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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I want to thank my parents, George and Regine, for instilling in me the importance of language Joanna
Milobedzki
I want to thank the executives and master communicators who, early in my career, inspired me to take my
vocabulary and communication skills to the highest level of successThe Executive Level Greg Ragland
FOREWORD
In todays advancing world, there is no better way to achieve academic and career success than by raising your
verbal intelligence. Just as high musical intelligence allows musicians to perform a note with its proper pitch
and tone, high verbal intelligence allows a reader to define a word with its proper contextual definition. Words
and word pieces are the building blocks of verbal intelligence.
The ability to freely express ideas and to capture the thoughts of others requires a fundamental understanding of
the words successful people use. This workbook includes those words you need to know. Rather than offering a
quick definition and sample sentence, this volume gives you an understanding of the origin of each word along
with usage tips. By doing so, instead of a rote or surface understanding of these terms, you will develop a highdefinition vocabulary and soon become capable of comprehending and communicating at a far richer and
deeper level of understanding.
My suggestion is for you to work with just a few of these words each day. Practice using them in personalized
sentences related to your own life. Incorporate them in your emails and conversationsa few at a time. Work
hard to master these words and be able to verbally define them. And remember, vocabulary skills underlie the
skill of reading as well as communication and interpersonal skills. By working this program, you will notice
your reading fluency increase. And, by developing a powerful vocabulary, you will notice that others will react
more favorably toward you.
Donald Russell Woodruff is the director of the Professional Vocabulary Institute and author of The Kangaroo
Method: How To Unlock Your Verbal Intelligence & Become The Person You Most Want To Be.
INTRODUCTION
There's a reason you decided to download the Executive Vocabulary e-book and are now holding this powerful
success tool in your hand. You may have been feeling that something was missing or holding you back from
achieving the career success you deserve, or you may have simply noticed that you weren't able to express your
ideas as clearly and confidently as you would like.
As an intelligent person, you already know that effective communication skills are the key to being heard and
getting what you want, both at work and in your daily life. Whether you're just starting out in your career, as a
recent graduate or whether you have been establishing your career path for years, you recognize that improving
your vocabulary is the best way to raise your verbal intelligence and thereby, your career success. This is
precisely why we created the Executive Vocabulary program.
According to Don Woodruf, the renowned creator of the Kangaroo Method, it was once believed that our
intelligence level is fixed, but we now know that this is not true. Just by raising your vocabulary skills and
thereby, your verbal intelligence, you can actually raise your overall IQ. Just think of what this could do for
you--increased confidence, greater respect from your peers and colleagues, and ultimately, greater success in
every aspect of your life.
Executive Vocabulary was designed to be the elite leader of vocabulary programs. It's the only program geared
exclusively toward empowering you for greater success.
In fact, it's the only program worthy of the Trademark name "Executive."
You see, the scientists who've studied success have made an interesting discovery about high-level executives:
they consistently have the most powerful vocabularies.
Johnson O'Connor, the scientist who discovered the link between vocabulary and rank on the corporate ladder,
was surprised to discover that not only did executives use a greater number of powerful words than their
underlings - their vocabularies were actually superior to even PhD's and University Professors.
In other words, being an elite executive and mastering a powerful vocabulary go hand-in-hand.
Executive Vocabulary was developed specifically to help expand your career vocabulary by presenting words in
a business context. Through countless research hours, we selected words for their usefulness in business and
day-to-day communication. This powerful teaching tool has been designed to help you expand your vocabulary
and raise your verbal intelligence so that you can have the words you need, at the ready. The words you'll learn
in this book will give you the power to communicate directly and with impact. They are true Power Words.
Power Words will infuse your communications with power and precision. These are words that inform, rather
than confuse. Mastering and using these Power Words will enable you to radiate the image of authority and
success. This is why Executive Vocabulary isn't built around memorizing definitions we leave that to the
other programs, the ones not worthy of the name "Executive." Nor do we focus on a gaggle of pretentious,
obscure words your listeners won't understand. Instead, Executive Vocabulary is designed to help you rapidly
assimilate Power Words into your everyday conversations and to master them.
Using this program will make Power Words so ingrained and natural to you that they become part of your
internal thought process. After that, having them roll effortlessly off your tongue in conversations is, well
effortless. We give you that level of mastery by focusing our lessons on using each word in a business or reallife context. It is by learning through context, that you should begin to think about examples in your own job or
daily life where Power Words can replace weaker words and make your thoughts and communications that
much stronger.
To gain all the benefits of this program, it is imperative that you read through this workbook and use it in
conjunction with your audio learning. People often prefer the passive learning (listening) of our audio program
to the active learning (reading) of this workbook. This is because most people consider reading to be more
difficult than listening. But to reap the full potential of the Executive Vocabulary program, in the shortest
amount of time, use this book to reinforce and ingrain the lessons taught in the audio portion of the program.
We have included a bonus section, as well as extra tips, some new usage examples, and new quiz questions that
will compliment your audio learning.
Use this book to access your progress. As you listen and read through the Executive Vocabulary program, look
back on your day and identify instances when you either used a Power Word or heard someone else use a Power
Word. This will be the quickest and easiest way for your permanently assimilate new words into your active
vocabulary. Then, identify which words you haven't used. Consider why you haven't used these words. Is it
because the right situation or conversation didn't present itself? Or is it because you don't fully understand the
definition and aren't completely comfortable using the word? Focus on these words. Focus on making sure you
are able to correctly use these words by studying with the quizzes. In order to get totally comfortable with the
word, say it out loud, twenty-five times. Then say the word and its definition, twenty-five times. Finally, use the
word in a sentence, ideally in a sentence or scenario that applies to your own life, and repeat this to yourself ten
to twenty-five times. If you follow this process for every word you haven't used or heard used recently, we
guarantee you will soon use the word and it will become part of your immediate and permanent vocabulary.
As you study and proceed through the program, keep your eyes and ears open for new Power Words. Create a
heightened awareness of words used by your friends, colleagues and the media. You should begin to take note
of Power Words being used every day. You will soon realize that we have amassed the greatest collection of
Power Words available, and that you now have them at the ready, as part of your active verbal intelligence.
With your new awareness of vocabulary and your improved communication, you may begin to notice words
that you consider to be Power Words, but that are not currently part of the Executive Vocabulary program.
That's great! Study and learn those words using our repetition process, and send us an email with the word or
words, and we may add it to future versions of the program and credit you for identifying those words.
You're now on the road to vocabulary mastery and career success, and you'll soon notice yourself projecting an
air of success and power, and others will notice this change in you too.
As you powerfully and precisely express your ideas, they will resonate with more people, and will be
remembered and acted upon. As your ideas are acted upon, your colleagues will begin to have greater respect
for your capabilities and will depend on your continued support. Your colleagues and superiors will begin to
perceive you as more intelligent and skilled at your job. And your IQ will naturally increase. You won't just
appear smarter, you actually will be.
Countless graduates and career professionals the world over have used the Executive Vocabulary program and
sent us excited stories of their increased confidence, intelligence, and success. As you go through this program
and increase your verbal intelligence, you too will start to feel this level of excitement and you will soon see all
the benefits you deserve. Enjoy the journey on your road to success!
Section 1 Lessons
Adamant-(adjective)-Very determined and not influenced by appeals to reconsider; set in one's opinion
Synonyms: insistent, firm, fixed, resolute, unbending
Antonyms: yielding
Tips & Usage: Adamant was originally derived from the Greek word adamas, which literally means
unbreakable. Think, firm, unbreakable opinion. The adverb adamantly refers to something done in a
determined or insistent manner.
Usage Examples:
1. The CEO is adamant about the companys need to expand into global markets. (resolute)
2.
3.
He was adamant about taking the problem to court; there was no convincing him otherwise. (insistent,
resolute)
4.
I was adamant about finding the perfect dress for the party and refused to wear anything I already had in
my closet. (unyielding, insistent)
(proficient, deft)
4. We don't need a brilliant mathematician for this task; we just need someone who is adept at simple
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(out-of-date, outmoded)
2. It was amazing that the run-down and antiquated machinery still worked. (archaic, outmoded)
3. His antiquated marketing ideas don't work in the Internet Age. (outdated, old-fashioned)
4. An antiquated bridge on which trucks and buses were not allowed to travel joined the two towns.
(outmoded, archaic)
(reprimanding)
Synonyms: cheerful, light-hearted, joyful, carefree, optimistic, spirited, floatable, floating, unsinkable,
expansive, lifting
Antonyms: down, depressed, heavy, sinking
Tips & Usage: Buoyant is derived from the Spanish word boyante, present participle of boyar, to float. Think
"floating," in terms of "walking on air" in happiness. Also, think of rising profits as being buoyant. In business,
buoyant is often used to describe economic numbers.
Usage Examples:
1. The economy has been helped by buoyant consumer spending. (expansive, spirited)
2. You could tell he was happy to be home; he took buoyant steps as he walked off the plane. (joyful,
cheerful)
3. He has a very buoyant personality that makes him fun to be around. (light-hearted, cheerful)
4. You can always sense the buoyant spirits of everyone at the company on Friday afternoons. (cheerful,
light-hearted)
identified)
3. Many people remember the 1980's as a time characterized by corporate greed. (distinguished, typified)
4. I would characterize the program as being very reflective and insightful. (describe)
Complacent-(adjective)-Overly self-satisfied due to a high opinion of oneself, and therefore, too content
Synonyms: smug, self-satisfied, self-pleased, at ease, indifferent, apathetic, impervious
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self-satisfied)
4. After the great revenue year, many of the sales executives became too complacent. (self-satisfied, at
ease)
Contrive-(verb)-1. To accomplish something by being clever and creative 2. To make or invent something
clever 3. To create a plan or scheme
Synonyms: devise, concoct, formulate, design, invent, engineer, manipulate, scheme
Antonyms: chance, hazard, destroy
Tips & Usage: Contrive is derived from the Old French word contro(u)ver, to invent. The verb contrive is
used in a positive and complimentary way. The related adjective contrived is often a negative term to describe
something that has been fabricated or concocted without much imagination, while the verb contrive can be used
in a positive way to denote clever thinking.
Usage Examples:
1. We should contrive a new plan of action, since the old one doesn't seem to be working. (devise)
2. The Internet craze produced a slew of contrived dot-com businesses. (concocted)
3. The Presidents ideas were not original or insightful; most agreed they sounded contrived. (fabricated)
4. Recognizing he had a problem on his hands, he quickly contrived a plan of action to address the issue.
(created)
Depraved-(adjective)-1. Showing great moral corruption or wickedness 2. Deviating from what is right,
proper, or good
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If it werent for the great duress put upon him by his neighbors, he would never have moved the junk he
let pile up on his front yard. (pressure)
He claimed that the confession was invalid because it was signed under duress. (coercion, force)
The criminal finally confessed to the crime under duress from the interrogating officer. (pressure)
Facade-(noun)-1. The way something or somebody appears on the surface, especially when intended to
conceal something 2. In architecture, the face or front of a building
Synonyms: face, exterior, outside, front, veneer, disguise, mask
Antonyms: back, interior
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Tips & Usage: A facade is the front of something, whether a person's feelings or personality, or the front of a
building. It refers to the outward appearance presented to the world. On movie sets, facades of buildings are
often used in place of a real buildings. From the front, it looks like a real building, but look behind the facade,
and there's nothing there. In this same way, a person can put on a "false front, false face"the facade presented
to the world to mask his or her true feelings. Facade can, however, refer to the front of a real building, as well.
Usage Examples:
1. Everyone could see that the salesmans friendly demeanor was just a facade to help him sell more shoes.
materials and wouldnt retain its outward beauty for long. (exterior, outside)
(peculiarities, quirks)
2. His obsession with velvet Elvis paintings was just one of his many idiosyncrasies. (eccentricities, quirks)
3. One of the idiosyncrasies of this printer is that you can't stop it once it has started to print. (unusual
feature)
4. I am not sure why he always taps his head when he thinks; its just an idiosyncrasy. (peculiar
mannerism)
Synonyms: (adj.) in office, elected, inaugurated, acting, official, obligatory, requisite, required, binding, urgent,
compelling
Antonyms: (adj.) discretionary, nonobligatory
Tips & Usage: Incumbent is used in two ways: to discuss the holding of an office or position (as in politics) or
to denote obligation. Use incumbent as an easier and more sophisticated way of saying "obligatory." You will
often hear incumbent used in the phrase "It is incumbent upon someone to do something."
Usage Examples:
1
It is incumbent on parents to teach their children the difference between right and wrong. (obligatory)
It is incumbent upon the corporation to take action against new market competitors. (obligatory, urgent)
The incumbent will need to fight a strong battle against her opponent in order to stay in office. (official
in office)
It was incumbent on the ambassador to learn the culture of the county in which she would be practicing
diplomacy. (obligatory, requisite)
Integrity-(noun)-1. Possession of firm principles 2. The state of being complete or undivided 3. The state of
being sound or undamaged
Synonyms: incorruptibility, honesty, virtue, honor, morality, completeness, soundness, wholeness
Antonyms: immorality, dishonesty
Tips & Usage: Integrity is derived from the Old French integer, meaning "whole." Think, "whole and
complete," in terms of a structure, or "whole and honest," in terms of a person's character.
