reference surface load in case of emptying acc
to equation (36)
(4)
For thin -walled circular silos the resulting horizontal loads in case of filling p hf ,u
and in case of emptying p he,u and the wall friction loads p wf ,u and p we,u which result
from these loads are to be calculated using
(49)
(50)
(51)
(52)
Where
pwf is the symmetrical horizontal load in case of filling acc to equation (10)
pwe is the symmetrical horizontal load in case of emptying acc to equation (27)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
7.2.4.
DISCHARGE
LOADS
FOR
CIRCULAR
SILOS
WITH
LARGE
7.2.4.1
(1)
General
(2)
hc
dc
of the distribution of pressure in the silo. This pressure distribution can arise as a
consequence of the build-up of an external funnel flow (see figures 5d and 12 a).
(3)
In case it is necessary to use the procedure given in 7.2.4.2 and 7.4.2.3, these are
to be treated as separate load-types in addition to the filling and discharge loads
and the estimates of the reference surface loads in 7.2.2 and 7.2.3.
(4)
The estimation of these loads is to be made using the lower characteristic value of
the wall friction and the upper characteristic value of the angle of internal
friction i .
(5)
For silos of category 2 a simplified procedure is allowed acc to 7.2.4.2. For silos of
category 3, the procedures in 7.2.4.3 are to be adopted.
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7.2.4.2
7.2.4.2.1
(1)
For silos of category 2 the calculations must be made only for that volume of the
flow canal which is in contact with the silo wall. The volume of the flow zone in
such case is to be determined through the value of the angle
C = 35 0
7.2.4.2.2
(1)
(53)
In the flow zone the horizontal loads on the vertical wall (see fig 12c) are to be
taken as
Phce = 0
(2)
(54)
In that area in which the bulk material is at rest, the horizontal loads on the vertical
silo walls at depth z (see fig 12c) are to be estimated using
Phse = Phf
(55)
Phae = 2 Phf
(56)
Pwse = Pwf
(57)
Pwae = 2 Pwf
(58)
Where
Phf
Pwf
NOTE
(3)
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7.2.4.3
7.2.4.3.1
(1)
The geometry and the position of the flow channel are to be chosen such that
adequate allowance is made for the geometry of the silo, the discharge-conditions
and the bulk material properties.
(2)
If the conditions for discharge lead to the build-up of a flow channel with a clearly
defined geometry and position, then the parameters which can be derived from
this flow channel should be adopted for further use.
(3)
If the geometry of the flow channel cannot be directly derived from the
arrangement of the outflow openings and the silo geometry, calculations must be
made with at least three different flow channel radii rc , in order to make allowance
for the any chance that the volume of the flow channel may change with the
passage of time. The following three values should be considered:
rc = 0.5r
(59)
rc = 0.75r
(60)
rc = 0.9r
(61)
Where
r is the radius =
dc
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
3
1
1
4
2
2
5
a) Front view
b) cross-section
ph
r
phae
c
rc
phce
ec
Legend
flow channel
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
ec = r (1 G ) + (1 ) 1 G
rc
With
G=
And
= tan
i
(62)
(63)
(64)
Where
is the lower characteristic value of the coefficient of wall friction for the vertical silo
wall
is the upper characteristic value of the angle of internal friction of the stored bulk
material
rc
is the dimensioning value of the flow channel radius acc to equations (59) to (61)
NOTE 1
otherwise a sliding surface would build up within the bulk material. This means that
in equation (64) 1 always.
NOTE 2
not solely and exclusively dependant upon the eccentricity of the outflow opening.
The given procedure intends to make allowance for all those situations which
could lead to the most unfavourable ratios possible in each silo geometry and in
each structural arrangement. The eccentricity of the flow channel can, in effect,
therefore be smaller than the critical filling eccentricity ecf ,cr and the critical
discharge eccentricity eco,cr .
NOTE 3
This estimate of the position and volume of the flow channel is based upon
the principle of minimizing the frictional resistance of the bulk material at the
peripheral surface of the flow channel based on the simplistic assumption that the
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
circumference of the flow channel is a circular curve. Other suitable procedures for
the determination of the circumference of the flow channel may also be used.
(5)
Apart from the flow channel geometries mentioned in (3), in case of a hopper for
expanded flow (see fig 6d) one has to consider the additional possibility of a flow
channel with a radius equivalent to the radius of the silo cross-section at the upper end of
the hopper for expanded flow.
(6)
The limitation of the contact surface between the flow channel and the silo wall is
(7)
(r
+ ec rc
2
(65)
2rec
The curve-length of the contact surface between the flow channel and the wall is:
U wc = 2 c r
(66)
And the curve-length of the contact surface between the flow channel and the bulk
material which is in a state of rest is:
U sc = 2rc ( )
(67)
r
sin c
rc
(68)
Where
sin =
A c = ( )rc + c r 2 rr c sin ( c )
2
(69)
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7.2.4.3.2
(1)
The horizontal loads on the vertical walls in the flow channel zone (see fig 12c) are
dependant upon the depth z beneath the equivalent bulk material surface and can be
calculated in acc with:
p hce = p hco 1 e
z oc
(70)
The wall friction loads acting upon the walls at depth z can be determined by:
z
(71)
With
p hco = Kz oc
z oc =
Ac
1
K U wc + U sc tan i
(72)
(73)
Where
(2)
The horizontal loads on the silo walls at depth z in the area outside the flow zone
p hse = p hf
(74)
p wse = p wf
(75)
Where
phf
is the horizontal loads in case of filling loads in acc with equation (9)
pwf
is the wall friction loads in case of filling loads in acc with equation (10)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(3)
Higher loads act directly upon the vertical silo walls (see fig 12c) in the passage
leading from the flow zone to the area where the bulk material is in a state of rest. These
outward-acting horizontal loads next to the flow channel at depth z beneath the
equivalent surface of the bulk material are to be estimated using:
p hae = 2 p hf p hce
(76)
And the accompanying wall friction loads corresponding to these, upon the wall at depth
z are to be estimated using:
7.3
wae
= p hae
(77)
The symmetric fill loads (see figure 13) are to be calculated acc. to the equations
(78) to (87).
(2)
The values for the horizontal loads Phf and the wall friction loads Pwf for the fill type
loads are to be fixed at each position as follows:
Phf = PhoYR ( z )
(78)
Pwf = Phf
(79)
With:
Pho = Kzo =
1 A
=
U
z h n
o
+ 1
Yr ( z ) = 1
zo ho
(80)
(81)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
zo =
1 A
K U
(82)
h
n = (1 + tan r )1 o
zo
(83)
Where
ho
r
ho = tan r
3
(84)
And as
ho =
dc
tan for a symmetrically filled rectangular silo (85)
3
Where
Characteristic value for the coefficients of wall friction between the bulk
material and the vertical silo walls
is the characteristic value of the horizontal load ratio of the stored bulk
material
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(3)
The amount of the vertical load Pvf at a depth of zv is to be fixed for the fill type load
using:
Pvf = zv
(86)
n +1
(
z zo 2ho )
1
z h
zv = ho
(n + 1) o o
(zo ho )n
(87)
Where
ho
2
3
Legend
1
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
For the fill load the resultant characteristic value of the wall friction loads Pwf which
have been added up to a bulk material depth z with the force per unit length in the
circumferential direction of the wall, e.g. [kN/m] is calculated using:
(88)
7.3.1.2
(1)
The fill type of reference surface loads Ppf are to be fixed at each point in the
vertical projection of the silo as allowance for unplanned loads and small filling
eccentricities (see figure 1b)
(2)
Details for determining the form, the position and the amount of the reference
surface load for fill loads are to be taken from the regulations in 7.2.1
(3)
The reference surface load consists of only one horizontally acting load component.
There are no additional friction loads to be taken into account as a consequence of this
horizontal component.
(4)
hc
1.0 of all categories, the fill type of reference surface loads need
dc
hc
< 2.0 of category 1, the fill type of reference
dc
101
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(6)
hc
< 2.0 of categories 2 and 3 the reference
dc
surface loads of the fill type e f are to be used acc. to 7.2.1 by way of allowance for the
incidental unsymmetric loads and small eccentricities during filling up Ppf (see fig. 1b).
7.3.2
7.3.2.1
(1)
be fixed for making allowance for the possible short term load increases during the
discharge processes.
(2)
h
For low silos c 1.0 the symmetric discharge loads can be equalized with the
dc
h
(3) For silos of medium slimness 1.0 < c < 2.0 the symmetrical discharge loads Phe and
dc
(89)
Pwe = Cw Pwf
(90)
Where
Ch And Cw
are the discharge factors for the horizontal loads and wall
friction loads acc. to the equations (91) to (96).
(4)
For silos of all categories which are emptied from the surface (whereby no friction
takes place within the stored bulk material) the values Ch and Cw zu can be taken as
Cw = Ch = 1.0
(91)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(5)
For silos with medium slimness of the categories 2 and 3, the discharge factors
Ch = 1.0 + 0.15CS
(92)
Cw = 1.0 + 0.10CS
(93)
CS =
(6)
hc
1.0
dc
(94)
For silos with medium slimness of category 1, the discharge factors are to be
calculated as follows if the mean values of the material parameters K and have been
used in fixing the load:
e
Ch = 1.0 + 0.15 + 1.51 + 0.4 Cop Cs
dc
(95)
e
Ch = 1.0 + 0.41 + 1.4 CS
dc
(96)
e = max (e f , eo )
(97)
Where
ef
eo
Cop
Bulk material correction value for the reference surface load acc. to Table
E.1
Cs
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(7)
For discharge load the resultant characteristic value of the wall friction loads
Pwe added up to depth z - with the force per unit length in the circumferential direction of
the wall, e.g. [kN/m] to be derived from:
(97a)
7.3.2.2
(1)
The reference surface loads Ppe in case of discharge are to be fixed taking into
account unplanned loads and small filling eccentricities (see fig. 1b).
