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UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT distance locator :

UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT distance locator UNDER ESTEEM GUIDANCE BY HARI NATH
REDDY GARU (ASST. PROFESSOR) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING RRS
COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH BY G.GNANESWAR 11244-EE-021 B.JAYA VARDHAN BABU 11244EE-010 M.ANIL KUMAR 11244-EE-042 N.NARASIMHACHARY 11244-EE-036 K. KALYAN DAS
11244-EE-048
Contents:
Contents INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM COMPONENT LIST SOFTWARE
REQUIREMENTS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground
cable fault from base station in kilometers. The underground cable system is a common
practice followed in many urban areas. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the
repairing process related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact
location of the cable fault. The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault.
PRINCIPLE:
PRINCIPLE The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is
applied at the feeder end through a series resistor. The current would vary depending upon
the length of fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or 3L or LG etc. The series
resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise
digital data which the programmed microcontroller would display the same in Kilo meters.
The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault
creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the
same.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
BLOCK DIAGRAM
POWER SUPPLY:
POWER SUPPLY
COMPONENTS :
COMPONENTS STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER VOLTAGE REGULATOR 8051
MICROCONTROLLER ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERTOR(ADC) RELAY LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
(LCD )
AC TO DC CONVERSION :
AC TO DC CONVERSION The 230V AC supply is first stepped down to 12V AC using a step
down transformer. This is then converted to DC using bridge rectifier. The AC ripples is
filtered out by using a capacitor and given to the input pin of voltage regulator 7805. At
output pin of this regulator we get a constant 5V DC which is used for MC and other ICs in
this project.
RECTIFIER:
RECTIFIER A rectifier is an electronic device that changes alternating current into direct
current. This process is called rectification. In this supply we use bridge rectifier A rectifier is
an electronic device that changes alternating current into direct current. This process is
called rectification .
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

VOLTAGE REGULATOR A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may
include negative feedbackcontrol loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or
more AC or DC voltages .
MICRO CONTROLLER :
MICRO CONTROLLER I A micro controller is an integrated circuit or a chip with a processor
and other support devices like program memory, data memory, I/O ports, serial
communication interface etc integrated together. Unlike a microprocessor (ex: Intel 8085), a
microcontroller does not require any external interfacing of support devices. Intel 8051 is the
most popular microcontroller ever produced in the world market. Now lets talk about 8051
microcontroller in detail.
WHY THE ADC IC IS USED?:
WHY THE ADC IC IS USED ? Analog to digital converters find huge application as an
intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals
are used for further processing by the digital processors. Various sensors like temperature,
pressure, force etc. convert the physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog
in nature .
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ADC0804 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single channel IC,
i.e. , it can take only one analog signal as input.
WHY RELAY IS USED?:
WHY RELAY IS USED ? A relay is an electrically operated switch . Current flowing through the
coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and have
double throw ( changeover ) switch contacts as shown in the diagram.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (lcd):
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY ( lcd ) Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are
16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per
line by 2 lines, respectively. The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the
controller chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with
the LCD.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,
real-time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and
emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.
Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code. Desktop
compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other
microprocessors.
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i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the code to run on the
system for a particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer). For
example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform So if
one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into
object code .
ADVANTAGES:

ADVANTAGES Cable fault location instruments and systems are applicable to all types of
cables ranging from 1 kV to 500 kV and all types of cable faults such as: Short circuit faults
Cable cuts Resistive faults Intermittent faults Sheath faults Water trees Partial discharges
Less maintenance Less faults Higher efficiency
DISADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES Cost, must consider life time costs not just initial Cost differential
decreasing with time Cost of losses (30-60% less than OH), maintenance and repair
Outage time, locate fault and repair(OH one day, UG 7-10 days) Fault location
instantaneous, can have longer repair time Undergrounding all of the lines would increase
the cost of electricity by 16%
CONCLUSION:
CONCLUSION Further this project can be enhanced by using capacitor in an ac circuit to
measure the impedance which can even locate the open circuited cable, unlike the short
circuited fault only using resistors in DC circuit as followed in the above proposed project.
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