Usage Examples:
1. My dad has a reputation as a man of great integrity; if he tells you hes going to do something, hell do
an earthquake. (soundness)
4. The program's integrity will be tested during its execution. (completeness, soundness)
Lucid-(adjective)-1. Clear and easily understood 2. Rational and mentally clear 3. Shining or emitting light
Synonyms: clear, evident, obvious, unmistakable, sane, rational, intelligent, bright, radiant, brilliant
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(brilliant)
3. I wish he could present the abstruse subject in a more lucid manner. (clear, sensible)
4. The communication consultant was so good; she could make an inarticulate person sound lucid within a
Mitigate-(verb)-1. To make something less harsh, severe, or violent 2. To make an offense or crime less
serious or more excusable
Synonyms: relieve, lessen, assuage, ease, excuse, soften, extenuate
Antonyms: intensify, aggravate, augment
Tips & Usage: Mitigate is derived from the Latin word mitigatus, past participle of mitigare, to make mild,
and ultimately from mitis, gentle, soft and agere, to make. Mitigate is often used in business to refer to
relieving risk. The related adjective mitigating refers to lessening the severity of an action. Examples include,
"Are there any mitigating (excusing) factors for why she was so obnoxious?" and "I believe his upstanding
record prior to his DUI will be a mitigating (excusing, lessening) factor when he is sentenced by the judge." The
related adjective unmitigated usually refers to something bad that has no good or mitigating (softening)
qualities: "The tsunami was an unmitigated disaster.".
Usage Examples:
1. The physician group paid more for insurance to mitigate their malpractice liability. (lessen, ease)
2. The company required all employees to sign a policy form on sexual harassment in order to mitigate
lessen)
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Onus-(noun)-1. Burden, duty, or responsibility 2. The blame for something 3. Burden of proof
Synonyms: burden, responsibility, load, obligation, duty, blame, stigma
Antonyms: acclaim, commendation
Tips & Usage: Onus originates from the same Latin word, meaning burden, load. Think, "responsibility to
carry the load." Onus is often used as a more sophisticated way of saying "burden, responsibility, or obligation."
Usage Examples:
1. When the economy is in a recession, many believe the onus is on the President and Congress to pull the
Perpetuate-(verb)-1. To make something last or continue, usually for a long time 2. To make something or
somebody be remembered
Synonyms: continue, eternalize, preserve, immortalize, prevail, extend
Antonyms: obliterate, destroy
Tips & Usage: When something is perpetual, it is continuous and endless. When something, like an idea or
tradition, is perpetuated, it is kept alive or preserved.
Usage Examples:
1. The President is looking for ways to perpetuate his strong poll numbers. (preserve, continue)
2. The computer manufacturer continually looked to technical advances as a means of perpetuating its
come. (preserve)
4. A fourth straight victory over our rival would perpetuate our superiority and dominance for another year.
(extend, continue)
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(pretext, pretension)
(perfunctory, routine)
2. Though Jane didnt care for the gift she received, she sent a pro forma thank you-note. (perfunctory,
routine)
3. I sent a pro forma invoice before the completion of the project, prior to sending a more complete and
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4. It is usually a bad sign when a company sends you an impersonal, pro forma letter after an interview. (as
a formality, routine)
Reticent-(adjective)-1. Unwilling or disinclined to talk 2. Reluctant to draw attention to oneself 3. Cool and
formal in mannerreserved
Synonyms: silent, hesitant, shy, reserved, restrained, taciturn, reluctant
Antonyms: frank, unreserved
Tips & Usage: In its traditional sense, reticent means "reluctant to speak." Thus, reticent is more closely a
synonym for silent than it is for reluctant: "He was reticent (silent, quiet) about discussing his former job
because he was fired and left on bad terms." Reticent is, however, increasingly seen in contexts in which it
conveys other kinds of reluctance: "He was reticent to travel so much." This is regarded as a misuse, and in this
instance, the word "reluctant" conveys the meaning more effectively.
Usage Examples:
1. I thought he was unusually reticent when we were discussing the missing office supplies. (silent,
reserved)
2. Most people are reticent about opening up to a new boss. (shy, hesitant)
3. The investors were reticent about giving the company more money until they reviewed the financial
statements. (reserved)
4. Since he was recently fired from his job, he was reticent about discussing his previous employment.
(reserved, taciturn)
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2. I find it helps to seek solace in the company of family and friends during times of crisis. (consolation,
comfort)
3. The vacation house provides us great solace from our hectic lives. (relief)
4. The two-week severance package provided little solace to the laid-off workers. (relief, comfort)
(tempting)
2. Investors, tempted by the huge drop in price, should find the companys stock tantalizing. (appealing)
3. Although John received a tantalizing offer from another company, he remained loyal to his current job.
(enticing)
4. He tantalized me with the prospect of an overseas job, but gave the position to one of my co-workers
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2. Lets make sure we utilize our resources as efficiently as possible. (use wisely)
3. Make sure you utilize all of the knowledge you gained throughout the years. (apply)
4. I dont understand why we havent utilized our new project management system. (put to use)
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Section 1 Test
1. The CEO outlined a __________________ to the creditors for how we would turn around the company and pay off all
outstanding loans.
2. It was amazing that the rundown and _________________ machinery still worked.
3. The _________________ charity treasurer was caught embezzling money.
4. I would ______________________ the program as being very reflective and insightful.
5. He was ________________ about taking the problem to court, there was no convincing him otherwise.
6. All of his ideas were so clear and easy to follow that he impressed everyone with his ______________ speaking
ability.
7. American automakers became too ________________ in the 70s, which then allowed the Japanese automakers to
increase sales in the US.
8. It was evident to the panel that he did not spend much time on the architectural design because all of his concepts
seemed_________________.
9. The ________________ is on the project managers to make sure the team meets all deadlines.
10. Economists believe the recession would have been much worse without the unusually ______________ consumer
spending.
11. Everyone could see that the salesmans friendly demeanor was just a _____________ to help him sell more product.
12. He was __________________ by his boss for showing up to the meeting a half-hour late.
13. His obsession with felt Elvis paintings was just one of his many __________________ .
14. We chose the accountants because they seemed more __________________ at addressing complicated tax issues.
15. It is _________________ on parents to teach their children the difference between right and wrong.
16. The two-week severance package provided little ____________________ to the laid-off workers.
17. Many people questioned whether the structural _________________ of the building would hold under the strain of an
earthquake.
18. The company has falsely tried to argue that its not a monopoly under the _________________ that it has numerous
competitors in each of its markets.
19. We need to get greater __________________ from our factory plant if we plan to increase our profitability.
20. The physicians paid more for insurance to ____________________ their malpractice liability.
21. The companys goal is to ________________ its reputation as a leader in customer service for generations to come.
23
22. Due to recent stories about increased crime in the foreign country, many Americans were _________________ about
traveling there.
23. If it wasnt for the great _________________ put upon him by his neighbors, he would have never moved the junk he
let pile up on his front yard.
24. I am not in a position to accept your offer to buy our company, but I do admit it sounds _________________.
25. It was well known that the winner had already been decided, and the election was only held _______________.
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Section 2 Lessons
Adhere-(verb)-1. To follow a rule or instructions 2. To keep to an agreement 3. To hold firmly to a belief, idea,
or opinion 4. To stick to the surface or an object
Synonyms: comply, obey, conform, heed, stick, cling to, attach, support
Antonyms: loosen, separate
Tips & Usage: Adhere is derived from the Latin word cohaerere, from haerere, to stick. To help you
remember the meaning of adhere, think of the related word adhesive and sticking together or sticking to the
rules. An adhesive is something that sticks two things together. An adhesion is a union or cohesion between two
things. To adhere is "to stick," and it is a great word to use in the context of "sticking to the rules."
Usage Examples:
1. We are being more stringent in making sure people adhere to coding standards and product check-off
of weight loss is tough to maintain because adherence to strict diet guidelines can be very difficult.
(stick, comply)
3. It is important that everyone adheres to the guidelines set forth in the manual. (sticks, complies with)
4. He kept the same political views his whole life and adhered to the Republican Party by voting for every
Antithesis-(noun)-1. The exact opposite of something or someone 2. A use of words or phrases to show
contrast among those words to create a balanced effect
Synonyms: opposite, reverse, contradiction, contrast
Antonyms: parallel, similarity
Tips & Usage: Antithesis is derived from the Greek word antitithenai, which literally means to set against."
Antithesis is a more sophisticated way of saying "opposite." Use antithesis to refer to someone who is the
complete "opposite" of another person.
Usage Examples:
1. His boisterous and loud manner is the antithesis of his predecessors more quiet and reserved style.
(opposite)
2. He is my complete antithesis; I like hitting problems head on, while he prefers skirting around difficult
26
4. The candidate is the antithesis of his opponent when it comes to his vision and ideology. (extreme
opposite, reverse)
random)
Blas-(adjective)-1. Not impressed or worried by something, usually because of having experienced it before 2.
Indifferent to pleasure or excitement as a result of excessive indulgence or enjoyment
Synonyms: indifferent, unimpressed, unconcerned, aloof, apathetic
Antonyms: awed, wide-eyed, naive, unsophisticated
Tips & Usage: Blas is best used to describe someone who is unimpressed by something that is impressive to
others. For a memory trick, note how blas sounds like "blah and say," combined. If someone is blas, then
"blah" is all he or she has to say about anything, even if it is cool and exciting. Blas is synonymous with
nonchalant.
Usage Examples:
1. He was let go because he wasnt serious about his job and walked around with a blas attitude.
(indifferent, apathetic)
2. She flies first-class so much that she has become blas about it, while I still find flying first-class fun
27
3. Even though it was a very ritzy black-tie affair, Carmen acted so blas that youd think she attended
harmony. (integrated)
28
3. Gregs department is a cohesive uniteach team member knows his or her role and works together with
(urge)
Converge-(verb)-1. To come together 2. To gather or meet at the same destination or close in upon 3. To
become gradually less different and eventually the same
Synonyms: meet, unite, assemble, rally, focus, concentrate
Antonyms: separate, disperse
Tips & Usage: Converge is a more sophisticated way to say "come together." You will often hear of people
converging on a locationusually for a conference, festival, or some other type of gathering. The related noun
convergence is a coming together of different things. You will often hear of a convergence of interests, ideas,
policies, or opinions.
Usage Examples:
1. The project team is planning to converge in the boardroom at noon. (meet, assemble)
2. Many economists predict a unified European economy whereby all markets will converge. (unite)
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3. All of the movie fanatics converged on the small town hosting the film festival. (assembled, closed in
upon)
4. NAFTA was a convergence of trade ideas and policies from Canada, Mexico, and the U.S.A. (coming
together)
(criticizing, disapproving)
3. The comedian decided to self-deprecate when most of his jokes fell flat. (disparage)
4. To deprecate a persons work is to risk alienating that person. (criticize)
Earnest-(adjective)-1. Highly serious and sincere in manner or attitude 2. Done in a deeply sincere way 3. Of a
serious nature or worthy of serious attention 4. Not distracted
Synonyms: fervent, ardent, enthusiastic, deep, grave, serious, sincere, diligent
Antonyms: frivolous, flippant, capricious
Tips & Usage: Earnest can also be used as a noun to convey seriousness. When something is done "in earnest,"
it is done seriously and with focus. When somebody is earnest in his or her words or actions, it means he or she
is serious and sincere.
Usage Examples:
1. A good journalists earnest mission is to inform the public in the most objective way possible. (sincere)
2. If we stop wasting time and this project ever gets underway in earnest, it could be a huge success.
(seriousness)
3. The stalled court case is now supposed to start in earnest as early as next week. (seriousness)
30
4. Gridlock is created when two sides are earnest about their beliefs and will not compromise. (fervent,
ardent)
(insight, revelation)
3. He had been thinking of ways to improve the company all weekend, and it wasnt until late Sunday that
Facet-(noun)-1. An aspect of something 2. Any of the faces of a cut gemstone 3. In anatomy, any smooth flat
area on a hard surface such as a bone or a tooth
Synonyms: aspect, phase, component, factor, side, element
Antonyms: whole
Tips & Usage: Facet is derived from the French word facette, literally meaning little face." A diamond has
many "small faces," or facets. An issue can have many facets (faces). You need to know each facet (aspect) of
an issue to truly understand it. If something has multiple faces or dimensions, it is multifaceted.
Usage Examples:
1. This is a very complex issue with many different facets. (aspects, sides)
2. The consultants came in and learned every facet of our business before they made any
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Frank-(adjective)-1. Expressing true opinion 2. Blunt 3. Having or showing an appealingly open and honest
nature
Synonyms: candid, forthright, open, outspoken, direct, blunt
Antonyms: reserved, dishonest
Tips & Usage: When you are frank with someone, you are completely open and honest, without any
reservations. Frank is synonymous with candid and forthright. See additional analysis at candid.
