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IGCSEMigrationandGCSEMigration
IGCSEMigrationandGCSEMigration
Specification:
1.1Populationdynamics(inthespecificationthemigrationsectionofthecoursefallsunderpopulation)
Candidatesshouldbeableto:
Describeandsuggestreasonsforpopulationmigrations.Referenceshouldbemadetointernalmovementssuchasruralurbanmigrationaswellastointernationalmigrations
bothvoluntaryandinvoluntary.

Migration:Themovementfromonelocationtoanotherlocation.
Therearemanydifferenttypesofmigration.Themostcommonlyreferredtoare:
InternalMigration:Migrationwithinacountrye.g.SantaAnatoSanSalvadororBirminghamtoLondon.
Ruralurbanmigration:Thisisatypeofinternalmigration.Itisthemovementofpeoplefromruralareas(thecountryside)tourbanareas(townsandcities).Inthesettlements
topicwelookatthecauses,problemsandsolutionsofandtoruralurbanmigrationinRiodeJaneiro.Ifyouwanttoreadmoregotothesettlementspage:IGCSESettlements
andGCSESettlements.
InadditiontoruralurbanmigrationwealsolookedattheprocessesofcounterurbanisationandreurbanisationinMEDCs(bothformsofinternalmigration).Againdetailsofthese
canbefoundonthesettlementspage:IGCSESettlementsandGCSESettlements.
InternationalMigration:Migrationbetweencountriese.g.ElSalvadortoUS.
TemporaryMigration:Migrationforalimitedperiod,thismightonlybeforafewweeksorevenseveralyears.
PermanentMigration:Migrationwiththeintentionofstayingforever.
ForcedMigration:Whenpeopleareforcedtomigrate,oftenbecausetheirlifeisindanger.
VoluntaryMigration:Whenpeoplefreelychoosetomigratee.g.forbetterweatherorbetteruniversities.
EconomicMigration:Migrationforworke.g.bettersalaryorpromotion
SeasonalMigration:Migrationjustforaparticularseasone.g.theskiseasonortheharvestingseason
Commuting:Movementfromhometoworkplaceandviceversa.
CommutingisbiggestproblemBBCarticle
Differenttypesofmigrationcanalsobeusedtogether,forexampleMrGreenfieldwasainternationaltemporaryvoluntarymigrantwhenhemigratedtoVietnam,theUAEandEl
salvador.
Examplesofforcedandvoluntarymigration:
FORCEDMIGRATION:Whenpeoplehavetomoveusuallybecausetheirlifemightbein
danger.

VOLUNTARYMIGRATION:Whenpeoplechosetomove,usuallyforeconomic
benefit.

Naturaldisaster(volcano,earthquake,flood,famineetc.)
War
Politicalpersecution
Religiousorethnicpersecution
Redevelopmentorresettlemente.g.ThreeGorgesDam

Newjoborbetterpay
Retirement
University/school
Healthcare
Betterweather

Emigrant:Apersonwholeavesacountrytomigratetoanother.
Immigrant:Amigrantarrivinginanewcountry.
MigrationBalance:Thedifferencebetweenemigrantsandimmigrants.Ifacountryhasmoreemigrantsthanimmigrantsthatitisexperiencingnetmigrationloss.Ifacountry
hasmoreimmigrantsthanemigrantsthenitisexperiencingnetmigrationgain.
Peoplewillnormallymigratebecauseofacombinationofpushandpullfactors.
PushFactor:Thingsthataredrivingyoufromthelocationthatyoulivee.g.crimeandpollution
PullFactor:Thingsthatareattractingyoutoanewlocatione.g.betterjobandniceweather.

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TheLee'sModelaboveshowthataswellastherebeingpushfactorsfromwhereyoulivetherearealsopullfactorsthatkeepyouthere(representedby+inmodel).Italso
saysthataswellaspullfactorsthatattractyoutoanewlocation,therearealsopushfactorsnotmakingyouwanttomovethere(representedbyinthediagram).

PushFactorsfromSource(origin)CountryPullFactorsfromSource(origin)Country
Nojob
Lowsalary
Pollutionandcongestion
Badweather
Crime
Pooreducationandhealthcare
Poorhousing

PullFactorsofDestinationCountry
Betterjob
Bettersalary
Betterschoolsandhospitals
Peacefulandsafe
Friendsandfamilyalreadylivingtheir

Friendsandfamily
House
Knowtheculture
Understandthelanguage
Understandhowcountryworks

PushFactorsfromDestinationCountry
Costofhousing
Racialtension
Languagebarriers
Differentculture
Nofriendsandfamily

