Estimating The Economic Quantities of Different Concrete Slab Types

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Vol. 4, Issue 5, Ma
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EST
TIMATING
G THE
E ECO
ONOM
MIC
QU
UANT
TITIES OF DIFF
FERE
ENT
CONC
C
CRET
TE SL
LAB TYPES
T
S
Dr. Amr Abohasshish 1, Dr. Ahmed
A
M. Ebid 2
A
Assistant Proff., Civil Eng. Dpt.,
D
Mataria, Helwan Uni.,, Cairo, Egyptt, abouhashishh@yahoo.com
m1
Lectuurer, Str. Dpt.,, Faculty of Enng. & Tech., Future
F
Uni., Cairo,
C
Egypt, ahmed.abdelk
a
khaleq@fue.eddu.eg 2
ABSTRACT
T: The econom
my of the struuctural design of reinforced concrete buildings is usuallly evaluated by
b comparing
the concrete volume per unit
u area and reebar weight per
p unit volum
me with certain
n empirical vaalues dependinng on the type
mpirical values
of the structuure and the paast experience of the judgingg engineer. Thhe aim of this paper is to refine those em
and give thaat past experieence the requiired scientificc base. In ordeer to achieve that goal, sim
mplified methoods of designn
that stated inn most of reinnforced concrrete design coodes are used to figure out the required quantities of concrete andd
reinforcemennt steel for different structuural elements and types. Soome reasonable assumptionns are used too facilitate the
mathematicaal formulas to be usable and presentaable. Producedd formulas arre accurate ennough to be uused in roughh
estimation off concrete and
d rebar quantities, check quuantity surveyiing results and evaluate thee economy of the structural
design.
KEYWORD
DS: optimum quantities, rebbar percentagee, concrete slaabs, cost estim
mation, quantitty surveying.
As
As
d
Fcu
Fc
Fy
L
L
R
RFT
ts
ws
,
rc
s
AB
BBREVIATIO
ONS
: Main
M steel reinfforcement areaa (cm2)
: disstributary steeel reinforcemeent area (cm2)
: Deepth of section
n (cm)
: Chharacteristic cube strength of
o concrete aft
fter 28 day
: Chharacteristic cylinder strenggth of concretee after 28 day
: Yiield stress of reinforcement
r
t steel
: Shhort span of slab or clear span of cantilev
ver slab (m)
: Loong span of slaab (m)
: Asspect ratio of slab (L/L) 2.0
: Reeinforcement
: Tootal thickness of slab (cm)
: Unniformly distrributed load onn slabs (t/m2)
: loaad distribution
n factors in shhort & long dirrection of 2 way
w solid slab
: Reeinforced conccrete density (2.5
( t/m3)
: Reeinforcement steel density (7.85
(
t/m3)
I. INTRODUCTIION
c
platee which carriees loads perppendicular to its plane. It transfers
t
thosee loads to its
RC Slab is a horizontal concrete
c
Thiss load transferr generates maainly bending moments andd shear stressees in the slab.
supports eithher beams or columns.
Usually, som
me empirical values
v
are used as optimum
m rebar percenttage to evaluaate the econom
my of certain design. Some
of the most w
widely accepteed values are (60-80 kg/m3) for solid slabb and (120-1440 kg/m3) of fllat slabs.
Copyright to IIJIRSET
DOI: 10.156880/IJIRSET.20115.0405002
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This paper aiims to evaluatte the optimum