Usage Examples:
1. To be quite frank with you, I dont agree with your ideas for this project. (honest, direct)
2. The human resources manager was very frank with me after the interview and candidly explained his
Incur-(verb)-1. To experience something unpleasant 2. To become burdened with something, such as a debt
Synonyms: sustain, encounter, experience
Antonyms: avoid, elude, evade, escape
Tips & Usage: Incur is often used in accounting or finance, as in "to incur late fees." The related adjective
incurred is used to describe something that has been sustained, also applicable to finances: "incurred expenses."
Usage Examples:
1. They had to incur penalty fees because they sent the payment in late. (sustain)
2. If we dont find a way to cut operating costs, we will incur significant losses. (experience)
3. The company will incur substantial storage costs if there is too much inventory on hand. (sustain)
4. She incurred the wrath of her colleague as a result of a negative comment she made about her
Usage Examples:
1. The music website offers some unique interactive applications that enable visitors to search for music
output)
profitable)
4. Buying a new home may prove to be my most lucrative investment. (gainful, worthwhile)
Mollify-(verb)-1. To calm or soothe somebody who is angry or upset 2. To make something less intense or
severe 3. To make something less hard, rigid, or stiff
Synonyms: pacify, placate, soothe, calm, relieve, allay, ameliorate
Antonyms: exasperate
Tips & Usage: Mollify is derived from the Latin word mollis, meaning soft. When you mollify something,
you soften its impact. The word emollient comes from the same Latin root and means "softening, soothing," and
as a noun means "a softening solution," like a lotion.
Usage Examples:
1. The client is really upset; we need to think of how we can mollify his concerns. (calm)
2. In an effort to mollify his stress, Charlie often practiced yoga after work. (soothe, calm)
33
3. The President tried to mollify his critics in the military by increasing military spending. (appease,
placate)
4. We need to send over the Director of Client Services to help mollify the clients concerns. (allay)
(appropriate)
2. Our morning meeting will provide an opportune time to discuss our strategic plan. (convenient, apt)
3. Im trying to find the most opportune time to ask my boss for a promotion. (auspicious, apt)
4. We had just cleaned the house, so it was an opportune time to have guests drop by to see us.
(convenient, suitable)
represent)
3. It is always funny to see animals personified in cartoon movies. (made human, portrayed as having
human qualities)
4. I had a dog who could personify happiness and sadness to the point I sometimes thought she was human.
(illustrate, portray)
34
pompous)
3. She is so pretentious when she lifts her pinky while drinking a cup of tea! (affected, pompous)
4. He loves talking about his pretentious country house, which he never even visits. (ostentatious, showy)
(admire, respect)
2. The once revered CEO lost the respect of his employees when he admitted to embezzling funds for his
regard, respect)
4. Paul Revere is revered by every child who reads about his courageous horse rides. (admired)
occasional)
3. The WTO meeting was disrupted by sporadic protests and riots. (scattered, occasional)
4. The weatherman forecasted sporadic showers throughout the day. (occasional, scattered)
36
Tips & Usage: Tantamount is derived from the Anglo-French word tant amunter, meaning to amount to as
much. It is often used as a more sophisticated way to say "equal" or "the same as." Note: do not confuse
tantamount with paramount. Paramount means "of great importance," while tantamount means "equal to."
Tantamount is often used to describe actions that are equivalent to illegal acts: "tantamount to stealing, perjury,
embezzling."
Usage Examples:
1. The way the executives pulled money from the company to pay for their bonuses was tantamount to
(equal)
3. In my mind, his refusal to testify was tantamount to an admission of guilt. (equal)
4. I believe his testimony was tantamount to perjury. (equal)
37
Section 2 Test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
It is important that everyone _________________ to the guidelines set forth in the manual.
The stalled court case is now supposed to start in ______________, as early as next week.
He was loud and extroverted, the __________________ of his quiet and introverted colleague.
This is a very complex issue with many different _________________.
The company had been burned before on a similar deal, so this time they were more_________.
The clients are really upset. We need to think of how we can _______________ their concerns.
Everyone worked together really well; it was a __________________ unit.
He made us wait for weeks before he gave us a decision, clearly he felt no ___________ to give us a
response.
He made several jokes about himself, and numerous other self- ______________ remarks.
Many felt the inept accounting practices of the company were ______________ to corporate fraud.
He had been thinking of ways to improve the company all weekend and it wasnt until late Sunday that
he finally had an ________________.
Im going to be _____________, I disagree with every aspect of your plan.
Because they sent the ticket in late, they had to ______________ penalty fees.
The website had games, quizzes, polls, and other cool _______________ features.
The project team is planning to _____________ in the board room at noon.
He was let go because he wasnt serious about his job and walked around with a _____________
attitude.
I think this partnership will make us money and become a very __________________ venture.
I know he ______________ between staying in the US and working oversees.
Im trying to think of the most _______________ time to ask my boss for a promotion.
My grandmother meant so much to me; she ________________ kindness.
He never learned the right vocabulary words for success, so when he tried to use big words he came off
sounding________________.
The report had a lot of numbers, charts, and other ________________ data.
When the CEO first came on, he was disliked by his employees. However, once he turned the company
around, he was______________ by everyone.
The ambiguous economic report caused _______________ buying on wall street.
The policy was quite ______________, and not too many employees paid it any attention.
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39
Section 3 Lessons
Admonish-(verb)-1. To rebuke or scold somebody mildly, but earnestly 2. To advise somebody to do, or more
often, not to do something 3. To indicate duties or obligations
Synonyms: reprove, chide, scold, rebuke, warn, advise, caution
Antonyms: commend, praise, compliment
Tips & Usage: Admonish is derived from the Latin word monere, meaning to warn. It is also the source for
the word monitor. To admonish is to scold and rebuke, but not in a harsh manner. It's more to help people learn
from a mistake so they don't make it again. That is, to warn somebody of potential harm. The idea of
admonishing a child for not looking before he crosses the street is a good example. Admonish is related to the
word rebuke.
Usage Examples:
1. They were admonished against making any self-incriminating statements in court. (advised, cautioned)
2. The mother admonished her child for eating cookies before dinner. (scolded, chided)
3. The coach admonished the players for their poor play. (rebuked)
4. The judge is known for admonishing attorneys who lead witnesses in his court. (reproving, scolding)
(enthusiastic, intense)
2. The ardent fan paid three times the face value of the concert ticket to see his favorite band live.
(passionate, eager)
3. Her ardent gaze caught his eye from across the room. (intense, fiery)
4. Her ardent enthusiasm was what eventually won her the job over the other candidates. (eager,
impassioned)
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Bode is derived from the Old English word bodian, meaning to announce or foretell. Think of
a message from the future that indicates what will happen. Bode is often used in conjunction with the word
wellsomething "bodes well" for the future.
Usage Examples:
1. The positive, long-term future for digital marketing bodes well for companies that provide ad-
(portend, signify)
3. The progress we have made on this project bodes well for our client's deadline. (indicates)
4. The recent drop in sales does not bode well for the future of our company. (portend)
Caveat-(noun)-1. A warning against certain acts 2. In law, an official request to a court not to proceed with a
case without notice to the person making the request
Synonyms : caution, warning, admonition, sign, condition
Antonyms :
Tips & Usage: Caveat is derived from the Latin word for let him or her beware, as well as from cavere,
meaning to heed. Think, "warning." Caveat can be a more sophisticated way of saying "warning" or
"caution." Caveat is also used to protect a person's statement. For example, "I will provide you with an answer,
with one caveat: I am not an expert in this subject."
Usage Examples:
1. Holding out for a higher salary before accepting a job offer has one major caveat: someone else might
(warning)
3. I will do the interview with the caveat that I have final say as to whether the interview is printed or not.
(condition)
4. The law was created as a caveat against unfair business practices. (caution, admonition)
42
Tips & Usage: Concert is derived from the Italian word concerto, meaning harmonyagreement. Concerted is
the related adjective and means "cooperative" or "united." When people come together in concert, there is
usually a consensus of opinions or ideas.
Usage Examples:
1. All the different divisions worked in concert to provide a seamless solution. (collaboration, accord)
2. It was a concerted effort that had everyone working in cooperation. (cooperative, harmonious, unified)
3. We will all need to work in concert to complete this project. (collaboration, unity)
4. It was a cohesive group, and everyone worked in concert to get the project done on time. (accord,
collaboration)
Conviction-(noun)-1. A firmly held belief 2. Firmness of belief or opinion 3. A final judgment of guilty in a
criminal case and the punishment that is imposed
Synonyms: belief, opinion, confidence, certitude, certainty, condemnation, sentencing, penalty
Antonyms: uncertainty, doubt, dubiety
Tips & Usage: Think of the word convince. When you are "convincing" someone, you are trying to change that
person's mind, or "conviction." If you do something with conviction, you do it with confidence and certitude.
Usage Examples:
1. His conviction in the business's success was so strong that he was willing to go into debt in order to
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After going on for awhile, he admits, "This is a dull story." You respond with "It would not have been a dull
story if you weren't so desultory in your delivery."
Usage Examples:
1. All of his ideas were desultory and couldnt possibly form one, cohesive campaign. (random,
disconnected)
2. What started out as a formal business discussion, ended with a desultory conversation characteristic of a
(unusual person)
Tips & Usage: To help you remember the definition of equanimity, think of equal, as in balanced or even. If
you handle something with equanimity, you are remaining balanced and composed.
Usage Examples:
1. Great leaders are able to face turbulent times with equanimity and remain strong under stress.
(composure, poise)
2. It was a difficult problem to solve, but he handled it with equanimity, and his composure paid off when
Frivolous-(adjective)-1. Not serious in content, attitude, or behavior 2. Lacking in intellectual substance and
not worth serious consideration 3. Silly and trivial
Synonyms: silly, trivial, paltry, petty, senseless
Antonyms: important, relevant, pertinent
Tips & Usage: Frivolous is often used in law, when describing lawsuits that seem petty or senseless. The noun
frivolity refers to pettiness, fickleness, or general lack of seriousness.
Usage Examples:
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1. The judge dismissed the case as frivolous and warned the prosecution against filing such silly lawsuits in
(senseless, silly)
3. The frivolity with which he approached the serious problem showed that he wasn't very concerned.
Indigent-(adjective)-Extremely poor
Synonyms: destitute, impoverished, needy
Antonyms: affluent, wealthy
Tips & Usage: Indigent is derived from the Latin word indigere, literally meaning to lack in, which comes
from egere, meaning to need. Indigent is used to describe a person who is so poor he or she can't help him or
herself and need the help and support of others.
Usage Examples:
1. The United States has a history of helping indigent countries through humanitarian and economic
programs. (impoverished)
2. Those who are indigent can often receive help at their local shelter. (destitute)
3. The charity was formed to help feed the indigent people starving in Africa. (destitute)
4. The once indigent young man worked his way from living on the streets to being one of the most
Interim-(adjective, noun)-(adj.)-1. Serving during an intermediate interval of time (n.)-1. The time between
one event or period and another
Synonyms: (adj.) temporary, transitional, acting, pro tem, (n.) meantime, interval, interlude
Antonyms: permanent
Tips & Usage: Interim is often used in the phrase "in the interim." It's a more sophisticated way to say "in the
meantime." Interim can also refer to an official who is standing in for another official for a brief period of time.
Usage Examples:
1. When the Prime Minister collapsed of a heart attack, John Smyth was appointed interim Prime Minister
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3. We're waiting for the final approval on this project. In the interim, let's finish the project timeline.
(meantime)
4. Luke will serve as our interim CEO until a replacement is found by the board. (acting, transitional)
unintervening)
2. The creative directors laissez-faire attitude toward his creative team produced some of the most original
ideas in the advertising industry because it enabled the team to work without restrictions.
(nonrestrictive)
3. Her garden looked surprisingly beautiful in spite of her hands off, laissez-faire approach.
(unintervening)
4. The parents' laissez-faire approach to child rearing allowed their children to express their individuality
Moot-(adjective, verb, noun)-(adj.)-1. Open to argument or debate 2. Irrelevant or unimportant (v.)-1. To have
a formal argument or suggest formally (n.)-1. A debate on hypothetical issues (usually in law school)
Synonyms: (adj.) arguable, disputable, debatable, contestable, irrelevant, (v.) broach, argue, debate
Antonyms: (adj.) inarguable, indisputable
Tips & Usage: Moot is most commonly used as an adjective, as in "That is a moot point." The word can be
looked at as a contradiction of itself since it means both "arguable" and "not worth arguing." The argument is
moot because it could be argued forever, so it is debatable, but it's also not worth debating, since neither side
will ever winit is pointless to discuss the argument further.
Usage Examples:
1. Whether the profit model will work or not is a moot point if we dont get more funding to keep the
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2. We could argue about this forever; its a moot point, in my opinion. (contestable, arguable)
3. My boss's strong comments rendered my opinion moot. (irrelevant)
4. Whether or not you wanted to attend the tennis match is now moot because it's been cancelled due to
rain. (irrelevant)
Orchestrate-(verb)-1. To organize or plan something (for a desired effect) 2. To arrange or compose music for
an orchestra
Synonyms: organize, coordinate, facilitate, plan, mastermind, harmonize, symphonize, integrate, compose
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Orchestrate is often used in reference to a complex undertaking, and often (though not always)
used in a negative sense, as when referring to a dishonest scheme. Think of how the music of an orchestra must
be well organized to avoid sounding chaotic. To orchestrate something is to carefully plan it. The related noun
orchestration refers to the plan itself.