(2)
Details of the form, positioning and quantity of the discharge type reference
h
For low silos c 1.0 of all categories, the formulation of a reference surface
dc
load of the discharge type can be ignored (i.e. C pe = 0 ) in case of an eccentricity during
emptying eo which is smaller than the critical value of eo , cr = 0.1d c
(4)
h
For low silos and silos of medium slimness c < 2.0 of category 1, the
dc
formulation of a reference surface load of the discharge type can be ignored (i.e C pe = 0 ).
(5)
h
For low silos c 1.0 of category 2 and an eccentricity during emptying eo which
dc
is greater than the critical value of eo , cr = 0.1d c , the formulations in 7.3.2.3 can be used.
(6)
h
For silos with medium slimness 1.0 < c < 2.0 of category 2, the formulations in
dc
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(7)
h
For low silos c 1.0 of category 3 and an eccentricity during emptying xx which
dc
is greater than the critical value of eo ,cr = 0.1d c , the formulations in 7.2.2.2 up to 7.2.2.5
are be used.
(8)
h
For silos with medium slimness 1.0 < c < 2.0 of category 3, the procedures in
dc
7.3.2.3
(1)
For silos of category 2, the procedure for reference surface loads in 7.3.1.2 and
7.3.2.2 can, by and large, be replaced by a uniform increase of the horizontal loads in
order to make allowance for the non-symmetries during fill and discharge.
(2)
The procedures under 7.2.3 can be applied to the values of the reference surface
loads from 7.3.1.2 and 7.3.2.2 by using the equations (45) to (52), depending on the case
at hand.
(1)
h
In circular low silos and circular silos of medium slimness c
< 2.0 that belong
dc
to category 3 and in which the eccentricity of the cone formed during filling is greater than
the critical value of et ,cr = 0.25d c (see fig. 14) the effect of the unsymmetric load
distribution on the vertical silo walls has to be examined.
(2)
A conventional manual calculation, in which the vertical wall loads PzSk as per
equation (98) are added to the symmetric fill loads and discharge loads, can be used to
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
meet the requirements of 7.3.3 (1). The symmetric loads are to be determined for a state
of fullness with equivalent bulk material surface presuming a symmetric filling in
accordance with 7.3.1.1.
ef
Zs
dc=2r
Legend
1
The effect of the unsymmetric loads can be taken into account by increasing the
vertical forces near that wall where the filling height is the maximum.
NOTE
The increase of the vertical forces arises from the global bending of
the silo. The bending occurs because the height of the material heaped along the wall
opposite to side from where the material is being fed is comparatively smaller and thus
the relevant horizontal loads which maintain equilibrium are absent. The increase of
the vertical load is to be added with the wall friction loads, which are calculated using the
symmetric loads (see above).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
The characteristic value of the resultant additional vertical wall load PzSk ( z s ) is to
be determined at a depth z beneath the highest lying contact point of the bulk material
and the wall, using:
e
PzSk = 0.04 p ho z s tan r t 6 + 7 Z Z 2
r
(98)
And the force per unit of length in the circumferential direction with:
p ho =
A r
=
U 2
(99)
Z=
Zs
B
(100)
B=
r
ho
2K
(101)
et 2
r tan r 1
r
ho =
(102)
Where
zs
is the depth beneath the highest lying contact point of the bulk material and the
wall
et
is the eccentricity of the peak of the fill cone (see fig 1b and 14).
(6)
The load component from equation (98) is to be added with the load component
fsrom the sum total of the wall friction loads acc to equation (88).
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7.3.4 LARGE DISCHARGE ECCENTRICITIES IN CIRCULAR LOW SILOS AND
CIRCULAR SILOS WITH MEDIUM SLIMNESS
(1)
For a discharge eccentricity eo , which is greater than the critical value eo ,cr = 0.25d c
the procedure as per 7.2.4 is to be used in case of low silos and silos with medium
h
< 2 . 0 of categories 2 and 3. The loads described therein are to
slimness c
d
c
7.4
The effect of the geometry of the filling angle and if required the buckling of the
braced wall is to be taken into account for the determination of the fill loads.
(2)
While determining the horizontal load ratio K, the resistance of the wall to radial
A characteristic value for the horizontal load Ph upon the vertical walls (see fig. 16)
is to be worked out.
NOTE 1
The characteristic value of the horizontal load xx upon the vertical walls can be
approximately determined in the following manner:
Ph = K (1 + sin r )z S
(103)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Where
zS
Is the depth beneath the highest contact point of the bulk material with the wall
(see fig 16);
NOTE 2
Is the upper characteristic value of the horizontal load ratio of the bulk material
Equation (103) provides recognized realistic load estimates for a straight vertical wall with
fully developed wall friction contacts, subject to the condition that the angle of slope and the angle of
internal friction are identical.
(4)
The characteristic value of the resultant additional vertical wall load (pressure)
Pzsk (z S ) the force per unit of length in the circumferential direction at any depth z S
beneath the highest contact point of the bulk material and the wall, is to be determined in
accordance with the load estimate under (3) taking into account the wall friction angle
zu .
NOTE 3
The characteristic value of the resultant additional vertical wall load (pressure) Pzsk ( z S )
Pzsk =
K
2
(1 + sin r )z 2 S
(104)
Where
(5)
The other regulations within this standard notwithstanding, the deviation of the
is the upper characteristic value of the coefficients of wall friction of the bulk material
bulk material parameters in case of braced wall silos has to be accepted by making
adequate allowance for it using the upper characteristic value of the specific gravity
and the horizontal correction value of the bulk material K .
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
r
1
Zs
Legend
1
It can be presumed that the discharge loads on the vertical walls here are smaller
With reference to 7.4.2 (1) it must be taken into account that uneven distribution of
loads can occur as a result of an uneven intake of bulk material into the silo.
7.5
7.5.1 GENERAL
(1)
Additional loads arising from fluidization and from air pressures caused by the
injection of air are to be taken into account while dimensioning.
110
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
Homogenising silos with fluidized bulk material and silos into which bulk material is
poured at high speed (see 3.1.16 and 3.1.17) are to be dimensioned for both the
situations:
(3)
--
--
In the situation where the bulk material is not fluidized, the loads are to be treated
in accordance with the procedure in 7.2 or 7.3.
In silos for storage of powdery bulk material (see 3.1.31) it is to be presumed that
the stored bulk material can become fluidized in case the speed of the increasing
bulk material surface exceeds 10m/h.
NOTE
The conditions under which the bulk material can fluidise depend on several
factors that are not easy to define. The above-mentioned criterion is a simple
means of assessing whether this type of load can have a bearing on dimensioning.
If doubts still persist about a possible fluidization of the bulk material, then a
specialised opinion (e.g. bulk material mechanics) is called for.
(2)
In homogenizing silos for storage of powdery bulk material (see 3.1.16) which are
in continual operation, one has to take into account the fact that the bulk material
could fluidise.
(3)
The horizontal loads on the silo walls ph on account of the fluidized bulk material
can be computed acc to equation (105):
ph = 1 z
(105)
Where
111
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
The specific gravity 1 of a bulk material in the fluidized state can be estimated
using the relationship
1 = 0.8
(106)
Where is the specific gravity of the powdery bulk material acc to section 6
7.6
7.6.1 General
(1)
Design calculations for a silo structure should take into account the effects of
temperature differences between the bulk material and the silo structure and/or between
the surroundings and the silo structure.
(2)
and parts of the silo wall or the entire silo wall, the silo is to be rated for the additional
loads due to differing thermal elongations subject to acceptance of a stiff bulk material.
(3)
The temperature conditions are to be fixed acc. to the regulations in DIN 1055-7.
(4)
Differing temperature deformations of the silo and the components associated with
112
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
concrete is typical of roof structures in which the roof trusses just run upon the silo walls on slide bearings
(without structural connections).
within a short span of time, then the additional loads due to differences between the
temperature deformations of the outer structure and the mass of the bulk material that
has been filled (the latter being relatively less affected by thermal influences) are to be
taken into account.
(2)
For silos with a circular ground plan, additional horizontal loads PhT are to be fixed,
which act upon the vertical silo walls when the container cools down to a greater degree
than the bulk material stored. The additional loads at each point of the contact surface
between the silo walls and the bulk material are to be computed by:
PhT = CT w T
Ew
r
Ew
+ (1 )
EsU
t
(107)
Where
CT
113
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Ew
is the Poisson number of the bulk material (approximately fixed with v = 0.3)
EsU
is the effective elasticity modulus of the bulk material during pressure relief at a
depth z in the bulk material.
(3)
The computation of the effective elasticity modulus EsU of the bulk material during
pressure relief in the bulk material depth z, has to take into account the size of the
vertical fill load Pvf in the bulk material at this position.