m thickness annd rebar perceentage of solid
d, hollow blocck, flat slab annd waffle slab
based on the simplified deesign methodss stated in mosst reinforced concrete
c
desiggn codes.
Normally, deesign and quaantities will be affected by several variaables such as loads,
l
spans, boundary connditions, usedd
martials, rebar detailing, ...etc., hence, inn order to faciilitate the studdy, the followiing assumptions are consideered:
Slab
b loads: Conssists of its ow
wn weight, supperimposed loads and live loads.
l
Own weight is well defined
d
and itt
is eequal to slab thickness
t
timees the reinforcced concrete density,
d
whilee the superimp
posed loads and
a live loads
are widely variedd according to
t type of finiishing and thee room activiity, also theree might be paartitions loads
o have partitiion loads thann
direectly on the slabs. Generallyy, large slabs are more likely to either bee public area or
smaall slabs. Hencce, it is expeccted that slab load proportioonally increasses with slab area.
a
Superim
mposed load is
rangged between (0.15
(
0.25) t/m2, live loaad is ranged between
b
(0.2 0.6) t/m2, annd partition looad is rangedd
betw
ween (0.0 0.4)
0 t/m2 [2],[[3] . It shouldd be noted thaat the increase of loads is either due too live load orr
parttition load nott both of them
m. Assuming th
hat the short span
s
of the slaab is ranged between
b
4.0 too 10.0 m, thenn
smaallest slab shoould has smalllest loads and vice versa. H
Hence, the sum
mmation of su
uperimposed looad, live loadd
andd partition load
d for 4.0m spaan is (0.15+0..2+0.0=0.35 t//m2) and for 10.0m
1
span is (0.25+0.2+0.4=0.85 t/m2).
2
So, the load/spann ratio is rangeed between (00.088 - 0.085) t/m /m. Based on this stud
dy, slab loads apart
a
from its
ownn weight are about
a
0.090 t/m
m2 times its gooverning spann in meters.
Con
ntinuity: Con
nnections betw
ween considerred bending ellement and ad
djacent elemeents have a maajor effect onn
bennding momentt distribution along
a
this elem
ment. As per many
m
codes, maximum
m
ben
nding momentt for a simplyy
suppported elemen
nt, one end and
a both endss continuous element subjected to unifo
formly distribuuted load are
(wL
L2/8), (wL2/10
0) and (wL2/12)
/
respectivvely [1],[4]. Hence,
H
the reequired reinfo
forcement area for simplyy
suppported and bo
oth ends contiinuous spans are 1.25 & 0..83 times the required reinfforcement areea for the one
endd continuous identical
i
spann respectivelyy. Also, the coontinuity of the
t element affects
a
the dettailing of the
longgitudinal reinfforcement. Figure (1) show
ws the typical detail of solid
d slabs in AC
CI-315. Based on this detail
the total volumee of longitudinnal reinforcem
ment are (1.228 As.L), (1.449 As.L) & (1.70 As.L) foor the simplyy
suppported, one ennd continuouss & both endss continuous spans
s
respectiively, where (As)
(
is the reqquired area off
reinnforcement steel for each case. Table (1)
( shows thee ratios betw
ween reinforceement weightt in the three
conntinuity cases and the onee end continu
uous case. Thhe ratios are (1.07, 1.00 and 0.95) foor the simplyy
suppported, one en
nd continuouss & both endss continuous spans
s
respectiively. Based on
o this analyssis, all furtherr
anaalysis will consider the one end
e continuityy with error leess than 7%
T
Table
1: Contiinuity effect oon RFT amoun
nt
M = As
M 1 side As 1side
RFT
RFT 1 side
s
Continuiity
M max
Reinnforcement Volume
Simplee
wL2
8
(0.33 As * 00.25 L)+ (0.33 As * 0.25 L)+

+
(A
As * L) = 1.28 As.L
10/8 = 1.25
1.25
5*1.28 As.L.s
= 1.07
1 As.L.s
1.49
One end
wL2
10
(1.00 As * 0.30
0
L)+(0.33 As * 0.25 L)+
+
(A
As * L) = 1.49 As.L
10/10 =1.00
=
0*1.49 As.L.s
1.00
= 1.00
1 As.L.s
1.49
Both endds
wL2
12
(1.00 As * 0.30
0
L)+(1.00 As * 0.30 L)+
+
(A
As * L) = 1.70 As.L
10/12 = 0.83
3* 1.70 As.L.s
0.83
= 0.95
1 As.L.s
1.49
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Fig. (1): Typical

T
rebar details
d
for slabbs as per ACI 315-99 [5]
II. SOLID SLA

ABS
I is defined as
a uniform thhickness horizzontal concrette plate suppoorted by rigidd
Solid slab iss the basic typpe of slabs. It
beams on thee edges. Rectaangular solid slab is the moost common shhape, it has fo
our edges, andd each edge coould be fixed,
simply suppoorted or free. According too ACI-318, minimum solidd slab thicknesss meeting deflection requiirement couldd
be calculatedd as follows:
ts = [0.8 + Fyy/1600] / [36 + 9 L/L]
(in N,m
mm)
For Fy=360 MPa, this eqquation could be simplifiedd to ts= (1.6 L + L)/100 with error less than 10%, as shown inn
table(2).
s
forrmula to estim
mate the thicknness of solid sllabs
Tabble 2: Comparrison betweenn ACI-318 & simplified
R = L/ L
ts As ACI-3318
(1.6L+L)/1100
1..0
L/43.0
L/38.5
1.22
L/37
7.0
L/35
5.7
1.44
L/33.0
L/33.3
1.6
L/30.0
L/31.22
1.8
L/27.66
L/29.44
2.0
L/25.7
L/27.8
Slab load is distributed in