Usage Examples:
1. James orchestrated the plan for a hostile takeover of his companys main competitor. (masterminded)
2. The event was carefully orchestrated to make sure everything went as smoothly as possible.
(coordinated, planned)
3. The PR ploy to draw attention away from the negative news was an impressive orchestration in damage
Perspective-(noun)-1. Point of view 2. Objective assessment of a situation 3. The appearance of objects to the
observer
Synonyms: viewpoint, position, angle, attitude, bias, outlook, range, span
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Perspective is derived from the Latin word perspectivus, meaning optical. Its also derived
from the Latin term perspicere, meaning to look closely." If you say you need to "gain some perspective," you
mean that you need to gain objectivity or look at the situation from an unbiased standpoint. A person's
perspective is his or her viewpoint or outlook on a situation.
Usage Examples:
1. Each member of the team brought an entirely different perspective to the table, and all points of view
objectivity)
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3. Our cultural differences caused us to have different perspectives on world issues. (attitudes, outlooks)
4. We'll have a beautiful perspective of the valley from atop that mountain. (view, outlook)
Quintessential-(adjective)-1. Representing the perfect example of a class or quality 2. The essence of a thing
in its purest and most concentrated form
Synonyms: fundamental, basic, ultimate, essential, typical, perfect
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: When something typifies a perfect experience, it is said to be quintessential. Quintessential can
also describe a person who is the perfect example of something, like a salesperson or athlete. However, the
adjective consummate may be a better choice in this context. The noun quintessence refers to the most typical
or perfect representation of something.
Usage Examples:
1. Sitting at a sidewalk caf with a view of the Eiffel Tower is a quintessential Parisian experience.
ultimate)
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4. This Christmas, I don't want to have the quintessential holiday party; I'd like to do something more
Rhetoric-(noun)-1. Speech or writing used to influence or persuade 2. Complex or elaborate language that
sounds pretentious 3. Empty and pointless talk
Synonyms: eloquence, delivery, articulation, pomposity, affectation, oratory, grandiloquence, loftiness
Antonyms: simplicity (in speech or writing)
Tips & Usage: Rhetoric literally means the "art of oratory" or "of an orator," referring to public speaking. Think
of "the art of public speaking" when learning this word. These days, it is generally used to refer to "empty talk."
If you ask a rhetorical question, you are asking it merely for effect, not because you actually want an answer.
The word is often heard in discussions about the political process because many people in the political arena
seem to use many words without saying a whole lotthey give the public rhetoric.
Usage Examples:
1. The CEOs grand plans are just rhetoric if not followed by implementation. (empty talk, loftiness)
2. The speech was typical political rhetoric: a lot of proposed programs without any accountability. (empty
talk, grandiloquence)
3. Do you really want an answer, or was that a rhetorical question? (stated for effect, empty of meaning)
4. The rhetoric of her speech was articulate and eloquent, and I'm sure she influenced a great many people
(faithful, resolute)
3. He has been my only staunch supporter during my difficult times. (constant, dependable)
4. The democrat was known as a staunch Liberal who was set in his beliefs. (resolute)
Synonyms: soften, pacify, assuage, adapt, adjust, blend, mitigate, moderate, toughen
Antonyms: exacerbate
Tips & Usage: Temper is derived from the Latin word temperare, which means to mix or restrain yourself.
The word temper is commonly known as a noun that refers to the disposition to exhibit anger or the angry
outburst itself. As a verb, it can seem somewhat contradictory because it means both "soften and mitigate" (you
can temper sadness with humor) and "toughen through hardship" (she was tempered by poverty). It can also
mean "to harden by reheating and cooling" (as with steel).
Usage Examples:
1. There is really no solid evidence that an interest rate cut would temper the economic downturn at this
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Section 3 Test
1. The attorney was known as an _____________ litigator.
2. The coach _____________ the players for their poor play.
3. The speaker failed to motivate the _____________ crowd.
4. Low interest rates and low unemployment should _____________ well for the future of the economy.
5. Although he had always been an __________ supporter of the Republican party, he voted for the
Democratic candidate.
6. We will all need to work in _____________ to complete this project.
7. The politician was criticized for never making a stand on important issues and failing to lead with
_____________ .
8. What started as a focused and meaningful discussion ended in a random and __________ conversation.
9. Ted Turner is known for his outlandish and _____________ personality.
10. Great leaders are able to face turbulent times with _____________.
11. The public relations campaign was _____________ as a means of diverting the publics attention.
12. No, he wasnt serious, he was just being ______________.
13. Everyone agrees we need reform to limit the number of _____________ and questionable lawsuits that
Australia.
21. People who are self-motivated often thrive under ___________ type management.
22. It was a typical political speech filled with too much ___________.
52
23. The Democrat was known as a ___________ Liberal who was set in his beliefs.
24. Something drastic is needed to help __________ the conflict in the Middle East.
25. He had one strategy in mind and was _______________ opposed to any other ideas.
53
54
Section 4 Lessons
Altruistic-(adjective)-Showing unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Synonyms: kind, generous, charitable, philanthropic, selfless
Antonyms: selfish, inconsiderate, unkind
Tips & Usage: Altruistic is derived from the French word altruism which means "other people." So, when you
are altruistic, you are giving to other peopleyou are committing a selfless act. The noun altruism is the act of
kindness or generosity.
Usage Examples:
1. It seems that older people tend to be more altruistic than younger people when it comes to donating
selfless)
(pleasing, refined)
2. Gourmet food should look aesthetic as well as taste wonderful. (beautiful, pleasing)
3. The Zen garden was aesthetically pleasing to the eye. (beautifully, artistically)
4. It was important to her that the furniture in her house be aesthetic, not just functional. (beautiful,
tasteful)
(passiveness, indifference)
3. She was apathetic toward her education and never got good grades. (indifferent, unconcerned)
4. I was surprised at his apathy and lack of emotion on the fun day I had planned for us; I thought he would
Clandestine-(adjective)-Planned or done in secret, especially describing activities that are not officially
allowed
Synonyms: covert, furtive, stealthy, secret, underhand, illicit, surreptitious
Antonyms: open, candid, forthright
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Tips & Usage: Clandestine is derived from the Latin word clandestinus, which came from clam, meaning
secretly. Clandestine is a fun word used to describe any secret activity, like planning a surprise party. It is also
a great word to describe actual secret government activities and espionage. Clandestine is synonymous with
furtive and surreptitious.
Usage Examples:
1. The clandestine shredding of important documents would be the accounting firms downfall. (illicit,
secret)
2. The Justice Department engages in clandestine activities designed to uncover illegal activity. (secret,
stealthy)
3. We had several clandestine meetings to plan my wife's surprise birthday party. (covert, secret)
4. The clandestine operation was meant to uncover the thieves who had stolen millions of dollars from the
Concerted-(adjective)-1. Planned or carried out by two or more people or groups working together for the
same goal 2. Done in a serious and determined manner
Synonyms: agreeing, harmonious, unified, allied, cooperative
Antonyms: disjointed, uncooperative
Tips & Usage: One of the mistakes people often make with the word concerted is that they think it relates to
concentrationit will take a concerted effort, meaning you will need to focus. This is incorrect. A concerted
effort means it will require a group effort. Concerted can also describe a serious and determined effort as well,
but does not refer to concentration.
Usage Examples:
1. Some concerted negotiations between the two companies could result in an agreement benefiting both
sides. (cooperative)
2. In order for this project to succeed, it will take a concerted effort by everyone. (unified, cooperative,
determined)
3. There was a concerted action to raise more money amongst all the activists working for their cause.
(unified, allied)
4. Without a concerted effort by all of us, this house will never get decorated in time for the party.
(cooperative)
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confused. (complicated)
2. It is impossible to get any new laws passed in that convoluted government bureaucracy. (complex,
intricate)
3. It was a nightmare trying to complete all of the convoluted paperwork. (complex, involved)
4. The report was written using convoluted legal language, which I couldn't understand at all.
(complicated)
Eclectic-(adjective)-1. Made up of elements from various sources 2. Choosing what is best or preferred from a
variety of sources or styles
Synonyms: varied, diverse, heterogeneous, select, selective, discriminating
Antonyms: distinctive, narrow, homogeneous
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Tips & Usage: Eclectic is derived from the Greek term eklektikos, literally meaning picking out, selecting."
Think, to choose from different sources. For example, an eclectic interior designer chooses design elements
from various cultures and influences.
Usage Examples:
1. He has a very eclectic taste in literature. He likes everything from the intense classics like Joyce and
Faulkner to easier reads like John Grisham and Dan Brown. (diverse)
2. She had an eclectic taste in music and was always listening to something new. (varied)
3. The office building had an eclectic mix of tenantsthe gamut ran from blue-jean-wearing programmers
(hidden)
3. The secret society at my school is said to have its own esoteric language. (mysterious, secret)
4. The Symbolism Professor knew how to decipher even the most esoteric code. (secret, obscure)
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2. The new calendar program will help facilitate the difficult scheduling process. (ease, simplify)
3. He hopes to facilitate a dialogue between the two opposing factions. (assist, enable)
4. The project manager was brought on to help facilitate communication between the different
Fruition-(noun)-1. A state or point in which something has come to maturity or has a desired outcome 2. The
enjoyment of a desired outcome when it happens
Synonyms: completion, conclusion, realization, results, enjoyment, fulfillment, achievement
Antonyms: beginning
Tips & Usage: Fruition is derived from the Latin term frui, meaning "to enjoy." You'll notice that fruition
contains the word fruit, so you can think of something "bearing fruit." When a project comes to fruition, you
can enjoy the "fruits of your labor."
Usage Examples:
1. If his vision comes to fruition, the company will become the largest software developer in the world.
(realization)
2. We are working hard to bring to fruition all of the ideas outlined in the business plan. (completion,
realization)
3. It may be years before all of the Presidents programs come to fruition. (completion, achievement)
4. None of his grand plans ever came to fruition. (completion, realization, achievement)
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3. The executives were arrested for embezzlement, insider-training, and other illicit activities. (illegal,
unlawful)
4. The illicit affair caused both families a lot of heartache. (wrongful, illegitimate)
(offended, incensed)
2. Mike was indignant when he was accused of stealing from his company and immediately set out to
Interject-(verb)-1. To say or insert something in a way that interrupts what is being said or discussed 2. To
insert between other elements
Synonyms: inject, insert, interpose, throw in, include, interrupt
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Interject is derived from the Latin word interjicere, meaning literally to throw between. It is
often used as a polite way of interrupting a discussion"If I may interject"
Usage Examples:
1. If I may interject for a moment, I have one more idea Id like to discuss before we wrap up this meeting.
(interrupt)
2. If I could interject, I believe there is an easier way to do this. (interrupt, interpose)
3. She interjected several jokes during her speech. (included, threw in)
4. I think you should interject your ideas into this discussion. (throw in, inject)
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Machiavellian-(adjective)-Using clever trickery, immoral methods, and expediency to achieve a desired goal,
especially in politics
Synonyms: cunning, sly, tricky, crafty, shrewd, unscrupulous
Antonyms: trustworthy, honest, sincere
Tips & Usage: Machiavellian comes from the name Machiavelli, who was an Italian statesmen who advocated a
strong central government. Machiavelli was known for his shrewd, crafty, and manipulative political
maneuvering.
Usage Examples:
1. The VP of Marketing, known for his Machiavellian maneuvers, has long been plotting his scheme to
reflected)
2. Rumor has it, the retired athlete is mulling a return to the NBA. (pondering, thinking over)
3. I'll need to mull this over before I make my final decision. (think, ponder)
4. He mulled over his choices carefully before deciding. (reflected, weighed)
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Tips & Usage: When something is done ostensibly, its truth has not been proven. Ostensibly can be used as a
more sophisticated way of saying "apparently." It can also be used to describe something presented as being
true or appearing to be true, but usually hiding a different motive or meaning. For example, "The security
guards were ostensibly looking for people trying to bring alcohol into the stadium, but I think it was more of a
counter-terrorism effort." The related adjective ostensible means "apparent or evident."
Usage Examples:
1. The strict rules against inter-office dating were ostensibly created to avoid sexual harassment lawsuits,
but many employees feel they are, nevertheless, unfair. (seemingly, professedly)
2. The security team used strict searching measures ostensibly aimed at preventing alcoholic beverages in
(apparently)
Pristine-(adjective)-1. Completely free from dirt and contamination 2. Clean and unused
Synonyms: pure, clean, unsullied, untarnished, perfect
Antonyms: dirty, spoiled, tarnished
Tips & Usage: Pristine is a more sophisticated and stronger way of saying "perfect," "pure," and "clean."