(4)
The effective elasticity modulus EsU of the bulk material during pressure relief is to
be determined acc. to the procedure described in C.10.
(5)
If the effective elasticity modulus EsU of the bulk material is determined by tests, a
temperature-related load augmentation factor of CT = 1.2 is to be fixed. Should an
effective elasticity modulus be derived by approximation from the bulk material
thickness, a temperature-related load augmentation factor of CT = 3 is to be fixed.
Should bulk materials with high temperatures be stored in a silo, an allowance has
to be made for the difference in the temperatures between that part of the material
which has been in the silo for a longer time and cooled down, and that part of the
material which is being added on above the bulk material surface where the air
114
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
temperatures are higher. The effects of these temperature differences upon the
expansion pattern of the silo wall has to be observed.
(2)
These effects do not need to be taken into account for silos of category 1.
7.7
The wall loads caused by the bulk materials stored in silos of rectangular cross
section are to be fixed, depending upon the case, acc. to 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4.
(2)
The loads determined at a specific bulk material depth in accordance with 7.2 can
be taken as mean values. The localized loads at this position can deviate from this mean
value.
(3)
The general requirements of 6.1 (2) notwithstanding, for design calculations for
silos of categories 1 and 2 the favourable effect of the interaction between the bulk
material and the silo wall which takes the form of a transpositioning of the horizontal
loads from the centre of the wall (decrease) to the corners (increase) can be taken into
account if the silo wall is so designed that its stiffness is comparable with the stiffness of
the stored bulk material.
(4)
In case the load transpositioning is being estimated in accordance with 7.7.1 (3),
In rectangular silo bins with beam ties running within the silos cross-section, the
bulk material loads upon the walls are to be fixed acc. to the methods in 7.2, 7.3 or 7.4
depending on the case.
115
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
The loads which are imposed by the braces upon the silo walls are to be
For silos of category 1 and 2, the calculation methods given in DIN V ENV 1993-4-
1:2002-05 Section 9 are to be used for making allowances for the loads upon the silo
structures caused by the internal beam ties.
8.1
General
This section gives the applicable characteristic values of the fill and discharge
116
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
if the angle of inclination of the bottom vis--vis the horizontal is less than
5o then the bottom is presumed to be level
if the other two cases mentioned do not apply, then the hopper is presumed
to have a gentle inclination
A hopper is said to be steep if the foll. criteria are met (see figures 17 and
18):
1 K
tan <
2
(108)
Where
NOTE
A hopper is said to be steep if the bulk material slides along the inclined walls subject to the
condition that the silo is filled-up and the bulk material is in a thickened (consolidated) state caused by the
bulk material stored in the silo. The resistance to friction on the hopper walls may then be defined in terms
of the normal pressures on the hopper wall and the coefficients of wall friction. It may be referred to as fully
mobilized wall friction in this case. A hopper is said to be gently inclined if the bulk material does not flow
along the inclined walls of the hopper when the silo is full (the angle of inclination with reference to the
horizontal is too small or the wall friction is too high). The wall friction then does not have a direct
relationship with the normal pressures acting on the hopper walls and the coefficients of wall friction, but is
somewhat lower and depends upon the hoppers angle of inclination and the level of stress in the hopper
(wall friction is not fully mobilized). Here the compressibility of the bulk material does play a role, yet it may
be ignored. In case of a transition from a steep hopper to a flat hopper the pressure estimates of both types
117
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
of hoppers show an identical distribution pattern and identical values in both cases. The transition from a
steep to a flat hopper therefore takes place in uniform manner (angle of inclination for which the wall friction
is fully mobilized
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
K=0.7
K=0.6
K=0.5
K=0.4
K=0.3
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
z
Pvft
hh
Phf
Phf
Phf
Phf
Phf
Phf
x
steil
flach
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
8.1.2 General Rules
(1)
The mean vertical loads at the hopper transition and on a horizontal bottom may
be calculated with:
Pvft = Cb Pvf
(109)
Where
Pvf
is the vertical fill load acc. to the relevant equations (11) or (86)
depending upon the slimness of the silo. For coordinate z here, one
has to take the height of the silo walls hc (i.e. at the hopper transition
shown in fig. 1a) and the bulk material parameters which lead to the
maximum hopper loads given in Table 2;
Cb
(2)
Cb = 1.0
(3)
(110)
For silos of category 1, if the mean values and the material parameters and
are used for determination of the load, then the bottom load augmentation factor is to
be fixed acc. To equation (111):
Cb = 1.3
(111)
119
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
--
In a silo with a slim vertical silo shaft, when used for storage of bulk materials
which cannot be classified as bulk materials with marginal cohesion (see 3.1.23),
--
If the stored bulk material shows a tendency for interlocking amongst the bulk
Or, due to reasons other than the ones mentioned, there is a tendency for
The determination of the cohesion c of a bulk material is described in C.9. The cohesion c
is rated as marginal, if it does not exceed the value c/ = 0.04, when the bulk material consolidates on
being subjected to a stress level of (see 3.1.23).
(5)
during emptying of the silo (see paragraph (4)), then larger loads have to be placed for
the hoppers and the silo bottoms. The bottom load increase factor is then to be estimated
by:
Cb = 1.2
(112)
Cb = 1.6
for category 1
(113)
NOTE 2
The loads on the hopper walls can alternatively be fixed acc. to the procedure described
in Annex H.
NOTE 3
The increased values for xx acc. to equation (113) must be used only when the
simplified procedures for load determination with the mean values of the characteristic bulk material
parameters have been used in category 1.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(6)
In each of the cases, the mean vertical load in the hopper is to be determined at a
height x above the (theoretical) apex of the hopper (see fig. 18) as follows:
h x x
Pv = h
n 1 hh hh
x
+ Pv ft
hh
(114)
Where
n = S (F heff cot + F ) 2
(115)
and
S = 2 for conical and quadratic pyramid-shaped hoppers
(116)
(117)
(118)
Where
hh
Is the vertical distance (height) between the apex of the hopper and the
The vertical coordinate going outwards from the apex of the hopper (see fig.
18)
heff
is the coefficient for making allowance for the shape of the hopper
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
F
is the characteristic value of the load ratio in the hoppers (in each case acc.
to the equations (123), (127) or (133)
Is the angle of inclination of the hopper with respect to the vertical (= 90o
) or the steepest angle with respect to the vertical in the case of a
quadratic or rectangular pyramid type of hopper
Pv ft
Is the mean vertical load in the bulk material at the transition of the hopper
for the filling loads (equation (109))
(7)
While determining the load ratio F in the hopper, one has to consider whether the
hopper has to be rated as steep or as flat and whether the load in question is fill-type or
discharge-type of load. Suitable values for F are to be determined acc. to 8.3 or 8.4.
(8)
The determination of a suitable value for the effective or mobilized coefficients wall
friction heff in the hopper has to take into consideration the question whether the hopper
has to be classified as steep or as flat or whether the load in question is of fill-type or
discharge-type. Suitable values are to be determined acc. to 8.3 or 8.4.
8.2
The vertical loads on horizontal silo bottoms (inclination 5o) can approximately
be taken as constant, except if the silo is classified as low and medium-slim. In such
cases the specification in 8.2.2 are to be used.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
pv = pvft
(118)
Where
pvft is to be calculated using equation (109)
(3)
The vertical loads on horizontal silo bottoms for discharge loads are to be
8.2.2 Vertical Loads on Level Silo Bottoms in Low Silos and Silos with Medium
Slimness
(1)
For low silos and silos with medium slimness one has to keep in mind that in case
of horizontal silo bottoms, local bottom loads larger than the ones in 8.1.2 (equation
(109)) can occur.
(2)
The vertical loads pvsq on the horizontal silo bottom of a low silo and a silo with
h
2.0 c
dc
Pvsq = Pvb + Psq
htp
2.0
dc
(119)
Where
(120)
Pvtp = htp
(121)
123
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
htp
ho
2
hc
Legend
1
lowest point of the wall without any contact with the bulk material
The bottom loads p vsq acc to equation (119) can be computed for both fill loads
The value of p vsq acc to equation (119) reproduces the vertical loads in the vicinity
of the midpoint of the silo bottom. If support cannot be ensured for the bottom plate, then
a functional distribution of loads is required.
8.3
STEEP HOPPER
For filling as well as for emptying loads the following value has to be computed for
heff = h
(122)
124
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Where
is the lower characteristic value of the angle of wall friction in the hopper.
For fill loads the mean vertical stress at any given position x in a steep hopper is to
acc to
equation (123):
Ff = 1
b
tan
1 +
h
(123)
n = S (1 b ) h cot
(124)
Where
b.
The loads perpendicular to the hopper walls p nf and the wall friction loads ptf at
any given position x of the wall of a steep hopper are to be calculated for the fill type of
loads (see fig 17) acc to the equations (125) and (126):
p nf = F f p v
(125)
ptf = h F f pv
(126)
Where
Ff
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
For discharge loads the mean vertical stress at any given position x in a steep
hopper is to be calculated acc to equations (114) and (115) using the parameter Fe :
Fe =
1 + sin i cos
1 sin i cos(2 + )
(127)
sin wh
sin i
(128)
With
= wh + arcsin
wh = arctan h
(129)
Where
is the lower characteristic value of the coefficient of wall friction for the hopper
is the upper characteristic value of the angle of internal friction of the bulk material
stored in the hopper
NOTE 1
It is to be noted that the angle of internal friction of the hopper wall is always
smaller than or equal to the angle of internal friction of the bulk material stored in the
hopper (i.e. wh i ) , because otherwise a sliding surface will develop within the bulk
material when transverse stresses that can act upon the wall are larger than the internal
friction of the bulk material.