n both directiions accordingg to rectanguularity ratio (R
R), the follow
wing derivationn proves thatt
rectangularitty ratio has a minor effect on rebar percentage of soliid slabs (abouut 2.0%). Forr a solid slab with short &
long spans L & L respecttively
ws sshort = . ws
ws long = . ws
M short = .ws.L
L2 / 10
M long = .ws.L2 / 10
As sshort = 1.5 M short / 0.85 Fyy . d
As long = 1.5 M long / 0.85 Fy . d
RFTlong = 1.49 As long . ss
RFT
Tshort = 1.49 As
A short . s
RFT
T/ts = (RFTshort
s
+ RFTlong ) / ts
= K ( .L
L2 + .L2)
Whhere K= (1.5 * 1.49 * ws * s) / ( 8.5 Fy . d . ts ),
Mult. 1.5
1 M working
Connsidering unitss and substituting in the preevious formulas as follows:
= (0.5 R 0.15)
= 0.35 / R2
L = R . L
ts = (1.6
fy = 3600
6L + L)/100
d = 0.9 ts
s = 7.85
ws = 2.5 ts + 0.09L
Leaads to the form
mula below:
RFT
T/ts = 8.3 L. ( R+5.2)(R+00.4) / (R+1.6)2
For R = 1,
RFT
T/ts = 1.333 * 8.3 * L =
11.1 L
For R = 2,
10.7 L
RFT
T/ts = 1.285 * 8.3 * L =
RFT
T/ts =
10.9 L 2.0%
%
Similarly, thhe conclusion is
i valid in case of two way hollow block slabs.
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Solid slabs thhicker than 166 cm should hhave top meshh to resist shrinnkage stressess. For 18 cm thick
t
slab, thee short span is
about 5.0 to 6.0 m accordding to rectanggularity ratio. The top meshh is ranged beetween 56/m
m to 510/m for
f short spann
between 6.0 to 10.0m. Thee average weight of the top mesh is abouut 0.06L2.
A) One way solid slab (L=2L)
ts (m)
Slabb thickness
d (m)
Slabb depth
(t/m2)
Ow
wn weight of sllab
Tottal slab load
m2)
ws (t/m
M (m.t/m
m)
Bennding momentt
Maiin steel area
As (cm2/m)
Maiin RFT weighht per m2
(kg/m2)
2
Secc. RFT weight per m
(kg/m2)
2
(kg/m2)
Shrrinkage RFT weight
w
per m
(kg/m2)
Tottal RFT weighht per m2
(kg/m3)
Minn. slab thickneess = 10 cm, Hence,
H
L min 3.0 m
(kg/m3)
Minn. RFT weightt per m3
= 0.01 (1.6 L + 2 L)
0.032 L
= 0.036L * 2.5
= 0.09L + 0.09L
= ws.
w L2 / 10
= 1.5E+5 . M / 0.85 fy.d
= 1.49 As s
T
= 20% Main RFT
A
value
= Avenge
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 0.460 L2 / 0.0336 L
= 0.036
0
L
= 12.8 * 3m
= 38.5
B) Two wayy solid slab (L=L)

Forr 4 sides suppo
orted elastic reectangular plaate, ,=0.35
Slabb thickness
= 0.01 (1.6 L + L )
ts (m)
0.023 L
d (m)
Slabb depth
= 0.026L * 2.5
(t/m2)
Ow
wn weight of sllab
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
= 0.065L + 0.09L
L
Bennding momentt in one dir.
M (m.t/m
m)
= .ws.
L2 / 10
Steeel area for onee dir.
As (cm2/m)
= 1.5E+5 . M / 0.85 fy.d
2
= 1.49 As s
RFT
T weight per m in one dir.
(kg/m2)
= Avenge
Shrrinkage RFT weight
w
per m2
A
value
(kg/m2)
2
Tottal RFT weighht per m
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
(kg/m2)
(kg/m3)
= 0.338 L2 / 0.0226 L
H
L min 4.0 m
(kg/m3)
= 13.0 * 4m
= 0.090
0
L
= 0.180
0
L
= 0.018
0
L3
= 0.285
0
L2
= 0.333
0
L2
= 0.066
0
L2
= 0.060
0
L2
= 0.460
0
L2
= 12.80 L
= 0.026
0
L
= 0.065
0
L
= 0.155
0
L
= 0.005
0
L3
= 0.118
0
L2
= 0.139
0
L2
= 0.060
0
L2
2
= 0.338L
0
= 13.00 L
= 52.0
5
C) Cantileveer solid slab