Usage Examples:
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1. Because of his pristine credit, he was pre-approved by every major credit card. (perfect)
2. The once pristine mountainside is now covered with hotels and cabins. (clean, untarnished)
3. Her house was always in pristine condition, and she hated to have company in fear of creating a mess.
(clean, perfect)
4. Her once pristine reputation was tarnished by gossip. (unsullied, pure)
(consequences)
3. He weighed heavy on his decision because of the potential ramifications of each choice. (consequences,
implications)
4. Remember that your actions may have bad ramifications. (unforeseen consequences)
Rhetorical-(adjective)-1. Relating to the skill of using language effectively and persuasively 2. Using language
that is elaborate or fine-sounding, but insincere
Synonyms: eloquent, effective, persuasive, verbose, bombastic, showy, insincere
Antonyms: literal, simple, unpretentious
Tips & Usage: A rhetorical question is one asked solely to produce an effect, rather than elicit a reply.
Rhetorical speech can be negative, as when it is verbose and bombastic. However, it can also be positive, as
when it is eloquent and persuasive. When studying this word, remember that its two definitions are
contradictory.
Usage Examples:
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1. Her rhetorical comments are meant to impress, but they just make her sound bombastic. (verbose)
2. In the press conference, the heckler kept asking rhetorical questions in an attempt to disrupt the meeting.
only)
Steadfast-(adjective)-1. Firm, dependable, and unwavering in purpose or loyalty 2. Firmly fixed or constant
Synonyms: loyal, firm, resolute, unwavering, dependable, immovable
Antonyms: vacillating, capricious
Tips & Usage: Steadfast is derived from the Old English word stedefst, which literally means fixed in place.
If you are steadfast in your beliefs, it's not likely that you will change your mind or opinion.
Usage Examples:
1. Gary has been Joan's steadfast ally throughout her battle in court. (unwavering, loyal)
2. She is steadfast in her resolve to participate in the demonstration next month. (resolute)
3. He could always depend on his steadfast supporters to get him through the tough times. (loyal,
dependable)
4. I have always admired his steadfast dedication to his career. (firm, unwavering)
(dread, fear)
3. It was her trepidation about flying that caused her to cancel her European vacation. (fear, dread)
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4. I have some trepidation about starting a new job, but once I get past my fear, I'm sure everything will be
fine. (uneasiness)
(accuracy, honesty)
4. I question her veracity since she has lied to me in the past. (honesty)
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Section 4 Test
1. There was no hidden agenda behind his charitable gift; it was a truly _____________ donation.
2. The project manager was brought on to help _____________ communication between the different
departments.
3. The politicians were nervous because they were seeing signs of _____________ from their loyal
constituents.
4. The _____________ CEO caused another controversy with his outlandish comments.
5. It may be years before all the Presidents programs come to _____________.
6. It wasnt until after the investigation that they learned of the _____________ shredding of documents.
7. They claim they are 100% innocent and remain _____________ about the charges brought against them.
8. In order to succeed, we will need a ___________ effort by everyone.
9. The chairman discussed many issues _____________ to the company's upcoming fiscal new year.
10. It was a nightmare trying to organize all of the _____________ paperwork.
11. At ad agencies, you have account executives in suits and creative executives in jeans and t-shirts, which
a decision
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Section 5 Lessons
Ambiguous-(adjective)-1. Having more than one possible meaning or interpretation 2. Causing uncertainty or
confusion 3. Open to interpretation
Synonyms: uncertain, unclear, vague,
Antonyms: explicit, clear, specific
Tips & Usage: Ambiguous is derived from the Latin term ambigere, meaning "to be undecided." Ambiguous
refers to anything that is unclear, uncertain, and vague because it can be left open to interpretation. Ambiguous
usually refers to something said or written, as in "an ambiguous statement." For a memory trick, note how
ambiguous sounds like A Big U.S. Now, imagine someone told you he was going on a trip, and you then asked
him "Where are you going?" said he responded with "The U.S." Your response would probably be "Well, that's
ambiguous (unclear), given how big the U.S. is." Note: many people often confuse ambiguous with ambivalent.
Ambivalent means "having mixed feelings," while ambiguous means "uncertain or unclear" and "able to be
interpreted in different ways."
Usage Examples:
1. We were hoping the market research would provide us with some new insights, but unfortunately, the
confusing)
3. No one was able to determine Bob's opinion on the subject because his comments were so ambiguous.
(vague, unclear)
4. The new tax laws were somewhat ambiguous, and accountants thus interpreted them in various ways.
(unclear, confusing)
she could win over the interviewers with her affable demeanor. (good-natured, pleasant)
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2. He has an affable personality that instantly attracts new friends. (friendly, amiable)
3. I think they will get along really well because they both have such affable personalities. (genial,
amiable)
4. She wasn't very friendly when we spoke on the phone, but when we met in person, she was quite
Arduous-(adjective)-1. Requiring great physical endurance or exertion 2. Requiring great mental effort 3.Steep
or demanding
Synonyms: difficult, hard, strenuous, laborious, formidable, tiring, exhausting, demanding, trying, grueling,
uphill, steep
Antonyms: effortless, easy
Tips & Usage: The original meaning of arduous was "steep." Because anything steep is typically difficult to
climb and overcome, the word eventually took on the more general meaning of "difficult." Arduous is a more
sophisticated way of describing something difficult or laborious.
Usage Examples:
1. J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings details an arduous journey made by an unlikely hero. (difficult,
strenuous, exhausting)
2. The athlete's success can be attributed to a combination of natural ability and arduous training.
(strenuous, hard)
3. He was given the arduous task of managing the global product launch in 20 countries and in 12 different
Boon-(noun)-1. Good fortune, timely benefit 2. A favor, especially given in response to a request
Synonyms: blessing, benefit, favor, gift, good luck, good fortune, profit, windfall
Antonyms: blight, disadvantage
Tips & Usage: Boon is often used to discuss sudden and great financial success. It can occasionally be used as
an adjective as well. As an adjective, boon means "extremely close," as in "boon companions."
Usage Examples:
1. The increased market activity proved to be a boon for investors. (benefit, blessing)
2. After a long, dry summer, the rainfall was a boon for farmers. (favor, blessing, gift)
3. The extreme summer heat proved to be a boon for the air-conditioning company, which sold more units
4. Tiger Woods helped create a financial boon for the Golf Industry. (benefit, windfall)
common statement)
3. The film critic complained that the pirate's eye patch and the dance-like sword fights were just two of a
multitude of clichs that made the film dull and predictable. (banalities)
4. The term "new economy" was used so often by the media and economists, it quickly became clich.
Concur-(verb)-1. To agree or approve 2. To work or act together cooperatively 3. To happen at the same time
to coincide
Synonyms: agree, approve, assent, cooperate, coincide
Antonyms: disagree, diverge
Tips & Usage: Concur is a more sophisticated way of stating agreement, as in, "Do you concur? Yes, I concur
(agree)." It originates from the Latin term concurrere, meaning "to meet, coincide." Concur can also mean "to
happen together." Think of the verb occurto happenand the prefix con, which means "together." Also
notice that you have concur, which refers to multiple activities occurring together. The adjective form of
concur, concurrent, means "happening at the same time or running parallelsimultaneous."
Usage Examples:
1. Yes, I would concur with that statement; I think youre absolutely right. (agree)
2. The goal of improving education is an issue on which both parties concur. (agree)
3. The plans to hire a new marketing manager and to redesign the company website were concurrent
4. We have presented what we believe is the best project plan, and we hope you concur. (agree, approve)
quantity)
2. Her copious, detailed notes were enough to clear up the matter at once. (thorough)
3. His findings are supported by copious research. (abundant, ample)
4. We expect you to take copious notes at the conference so you can report back to us with what you
Decimate-(verb)-1. To reduce drastically or destroy a large portion of 2. To inflict such damage as to virtually
destroy
Synonyms: annihilate, exterminate, destroy, devastate, eliminate, extinguish, eradicate, wipe out
Antonyms: save, preserve, create
Tips & Usage: Decimate is derived from the Latin term decimare, meaning "to take a tenth." The archaic
meaning of decimate was "to kill one in every ten men as selected by lot." This strategy was sometimes used
against mutinous soldiers. The modern meaning of decimate is effectively the reverse of the original meaning.
Rather than killing a tenth, decimate now usually refers to the destruction of a larger portion or majority of a
group or population. There is some debate over the change in decimate's meaning among scholars, but most
agree to its modern usage. In business discussions, decimate is used to describe enormous financial loss.
Usage Examples:
1. Rapid industrialization can decimate native animal populations unless consideration is given to the
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3. The collapse of the corporation decimated the savings of many company employees who held large
Endemic-(adjective)-1. Native, characteristic of, or belonging to a particular group of people, country, area,
locality, or field 2. Restricted to a particular locale 3. Relating to disease that is constantly present, to greater or
lesser extent, in a particular locality
Synonyms: native, indigenous, constantly present
Antonyms: epidemic, pandemic, cosmopolitan, foreign
Tips & Usage: Endemic is often used in medical and ecological situations to refer to diseases or flora/fauna
found especially in certain areas.
Usage Examples:
1. The nature hike featured several endemic plants, which the guide was eager to point out. (indigenous,
native)
2. Some of the most difficult diseases to treat are those endemic to islands or poor, rural areas, because
fewer medical professionals are familiar with them. (native, restricted to)
3. Food shortages and hunger are endemic in certain parts of the world. (constantly present)
4. Certain countries are well known for their endemic political corruption. (ever-present, characteristic)
(advocated, embraced)
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components)
4. Once you factor in variables such as inflation, you see that the company didnt really experience much
growth. (figure)
fallacious)
3. Despite the journalist's efforts, the dream of winning a Pulitzer proved illusory. (imaginary, unreal)
4. The salesman used illusory promises to convince customers to buy his product. (misleading, deceptive)
enough. (occasional)
(graciousness, generosity)
3. It was a magnanimous gesture for the CEO to take a pay cut to avoid layoffs. (gracious, noble)
4. It was magnanimous of her to forgive my huge mistake. (big-hearted, gracious)
banal)
2. Despite the fact that her office cubicle was rather mundane, Laura enjoyed having her own semi-private
(ordinary)
4. I don't like to waste my time worrying about mundane affairs like politics; I prefer to study religion and
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3. She loved to flaunt her ostentatious jewelry and mink coats among her less-wealthy friends. (showy,
flamboyant)
4. That era was marked by relentless capitalism, widespread corruption, vulgar taste, and ostentatious
(applicable, related)
4. The judge asked the witness to limit his testimony to matters pertinent to the case. (relevant)
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3. He had profound respect for his predecessor and hoped he could adequately fill his shoes. (deep)
4. The speaker made several profound statements that made the audience really think. (insightful, deep)
(animosity, hostility)
2. Her rancor for her opponent was deep-seated and was fed by feelings of hostility, carried over from their
(resentment, enmity)
Rift-(noun)-1. A separation between people or a group 2. A fissure, or gap, usually in the earth, rock, or clouds
Synonyms: separation, estrangement, breach, spilt, dissension, divide, crack, gap, chasm, fault
Antonyms: unity, harmony, togetherness
Tips & Usage: The word rift literally means "a large crack or geological fault line." Figuratively, it is used as a
more sophisticated way of describing a large gap between two opposing sides or ideas. There is also a verb
definition of rift, with the meaning "to divide, split, or penetrate."
Usage Examples:
1. It was just one argument, but it created a permanent rift between them. (split, estrangement)
2. They had traveled many miles when they came upon a rift that was too wide to cross. (chasm, crevasse,
divide)
3. Their opposing views of how to run the company created a big rift between their management teams.
(separation, divide)
4. I dont think they will be able to come to a compromise; the rift between their two ideas is too wide.
(gap, divide)
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Stoic-(adjective, noun)-(adj.)-1. Passive, detached, calm, and unaffected by pleasure or pain (n.)-1. Someone
who seems unaffected by pleasure or pain, especially someone who remains unaffected by adversity
Synonyms: (adj.) passive, unemotional, detached, unruffled, calm, indifferent, stolid
Antonyms: emotional
Tips & Usage: Stoic was originally the name given to a member of the ancient Greek group of philosophers led
by Zeno of Citium. He believed that wise people should be free from passion and unmoved by pleasure, pain,
happiness, or grief. Stoic comes from Greek term stoikos, meaning "porch." It refers to the porch in Athens
where Zeno and his successors taught. Stoic is used to describe someone who doesn't show emotion. It can be
used to describe someone who is brave and calm in the face of danger. It can also be used to describe a court
witness who answers questions without emotion. For a memory trick, note how stoic sounds like his toe wick.
Now, imagine a man lighting his toe on fire, like a candle wick. You would assume he would scream in pain,
but he is unusually stoic (calm, showing no emotion) and is showing no pain or emotion, even though he is
using his toe as a wick.
Usage Examples:
1. Ever the stoic, he showed little emotion when he was laid off from his job of 20 years. (unemotional
person)
2. The professional poker player told reporters that a stoic expression was one of the most important
Tenacity- noun)-Persistent determination in holding to something, especially opinions, valuables, and routines
Synonyms: persistence, stubbornness, resolve, toughness, strength, nerve
Antonyms: weakness
Tips & Usage: Tenacity and the related adjective tenacious are derived from the Latin term tenax, meaning to
"hold fast." Both words are often used to refer to a person who doesnt give up. Think of how a person would
tenaciously hold on to the edge of a cliff and the tenacity with which he would do this.