NOTE 2
The above equation (127) for Fe is based upon the simple theory of Walker
for discharge pressures in hoppers. It is also possible to use the alternative expression
for Fe by Enstad which is given in H.11.
(2)
The loads perpendicular to the hopper walls p ne and the wall friction loads pte at
any position x of the wall of a steep hopper are to be calculated for the discharge type of
loads (see fig 20) acc to the equations (130) and (131):
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
p ne = Fe p v
(130)
pte = h Fe p v
(131)
Where
Fe
Phe
Pvft
Zf
hh
Pne
Phf
Phf
Pne
Phe
Pne
Pne
x
steep
flat
8.4
FLAT HOPPERS
heff =
(1 K )
2 tan
(132)
127
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Where
is the lower characteristic value of the horizontal load ratio in the vertical
silo shaft, which leads to the maximum hopper loads (see table 2)
is the angle of inclination of the hopper with reference to the vertical axis
(see fig 18)
In fill loads the mean vertical stress at each depth of the bulk material in the
hopper is to be calculated as per equations (114) and (115), using the parameter F f , as
follows:
Ff = 1
1 + tan
heff
(133)
n = S (1 b ) heff cot
(134)
Where
heff
The loads perpendicular to the hopper walls p nf and the wall friction loads pte at
any position x of the wall of a flat hopper are to be calculated for the discharge type of
loads (see fig 18) acc to the equations (135) and (136):
p ne = Fe p v
(135)
pte = h Fe p v
(136)
128
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Where
Ff
(1)
For hoppers in which fluidization of the bulk material in the entire silo or certain
parts thereof due to use of air-injection equipment cannot be ruled out, allowance has to
be made for the additional loads due to fluidization and the air pressures.
(2)
These loads should be determined without an estimation of the wall friction loads
as described in 7.5.2.
LOADS ON TANKS
9.1
GENERAL
The following rules are applicable for the determination of the characteristic loads caused
by fluids stored in tanks.
NOTE 1
These rules are applicable for all types of tanks under static conditions.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
9.2
(1)
Loads from stored bulk materials are to be calculated keeping in mind the
following factors:
(2)
--
--
--
p (z ) = * z
(137)
Where
9.3
9.4
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ANNEX A
(INFORMATIVE)
THE BASES FOR STRUCTURAL PLANNING RULES SUPPLEMENTING DIN 1055100 FOR SILOS AND TANKS
A.1
General
(1)
The format given in DIN 1055-100 is the basis for design calculations. However
there is a fundamental difference between silos and tanks vis--vis other structures for
the most part of their service life they are exposed to full loads arising from the bulk
material and fluids stored therein and these , as a rule, constitute a large proportion of
the fixed loads which result from the structures inherent weight.
(2)
This Annex lays down additional rules for the partial safety factors relating to the
influences ( F -correction values) and the combination of influences as well as for the
relevant combined correction values ( -correction values) for silos and tanks.
(3)
and the effects of hot bulk materials. The following calculating-conditions must be taken
into account:
--
Hot bulk materials that are poured into partially filled silos or tanks. In such cases
Deformation of the silo wall structure caused by the bulk material as it cools down.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(4)
groupings of silo bins or tanks, the most unfavorable combination possible of filled and
empty bins are to be used.
A.2
(1)
For the design calculations of silos and tanks, the values given in DIN 1055-
If the maximum filling height and the highest specific gravity to be computed in
case of the fluids provided for storage is not exceeded, then the safety factor correction
value Q may be reduced from 1.50 to 1.35.
A.2.2 Combined Correction Value
The combined correction values for silo loads and loads in tanks and the combined
correction values for other influences are given in Table A.1
A.3
Combination of Influences
While furnishing proof of the loading capacity of a silo the following influences are to be
considered:
filling and storage of bulk materials
emptying of bulk materials
own loads and live loads (DIN 1055-3)
snow loads and ice loads (DIN 1055-5)
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wind actions, in filled as well as empty silos (DIN 1055-4)
temperature influences (DIN 1055-7)
forced deformations (impressed deformations): subsidences in the foundation
zone
earthquakes (DIN 4149)
dust explosions (see DIN-special report on dust explosions1)
A.4
Calculating-Conditions
and
Combined-Influences
for
Categories 2 and 3
(1)
(2)
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Influence
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.3
places up to NN + 1 000 m
0.5
0.2
0.7
0.5
0.2
wind loads
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
other influences **
0.8
0.7
0.5
A.5
For silos of category 1 the following simplified calculating situations can be used:
--
Filling
--
Emptying
--
--
--
--
Dust explosion
In case of wind loads the use of the simplified rules given in DIN 1055-4 are allowed.
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ANNEX B
(NORMATIVE)
B.1
General
(1)
The design calculations have to take into account the characteristic values of the
For these characteristic values the partial safety factors of the influences given in
B.2
Influences
During operation, the inherent-weight loads of the products that are filled in are to
be computed (beginning from the state of maximum fullness till the state of complete
emptying out) as loads resulting from filling.
(2)
During a test filling, the inherent-weight loads of the test-filling substances that are
filled in are to be computed (beginning from the state of maximum fullness till the state of
complete emptying out) as loads resulting from filling.
During operation, loads at the specified minimum and maximum values of the
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
During a test filling, loads at the specified minimum and maximum values of the
internal pressures during the test filling are to be regarded as loads resulting from
internal pressure.
The resultant of the inherent weights of all individual components of the container
and the components attached to the latter are to be computed as inherent load.
The inherent weights of the insulation are to be computed as loads arising due to
insulation.
(2)
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B.2.9 Wind
(1)
(2)
Additionally one can take the following coefficients of pressure for circular
c p = 0.6
b)
c)
If there is a collecting tank then the pressure acting externally on the tank can be
computed as it decreases with height in a linear direction from top to bottom.
(3)
In keeping with their temporary character, the wind loads reduced during the
building phase can be computed in accordance with DIN 1055-4 and
DIN 1055-8
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Cp a
Cp a
Cp b
0 00m
Cp=0.6
DT
Dc
Cpa
a)
Cpa
Cpb
DT
b)
Legend
a)
b)
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B.3
(1)
The safety factors given in DIN 1055-100 are to be used for influences listed under
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
It is recommended that the safety factor for loads from fluids be computed for
It is recommended that the safety factor for loads from fluids be computed during
that the safety factor be computed using F = 1.00 for variable influences.
B.4
Combinations of Influences
(1)
(2)
Live loads and snow loads must not be computed as simultaneous forces.
(3)
Seismic influences must not be taken into consideration during the test filling.
(4)
Catastrophic influences must not be taken into consideration during the test filling.
The combination regulations for extraordinary loads in DIN 1055-100:2001-03 10.4 are
however to be taken into consideration.
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ANNEX C
(Normative)
General
(1) This annex describes test procedures which are introduced in this
standard exclusively for the purpose of determining bulk material parameters
which are used in the determination of the loads in silos. These procedures
are not applicable for designing of silos in the context of ensuring a reliable
bulk material flow. The level of pressure taken as the basis for the
determination of the bulk material parameters is far higher in the case of the
determination of bulk material loads than it would be in the case of a study of
the bulk material mechanism in the context of bulk material flow -- the reason
being that high pressures are required for the bulk material specimen being
tested to satisfy the relevant conditions pertaining to bulk materials. The
process of preparation of the specimens therefore differs in some respects
from what is considered standard procedure in terms of bulk material
mechanics.
(2) Compactness of a high order is required while preparing the specimen in
order to obtain a representative bulk material packing. All parameters which
influence the silo loads are to be determined subject to this condition,
because this condition of high compactness describes the reference status
for the upper characteristic values of the actions on the silo structure.
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C.2
Application
(1) The test procedures described in this annex are to be used for the
calculation of loads of silos in category 3 and for bulk materials which are not
contained in Table E.1. They can also be used as an alternative to the values
given in Table E.1 for the determination of the bulk material parameters. The
reference stresses in the tests act either in the vertical or the horizontal
direction. They have to reproduce stress levels, which are representative of
those that exist in the stored bulk material e.g. in the hopper passage during
the fill-load.
(2) The test procedures could also be used for the measurement of generally
applicable bulk material parameters for determining the loads of silos, but not
for specific silo geometry. Tests which are supposed to provide generally
applicable parameters for the designing of different silos can be conducted
subject to the foll. Level of reference load:
(a)
for making allowance for vertical loads (C.6, C.8 and C.9):
reference stress r = 100 kPa;
(b)
r = 50 kPa;
C.3
Symbols
ax
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Fr
K mo
Displacement of the upper part of the shear bin during shear test
Coefficient of friction between the bulk material specimen and the wall
specimen (coefficient of wall friction)
Reference stress
C.4
Definitions
C.4.1
Secondary Parameters
Each parameter which can influence the characteristic values of the stored
bulk material, but is not listed amongst the main factors that lead to variance
of the characteristic values. The composition, the grain grading (grain-size
distribution), the moisture content, the temperature, the age, the electrical
charging during operation and the production methods are a few examples of
the secondary parameters. The variances in the reference stresses defined in
C.2 may be regarded as secondary parameters.