Slabb thickness iss about L/10, the main RF
FT is hook shhape, and the upper bars extend 1.5 tim
mes cantileverr
lenggth in the adjaacent slab. RFT in secondarry direction is 20% of the main
m steel at to
op and bottom
m of the slab.
Slabb thickness
ts (m)
= 0.10
0 L
= 0.10 L
Slabb depth
d (m)
0.08 L
(t/m2)
Ow
wn weight of sllab
= 0.250
0
L
= 0.10 L * 2.5
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
= 0.25L + 0.09L
= 0.340
0
L
Bennding momentt
M (m.t/m
m)
= ws.
w L2 / 2
= 0.170
0
L3
2
Maiin steel area
As (cm /m)
= 1.5E+5 . M / 0.85 fy.d = 1.072 L2
2
2
= 3.55 As s
= 3.000 L2
Maiin RFT weighht per m
(kg/m )
2
= 0.429
As (cm
Secc. RFT area
m /m)
= 2x20% As
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
Secc. RFT weight per m2
(kg/m2)
= 0.337
0
L2
2
2
2
= Sum
S
of weightts/m
= 3.337 L2
(kg/m )
3
3
2
(kg/m )
= 3.337 L / 0.1000 L
= 33.37 L
H
L min 1.0 m
= 33.37
(kg/m3)
= 11.1 * 1m
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III. HOLL
LOW BLOCK SLABS
Hollow blocck slab is a ribbbed slab form
med using bloocks of a mateerial lighter thhan concrete, usually
u
hollow
w clay blocks
or foam bloccks. Due to the limitation off the block sizze, the spacingg between ribs is limited by
y 0.6m (0.5m is commonlyy
used) and thee minimum tootal depth of slab
s is limited by 20cm. Hoollow block slaab could be eiither one way or two ways.
Due to the laack of torsionaal rigidity andd corner effectt, Markus paraameters are ussed to distribuute the load in the two ways
slabs (+=00.80). It is a common
c
practtice to evaluaate the rebar weight
w
ratio reelative to the total thicknesss of slab. All
previous asssumptions forr solid slab thhickness, loadd and continuuity are still valid
v
in case of hollow block slabs inn
addition to thhe following assumptions:
a
Tottal slab thickneess 1.5 slab thickness of equivalent
e
sollid slab
Ow
wn weight of onne way H.B. sslab 0.5 own
n weight of eqquivalent solidd slab
Ow
wn weight of tw
wo ways H.B. slab 0.66 own
o weight off equivalent soolid slab
Ow
wn weight of caantilever H.B. slab 0.5 ow
wn weight of equivalent
e
sollid slab
Ribb spacing is abbout 0.5m.
Spaan ranges betw
ween 5 to 10 m.
m
Ribb ties range bettween 6-3000 to 8-200, avverage weightt/m2 is 0.040 L2
Topp slab mesh raanges betweenn 6-200 to 110-200, averagge weight/m2 is 0.075 L2
A) One way hollow blockk slab
Slabb thickness
ts (m)
Slabb depth
d (m)
Ow
wn weight of sllab
(t/m2)
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
M (m.t/m
m)
Bennding momentt
Maiin steel area
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
2
Ribbs ties weight per
p m
(kg/m2)
Topp slab mesh weight
w
per m2
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
3
(kg/m3)
H
L min 4.0 m
(kg/m3)
B) Two wayy hollow blockk slab (L=L)
Using Markus distribution paraameters, ,=0.40
ts (m)
Slabb thickness
d (m)
Slabb depth
(t/m2)
Ow
wn weight of sllab
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
Bennding momentt in one dir.
M (m.t/m
m)
Steeel area for onee dir.
As (cm2/m)
RFT
T weight per m2 in one dir.
(kg/m2)
2
(kg/m2)
p m
2
w
per m
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
3
(kg/m3)
H
L min 5.0 m
(kg/m3)
= 0.01 (1.6 L + 2 L)x 1.5