Usage Examples:
1. She clung to her beliefs with a tenacity that was immediately evident to any who attempted to argue with
her. (determination)
2. During her first ice skating lesson, she kept a tenacious grip on her instructor's arm. (strong, firm,
clinging)
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3. He refused to take no for an answer, and his tenacity eventually paid off when he won the contract for
Verbose-(adjective)-Too wordy, containing more words than necessary (often at the expense of clarity)
Synonyms: wordy, long-winded, garrulous, loquacious
Antonyms: concise, succinct, terse
Tips & Usage: Verbose is from the Latin term verbum, meaning "word." Verbose is used to describe someone
who is overly "wordy." Verbose is usually used in a critical sense. For a memory trick, note how verbose
sounds like verb hose. Now, imagine someone who is so verbose, people say his mouth is like a "verb hose,"
with verbs and words constantly spewing out. Verbose is synonymous with garrulous and loquacious.
Usage Examples:
1. The best man was already known for being verbose, and his eight minute toast at the wedding served as
(garrulous)
4. Make sure he really thinks about what he plans to say to the group; in the past, he has been overly
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Section 5 Test
1. I think they will get along really well; they both have such ______________ personalities.
2. Because malaria is ______________ to that region, you should get a prescription for malaria pills before
you go.
3. Low interest rates should prove to be a major ______________ for automobile manufacturers.
4. Instead of using meaningful examples, he often relied on over-used sayings and ______________ to
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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Section 6 Lessons
Analytical-(adjective)-1. Examining things very closely and thoroughly 2. Skilled in analysis 3. Reasoning
from parts or relationships
Synonyms: analytic, systematic, logical, rational, thorough, perceptive, inquisitive
Antonyms: constructive, inventive
Tips & Usage: Analytic is a variant of analytical and can be used in the same way. Both words are derived from
the Greek term analusis, meaning a breaking up into elements." Think of the process of breaking things into
elements in order to study and analyze them.
Usage Examples:
1. She used analytical reasoning to solve the complicated math problem, even though she had never
perceptive)
Affiliate-(verb, noun)-(v.)-1. To associate with or to receive as a member or participant 2. To trace the origins
of (n.)-1. A person or group that is associated with, or a member of, another
Synonyms: (v.) associate, connect, merge, join, ally, unite, (n.) associate, member, subsidiary, branch, partner
Antonyms: (v.) disband, disassociate, separate, disjoin
Tips & Usage: Affiliate can be used as a verb, as well as a noun, to denote a person or organization affiliated
with another. The word is pronounced differently, depending on the use: as a verb, the second a is long. As a
noun, affiliate is pronounced with a short second a. The adjective affiliated means "associated with."
Usage Examples:
1. She got her start with the small radio station affiliated with the university. (associated)
2. The company used the party as an opportunity to affiliate with its partners and investors. (connect,
associate)
3. You can earn bonus mileage points when you stay at a hotel that is affiliated with the airline with which
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4. Our new company affiliate can go far in helping us drive traffic to our website through its members.
Assiduous-(adjective)-Marked by careful, determined effort, as well as showing hard work, care, and attention
to detail
Synonyms: industrious, undeviating, diligent, conscientious, hard-working, attentive, dedicated
Antonyms: negligent
Tips & Usage: Assiduous originated from the Latin word assidere, which essentially means "to sit in one place"
or "to apply oneself." Someone who is assiduous is not easily distracted or deterred from the task at hand and
can be focused until the task is done. When learning assiduous, think of sitting on your "ass" while working in
an efficient and focused manner until you are done. An assiduous student would sit on his "ass" doing
homework until he is finished with it. An assiduous investor would sit and read through all of the investment
information before she makes an investment. Think of the assiduous reader, worker, student, planner, and
anyone else who sits and works diligently to get a job done. Note: although the etymology of assiduous clearly
points to sitting, you don't have to be sitting to be assiduousyou just need to work hard and efficiently with
attention to detail.
Usage Examples:
1. She receives straight A's because she is an assiduous student who never wavers from her commitment to
(conscientious, industrious)
3. The market was so complex that even assiduous investors had a hard time determining which companies
working)
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2. The interviewer was impressed not only with her specific understanding of bridges, but was also
impressed with the breadth of her engineering knowledge in general. (extent, scope)
3. I enjoy the breadth of information available on the Internet, so I no longer subscribe to a newspaper.
(range, extent)
4. We are often amazed by the breadth and depth of his knowledge of complex tax codes. (scope,
comprehensiveness)
Coalesce-(verb)-1. To unite, fuse, or grow together 2. To form a group from different elements
Synonyms: unite, fuse, consolidate, amalgamate, merge, combine, converge
Antonyms: divide, split, separate
Tips & Usage: Coalesce is derived from the Latin term coalescere, which means to grow up together.
Coalesce is similar in meaning to glean, which means "to pull together facts and information from different
sources." Coalesce is used more to describe bringing together (uniting) people and resources to accomplish a
goal.
Usage Examples:
1. At the end of the season, the best players from each team coalesce to form the All-Stars. (merge, unite)
2. At the meeting, the CEO stressed that the various departments' communication methods would soon be
(combine)
4. It was his responsibility to coalesce members from different departments into one, cohesive team.
(merge, unite)
Condemn-(verb)-1. To criticize as wrong or immoral 2. To assign guilt 3. To determine as unfit for public use
4. To force someone or something into an undesirable circumstance
Synonyms: criticize, convict, sentence, doom, censure, denounce, expropriate, reprove, compel, force
Antonyms: laud, praise, acquit
Tips & Usage: When condemn is used to refer to sentencing or conviction, it is usually used in the context "to
condemn a person to prison or punishment." The same formula (to condemn someone to something) is used
when condemn is intended to mean "to force or compel." When a building is described as condemned, it is no
longer safe or suitable for inhabitance.
Usage Examples:
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1. Furious, the boss condemned his employees' persistent handling of personal affairs on company time.
(criticized, censured)
2. The criminal begged the court not to condemn him to prison, even though he admitted to lighting the
denounced)
4. The building was condemned by the inspector because he deemed it unsafe. (judged unfit)
(familiar, proficient)
4. Although she was conversant with the latest political scandal, she did not want to answer any questions
Correlate-(verb)-1. To set in a causal, mutual, or reciprocal relationship 2. To gather and compare the
relationship between people or things
Synonyms: connect, correspond, relate, complement, associate, equate, compare
Antonyms: disassociate
Tips & Usage: Correlate is a word used in statistics to measure the connection or relationship between two
different objects or occurrences. Correlate is also a noun, referring to either of the things that correlates (relate,
compare) to the other. The related word correlation refers to a connection or relationship, often a cause-and-
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effect relationship between two or more things. Use correlation as a more sophisticated and statistical way of
saying "connection."
Usage Examples:
1. The assignment was challenging because it asked students to correlate information from several sources.
(connect, relate)
2. The strong correlation between adequate vitamin intake and lower incidence of eye disease should
prompt more ophthalmologists to counsel their patients on good nutrition. (connection, relationship)
3. Tobacco companies say that smoking does not correlate to lung cancer, but the American Cancer
(neglected, run-down)
4. The pier was closed to the public because its dilapidated condition made it unsafe. (decayed)
meaning to "pour forth." Think of something literally and figuratively pouring forward like "effusive praise."
Effusive is used more often and is a better adjective than profusive. The noun profusion, however, is used more
often than the noun effusion. Furthermore, the adverb profusely is used more often than effusively. See
profusion for additional analysis.
Usage Examples:
1. The introduction given to the honoree was so effusive that he was more embarrassed than touched.
(extravagant, gushing)
2. The widow was overwhelmed by the effusion of condolences she received. (outpouring, profusion)
3. The board gave the chairman effusive praise for his performance. (unrestrained, gushing)
4. He wrote an enthusiastic and effusive, four-page review of the concert. (verbose, extravagant)
glance at her watch to see how much longer she would have to sit there. (sly, covert)
cargo. However, think of emotional cargo or baggageit should be used for intangibles (fraught with anxiety,
fraught with mistakes) and not tangibles. Fraught can also mean "uneasy, charged, or stressed." Think of the
stress of having to hold something heavy or being overloaded with something. Fraught is also similar in
meaning and application to rife. See
Usage Examples:
1. The project was a disaster because it was fraught with problems from the beginning. (full of, loaded)
2. Crushed by the rejection of her first novel, Hannah remained fraught for weeks. (distressed)
3. Their relationship was fraught with emotional outbursts, and everyone knew it would never last. (full of,
marked by)
4. The assignment was fraught with potential complications, but I volunteered for it anyway. (loaded)
because they wanted to protect the open space. (block, hinder, obstruct)
2. This heavy traffic will impede our progress tremendously. (slow, hinder)
3. Im afraid the forecasted snow storm will impede our efforts to get to the cabin this evening. (delay,
thwart)
4. The bosss constant nit-picking is a serious impediment to the process of getting this project finished.
(disruption, hindrance)
Induce-(verb)-1. To cause or produce 2. To influence or persuade 3. To reason and make a statement based on
observation and fact
Synonyms: persuade, influence, move, impel, cause, produce, stimulate, incite
Antonyms: repress, hinder, prevent
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Tips & Usage: In obstetrics, induce means "to stimulate labor artificially," such as with a drug that initiates
contractions. Induce is also a great word to use in general to describe persuading or convincing someone to act:
"See if we can induce (persuade) them to participate in the program."
Usage Examples:
1. If you weren't already planning to enter the contest, the prize money is sure to induce you. (persuade)
2. He is a true hero; whenever he sees injustice, he is induced to action. (impelled, moved)
3. The community council was looking for ways to induce investors and bankers to put money into inner-
(fearless, perseverant)
Magnitude-(noun)-1. Large extent, size, or quantity 2. The significance, importance, or quality of something
Synonyms: scope, dimension, extent, size, significance, importance
Antonyms: insignificance
Tips & Usage: Magnitude has several specialized uses. In astronomy, magnitude is a measure of a star or other
celestial body's brightness. In geology, magnitude is a measurement of earthquakes. In mathematics, magnitude
refers to a quantity expressed in multiples of a standard. In general, use magnitude to refer to the scope or size
of something.
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Usage Examples:
1. Despite repeated warnings by others, they did not realize the magnitude of the problem until it was too
(importance, significance)
3. None of the economists is willing to predict the length or magnitude of the expected economic recovery.
(scope, extent)
4. He didnt fully grasp the magnitude of his new promotion until he was faced with some daunting
(nearsighted)
3. He had a very myopic vision for the country, which neglected to address future problems like Social
minded)
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Tips & Usage: Overt comes ultimately from the Latin word for "open." Its direct opposite is covert, which
means "hidden or concealed." When you do something overtly, you do it in a very open and obvious way.
Usage Examples:
1. Although he didn't criticize me overtly, I could tell that he wasn't happy with my job performance.
(obviously, openly)
2. In an overt show of support, the President met publicly with the candidate he hoped would succeed him.
(unconcealed, clear)
3. His overt hostility toward his coworkers makes those who have to work with him nervous and
uncomfortable. (obvious)
4. Since he never showed any overt physical signs of his life-threatening disease, no one knew he was ill.
(obvious, evident)
Peruse-(verb)-1. To read through or study in detail 2. To scan through something casually and leisurely
Synonyms: study, read, examine, scan, skim, investigate, analyze
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Although the primary definition of peruse is "to read something carefully and in a detailed
manner," the second definition may be more familiar. Peruse can mean "to study leisurely." This has resulted in
it sometimes being used to mean "to skim or scan," rather than to study intently. Technically, peruse should be
used to describe reading something in its entirety, versus skimming a document quickly.
Usage Examples:
1. Please peruse the following report at your convenience. (study, read through)
2. She perused the classified ads in hopes of finding a good deal on a used car. (scanned, skimmed)
3. John likes to peruse through the morning paper while drinking his first cup of coffee. (read)
4. He perused several travel books to plan his vacation to Paris. (read, studied)
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have probably heard someone say "sweating profusely" or "bleeding profusely." These are literal uses of the
word profusely, as they describe something literally pouring forth. For profusion, think of a lavish outpour.
Profusion usually refers to something positive, but not always. See the related word effusive for additional
analysis.
Usage Examples:
1. This spring the flowers bloomed in greater profusion than in past years. (abundance)
2. Relieved and happy, she offered profuse thanks to the man who saved her life. (lavish, overflowing,
excessive, effusive)
3. The popular talk show host received a profusion of get-well cards after his surgery. (abundance,
outpour)
4. After riding the exercise bike for an hour, he was sweating profusely. (excessively, abundantly)
(reckless, impetuous)
4. The recent rash of burglaries in the neighborhood left the community feeling vulnerable. (outbreak)
Robust-(adjective)-1. Healthy, strong, and energetic 2. Built to be sturdy and durable 3. Requiring physical
strength and endurance 4. Boisterous in manner 5. Hearty, full-flavored 6. Crude or rough
Synonyms: healthy, strong, energetic, sturdy, solid, vigorous, hearty, rugged, full-bodied, flavorful, rude, rough
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enjoying robust growth for the past three quarters. (strong, hearty, vigorous)
4. Im never fully awake until Ive had a cup of robust, fresh-brewed coffee. (full-bodied)
Staid-(adjective)-1. Dignified and sedate in manner and habit 2. Very self-controlled to the point of seeming
boring or old-fashioned
Synonyms: serious, reserved, stuffy, somber, dignified, sober, steady, self-controlled
Antonyms: frivolous, wild
Tips & Usage: Use the word staid to describe anyone who has a "sedate" personalityhe doesnt say or do
much. You can also use the word staid to describe something that is overly prim and proper, to the point that it
is boring and stuffy.
