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Turn to the ExpertS
COMMERCI L HV C EQUIPMENT
ondensers
and
ooling
Towers
Technical
evelopment
Program
 
Technical Development Programs (TDP) are modules
o
technical training on HV AC theory, system design, equipment selection and application topics. They are targeted at engineers and designers who wish to develop their knowledge in this field to effectively design, specify, sell or apply HV AC equipment in commercial applications. Although TDP topics have been developed as stand-alone modules, there are logical group ings
o
topics. The modules within each group begin at an introductory level and progress to advanced levels. The breadth
o
this offering allows for customization into a complete HV AC curriculum-from a complete HVAC design course at an introductory-level or
to
an advancedlevel design course. Advanced-level modules assume prerequisite knowledge and do not review basic concepts.
Introduction to HVAC Psychrometries Load Estimating Controls Applications
This TDP module discusses the most common heat rejection equipment: condensers and cooling towers. Heat rejection
is
a process that
is
an integral part
o
the air conditioning cycle. The heat
is
rejected
to
the environment using air or water as the medium. In order to properly ap ply system concepts to a design, HV AC designers must be aware
o
the different heat rejection methods. Also presented
is
the concept
o
total heat
o
rejection, it s derivation, and how it ap plies to the process
o
air conditioning, as well
s
the controls that are used to regulate each type
o
heat rejection unit.
© 2005 Carrier Corporation. All rights reserved.
The information
in
this manual is offered as a general guide for the use
o
industry and consulting engineers
in
designing systems. Judgment
is
required for application
o
this information to specific installations and design applications. Carrier
is
not responsible for any uses made of this information and assumes
no
responsibility for the performance or desirability of any resulting system design. The information
in
this publication
is
subject to change without notice. No part of this publication may
be
reproduced or transmitted
in n
y form or by any means electronic or mechanical for any purpose without the express written permission of Carrier Corporation.
Printed
in
Syracuse NY CARRIER CORPORATION Carrier Parkway Syracuse NY 13221 U.S.A.
 
 
abl
e of
ontents
Introduction ............................................
 
....................................................................................... 1 Condenser Total Heat
of ejection
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................ 2 Heat Rejection Factors ....................
 
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.. 3 Condensers ......
 
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.... 4 Water-Cooled Condensers .....
 
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............................................................. 5 Once-Thru versus Recirculating .................
 
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...... 5 Water Requirement Calculation for Recirculating Systems ...........
 
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6 ARI Conditions ...............................................................................
 
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... 7 Water Consumption and Makeup Quantity ............................
 
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.............................. 8 Construction and Types
of
Water-Cooled Condensers .........
 
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............................................ 8 Fouling Factors ........................
 
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13
Tubing Mate1ials .............
 
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15
Effects
of
Antifreeze .....
 
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15
Condenser Pass Arrangements .....................................................................
 
....................... 16 Selection Inputs ...............................
 
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17
Air-Cooled Condensers ...................................
 
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17
Air-Cooled Condenser versus Air-Cooled Condensing Unit.. ......
 
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18
Subcooling Circuit ........................
 
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19
Placement. .........................................................................................
 
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........................ 20 Selection ....................................
 
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......... 21 Evaporative Condensers .........................................
 
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......... 22 Evaporative Condenser Selection Parameters ...............................................
 
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............... 24 Condenser Economics ......................................................................................
 
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25
Coo
li
ng Towers ...............................
 
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................ 27 Basic Terms ..............................................
 
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....................................... 28 Entering Wet Bulb Temperature ......
 
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................ 28 Approach ................................................................................
 
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28
Range ..
 
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................................................... 29 Total Heat
of ejection
.........................................................
 
............................................... 30 Drift Windage) ..............................
 
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.............. 30 Evaporation ....................................
 
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................................................... 31 Blow-down Bleed) .....................
 
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31
Makeup ................................................
 
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................................................................. 32 Cooling Tower Psychrometric Plot. ..................
 
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...................... 32 Types
of
Cooling Towers ..............
 
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33
Natural Draft Atmospheric) .....
 
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33
Mechanical Draft .....................
 
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...................................................... 34 Closed-Circuit Cooling Towers Fluid Coolers) .......
 
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.
 
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.......................................... 36 App
li
cation
of
Cooling Towers .........................
 
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.................................. 37 Placement ..............................
 
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.... 3 7 Effects
of
Reduced Coo
li
ng Tower Water Temperature ....................
 
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38 Hydronic Free Coo
li
ng ........................................................................................
 
............... 39 Cooling Tower Relief Profiles .............................................................
 
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................ 40 Cooling Tower Differences: Electric versus Absorption Chillers .
 
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41
Cooling Tower Selection ......................
 
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43
Water Treatment ..
 
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.......................................... 44

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