Interveningobstacles:Theseareproblemsthatamigrantmayfaceonhisjourney.TheyarerepresentedontheLee'sModelbythewigglylineinbetweencountryoforiginand
destinationcountry.Interveningobstaclesmayinclude:
Shortageofmoney
Languagebarriers
Passportorvisaissues
Badweather
Transportdelays
Problemswithhousing
ThecharityAmnestyInternationalhasmadefourshortdocumentarieshighlightingtheproblemsfacedbyCentralAmericansmigratingtotheUSthroughMexico.The
documentariesarecalledtheInvisibles.TheproblemsinMexicomayinclude:
Kidnap
Rape
Robbery
Death
Torture

PART1:Seaworld

PART2:SixoutofTen

PART3:WhatRemains

PART4:Goal

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MexicodeniesElSalvador'sclaimofmigrantabductionsBBCarticle
UNcallsforinvestigationtomigrantabductionsinMexicoBBCarticle
Morethan11,000migrantsabductedinMexicoBBCarticle
AmericanIllegalsinMexicoBBCarticle

ImpactsofMigration
Theprocessofmigrationcanhavepositiveandnegativeimpactsonboththesourcecountryandthereceivingcountry.Belowisasummaryofsomeofthoseimpacts.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Source
Country
(losing
country)

Reducedunemployment.ElSalvador'siscurrentlyabout10%,butinrealityitisprobably
muchhigher.Thereisalsoalotofunderemployment.
Reducedpressureonschoolsandhospitals.Itisestimatedthatthereare2million
migrantslivingintheUSfromElSalvador.
Remittancessentbyfamilyandfriendslivingabroad.Remittancesgostraightintothe
handsofthepeople,notthegovernment.In2010itwasestimatedthatElSalvador
received$2.5billioninremittances,sharedbetween22.5%offamilies.
Improvedrelationswithforeigncountriese.g.ElSalvadorandUS,in2011BarackObama
visitedElSalvador
Migrantsmayreturnhomewithnewskillsandknowledgeofnewtechnology
Reducedbirthandfertilityrateandpeopleinreproductiveagerangeleave

Oftenskilledandeducatedmigrantsleave'Brain
Drain'
Thedependencyratioincreasesastheeconomically
activeleave
Adependencyonremittancesdevelops
Theremaybeshortageofworkers,especiallyduring
harvests
Familyseparation
GangshavereturnedbacktoElSalvadorthatwere
formedintheUSe.g.MSandM18.

Destination
Country
(receiving
country)

Sourceofmanualworkerswhoarepreparedtoworkdirtylowpaidjobse.g.farming,
constructionandcleaning.
Alsosourceofskilledworkerswhoareaddedtoskilledworkforce'BrainGain'e.g.
teachers,nursesandlawyers(baseballplayers!)
Newculturese.g.foodanddance,PupasasaresoldintheUS
Improvedlinkswithsourcecountries,possiblenewmarketse.g.ElSalvadorbuysUS
productsandfranchisese.g.BurgerKingandStarbucks.

Possibleracialtension.UScitizenswilloftenblame
CentralAmericansfortakingtheirjobs.
Inflationcausedbyincreasedemand
Pressureonschoolsandhospitals.Inpartsof
CaliforniaoverhalfofpeoplespeakSpanish,this
cancauseproblemsforschools,hospitals,etc.
Possibleunemployment
Pressureonhousing,electricity,water,etc.
Increasedcongestionandpollution
GangswerecreatedbySalvadorianmigrantse.g.
MS,M18

Remittances:Moneythatissenthometofriendsandfamilybymigrantslivinginadifferentlocation,oftenoverseas.
Remittancestopworldaid
DownturnhitsFilipinoRemittances

CentralAmerica(includingMexico)toUSMigration
TheUSandMexicosharealandborderofroughly2000km.Becauseofaseriesofpushandpullfactors,migrantsfromMexicoandCentralAmerica(ElSalvador,Honduras
andGuatemala)tryandmakethejourneyacrosstheborder.Itisestimatedthatover1millionmigrantseachyearattempttocross.Manymakeit,butothersarealsocaught,in
1995about850,000werecaughtanddeported.