Usage Examples:
1. Unsmiling and staid, their hostess seemed more interested in their use of coasters than in their
Tenuous-(adjective)-1. Weak and unconvincing 2. Easily broken down because of weakness or lack of
substance 3. Thin in form, texture, or consistency
Synonyms: weak, frail, insubstantial, unconvincing, dubious, delicate, fragile, questionable, thin, slender, fine,
insignificant, half-hearted, diluted
Antonyms: substantial, strong, powerful, sturdy
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Tips & Usage: Tenuous is commonly used to describe a weak argument or idea with shaky support. Tenuous is
also used to describe a situation that is fragile and could break at any moment. In general, tenuous refers to
anything week or flimsy that could easily come undone: tenuous construction, tenuous argument, a tenuous
grip.
Usage Examples:
1. The relationship between the scientist's research data and his claims is tenuous at best. (unconvincing,
questionable)
2. We have a tenuous relationship with our client right now, and I fear he may fire us if we have another
hearted)
4. His responses to the questions demonstrated that he had a tenuous understanding of the issues and was
not the right person to interview about the subject at hand. (insubstantial, dubious, weak)
Vernacular-(noun, adjective)-(n.)-1. The common language of a people, region, group, or period, especially as
opposed to formal, literary language 2. The common, as opposed to Latin, name in biology 3. The common
architectural style of a place, especially that of ordinary houses (adj.)-1. Characteristic of everyday language
Synonyms: (n.) language, dialect, idiom, tongue, (adj.) colloquial, ordinary, familiar, informal, native, common,
popular
Antonyms: formal, literary
Tips & Usage: Vernacular comes from the Latin term vernaculus, which means "native." Think, "native
language." Vernacular also has a specialized use in architecture, where it refers to the local style in which
ordinary houses are built. Vernacular is most often used to describe the everyday language that people speak.
Usage Examples:
1. Although he had written several formal works, his most famous poems were composed in the
ordinary, common)
3. New speech-recognition software understands the difference of the vernacular "cool" and "COOL!"
(dialect)
4. The Internet created a whole new vernacular with words like browser and search engine. (common
language)
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Section 6 Test
1. The secret to his success is his thorough and ________________ approach to planning each project.
2. I am always impressed with the ____________ and depth of his knowledge.
3. In order to prepare for the complex case, the law firm needed to ________________ resources from
in person.
14. There is a strong ____________ between your success and the breadth of your vocabulary.
15. That is a ________________ argument that has very little substance or factual support.
16. We need to have a long term plan for this company; we cannot allow _______ thinking.
17. The managers ________________ flirting made the women in the office feel uncomfortable.
18. Each morning he liked to ________________ the newspaper while he ate his breakfast.
19. Tax accountants will have a busy season learning the ________________ of new tax laws.
20. The mayor made a _________ decision and declared martial law in response to the _________ of violent
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23. The law firm did not incorporate new technology into their practice. As a result of their ________ ways,
____________.
25. The secret to her success was that she conducted ____________ research on any company she considered
investing.
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101
Section 7 Lessons
Affinity-(noun)-1. An attraction, identification, or kinship between people or things 2. A close similarity
between two things
Synonyms: liking, penchant, resemblance, relationship, connection, similarity, sympathy, attraction, kinship
Antonyms: aversion, dislike, difference, discord
Tips & Usage: Affinity is derived from an Old French word that means "close relationship." There are several
specialized meanings of affinity. In business, you may hear of affinity marketing. In this case affinity is used as
an adjective. The best example is with credit cards. An airline will partner (form an affinity relationship) with a
credit card company and offer miles for dollars spent using the airline's credit card. In biology, affinity refers to
structural similarity. In chemistry, affinity refers to the attraction of molecules to one another. Finally, in
medicine, affinity denotes the attraction between an antigen and an antibody. For affinity, think, relationship,
similarity, and strong attraction. If you really like someone, you can have a strong attraction or affinity for that
person. If you really like a particular activity (like golfing, sailing), you can have an affinity for that activity.
Affinity can describe a relationship or similarity, as well as a strong attraction to someone, something, or an
activity.
Usage Examples:
1. The veterinarian has a natural affinity with animals. (connection, kinship)
2. There is a strong affinity between the new cars put out by the rival automakers. (similarity, resemblance)
3. He always had an affinity for numbers, so I wasnt surprised when I heard he became an accountant.
(penchant, liking)
4. Many companies do what is called affinity marketing, whereby they align themselves with associations
Assimilate-(verb)-1. To make similar, espescially by absorption into a culture or population 2. To take into the
mind or system
Synonyms: integrate, incorporate, absorb, adjust, acculturate, adapt, conform, acclimatize, digest, grasp
Antonyms: separate, misunderstand, reject
Tips & Usage: Assimilate means "to absorb." In physiology, assimilate means "to absorb into the body." The
most common prepositions used with assimilate are to, into, and with. Assimilate is often used to describe the
adoption and learning of a new culture. Think of absorbing a new culture and how you have to really live in a
country to assimilate (absorb) the country's culture. It's also a more sophisticated way to describe learning and
absorbing knowledge. For example, "I was able to quickly assimilate (absorb) the new words into my active
vocabulary."
Usage Examples:
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1. She was quick to assimilate the new information, and that was part of what made her such a valuable
touchstones)
3. The automakers quality record set a new benchmark for the industry. (standard, measure)
4. The company's new manufacturing process increased production by fifty percent, creating a new
(briefness, succinctness)
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3. Newspapers often edit letters to the editor for clarity and brevity. (shortness)
4. The brevity of the market upswing was due to bad economic news that contradicted the earlier good
Condescend-(verb)-1. To behave toward other people as though they are less important or less intelligent than
you are (act in a condescending manner) 2. To do something that you would normally consider yourself too
important or dignified to do
Synonyms: patronize, talk down to, lower, deign, stoop
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: To condescend someone is to talk down to that person, to patronize. To condescend also means
to "lower yourself" and associate yourself with people or activities that you believe to be beneath you.
Condescending is the adjective form of condescend. It describes acting in a snobbish, haughty, or superior
manner. If you are being condescending, you are talking down to someone. Condescend is synonymous with
patronize.
Usage Examples:
1. I wonder if the big celebrity will condescend to attend the local charity event. (deign)
2. Her condescending tone irritated me, since we are, in fact, equals. (superior, patronizing)
3. Dont condescend yourself and lower your standards for employment; there are other jobs out there.
(lower)
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4. The arrogant professor was known for speaking to his students in a condescending manner. (patronizing)
(sensitive, discriminating)
2. The teacher surveyed her students' work with a discerning eye, distinguishing between that which was
(distinguish)
4. The wine aficionado had a discerning taste for red wine and could immediately tell you the type of wine
Euphemism-(noun)-A word or phrase substituted for one that may be offensive, distasteful, or unpleasant
Synonyms: expression, locution, doublespeak, substitution
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: A euphemism is more than just an understatement. It is a word or description used to be more
politically correct or more sensitive.
Usage Examples:
1. Some might say that "homeland security" is a euphemism for "anti-terrorism," a much more unsettling
Fallacy-(noun)-1. A misconception or false belief 2. An argument that does not work because of an error in
logic or the error itself
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mistake)
2. The arguments the salesman made when trying to convince us to buy the worthless product were based
(misconception)
4. No, our company is not filing for bankruptcy; thats a pure fallacy. (misconception, error)
Gamut-(noun)-1. A full or complete range 2. All of the notes in the musical scale
Synonyms: range, extent, continuum, scope, spectrum, scale
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: The word gamut is created from the Latin words gamma and ut, the lowest note, and a higher
note on the medieval musical scale. Think, all notes are accounted for in the gamut. Thus, gamut refers to the
whole scale or range of things in a group. You may have heard someone say "runs the gamut," meaning "covers
the entire range."
Usage Examples:
1. Her restaurant experience runs the gamut from dishwasher to manager. (range, extent, scope)
2. The pianists fingers seem to fly across the gamut of musical notes effortlessly and beautifully. (scale)
3. They carefully reviewed the gamut of possibilities before deciding on a solution. (range)
4. The office supply store sold the gamut of hand-held devices and personal digital assistants. (spectrum,
range)
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Tips & Usage: Implore comes from the Latin term implorare, which means to "call upon with weeping."
Implore is a more sophisticated way of saying "beg." For example, "I implore (beg) you to reconsider my
application."
Usage Examples:
1. With tears streaming down her cheeks, she implored him to forgive her. (begged, entreated)
2. When the religious family members found out that their grandmother was ill, they implored God for
requested)
clumsy)
4. He tried to act mature and sophisticated, but his general ineptitude gave him away as a recent graduate.
Intrinsic-(adjective)-1. Being part of the fundamental nature or substance of something 2. Being contained
entirely within a part of the body
Synonyms: innate, inherent, fundamental, basic, essential
Antonyms: extrinsic
Tips & Usage: Intrinsic is derived from the French term intrinsque, meaning "internal. Think, "internal and
within," as below the surfacethere is more to something or someone than the surface. Intrinsic is a synonym of
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inherent and innate, but there are some subtle differences to note when using these words. Innate is used best to
describe something you are born with: "Everyone in his family has an innate understanding of mathematics."
Inherent is used to describe the essential characteristics of someone or something: "Quality and reliability are
inherent in everything we do." Intrinsic is often paired with the word value (e.g. intrinsic value) in order to
describe the inherent worth of something. For example, the intrinsic value of gold goes well beyond its surface
value.
Usage Examples:
1. The geologist recognized the intrinsic value of the gemstone the instant he saw it. (inherent, innate)
2. You must effectively use the intrinsic muscles of the larynx in order to be a powerful and controlled
(inherent)
4. Those slides are intrinsic to our presentation, so dont let them out of your sight. (essential)
Malcontent-(noun, adjective)-(n.)-1. An unhappy and discontented individual, especially one who feels
oppressed or is in open rebellion against his or her government (adj.)-1. Dissatisfied or unhappy with something
Synonyms: (n.) insurgent, rebel, grumbler, dissenter, agitator, (adj.) discontented, dissatisfied, displeased,
unhappy, rebellious, factious, resentful
Antonyms: content, happy, pleased
Tips & Usage: In both its noun and adjective forms, malcontent often carries a political connotation. Malcontent
is also a more sophisticated way of describing someone who is unhappy and causing trouble.
Usage Examples:
1. The street outside the government office was filled with malcontents carrying protest signs. (dissenters,
agitators)
2. A poet, an artist, and a malcontent, his creations often reflected rebellion against mainstream society.
(rebel, dissenter)
3. She was malcontent at her current job and scoured the want ads each morning hoping to find something
better. (dissatisfied)
4. The company fired him because he was a malcontent; he was always complaining about something or
Tips & Usage: Myriad originally meant "ten thousand," but now myriad typically refers to an innumerable
amount. Myriad can also be used as an adjective, meaning "countless, endless, or multiple." In this case, the
word is not followed by the preposition of like it is with the noun usage.
Usage Examples:
1. The young star seemed to be constantly surrounded by a myriad of admirers. (lot, host)
2. The cove, with its myriad of colorful fish, is an ideal spot for snorkeling. (abundance)
3. Since the economic downturn, young college graduates no longer have the myriad of job options that
(endless, many)
Pander-(verb)-To facilitate the fulfillment of others or another's desire, especially one of questionable
appropriateness or morality
Synonyms: solicit, procure, provide, pimp, indulge, gratify, cater to
Antonyms: reject, deny
Tips & Usage: When you pander to people, you cater to their needs because you want something from them. A
good example is a politician who says what the voters want to hear, to get their votespoliticians pander to
voters. The verb pander is used in a negative way to denote the behavior of someone who has ulterior motives
or just wants to indulge the person to whom he is pandering. A less common meaning of the verb pander is to
act as a "pimp," or someone who arranges sexual relationships. The noun form of pander refers to such an
individual.
Usage Examples:
1. Despite his better judgment, the politician pandered to the interest group's needs in order to have their
(indulge)
3. Jenny was pandering to his ego by complimenting his new tie, just so she could take the afternoon off.
(catering)
4. That politician panders to so many different groups, its impossible to tell what he stands for. (caters)
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Tips & Usage: The adjective form of pervade is pervasive, which means "widespread, ubiquitous, or prevalent."
Pervade is synonymous with permeate. Permeate means "to spread through something and become part of it."
Think of how a smell permeates a room and then becomes part of it. Pervade basically just means "to spread
throughout."