0.050 L
= 0.054 L * 2.5 * 0.5
= 0.068L + 0.09L
L
= ws.
w L2 / 10
= 1.5E+5 . M / 0.85 fy.d
= 1.49 As s
= avverage value
= avverage value
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 0.300 L2 / 0.0554 L
= 0.068
0
L
= 0.158
0
L
= 0.016
0
L3
= 0.160
0
L2
= 0.187
0
L2
= 0.040
0
L2
= 0.075
0
L2
= 0.300
0
L2
= 5.600
5
L
= 5.60 * 4m
= 22.5
2
= 0.01 (1.6 L + L)x

L 1.5
0.035 L
= 0.039 L * 2.5 * 0.66
= 0.065L + 0.09L
L
= .ws.
L2 / 10
= 1.5E+5 . M / 0.85 fy.d
= 1.49 As s
= avverage value
= avverage value
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 0.365 L2 / 0.0339 L
= 0.039
0
L
= 0.065
0
L
= 0.155
0
L
= 0.006
0
L3
= 0.089
0
L2
= 0.104
0
L2
= 0.080
0
L2
= 0.075
0
L2
= 0.365
0
L2
= 9.300
9
L
= 9.3 * 5m
= 47.0
4
DOI: 10.156880/IJIRSET.20115.0405002
= 0.054
0
L
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C) Cantileveer hollow blocck slab

Slabb thickness
ts (m)
d (m)
Slabb depth
(t/m2)
Ow
wn weight of sllab
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
Bennding momentt
M (m.t/m
m)
Maiin steel area
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
2
p m
(kg/m2)
2
w
per m
(kg/m2)
2
(kg/m2)
(kg/m3)
H
L min 1.5 m
(kg/m3)
= 0.15 L
0.12 L
= 0.15 L * 2.5 * 0.5
= 0.188L + 0.09L
L
= ws.
w L2 / 2
= 1.5E+5 . M / 0.85 fy.d
= 3.55 As s
= avverage value
= avverage value
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 1.750 L2 / 0.1550 L
= 0.15
0 L
= 0.188
0
L
= 0.278
0
L
= 0.139
0
L3
= 0.584
0
L2
= 1.628 L2
0
L2
= 0.040
= 0.075
0
L2
= 1.750 L2
= 11.60 L
= 11.6 * 1.5m
= 17.40
IV
V. FLAT SLA
ABS
uld have uniform thickness (flat plate) orr
Flat slab is ddefined as the slab that is suupported direcctly on the coolumns. It cou
variable thicckness (flat slaab with droppped panels). Also
A it could be solid or ribbbed (Waffle slab). For unifformly loadedd
equal spans flat slabs, a simplified deesign method is stated in most
m
codes deepends on callculating the total bending
moment in thhe span and distribute
d
it in both positivee and negativee in field and column
c
strips according to certain ratios
depending onn the uniformity of slab thicckness and thee stiffness of marginal
m
beam
m.
The consideered reinforceement detail is bottom mesh
m
designedd for the maxximum positiive bending moment, top
reinforcemennt above colu
umns designedd for the max
ximum negatiive moment and
a extends one
o sixth the span in both
directions annd top mesh with
w area equaals to 25% of the
t top reinforrcement abovve columns (seeismic requireement).Unlike
the four sidees supported slabs,
s
flat & waffle
w
slabs thhickness is doominated by thhe long directtion span (L)). Hence, it is
better to reprresent the reinnforcement weeight per cubicc meter as a fuunction of (L) instead of (L
L) for flat andd waffle slabs.
A) Uniform thickness flat slab
Acccording to sim
mplified desiggn method poositive and neegative bendiing moments in column sttrip could be
calcculated as follows:
Mo = ws.L12.L2/8,
Column & fiield strips widdth
= 0.5 L2
M-ve max = 50% Mo (/sstrip)
= ws.L
w 12 / 8
(/m)
M+ve max = 30% Mo (/sstrip)
= ws.L
w 12 / 13.3 (/m)
s
in considdered directionn, L2 is the spaan perpendicuular on L1
Whhere L1 is the span
Slabb thickness
ts (m)
= 0.033 L
Slabb depth
d (m)
0.030 L
= 0.083
Ow
wn weight of sllab
0
L
(t/m2)
= 0.033L * 2.5
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
= 0.083L + 0.09
9L
= 0.173
0
L
n:
Forr long direction
Possitive bending moment
M+ve (m
m.t/m) = ws.
w L2 / 13.3
= 0.013
0
L3
2
Botttom steel areaa
As (cm /m)
= 1.5E+5 . M+ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.219
0
L2
2
2
Botttom RFT weight per m
(kg/m )
= 0.172
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
Neggative bendingg moment
m.t/m) = ws.
w L2 / 8
= 0.022
0
L3
M-ve (m
2
Topp steel area
As (cm /m)
= 1.5E+5 . M-ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.364
0
L2
2
2
Topp col. RFT weeight per m
(kg/m )
= 0.026
0
L2
= 0.3 * 0.3 As ss
2
2
Topp mesh RFT weight
w
per m
A s
= 0.065
0
L2
(kg/m )
= 0.25 * 0.91 * As
2
2
2
S
of weightts/m
= 0.265
0
L2
(kg/m )
= Sum
DOI: 10.156880/IJIRSET.20115.0405002
2666
ISSN (Print): 2347-6710
onal Jou
urnal off Innova
ative Ressearch in
i Scien
nce,
Intternatio
Eng
gineerin
ng and Technol
T
logy
(
(An
d Organization
n)
Vol. 4, Issue 5, Ma
ay 2015
Forr short directioon:

Botttom steel areaa
Botttom RFT weight per m2
Topp steel area
Topp col. RFT weeight per m2
w
per m2
mmation of booth directions:
Sum
M+ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
M-ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
= ws.
w L2 / 13.3
= 0.013
0
LL2
= 1.5E+5 . M+ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.219
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
= 0.172
0
L2
= ws.
w L2 / 8
= 0.022
0
LL2
= 1.5E+5 . M-ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.364
0
L2
= 0.026
0
L2
= 0.3 * 0.3 As ss
= 0.25 * 1.00 As s
= 0.065
0
L2
2
= Sum
S
of weightts/m
= 0.265
0
L2
(kg/m2)
(kg/m3)
= 0.265 L2 + 0.2
265 L2
) 0.033 L
= 0.265 (L2+L2)/
L/L)2]
= 8.00 L. [1 + (L
H
L=L min
m 6.0 m
= 96.0
= 16.0 * 6m
(kg/m3)
B) Flat slab with

w dropped panels
Forr variable thick
kness flat slabb, drop panels extend one siixth the span in
i both directiions are used. Thickness off
dropp panel is aboout 1.5 times the
t slab thickn
ness. Accordiing to simplifiied design meethod positive and negative
bennding moments in column sttrip could be calculated
c
as ffollows:
Mo = ws.L12.L2/8,
Column stripp width = 0.333 L2,
fielld strip width = 0.66 L2
M-ve max = 43.3% Mo (/strip)
(
= ws.L
w 12 / 6.15 (/m)
M+ve max = 23.3% Mo (/strip)
(
= ws.L
w 12 / 11.4 (/m)
s
Slabb thickness
Slabb depth
Droop panel thickn
ness
Droop panel depthh
Aveerage thicknesss
ts (m)
d (m)
td (m)
dd (m)
m)
tsavg (m
wn weight of sllab
Ow
Tottal slab load
n:
Forr long direction
Botttom steel areaa
Topp steel area
w
per m2
Botttom steel areaa
Topp steel area
(t/m2)
ws (t/m
m2)
= 0.028 L
0.025 L
= 0.040 L
0.037 L
= (00.75 * 0.028 L
L + 0.25 * 0.0
040 L)
= 0.031 L
= 0.078
0
L
= 0.031L * 2.5
= 0.078L + 0.09
9L
= 0.168
0
L
M+ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
m.t/m)
M-ve (m
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
= ws.
w L2 / 11.4
= 0.015
0
L3
= 1.5E+5 . M+ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.300
0
L2
= 0.230
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
= ws.
w L2 / 6.15
= 0.027
0
L3
= 1.5E+5 . M-ve/00.85 fy.dd = 0.344
0
L2
= 0.3 * 0.3 As ss
= 0.025
0
L2
= 0.25 * 0.91 * As
A s
= 0.061
0
L2
2
= Sum
S
of weightts/m
= 0.316
0
L2
M+ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
M-ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
= ws.
w L2 / 11.4
= 0.015
0
LL2
= 1.5E+5 . M+ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.300
0
L2
= 0.230
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
2
= ws.
w L / 6.15
= 0.027
0
LL2
= 1.5E+5 . M-ve/00.85 fy.dd = 0.344
0
L2
= 0.025
0
L2
= 0.3 * 0.3 As ss
DOI: 10.156880/IJIRSET.20115.0405002
2667
ISSN (Print): 2347-6710
onal Jou
urnal off Innova
ative Ressearch in
i Scien
nce,
Intternatio
Eng
gineerin
ng and Technol
T
logy
(
(An
d Organization
n)
Vol. 4, Issue 5, Ma
ay 2015