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C.4.2
Specimen Selection
Choosing specimen that represent the bulk material, that is provided for
storage or the material of the silo wall, while taking into account that the
properties of the material are subject to change with the passage of time.
C.4.3
Reference stress
The state of stress that is prevalent at the time of measuring the
characteristic values of the bulk material. The reference stress is generally
chosen such that it corresponds to the level of stress prevalent in the bulk
material after the filling of the silo. At times it may be necessary to define the
reference stress in terms wider than just the principal stress.
C.5
(1) The tests are to be conducted with specimens that are representative of
the bulk material that has been provided for storage in the silo.
(2) The choice of the specimen has to be made keeping in mind that there
may be possible changes in the bulk material parameters during the course
of the silos usage, apart from the changes that occur on account of the
changing environmental conditions, the effects of the silos operational
processes and the effects of the sedimentation of the bulk material in the silo.
(3) The mean value of each of the bulk material parameters has to be
determined after making adequate allowance for variances of the relevant
secondary parameters.
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that the test result was known before the test was conducted. The allowance
for an approximate value for the reference stress is not critical to the
interpretation of the test results. The tests however are to be conducted at a
stress level which is appropriate for the serving the purpose of conducting the
test.
(5) For tests in accordance with C.6, C.7.2, C.8.1 and C.9 the procedure
given below for specimen preparation has to be followed.
(6) The specimen is to be introduced into the test bin without vibrations or
other measures that may lead to its compression and is to be subjected to
the reference stress. In order to consolidate the specimen, a cover plate is to
be rotated (twisted) back and forth several times around its vertical axis,
both in the clockwise and the anticlockwise directions, at an angle of 10.
NOTE 2
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(8) The conversion factor must be suitably adjusted in case the variance of
any of the secondary parameters amounts to more than 75% of the variance
range that is covered by the conversion factor.
C.6
maximum bulk material density that arises in the silo. This aim is fulfilled by the
determination of that density, which reaches its peak when the bulk material specimen is
subjected to that level of pressure which is prevalent in the silo after filling has taken
place. In order to achieve this it is necessary to pour the bulk material into the test bin in
such a manner that a suitable density is developed in the bulk material packing before
the specimen is subjected to a consolidating pressure. This can be achieved either by
using the rain filling procedure to pour the bulk material into the shear bin or by means
of preconditioning the specimen using the above-mentioned twisting of the cover plate.
This will lead to such density of the bulk material which is representative for the
conditions with respect to the determination of the silo loads. This procedure deviates
substantially from the procedure specified in ASTM D6883-01 because that mainly deals
with powdery bulk materials where the lowest possible density has to be achieved.
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be lesser than 10 times the mean grain size. The height H of the compressed
specimen must lie between 0.3D and 0.4 D.
NOTE These restrictions relating to the grain size of the bulk material are
chosen due to the following reasons: the restriction on the maximum grain
size of the bulk material would ensure that the arrangement and orientation of
the bulk material grains are not unduly disturbed due to the influence of the
enclosing wall. Moreover it is known that this influence is greater in the
situation where all the particles have the same size, than in the situation
where the smaller particles can take up the space between the larger
particles. It is due to this reason that in case of uniform size of the particles a
restriction of 10 times the size of the particle and in case of a wider range of
particle-sizes a restriction of 5 times the maximum particle diameter is
prescribed.
N=
rD3
4
H
b
Legend
1
standardized rotation
smooth surface
rough surface
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C.6.3
Procedure/Process
(1) The reference stress r has to correspond to the vertical pressure level
C.7
Wall Friction
C.7.1 General
(1) The two parameters below are distinct from each other:
-- Coefficient of the wall friction m for the determination of loads (wall friction
Coefficient);
-- Wall friction angle wh for the evaluation of the flow behaviour.
(2) For bulk materials with a wide range of grain sizes, which tend to separate out during
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
The filling process, due allowance has to be made for possible mixing of materials while
choosing the material specimens for determination of the coefficients of wall friction m .
(3) The tests relating to wall friction are to be conducted using units of wall specimens
which are representative of the material used in the wall surfaces of the silo structure.
NOTE 1
construction and surfacing materials, the individual units of wall specimens can show a
transformation of the surface that makes it different from the surface condition at the time
of the silo manufacture. Units of wall specimens with nominally identical designation can
have angles of wall friction that vary from each other by several degrees. In such cases
the wall specimens need to be procured from the prospective manufacturer of the
construction material (e.g. the rolling mill or the tank manufacturer). Coated steel
surfaces are to be coated with the same brand of coating. For large-scale projects it is
recommended that the wall specimen units be retained for a subsequent comparison with
the actual manufactured surface. It is presently not possible to characterize the wall
surfaces in a manner such that the wall friction ratios can be reliably predicted.
(4) If there is the possibility of subsequent exposure of the silo wall to corrosion or
abrasion, then the wall friction tests should be conducted with wall specimens which
make due allowance for the actual conditions that are present immediately after
manufacture and those that arise after usage and wear and tear.
NOTE 2
The constitution of the silo wall surface can change with time. Corrosion
can lead to roughening of the surface; subjection to abrasion can cause roughening as
well as smoothening of the surface. Surfaces of materials such as polyethylene can
become hollow and coated surfaces can get scratched. Silo walls can however also
become smooth when fine particles from the bulk material such as fat or fine grains
accumulate in the pores of the wall surface. These changes can lead to changes in the
flow pattern, sometimes to such an extent that, for example, a core flow may arise in a
silo designed originally for mass flow or vice versa. The horizontal or vertical loads can
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
increase in silos with polished wall surfaces and the wall friction loads can increase in the
case of silos with roughened surfaces.
C.7.2 Coefficient of Wall Friction m for the Determination of Loads
C.7.2.1
Short Description
A bulk material specimen is sheared-off along an area that represents the wall surface and in the case of a corrugated sheet silo along a corrugated specimen. While doing this
the shearing force is measured along the area that is sheared-off.
NOTE
While interpreting the data from the shear tests, proper care should be
exercised to see whether the load calculations and inspection of the flow behaviour have
been duly executed.
C.7.2.2
Test Apparatus
The apparatus for the test is shown in fig. C.2. The diameter of the bin must be at least
20 times the value of the diameter of the largest grain of the bulk material and may not be
less than 40 times the value of the mean particle size. The height H of the compressed
specimen must lie between 0.15 D and 0.2 D. In the case of wall specimens with
discontinuities, e.g. in the case of a corrugated wall, the bin size has to be adjusted
accordingly.
NOTE
are chosen due to the following reasons: the restriction on the maximum
grain size of the bulk material would ensure that the arrangement and
orientation of the bulk material grains are not unduly disturbed due to the
influence of the enclosing wall. Moreover it is known that this influence is
greater in the situation where all the particles have the same size, than in the
situation where the smaller particles can take up the space between the
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
larger particles. It is due to this reason that in case of uniform size of the
particles a restriction of 40 times the size of the particle and in case of a
wider range of particle-sizes a restriction of 20 times the maximum particle
diameter is prescribed.
C.7.2.3. Procedure/Process
(1) The largest horizontal load p h that arises in the silo is to be taken as the basis for the
reference stress r .
(2) The preparation of the specimen has to be in accordance with the procedure laid
down in C.5.
(3) The shearing of the specimen has to be executed in such a manner that a constant
feed velocity of about 0.04 mm/s is ensured.
(4) For the determination of the coefficients of wall friction the residual value of the
frictional force Fr is to be used in the case of large deformations (see Fig. C.2)
(5) The coefficient of wall friction for determination of loads are to be determined from
the tests in the form of
Fr
N
(C.1)
Where
Fr
Is the end or residual value of the shear force (see fig C.2b);
Is the vertical load placed upon the cover of the shear bin.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
N = r
Shear
force F
D
4
=
Fr
Fr
N
F
D
b)
typical
shearing-force
deformation relationships
Legend
1
wall sample
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
C.8
principal stresses build up in the specimen. For evaluation of the tests the horizontal and
vertical stresses are to be regarded as an approximation of principal stresses in the
specimen. As a rule this does not happen in the silo.
NOTE 2
understood that horizontal elongations within the bulk material are restricted to such an
extent that their influence on the stresses in the bulk material specimen are negligible.
These elongations are, nevertheless, large enough to assume measurable proportions in
the thin wall of the shear bin or in specific portions of the wall which are to be measured
for concentrated elongations. Generally this criterion of restricted elongation in the bulk
material specimen and the simultaneous measurability of the deformations in the
apparatus wall is fulfilled by an average peripheral elongation of magnitude 1/10 per mil.
C.8.1.2
Apparatus
The geometry of the test apparatus can be seen in fig. C.3. the horizontal stresses are to
be derived from the elongations that are measured at the periphery of the vertical ring.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
For this purpose the wall of the measuring bin must be thin enough and so designed that
the stress level in the wall can be interpreted correctly and clearly.
NOTE
Generally, a base plate which is separated from the ring of the bin wall is
required here so that both horizontal as well as vertical measurements are possible
without any mutual interference. It is moreover necessary to position the points for
measuring the elongations at adequate distance from the edges of the specimen. In
addition, care should be taken to ensure that the elongations measured are linked with
the internal horizontal stresses using a conversion factor, and that the bending of the
walls of the test apparatus can be ignored in the relationship thus established.
