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(x-3)(x+1) = 0
x = 3, x = -1
When x = 3, y = (3)3 3(3)2 9(3) + 7 = -20
When x = -1, y = (-1)3 -3(-1)2 -9(-1) + 7 = 12
Therefore the points are (3,-20) , ( -1,12) .
8) Using differentials, find approximate value of 25.3 up to 3 decimal
places.
Ans: y = x, Let x = 25 and x = 0.3
Then y = x + x - x
= 25.3 -25
25.3 = y + 5
Now dy = (dy/dx) x = (1/2x) (0.3)
= (1/225) (0.3) = 0.3/10 = 0.03.
Therefore approximate value of 25.3 is 5 + 0.03 = 5.03
9) If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02m,
then find the approximate error in calculating its volume.
Ans: Given radius of the sphere r = 7m and r = 0.02 m.
Volume of sphere V = (4/3) r3.
Differentiate w.r.t r
dV/dr = (4/3) (3r2)
Therefore dV = (dV/dr) r
= (4r2)(r)
= (4) (49) (0.02) = 3.92 m3.
Therefore the approximate error in calculating the volume is 3.92 m3.
10) If the radius of sphere is measured as 9m with an error of 0.03m,
then find the approximate error in calculating its surface area.
Ans: Radius of the sphere r = 9m, r = 0.03m.
Surface area of sphere S = 4r2.
Differentiate w.r.t. r
dS/dr = 4(2r)
Now dS = (dS/dr) (r)
= (4)(2)(r)r
1) Find the local maxima and local minima if any, of the function f(x) = x2
and also find the local maximum and local minimum values.
Ans: f(x) = x2
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = 2x
f (x) = 0 2x = 0 x=0
f(x) =2x
f(x) = 2 > 0
By second derivative test x= 0 is a point of local minima .
local minimum m value = f(0) = 02 = 0
2) Find the local maxima and local minima if any, of the function
f(x) =x3 6x2 + 9x + 15 and also find the local maximum and local
minimum values.
Ans: f(x) = x3- 6x2+9x+15
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = 3x2-12x+9
f(x) = 6x-12
Now f(x) = 0
3x2-12x+9=0
X2-4x+3=0
(x-3)(x-1) = 0
x=3, x=1
Now f(3) =
6(3)- 12 = 6>0
f(1) = 6(1) 12 = -6<0
By second derivative test, x= 3 is a point of local minima and
x = 1 is a point of local maxima
local maximum value = f(1) = (1)3-6(1)2+9(1)+15 =19
Local minimum value = f(3) = (3)3-6(3)2+9(3)+15=15.
3) Prove that the function f(x) = logx do not have maxima or minima.
Ans: f(x) = logx
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = 1/x
f(x) = -1/x2
Now f(x) = 0 1/x = 0
x=
The function do not have maxima or minima.
4) Prove that the function f(x) = x3 + x2 + x+ 1 do not have maxima or
minima.
Ans: f(x) = x3+x2+x+1
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(X) = 3X2+2X+1
f(x) = 6x+2
Now f(x) = 0 3x2+2x+1=0
X = [-24-4(3)(1)]/2(3)
X = [-2 -8] /6 which is imaginary
The given function do not have maxima or minima for all reals.
5) Find the absolute maximum value and the absolute minimum value of
the function f(x) = sinx + cosx, x[0,].
Ans: f(x) = sinx+cosx,
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = cosx - sinx
Now f (x) = 0
Cosx - sinx =0
sinx = cosx tanx = 1
x = /4 and 5/4
Now the value of the function f(x) at x= /4, 5/4 and end points
of intervals that is 0 and is
f(0) = sin0+cos0 = 0+1 = 1
f(/4) = sin(/4) +cos (/4) = 1/2 + 1/2 =2/2 = 2
f(5/4) = sin(5/4) +cos (5/4) =(-1/2)+( - 1/2) =-2/2 = -2
f() = sin + cos = 0+(-1) = -1
Absolute maximum value of f on [ 0,] is 2 occurring at x=/4.