w
per m2
Sum
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
= 0.25 * 0.91 * As
A s
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 0.061
0
L2
= 0.316
0
L2
(kg/m2)
(kg/m3)
= 0.316 L2 + 0.3
316 L2
= 0.316 (L2+L2)/
) 0.031 L
= 10.2 L. [1 + (L
L/L)2]
Min. slaab thickness = 20 cm, Hence, L=L min 7.0 m
= 143
Min. RF
FT weight per m3 (kg/m3)
= 20.4 * 7.0m
C) Waffle slaab
Sam
me criteria off uniform thicckness flat slaab are considdered. Solid part
p extends one
o sixth the span in bothh
direections above columns.
Tottal waffle slab thickness is the
t same of th
he equivalent flat
f slab with dropped
d
panell.
Ow
wn weight of waffle
w
slab is 0.66
0 of the equuivalent flat sllab with dropp
ped panel.
Ribb spacing is ab
bout 0.8m. Rib
R ties range between 6-2200 to 8-200 for spans ranges betweeen 7 to 12 m,
hennce, the averagge weight/m2 is
i about 0.025
5L2.
Acccording to coddes, empirical method could
d be used for uniformly
u
loadded equal span
ns
Mo = ws.L12.L2/8,
as ffollows:
Column stripp width = 0.333 L2,
fielld strip width = 0.66 L2
M-ve max = 43.3% Mo (/strip)
(
= ws.L
w 12 / 6.15 (/m)
M+ve max = 23.3% Mo (/strip)
(
= ws.L
w 12 / 11.4 (/m)
s
Slabb thickness
ts (m)
= 0.040 L
d (m)
0.037 L
Slabb depth
(t/m2)
= 0.040L * 0.666 * 2.5
Ow
wn weight of sllab
= 0.066
0
L
ws (t/m
Tottal slab load
m2)
= 0.066L + 0.099L
= 0.156
0
L
n:
Forr long direction
Botttom steel areaa
Topp col. steel areea
Topp RFT weight per m2
w
per m2
2
Ribb ties weight per
p m
Botttom steel areaa
Topp steel area
Topp RFT weight per m2
w
per m2
2
Ribb ties weight per
p m
M+ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
M-ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
= ws.
w L2 / 11.4
= 0.015
0
L3
= 1.5E+5 . M+ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.205
0
L2
= 0.160
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
2
= ws.
w L / 6.15
= 0.025
0
L3
= 1.5E+5 . M-ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.341
0
L2
= 0.024
0
L2
= 0.3 * 0.3 As ss
= 0.25 * 0.91 * As
A s
= 0.061
0
L2
A
value
= 0.025
0
L2
= Average
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 0.270
0
L2
M+ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
M-ve (m
m.t/m)
As (cm2/m)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
(kg/m2)
= ws.
w L2 / 17.8
= 0.015
0
LL2
= 1.5E+5 . M+ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.205
0
L2
= 1.00 As s
= 0.160
0
L2
2
= ws.
w L / 5.3
= 0.025
0
LL2
= 1.5E+5 . M-ve / 0.85 fy.d = 0.341
0
L2
= 0.3 * 0.3 As ss
= 0.024
0
L2
= 0.25 * 0.91 * As
A s
= 0.061
0
L2
= Average
A
value
= 0.025
0
L2
= Sum
S
of weightts/m2
= 0.270
0
L2
DOI: 10.156880/IJIRSET.20115.0405002
2668
ISSN (Print): 2347-6710
onal Jou
urnal off Innova
ative Ressearch in
i Scien
nce,
Intternatio
Eng
gineerin
ng and Technol
T
logy
(
(An
d Organization
n)
Vol. 4, Issue 5, Ma
ay 2015
Sum
(kg/m2)
(kg/m3)
= 0.270 L2 + 0.2
270 L2
2
2
= 0.270 (L +L )/
) 0.040 L
= 6.75 L. [1 + (L
L/L)2]
Min. slaab thickness = 25 cm, Hence, L=L min 7.0 m
= 13.5 * 7.0m
Min. RF
FT weight per m3
(kg/m3)
= 95
9
V. CONCLUSIION
Results of thhis study could