N =
D 2 ( 1 + 1 )
( 2 + 2 )
a
H
b
Kmo
D
a) Test equipment
1
b) Typical progression
of 2
with increasing 1
Legend
a
smooth surface
rough surface
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
C.8.1.3
Procedure/Process
(1) The reference stress r has to be equivalent to the greatest level of vertical pressure
2
1
(C.2)
K = 1.1K O
NOTE
(C.3)
Using the factor 1.1 in equation (C.3), one should make allowance for the
difference between the horizontal load ratio (=KO ) in the shear bin which is measured in
the (almost total) absence of wall friction influences and the value K under the influence
of wall friction in the silo.
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C.9
C.9.1.1
Test Principle
The stability of a bulk material specimen can be determined using shearing bin tests. The
two parameters c and i are to be used for describing the implications of the stability of
the bulk material stored in the silo bins.
C.9.1.2
Apparatus
The equipment used for the test is a cylindrical shear bin in accordance with fig. C.4. The
bin diameter must amount to at least 20 times the value of the largest grain diameter of
the bulk material and must not be lesser than 40 times the value of the mean particle
size. The height H of the compressed specimen must lie between 0.3D and 0.4D.
NOTE
These restrictions relating to the grain size of the bulk material are chosen
due to the following reasons: the restriction on the maximum grain size of the bulk
material would ensure that the arrangement and orientation of the bulk material grains
are not unduly disturbed due to the influence of the enclosing wall. Moreover it is known
that this influence is greater in the situation where all the particles have the same size,
than in the situation where the smaller particles can take up the space between the
larger particles. It is due to this reason that in case of uniform size of the particles a
restriction of 40 times the size of the particle and in case of a wider range of particlesizes a restriction of 20 times the maximum particle diameter is prescribed.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
C.9.1.3
(1)
Procedure/Process
vertical pressure p v that is expected to build up, acc. to C.2, in the bulk material stored in
the silo. The preparation of the specimen must be carried out in accordance with the
procedure given in C.5.
(2)
The shearing of the specimen must be done at a constant feed velocity of about
0.04 mm/s.
(3)
The determination of the stability parameters has to be based upon the shear
N = r
D2
4
D2
F =
4
H
a
D
a) Shear bin
157
a
1
b
2
transverse stress
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
b
c
i
b
Normal stress
(b)
(C)
Legend
1)
Curve a
2)
Curve b
There are at least two tests to be conducted acc. to the conditions defined under
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
normal load that is equivalent to the reference stress r - but only until the shearing.
There after the normal load is to be reduced to about half the value of the reference
stress ( b
r
2
get the maximum transverse stress b (see fig. C.4b). the stresses determined in these
two tests are listed in the Table C.1.
AMOUNT
OF
PRELIMINARY STRAIN
No.1
NORMAL STRESS
MAX
IN THE TEST
MEASURED
No.2
C.9.1.4
(1)
TRANSVERSE
STRESS
a
r
Evaluation
The angle of internal friction when the stored bulk material is subject to strain is to
be determined using
a
i = arctan
(2)
(C.4)
calculated using
c = a r tan c
(C.5)
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With
a b
r b
c = arctan
(C.6)
Where
For a bulk material without cohesion (i.e. c = 0), the shear resistance should only
The cohesion of a bulk material can also be determined approximately from the
the maximum vertical pressure vft n the silo after filling (see designs in C.2).
(3)
The maximum vertical pressure in the silo after the filling vft is to be fixed as the
(4)
be determined from the flow function. In addition the angle of the effective internal friction
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(5)
c = c
(
)
cos
1
sin
+
c
(C.7)
c = arcsin
2 sin K
2K
(C.8)
K = c (1 + sin )
u
(C.9)
With
Where
The uni-axial yield stress obtained from the Jenike shear bin test
The effective angle of the internal friction obtained from the Jenike shear
bin test
c
NOTE 1
Angle of internal friction during the stress relief (see fig. C.4c)
and as such does not represent an independent material parameter of the bulk material.
(6)
An approximate value for the angle of internal friction during stress relief i can be
i = arctan
NOTE 2
(C.10)
The two parameters c and i are used in this norm only for assessing the
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stresses in the specimen. The horizontal and the vertical stresses in the specimen are
approximately equivalent to the principal stresses; as a rule this does not happen in a
silo.
NOTE 2
understood that horizontal elongations within the bulk material are restricted to such an
extent that their influence on the stresses in the bulk material specimen are negligible.
These elongations are, nevertheless, large enough to assume measurable proportions in
the thin wall of the test apparatus. Generally an average peripheral elongation of
magnitude 1/10 per mil fulfills this criterion.
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C.10.1.2
Apparatus
(1) The geometry of the test apparatus can be seen in fig. C.5. It is similar to the
apparatus described in C.8 for measuring the horizontal load ratio K.
(2)The horizontal stresses are to be derived from the elongations that are measured at
the periphery of the vertical ring. For this purpose the wall of the measuring bin must be
thin enough and so designed that the stress level in the wall can be interpreted correctly
and clearly.
NOTE
Generally, a base plate that is separated from the bin walls is required here
so that both horizontal as well as vertical measurements are possible without any mutual
interference. It is moreover necessary that the elongations are measured at an adequate
distance from the edges of the specimen. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that
the elongations measured are proportional to the internal horizontal stresses and that the
bending of the walls of the test apparatus can be ignored in this relationship.
(2)
It must also be ensured that vertical deformations of the specimen in suitably small
amounts will occur.
163
N =
D 2 ( 1 )
V1
( 2 )
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Vu
VL
1
a) Test equipment
Legend
a
smooth surface
rough surface
C.10.1.3
(1)
Procedure/Process
The highest level of vertical pressure pV that can be expected in the bulk material
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(3)
stress r , the readings for horizontal stresses and vertical deformations are to be taken.
The height of the material specimen H is to be measured carefully (see C.6.3).
(4)
After a small increment of the vertical stress 1 , the horizontal stresses and the
vertical deformations have to be measured again. The increment of the vertical stresses
may be chosen as approximately 10% of the reference stress 1 .
(5)
2
K L =
1
(6)
(C.11)
The effective elasticity modulus E sL under subjection to strain may then be derived
as follows
E sL
(7)
2
2K L
1
1
=H
v 1 + K l
(C.12)
made (to be treated as a quantity with a negative sign) and the resultant changes in the
horizontal stresses and the vertical deformations are to be measured. The increment of
the vertical strain 1 should amount to approx. 10% of the reference stress 1 .
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(8)
(9)
(C.13)
The effective elasticity modulus E sU in case of strain relief may then be derived as
follows
E sU
NOTE
2
2KU
1
=H
1
v 1 + K U
(C.14)
The effective elasticity modulus in case of strain relief is usually far greater
than the elasticity modulus in case of subjection to strain. In a case where a greater
elasticity modulus is harmful for the supporting framework (e.g. in case of temperature
changes) the strain-relief elasticity modulus is to be used. Should the elasticity modulus
of the bulk material be favourable for the structure (e.g. in case of thin-walled rectangular
silos), the elasticity modulus for strain-imposition (strain-imposition modulus) is to be
used.
C.10.2
(1)
Indirect Measurement
For the purpose of assisting the specific inspection of the adjustment of the test,
E sU = Pvft
(C.15)
Where
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Pvft
The vertical stress at the lower end of the vertical wall section (equation
(11) or (86));
NOTE
The effective elasticity modulus for stress-relief EsU and the vertical stress
(2)
= 7
3
2
(C.16)
Where for the specific gravity of the bulk material expressed in kN/m3 is to be
substituted.
(3)
Alternatively the value of can be fixed at 70 for dry agricultural cereal products,
at 100 for small-sized mineral grains and at 150 for large-sized mineral grains.
C.11.1
(1)
Test Principle
The silo is to be designed for the most unfavourable conditions of strain which it
can be exposed to during its course of its use. This section deals with the assessment of
variances in the bulk material parameters which can occur at the time of the design
calculations.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
NOTE 1
it is possible that the parameters of the stored bulk material can undergo
changes during the service life. These changes that occur over a period of time cannot
be easily assessed.
(2)
The extreme values of the calculated loads are described in terms of their
characteristic values. These are values normally 5% and 95% fractile values - which
are not exceeded during the designated service life or the course of the assessment
period given the recognized predicted probabilities.
(3)
The extreme values of the parameters which are necessary for the achievement of
this extreme load level are the characteristic values of the bulk material parameters.
(4)
For the determination of the decisive load ratios both the upper as well as the
characteristic value on the basis of 1.28 times the standard deviation from the mean
value.
NOTE 2
exceeding the load level depends on the geometry, the absolute size of the tank, the type
of load and whether the loads are to be viewed in the vertical silo shaft or the hopper. In
addition these values are influenced by the moisture content, the temperature, and the
tendency of sedimentation and the age of these values.
NOTE 3
as shown in the above passage, there are several bulk material properties,
each distinct from the other, which contribute to the characteristic loads. Therefore a 10
or 90 percentage value of each of the characteristic values is regarded as a suitable and
reasonable estimate for the value which represents an adequate occurrence-possibility
for the design load.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(6)
For calculation of the relevant load conditions the upper as well as the lower
(7)
has its limitations such as limitations on account of specimen size, on account of the
process of specimen preparation etc. This may lead to a situation where the data for all
the properties relevant to the operation life may be unrepresentative.