PUSHFACTORSFROMMEXICO
Poormedicalfacilities1800perdoctor
Lowpaidjobs(GNP=$3,750)
Adultliteracyrates55%pooreducationprospects
Lifeexpectancy72yrs

PULLFACTORSTOUS
Excellentmedicalfacilities400perdoctor
WellpaidjobsGNP=$24,750)
Adultliteracyrates99%goodeducationprospects
Lifeexpectancy76yrs

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40%Unemployed
42,000violentdrugsdeathssince2006

Lowcrimerates
ManyjobsavailableforlowpaidworkerssuchasMexicans

ImapactsonUS(positiveandnegative)
IllegalmigrationcoststheUSAmillionsofdollarsforborderpatrolsandprisons
MexicansareseenasadrainontheUSAeconomy
MigrantworkerskeepwageslowwhichaffectsAmericans
Theycauseproblemsincitiesdueculturalandracialissues
MexicanmigrantsbenefittheUSeconomybyworkingforlowwages
MexicanculturehasenrichedtheUSborderstateswithfood,languageandmusic
TheincidentsofTBhasbeenincreasinggreatlyduetotheincreasedmigration

ImpactsonMexico(positiveandnegative)
TheMexicancountrysidehasashortageofeconomicallyactivepeople
Manymenemigrateleavingamajorityofwomenwhohavetroublefindingmarriagepartners
Youngpeopletendtomigrateleavingtheoldandtheveryyoung
Legalandillegalimmigrantstogethersendsome$6billionayearbacktoMexico
CertainvillagessuchasSantaIneshavelost2/3ofitsinhabitants
Pushandpullfactorsandimpactsarefrom:SLNUSMexicoMigration

RefugeesandIDPs
Refugees:Apersonwhohasbeenforcedtoleavetheirhomeandtheircountry.Thismightbebecauseofanaturaldisaster,war,religiousorpoliticalpersecution.
Persecution:Whensomeoneisattackedforwhattheybelieveine.g.theirreligionorpoliticalbelief.
Internallydisplacedperson(IDP):Whensomeonehasbeenforcedtoleavetheirhomebutnottheircountry.
AsylumSeekers:Someonewhoistryingtogetrefuge(residency)inaforeigncountrybecausetheirlifeisindangerintheirhomecountry.Thisisusuallybecauseoftheir
politicalorreligiousbeliefs.
AsylumSeekersdrownoffAustralia

Reasonsforbecominga
refugee
Ware.g.Iraq
Naturaldisastere.g.Indian
Oceantsunami
Famineand/ordrought
Politicalpersecutione.g.
Syria
Religiousorethnic
persecution

Problemsfacedby
refugees
Nohousing
Shortageoffoodand
water
Nojobornomoney
Noclothesorlimited
clothes
Poormedicalcare
Disease
Poorsanitation
Safetyconcernse.g.
war,robbery,rape.
Languagebarriers
Noeducationforchildren

Problemsfacedbyreceivingcountry

Solutionstorefugeeproblem

Costofprovidingfoodandwater
Endofprobleminsourcecountry
Costofprovidingeducationforchildrenand
Thereturnofmigrantstotheirhome(1stchoice)
medicalcareforeveryone
Thereturnofmigrantstoaresorcountriesnear
Possiblespreadofdiseasetonative
theirhome(2ndchoice)
population
Migrantssettledinaforeigncountryalongway
Increasedpollutionandcongestion
fromtheirhome(3rdchoice)
Possibleracialtension
Languageproblemsofdealingwithrefugees Theabovethreechoicesarethethreepreferred
Increasedunemployment
solutionsoftheUNHCR.
Possibleinflationbecauseofrisingdemand
Foodshortages
Shortagesofwater,electricity,etc.

IraqiRefugeesandIDPs
Iraqhasseenaflowofrefugeesfromitsbordersoverthelast100years.However,sincethe
Americanledinvasionof2003,thenumberofrefugeesleavingIraqandalsothenumberofIDPs
withinIraqhasincreasedrapidly.Itisestimatedthatsince2003,about2.2millionIraqi'shaveleftthe
countryandafurther2.5millionhavefledinternally.
MostrefugeeshaveescapedtheongoingfightingbetweencoalitiontroopsandremnantsofSaddam
Hussein'sgovernment,butothersareescapingterroristattacks(AlQaedahasinfiltratedIraq)and
political,ethnicandreligiouspersecution.
Themajorityofrefugeeshavemovedtoneighbouringcountries(SyriaandJordan),wherethereare
similaritiesinlanguageandreligionandtheyareeasilyaccessiblebyland.
WarningofIraqRefugeeCrisisBBCarticle
UNwarnsofIraqrefugeedisasterBBCarticle

UNHCR:TheUNHCRistheUnitedNationsHighCommissionforRefugees.ThisistheUNorganisationinchargeofhelpingpeoplewhohavebecomerefugees.
WHO:TheWHOistheWorldHealthOrganisation.ThisisaUNorganisationthathelpsprovidemedicalcaretoplacesthatcan'tprovidetheirown.

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WFP:TheWFPistheWorldFoodProgramme.ThisisaUNorganisationthathelpsdistributefoodtoareassufferingshortageandfamine.

Migrationticksheet.doc
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