d be summarizzed in the following table:
Tablee 3: Estimated economic quaantities of diff
fferent concrette slab types (
10%)
Totaal Slab
thicckness
(
(m)
RC vol. /m2
S type
Slab
One w
way solid slab
Two w
way solid slab
Cantileever solid slabb
One way
w H.B. Slab
Two way
w H.B. Slab
Cantileever H.B. Slabb
Uniform thhickness flat slab
s
Flat slab with drop pannel
W
Waffle slab
L / 27
L/60 + L/100
L / 10
L / 18
L/40 + L/66
L / 6.6
L / 30
L/ 36 & L/ 24
L / 24
L / 27
L/60 + L/100
L / 10
L / 36
L/60 + L/100
L / 13
L / 30
L / 32
L / 36
R / m3
RFT
(Grosss RC vol.)
3
(
(kg/m
)
(m3/m2)
RFT
T / m3
(Net RC
R vol.)
(kgg/m3)
113 L
1 L
13
3 L
33
5.6 L
11.2 L
9.3 L
144 L
233 L
11.6 L
8.0 L. [1 + (L/L)2]
[ + (L/L)2]
10.2 L. [1
6.75 L. [1 + (L/L)2] 10.1 L. [11 + (L/L)2]
Whhere: L & L arre short & Lonng span of thee slab respectiively
Values in thee table (3) are valid under thhe following conditions:
c
Residential & office buildding (live load
d up to 300 kg//m2)
Spans betweeen 4.0 to 12.00 m
High strengtth steel ( Fy = 3600 to 40000 kg/cm2)
Characteristiic concrete strrength (Fcu = 250 to 350 kgg/cm2)
REFERENCESS
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
BS-6399-1-1996, Loadinng for buildings-P

Part 1: Code of prractice for dead and
a imposed loadss, BSI, ISBN 0-580-26239-1
CE-7-2005, Miniimum Design Loaads for buildings and other Structuures, (ASCE), ISBN 0-7844-08831-9
SEI/ASC
BS-8110-1-1997, Structuural use of concreete-Part 1: Code of
o practice for dessign and construcction, BSI, ISB
BN 0-580-26208-1
ACI-318-2005, Building
g Code Requiremeents for Structuraal Concrete, (A
ACI), ISBN 978-0-87031-745-3.
r
concreete structures, (ACI).
ACI -3155-1999, Manual of standard practtice for detailing reinforced
BS-CP-110-1987, Code Of Practice For T
The Structural Usse Of Concrete, Design,
D
materials and workmanshipp, BSI, ISBN 0-580-07488-9
David A. Fanella and S. K. Ghosh, Sim
mplified Design Reinforced
R
Concrrete Buildings off Moderate Size and Height, (PCA), ISBN 089312-1229-0.
R. S. Narrayanan & A. Beeeby. Designers' Guide To En 1992-1-1and En 19992-1-2, Eurocode 2: Design Of Concrete
C
Structurees General Rules
And Rulees For Buildings And Structural Fire Design, Thhe authors and Thhomas Telford Limited 2005, ISB
BN: 07277 3105 X
C. H. Gooodchild, Econom
mic Concrete Fraame Elements, British Cement Association
A
19977, ISBN 0-7210-1488-7
DOI: 10.156880/IJIRSET.20115.0405002
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Estimating The Economic Quantities of Different Concrete Slab Types

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This paper aiims to evaluatte the optimum

(0.33 As * 00.25 L)+ (0.33 As * 0.25 L)+

Fig. (1): Typical

II. SOLID SLA

Slab load is distributed in

B) Two wayy solid slab (L=L)

C) Cantileveer solid slab

= 0.01 (1.6 L + 2 L)x 1.5

= 0.01 (1.6 L + L)x

C) Cantileveer hollow blocck slab

Forr short directioon:

B) Flat slab with

Topp mesh RFT weight

Results of thhis study could

BS-6399-1-1996, Loadinng for buildings-P

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