NOTE 5
the values in Table E.1 are worked backwards from the assessments which
are based upon a combination of experience and actual data from experiments.
(8)
In case the designer or the customer has at his disposal data or experimental
values for a specific design calculation, he can derive the characteristic bulk material
parameters from this data if it represents the range of parameters of the bulk materials
used during the service life.
C.11.2
(1)
procedures can be used. The variable represents the characteristic values observed
in each case.
(2)
The mean value of the characteristic value is to be calculated from the test
data.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(3)
If the test data is not suitable for determining a coefficient of variation, a suitable
value is to be estimated for the bulk material. Table C.2 can be used as a guide here.
(5)
using
X 0,90 = X (1 + 1.28 )
(6)
(C.17)
using
X 0,10 = X (1 1.28 )
(7)
(8)
(C.18)
1 + 1.28
1 + 1.28 + 2
1 1.28
(C.19)
When estimating the value of the conversion factors, the coefficients of variation
for the bulk material specific gravity have to be fixed at 0.10. In case of other bulk
material parameters the values are to be estimated using the specifications for the bulk
materials with similar properties listed in the Table C.2.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
TABLE C.2 --- TYPICAL VALUES OF THE COEFFICIENTS OF VARIATION FOR THE
BULK MATERIAL PARAMETERS
COEFFICIENT OF VARAITION
ANGLE OF
HORIZONTAL
BULK
LOAD
MATERIAL
RATIO
INTERNAL
FRICTION
i
in degrees
category of wall-roughness
D1
D2
D3
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.09
Aluminum
0.14
0.16
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.08
0.06
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.05
0.05
0.14
0.14
0.14
Barley
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
Cement
0.14
0.16
0.05
0.05
0.05
Cement Clinker
0.21
0.14
0.05
0.05
0.05
Coal
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.09
Coal dust
0.14
0.18
0.05
0.05
0.05
Coke
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.09
Fly Ash
0.14
0.12
0.05
0.05
0.05
Flour
0.08
0.05
0.11
0.11
0.11
Iron Pellets
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.09
Calcium Hydrate
0.14
0.18
0.05
0.05
0.05
Limestone Powder
0.14
0.16
0.05
0.05
0.05
Maize
0.10
0.10
0.17
0.17
0.17
Phosphate
0.11
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.09
Potatoes
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.11
Sand
0.08
0.07
0.11
0.11
0.11
Slag Clinker
0.08
0.07
0.11
0.11
0.11
Soya Beans
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
Sugar
0.14
0.14
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.09
Wheat
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.11
0.11
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ANNEX D
(NORMATIVE)
ASSESSMENT
OF
THE
BULK
MATERIAL
PARAMETERS
FOR
THE
D.1
Aim
This annex describes methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of bulk
materials which are required in this standard for the purpose of calculating silo loads and
cannot be determined experimentally by means of tests.
D.2
(1)
The effective wall friction coefficient for D4 type of wall (corrugated or contoured-
eff = (1 a w ) tan i + a w w
(D.1)
Where
eff
aw
NOTE 1
The effective wall friction depends on the angle of internal friction of the
bulk material, the coefficient of wall friction against the level wall and on the profile of the
wall surface.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(2)
The parameter aw in equation (D.1), which represents the portion of the sliding
surface against the wall surface, is to be determined from the geometry of the profile of
the wall surface, with allowance being made for a suitable estimate of the contact zones
that have been activated between the bulk material and the wall surface (see fig. D.1)
(3) For corresponding depths of the folds and the waves a simple estimate can be made
with equation (D.2):
aw =
NOTE 2
bw
bw + bi
partially with the wall and partially with the broken surface within the bulk material. The
portion which slides along wall surface is expressed using the factor aw . This portion
cannot be easily determined and its estimation depends on the profile of the wall surface.
1
1
b
bi
bi
3
3
a)
b)
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Legend
1
bulk material
sliding surface
For wall surface contouring which resemble the one in fig. D.1b, the factor
D.3
Internal Friction and the Wall Friction of a Coarse Bulk Material without
Fines
The coefficient of wall friction and the angle of the internal friction i cannot be
easily determined in case of coarse bulk materials without fines (e.g. lupin, peas, beans
and potatoes). In such cases, in place of the angle of internal friction one has to take the
gradient of slope r of a bulk material heap (debris cone) which is loosely fed on to a
level base plate.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
ANNEX E
(Normative)
Gradi
Angle of
Horizontal load
Paramet
ent of
internal
ratio
er for
slope
friction
( = tan w )
referenc
kN/m
degree
(Mean value)
surface
degre
Type of
load
bulk
im
material
C op
aq
Wall
Wall
Wall
Conver
Lower
Upper
Mea
Conv
Mean
Conver
type
type
type
sion
value
value
ersion
value
sion
D1
D2
D3
factor
valu
factor
Km
factor
ak
general
bulk
6.0
22.0
40
35
1.3
0.50
1.5
0.32
0.39
0.50
1.40
1.0
17
18
36
31
1.16
0.52
1.15
0.39
0.49
0.59
1.12
0.4
10
12
36
30
1.22
0.54
1.2
0.41
0.46
0.51
1.07
0.5
39
36
1.08
0.45
1.1
0.22
0.30
0.43
1.28
6.5
37
35
1.06
0.47
1.07
0.23
0.28
0.37
1.20
0.7
material
Concrete
gravel
Aluminium
Concentrat
ed feed
mixture
Concentrat
ed feed
pellets
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Barley
31
28
1.14
0.59
1.11
0.24
0.33
0.48
1.16
0.5
Cement
13
16
36
30
1.22
0.54
1.2
0.41
0.46
0.51
1.07
0.5
15
18
47
40
1.20
0.38
1.31
0.46
0.56
0.62
1.07
0.7
Coal
10
36
31
1.16
0.52
1.15
0.44
0.49
0.59
1.12
0.6
Coal dust
34
27
1.26
0.58
1.2
0.41
0.51
0.56
1.07
0.5
6.5
36
31
1.16
0.52
1.15
0.49
0.54
0.59
1.12
0.6
15
41
35
1.16
0.46
1.20
0.51
0.62
0.72
1.07
0.5
Flour
6.5
45
42
1.06
0.36
1.11
0.24
0.33
0.48
1.16
0.6
Iron pellets
19
22
36
31
1.16
0.52
1.15
0.49
0.54
0.59
1.12
0.5
34
27
1.26
0.58
1.20
0.36
0.41
0.51
1.07
0.6
11
13
36
30
1.22
0.54
1.20
0.41
0.51
0.56
1.07
0.5
Maize
35
31
1.14
0.53
1.14
0.22
0.36
0.53
1.24
0.9
Phosphate
16
22
34
29
1.18
0.56
1.15
0.39
0.49
0.54
1.12
0.5
Potatoes
34
30
1.12
0.54
1.11
0.33
0.38
0.48
1.16
0.5
Sand
14
16
39
39
1.09
0.45
1.11
0.38
0.48
0.57
1.16
0.4
Slag clinker
10.5
12
39
36
1.09
0.45
1.11
0.48
0.57
0.67
1.16
0.6
Soya beans
29
25
1.16
0.63
1.11
0.24
0.38
0.48
1.16
0.5
Sugar
9.5
38
32
1.19
0.50
1.2
0.46
0.51
0.56
1.07
0.4
6.5
36
31
1.16
0.52
1.15
0.35
0.44
0.54
1.12
0.5
7.5
9.0
34
30
1.12
0.54
1.11
.24
0.38
0.57
1.16
0.5
Cement
clinkerc
Coke
Fly ash
Lime
hydrate
Limestone
powder
Sugar beet
pellets
Wheat
in table E.1 is meant to support calculations for storage capacities when, for example, a certain specified
When a bulk material that is not in the list has to be stored, then tests should to be conducted.
If the expense incurred on the tests is not justified, esp. if an assessment of the expense shows that the wide spectrum of values used for
The effective wall friction coefficient for wall type D4 (corrugated wall) can be assessed according to D.2
The bulk material shows a tendency to mechanically interlock leading to arching or discharge disturbances.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
ANNEX F
(NORMATIVE)
a) Conical hopper
Conical hopper
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Series1
Series2
20
40
Half-angle
60
80
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
b) Cuneiform hoppe
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
Series1
1
0.8
Series2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
Half-angle
40
60
80
Legend
1
core flow
mass flow
mass flow or core flow can occur between the two lines
Figure F.1 BOUNDARIES FOR MASS FLOW AND CORE FLOW CONDITIONS IN CASE OF
CONICAL AND CUNEIFORM HOPPERS
NOTE
In the zone between the boundary lines of mass flow and core flow
the flow profile that arises depends on other parameters which are not included in this
standard.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
ANNEX G
(Normative)
Seismic Actions
G.1
General
(1) This annex lays down general guidelines for calculations of silos under seismic
actions. These rules for calculations complement the general rules in DIN 4149 for
design calculations under seismic conditions.
(2) The value for the acceleration due to earthquakes for the silo structure has to be
fixed according to EN 1998.