Absolute minimum value of f on [ 0,] is -2 occurring at
x=5/4.
6) Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and whose product is as large as
possible.
Ans: Let the numbers be x & y
Given S = x+y = 24
y = 24-x
Product of numbers, P= x y is large
P = x(24-x) = 24x-x2
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dP/dx = 24-2x
Differentiate w.r.t. x
d2P/dx2 = -2<0 Product is maximum
For the product to be maximum dP/dx = 0
24-2x = 0 x = 12
The numbers are x & 24-x,
12 & 24-12
12 & 12
The numbers are 12 & 12
7) Find two positive numbers whose sum is 16 and the sum of whose cubes
is minimum.
Ans: Let numbers be x and y
Sum = x+y = 16 y = 16 x
Given S = x3 +y3 is minimum
= x3 + (16-x)3
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dS/dx = 3x2 + 3(16-x)2(-1)
d2S/dx2 = 6x - 3(2) (16-x) (-1)
=6x+6(16-x)
For S to be minimum dS/dx = 0
3x2-3(16-x)2 = 0
x2-(16-x)2 = 0
32x 256 = 0
x = 8
y = 16-x = 16-8 = 8
Hence the numbers are 8 and 8.
8) Show that of all rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the squares
has the maximum area.
Ans : Let r be the radius of circle ABCD is a rectangle.
B
OA = r , OE = x , AE = y ,In le OAE ,
A
2
2
2
OA = OE + AE
r2 = x2 +y2
O
E
2
2
2
2
2
y = r x y = r - x
D
C
Area of rectangle A = x. y
= xr2-x2
Squaring both sides A2 = x2(r2 x2)
Let A2 = B
B = x2(r2 x2)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dB/dx = x2(-2x)+(r2-x2)(2x)
= 2x(r2 2x2)
d2B/dx2 = 2x(-4x) + (r2-2x2)(2)
= 2r2 -12x2
For the area to be maximum dB/dx = 0
2x(r2-2x2) = 0 x = 0 & x2 = r2/2 x = r/2
d2B/dx2x=r/2 = 2r2 12(r2/2) = -4r2< 0
Area is maximum
Y2 = r2 - x2 = r2- r2/2 = r2/2
Since x= y = r/2 , ABCD is a square.
9) Find the equation of the normal at the a point (am2, am3) for the curve
ay2 = x3.
Ans: ay2 = x3
Y2 = x3/a
Differentiate w.r.t. x
2y dy/dx = [1/a] 3x2
dy/dx = 3x2/2ay
Slope of tangent = dy/dx(am2,am3) = 3(am2)2/ 2a(am3)
= 3a2m4/2a2m3 = 3m/2
slope of normal = -2/3m
Equation of normal at (am2, am3) having slope -2/3m is
curve y = 1/(x-3), x 3.
Ans: y = 1/(x-3)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
dy/dx =
Given dy/dx = 2
-1/(x-3)2 = 2
2(x-3)2 =-1
2(x2-6x+9)=-1
2x2-12x+19 = 0
X = (12 144-152) / 2(2) which is complex
No tangent to the curve which has slope two.
13) Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log(sinx) is strictly increasing
on (0,/2) and strictly decreasing on (/2,).
Ans: f(x) = log(sinx)
Differentiate w.r.t. x
f(x) = (1/sinx) (cosx)
= cotx
Since for each x (0,/2), cotx > 0 f(x) > 0
So f is strictly increasing in (0,/2)
Since for each x (/2,), cotx < 0 f(x)< 0
So f is strictly decreasing in (/2,).
= (Sr/2) - r3
(x/2) - (28-x)/8= 0
x = [28/(4+)]
f[28/(4+)] = (1/2) + 1/8 > 0
f(x) has a local minima at x = [28/(4+)]
Since f is continues at (0, 28) and has only one extreme
point at [28/(4+)] (0,28)
f(x) is absolutely minimum for x = [28/(4+)]
Hence length of circular piece = [28/ (4+)] m and square
piece = 28 - [28/(4+)] = 112/(4+) m