G.2
G.3
Symbols
ph.so
---
---
179
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
surface. This can pose a threat to the silo roof and the upper regions of the
silo walls due to additional horizontal loads (see diagram G.1)
`Legend
1
G.4
Seismic Actions
Directions for calculating the seismic actions are given in G.4.1 for the silo substructure
and in G.4.2 for the silo walls.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Fs
Figure G.2 Seismic actions for the substructure (e.g. the supports)
181
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
For a silo with a circular cross-section and diameter dc, by the foll. equation:
ph.so =
dc
(G.1)
g 2
And for a rectangular silo with the width b the equation is:
ph.so =
b
g2
(G.2)
Where
(3) The additional loads normal to the silo walls may be assumed to be evenly
distributed across the height of the silo. At the upper end of the silo wall one has to
add the resultant forces acting from inside outwards -- of the bulk material loads
due to filling and discharging, and the additional seismic horizontal loads never
smaller than zero (no negative values).
(4) The assumed horizontal distribution of the additional loads ph.s = ph.s is shown
in diagram G.3.
182
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
For a circular silo the additional load is to be found using the equation:
(G.3)
(G.4)
Ph,s
Ph,s
Ph,s
Ph,so
b
a) cross-section of circular silo
FIGURE G-3 Cross-section across the vertical silo shaft with details of the
additional horizontal loads due to seismic actions
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
ANNEX H
(NORMATIVE)
H.1
General
(1)
This annex gives two alternate procedures for estimation of bulk material loads on
hoppers.
(2)
H.5 can be used for the description of loads not only for fill loads but also for
discharge loads. It must however be noted that the sum of these loads is not equivalent
to the weight of the bulk material stored in the hopper. The given load formulation in the
hopper is to be regarded as an envelope load profile which acts on the hopper walls
during filling and during discharge.
(3)
For fill loads in the case of steep hoppers, the equations given in H.7 can be used
H.2
Definitions
184
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
H.3
Symbols
lh
Distance between the hopper peak and the hopper junction along the inclined
surface (see fig. H.1)
pn
pn i
Different load components acting vertically upon the inclined hopper wall (i = 1, 2
and 3)
ps
H.4
Dimensioning Conditions
(1)
The hopper is to be designed for the state prevailing after the filling and for
discharge loads.
(2)
The flow pattern of the bulk material that is to be expected for the hopper is to be
determined by fig. F.1
(3)
In case both core flow and mass flow can occur in the silo, these effects are both
to be taken into account during dimensioning.
H.5
(1)
For an inclination of the hopper walls vis--vis the horizontal that is greater than
20 (see fig. 1b), the loads acting vertically on the inclined hopper walls p n are to
be calculated as follows:
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
NOTE
p n = p n 3 + p n 3 + ( p n1 p n 2 )
x
ln
(H.1)
With
pn 2 = pvf Cb sin 2
p n 3 = 3.0
A K s
cos 2
U h
(H.2)
(H.3)
(H.4)
Where
Inclination of the hopper walls vis--vis the vertical (see fig. H.1)
Distance between the lower end of the hopper and the observed position (amount
between 0 and xx) according to fig. H.1 (with ref. to the inclined surface)
pn1
And p n 2 are parts which describe the hopper loads caused by filling of the hopper
Ks
Upper characteristic value of the horizontal load ratio of the stored bulk material
186
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
pn 3
The part of the load portion caused by the vertical pressures (of the bulk material
stored in the vertical silo shaft) at the hopper junction/ hoppers starting-point
Cb
pvf
Vertical load at the hoppers staring point after the filling in accordance with
equation (11) or (86)
(2)
pt = p n h
(H.5)
Where
pn represent the hopper loads acting vertically on the hopper wall according to
equation (H.1)
(3)
For silos with possible mass flow, allowance is to be made for an additional load
portion p s at the hopper junction (see fig. H.1). this load portion is to be calculated
actively from the hopper junction, measured across a length of 0.2d c and along the entire
periphery of the hopper.
p s = 2 Kp vft
(H.6)
Where pvft is the vertical load portion of the fill load in the bulk material at the hoppers
starting point, calculated according to equations (11) or (86).
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
Phft
lh
pt
Pn3
Pn1
Ps
Pn3
Pn2
Ps
0.2dc
The connecting forces in the hopper at the hopper junction are to be derived using the
equilibrium conditions. For the loads arising from covering up of the hopper, the bottom
load enlargement ratio C b is to be calculated.
188
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
H.7
Alternate Equations for the Hopper Load Correction Value xx for Discharge
Loads
In case of discharge loads in a hopper with steep walls, the mean vertical pressure at any
position in the bulk material is to be calculated according to the equations (116) and (117)
using the following parameter Fe :
1
Fe =
1 + cot
sin i
1 + 21 +
1 + sin i
cos sin ( )
sin
(H.7)
In which
sin wh
1
= + wh + arcsin
2
sin
(H.8)
wh = arctan h
(H.9)
Where
NOTE The equation (H.7) is to be used instead of the equation (128). The equation (H.7)
for Fe is founded on the somewhat complex Theory of Enstad for discharge press
189
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
ANNEX I
(NORMATIVE)
I.1
General
This Annex contains instructions for making allowance for dust explosions in silo
structures.
I.2
Application
(1)
This section is applicable to all silo structures and other comparable structures
It does not apply to those structures in which explosions are ruled out by means of
specific measures.
(3)
This annex can be used for the retrofitting of the existing structures. In such case
the actual state of the structure is to be taken into account, not its planned state. In case
of doubt an expert opinion has to be sought.
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
I.3
Listed below are the additional standards, guidelines and regulations that are relevant to
the planning and the operation of a silo structure.
- DIN-Fachbericht 140, Silo Structures designed against Dust Explosions
- DIN EN 26184-1, Explosion Protection Systems Part 1: Determination of Explosive
Characteristics of Combustible Dusts in the Atmosphere
- DIN EN 1127-1, Explosive Atmospheres Explosion Protection Part 1: Basis and
Methodology
DIN EN 50014, Electrical Equipment for Explosion Hazard Areas General Rules
VDI 2263, Dust Fires and Dust Explosions; Risks, Evaluation, Protective Measures
I.4
(1)
The dust from several bulk materials which are normally stored in the silo
structures are explosive in nature. Explosions can occur when organic or inorganic dust
having sufficiently small particle size reacts exothermically with acid and thereby causes
a swiftly progressive reaction.
(2)
overpressures ranging from 8 bars to 10 bars can occur in closed spaces without vents.
(3)
191
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
--
dp
of the rising pressure
dt
(4)
(5)
The principal explosive dust-types are: brown coal, cellulose, pea-flour, fly ash,
fodder, feed-mix concentrate, barley, corn flour, rubber, resin, wood dust, coffee, potato
flour, coke, maize flour, maize starch (dry), milk powder, paper, pigment, Soya meal,
Soya flour, hard coal, wheat flour, washing agents and sugar.
I.5
Sources of Ignition
Small quantities of energy are generally adequate for igniting these dust particles. The
following sources of ignition are of particular significance in silo bins and associated
spaces e.g. silo cellars, connecting passages and stairwells
-
hot surfaces e.g. those which are caused by friction of defective structural
components, or sparks such as those caused by foreign bodies in the hoisting devices,
sparks during welding, grinding and cutting during repairs, smoulder spots which can also
enter into the silo bin from outside along with the bulk material.
-
192
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
I.6
Protective Measures
(1)
explosion as far as possible within the area in which the igniting occurs. For this purpose
explosion zones have to be demarcated. The spreading of the explosion to another area
is to be avoided. The explosive overpressures are to be minimized.
(2)
precautionary measures during planning (e.g. the provision and demarcation of relevant
explosion zones).
(3)
If no pressure relief has been provided, the zones must be dimensioned for the
If a suitable relief has been provided, the zones must be dimensioned with the
(4)
The amount of the reduced explosive overpressures p red or p red , ges depend on the
type of the dust, the size of the zone where pressure relief has to be effected and the
vents, and the opening pressure and the inertia of the depressurizing system.
(5)
The inflammable emission coming out of a vent should not have any adverse
effect on the surroundings nor be allowed to transmit the explosion to any other explosion
zone.
193
DIN 1055-6:2005-03
(6)
components. Vents should therefore lead out directly into the open above roof tops in
case of silo bins, and above high-lying window faces in case of other spaces such as silo
cellars, connecting passages and stairwells.
(7)
And its mass inertia should be low. Here it must be kept in mind that with an early
actuation of the depressurizing system a substantially larger quantity of the combustible
dust-air mixture is passed on than with systems which have a greater inertia.
I.7
I.8
(1)
I.9
After a pressure relief has taken place, a sub pressure may arise in the explosion area
caused by the forces of mass inertia in case of swift gas emission and subsequent
cooling of the hot flue gases. This sub pressure is to be taken into account with the
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DIN 1055-6:2005-03
dimensioning of enclosing components and the components which are situated in the
cross-section of the current.
I.10
(1)
All the closing elements are to be secured such that do not fly open as a result of
the explosions pressure, e. g. shutters to be secured with joints, and covers with
catches, ropes or other attachments.
(2)
The velocities of the closing elements that were moved for estimating the
anchoring forces can be determined using the calculating methods laid down in DINFachbericht 140.
I.11
(1)
Recoil forces arise during pressure relief, for which allowance may - if required -
140.
195