Usage Examples:
1. We know our grandmother is cooking because the delicious smells pervade the whole house. (fill,
permeate)
2. There was a pervasive feeling of disappointment among the partygoers when the band quit early.
(widespread)
3. The pervasive opinion around the table was that plans for a company expansion should be halted for the
Prohibitive-(adjective)-1. Likely to prevent 2. Expensive and therefore likely to prevent purchase or use
Synonyms: exclusive, preventative, forbidding, preclusive, restrictive, exorbitant (cost)
Antonyms: encouraging, reasonable (referring to cost)
Tips & Usage: Prohibitive most often refers to the high price or cost of something, making it unobtainable for
many people. Think of the related verb prohibit, which means "to prevent." Also, think of the related adjective
prohibited, which means "strictly not allowed."
Usage Examples:
1. I want a new high-definition television, but the price is prohibitive. (exorbitant)
2. The high-class nightclub maintained a prohibitive dress code. (exclusive, restrictive)
3. I would really like to take an extended vacation, but the high cost of travel is just too prohibitive.
(preventative, exorbitant)
4. We want this product to be considered high-end, but we dont want to price it so high that it becomes
Rebuff-(verb, noun)-(v.)-1. To reject or refuse sharply and with criticism (n.)-1. A rude or curt rejection of an
offer or advance 2. A sudden block or setback of progress
Synonyms: (v.) snub, reject, repel, deny, refuse, spurn, (n.) snub, block, setback
Antonyms: (v.) accept, approve
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Tips & Usage: A rebuff is an unkind denial of a request or advanceit's basically a snub. Use rebuff to denote an
open rejection of a request or offer. To rebuff someone is more than just refusing their request, it's refusing in an
unfriendly manner. Rebuff is synonymous with spurn. If you spurn someone, you reject him because you are
contemptuous of him and you feel he is beneath youyou are rejecting him with disdain. If you rebuff someone,
you openly reject him in an unfriendly manner, but it is not as harsh as spurn.
Usage Examples:
1. She asked for help, but he rebuffed her, saying he only helped his real friends. (snubbed)
2. Her rebuff stung, since his offer had been kind and sincere. (snub, refusal)
3. I rebuffed my annoying coworker with a harsh comment. (repelled, spurned)
4. He felt rebuffed when his boss openly criticized him during the meeting. (spurned, snubbed)
elementary)
2. In order to be a successful structural engineer, it is helpful to have at least a rudimentary understanding
(underdeveloped)
4. Here is a rudimentary outline for next weeks presentation; please get back to me with any comments so
that I can address them in the next version. (basic, not fully developed)
Streamline-(verb)-1. To make more economical or efficient 2. To make something more contoured so that it
may move more fluidly through air or water
Synonyms: improve, organize, simplify, modernize, contour, shape, smooth
Antonyms: complicate
Tips & Usage: Although streamline comes from physics, it is commonly used in business settings to refer to
processes that smooth or improve operations by making them more modern or efficient. The related adjective,
streamlined, refers to anything that is made more efficient or attractive by reducing non-essential elements.
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Usage Examples:
1. A major goal of the review process is to help streamline operations, which should, in turn, boost profits.
Tenure-(noun)-1. The time spent in a particular office or position 2. The granting of permanent employment
after a provisional period, used especially in the teaching profession 3. The holding of land
Synonyms: possession, holding, term, incumbency, occupancy, tenancy
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Tenure comes from the Latin term tenere, which means "to hold." The words tenacious and
tenacity have the same origin. People who have tenure hold a position, a piece of property, or an office. Tenure
can also refer to the time a position is held. As a verb, tenure refers to the giving of lifetime employment,
usually to professors at universities.
Usage Examples:
1. During her tenure in office, the mayor made many changes that helped the city's operations work more
permanent position)
3. His tenure as company president will be over when he retires next month. (term)
4. He was tenured once he finished his doctoral studies. (given lifetime employment)
Viable-(adjective)-1. Able to live, exist, or survive 2. Able to be successfully accomplished or put into practice
Synonyms: workable, practical, doable, attainable, possible, feasible
Antonyms: impossible, unworkable
Tips & Usage: Viable is often used to describe fetuses capable of surviving outside the womb. Viable can also
be used to describe plants capable of growing successfully. In business, viable is often used to refer to a
"doable," "workable," or "attainable" objective: "Do you think this is a viable strategy?" Viable is related to the
verb vie, which means "to contend or compete with."
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Usage Examples:
1. Although I love his ideas for remodeling our house, I'm not sure they're viable. (doable, possible,
practicable)
2. The siblings were known to constantly vie for their parents attention. Even today, while working for the
same company, the siblings compete with each other by pointing out that their ideas are more viable
than the others ideas. (practical, workable)
3. Its entirely viable that Tom will be chosen as the new CEO, but hes not leaving anything to chance and
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Section 7 Test
1. The manufacturing plant had only one defect out of every 1 million products produced, which created a
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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116
Section 8 Lessons
Abdicate-(verb)-1. To formally resign from an official position 2. To give up one's power 3. To neglect a duty
or responsibility
Synonyms: relinquish, quit, surrender, reject, renounce, abandon
Antonyms: confiscate, assume
Tips & Usage: Abdicate is derived from the Latin term abdicare, meaning "to renounce." The noun abdication
refers to the act of renouncing one's office. Use the word abdicate to describe relinquishing of power, resigning,
or stepping down from a position.
Usage Examples:
1. If the client isn't happy with our work, we may have to abdicate our relationship. (relinquish, quit)
2. The politician abdicated his congressional seat in order to run for governor of his state. (relinquished,
renounced)
3. A new leader had to be found when Ashley abdicated her position. (quit, abandoned)
4. If you don't vote, it's an abdication of your civil duty. (abandonment, rejection)
Afford-(verb)-1. To be able to spare or give up 2. To be the cause or source of something 3. To be able to buy
or do something because the resources are available
Synonyms: allow, give, provide, manage, spare, bear, lend, furnish, yield
Antonyms: prevent
Tips & Usage: Afford has its origins from the Old English term geforthian, meaning "to accomplish" or "to
carry out." The modern association with financial ability relates to having enough money to carry something
out. You will often hear the phrase, "it affords me the opportunity," which means it "allows" the opportunity.
Usage Examples:
1. I cant afford myself the luxury of taking an afternoon nap. Theres just too much work to be done.
(allow, give)
2. The upcoming meeting will afford us the opportunity to get to know our client's needs. (provide, give)
3. The presentation afforded a lot of interesting information. (provided)
4. They had to save for several years before they were able to afford a new car. (manage)
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discerning)
2. The astute investor made more money in the stock market than in his business. (wily, shrewd)
3. Lisa's astute analysis of the situation allowed her to make the right decision when hiring a project
(raise, mention)
3. James broached the subject of a raise during his annual review. (brought up, raised)
4. Im going to give this issue some more thought before I broach it with the board of directors. (raise,
propose)
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(persuasive, compelling)
Congruent-(adjective)-1. Consistent in agreement 2. Having the same geometric shape and size
Synonyms: compatible, congruous, corresponding, parallel, harmonious
Antonyms: incongruent, incongruous
Tips & Usage: Congruent is often used in the formulation of "congruent with." Congruent is derived from the
Latin term congruere, meaning "to meet together." This reflects its meaning of agreement or consonance. Use
congruent as a sophisticated way of saying "in line with," "parallel," "compatible," and "consistent."
Usage Examples:
1. Their stories were not congruent with one another, so we knew that the children were not telling the
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Tips & Usage: While brief and concise usually carry a positive connotation, curt means "short" in a negative,
often impolite, way. Think, being short and nonresponsive in a rude manner. If someone is curt, it usually
means he or she is short with you in a rude manner. Curt is synonymous with terse.
Usage Examples:
1. We all know he is a busy man, but he still didn't need to be so curt with his secretary when she asked
(abrupt)
(uneasy)
2. The strange affair left me shaken and disconcerted. (unsettled, worried)
3. The disconcerted look in her eyes made him realize that she wasnt ready to take on the big
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Usage Examples:
1. Because I am confused, I am hoping that you can elucidate the meaning of these numbers for me.
(clarify, explain)
2. It wasn't until the end of the film that the main character's confusing course of action was elucidated.
(explained, clarified)
3. I would be happy to elucidate the matter so that you can fully understand what happened here. (explain)
4. It would be helpful for you to elucidate your reasoning to make everything clear. (clarify, explain)
joyful)
4. My afternoon massage rid me of all my tension, and I was therefore in a state of euphoria for several
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2. She was resolute, and nothing could cause her to falter from her commitment. (waver)
3. The speaker momentarily faltered when he realized his slides were out of order. (hesitated, stumbled)
4. Try not to falter on the witness stand because the jury may take it as a sign of guilt. (hesitate, stammer)
(consideration)
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Synonyms: essential, important, necessary, urgent, crucial, critical, commanding, dominant, authoritarian
Antonyms: optional, conciliatory
Tips & Usage: Imperative comes from the Latin word imperare, which means "to command." Think about a
soldier who is commanded to do somethinghe must do what he is commanded to do; it is imperative. Use
imperative as a more sophisticated way of saying "crucial" or "urgent." The word imperative can be used as a
noun, as well as an adjective. For example, "We have a moral imperative to act, and it is imperative that we do
something now!"
Usage Examples:
1. It is imperative that you take this medication at the same time every day, or it will not work properly.
(necessary, essential)
2. The professor taught with an imperative air that kept his students engaged, but slightly uncomfortable.
(commanding, authoritarian)
3. It is imperative that we meet this deadline so the client knows we are dependable. (important, necessary)
4. Great customer service is just as imperative today as when we founded this company. (essential)
Influx-(noun)-1. A sudden or ongoing arrival of many things or of many people 2. An inward flow or
movement
Synonyms: inflow, inundation, flow, rush, flood
Antonyms: outflow, efflux
Tips & Usage: When influx refers to the arrival of many new things or people, it often connotes that the arrival
is somewhat overwhelming.
Usage Examples:
1. The sudden influx of new clients meant lots of overtime for the employees. (rush, inundation)
2. With the steady influx of guests, the hotel will make much more money this season than last season.
(flood, inflow)
3. The publication had an influx of letters to the editor after it published the controversial story.
(inundation)
4. Weve had an influx of resumes in response to our job posting. (inflow, flood)
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Antonyms: learned
Tips & Usage: Intuitive is related to the word intuition, which refers to having the knowledge of something,
without having to learn it or discover it. It often connotes the idea of instinct. If something is intuitive, it is easy
to understand without much study. For example, software companies strive to make computer software as
intuitive (easy to learn) as possible.
Usage Examples:
1. A mother's understanding of her child's needs is often intuitive. (instinctive)
2. He asked me how I knew the answer to his question, and I told him that it was intuitive. (natural,
instinctive)
3. This software is so intuitive and easy to use, even my technologically inept mother was able to use it.
(instinctive)
4. She had an uneasy feeling walking home that night. And since her intuition was usually right, she
Malign-(verb, adjective)-(v.)-1. To say or write hurtful or damaging things about someone (adj.)1. Evil,
malevolent, or wanting to hurt others
Synonyms: (v.) vilify, defame, slander, denigrate, (adj.) injurious, slanderous, malevolent, malicious, vicious,
spiteful, evil
Antonyms: (v.) praise, (adj.) benign
Tips & Usage: When someone maligns another person in speech or writing, the damaging things said are often
untrue. Malign is related to the word malignant, which means "full of hate and showing a desire to harm
others." Malignant also denotes the ability to cause harm, as in a malignant tumor. For a memory trick, note
how malign sounds like mal lying. Now imagine you have a coworker named Mal, who has been lying about
you and has maligned (vilified, defamed, questioned, hurt) your reputationyou have been maligned
(undermined, vilified, hurt, damaged) by Mal's lying. For additional study, note that benign is an antonym of
malign. You have most likely come across other words with the prefix mal and the prefix bene. Mal is a
negative prefix that denotes bad things (malcontent, malignant), while bene is a positive prefix that denotes
good things (benign, benefactor, benevolent, beneficent).
Usage Examples:
1. Few things were as offensive to the aristocrat as to malign his family's name. (defame, denigrate)
2. His motives were malign, not good or kind. (vicious, evil, malicious)
3. He had a grudge against the company that fired him and maligned his former boss to everyone he met.
(vilified)
4. The reporter obviously had malign motives when he wrote the injurious story about the celebrity.
(slanderous, spiteful)
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(initial, developing)
4. She was very lucky they caught the cancer early, because in its nascent stages, it is still highly treatable.
(initial, primary)
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fertile)
3. Well, that was a prolific teleconference. Im glad we got so much accomplished. (productive)
4. He was a prolific artist, and his paintings were showcased in many art galleries around the world.
(creative, productive)
Recant-(verb)-1. To renounce a, usually controversial, belief 2. To take back a statement made earlier
Synonyms: renounce, retract, abjure, deny, withdraw, rescind
Antonyms: reaffirm
Tips & Usage: When someone recants (rejects a previously held belief), it is often done in public and is often a
result of outside pressure or disapproval. A usage note: recant does not always take an object. In such cases, the
implied object is the actor's views, beliefs, or previous statements. For example, "After years of silence, he
publicly recanted."
Usage Examples:
1. Nothing could make him recant his love for her. (deny, renounce)
2. When Martin Luther espoused views that opposed the traditional beliefs of the Catholic Church,
religious leaders asked him to recant. (retract his views, withdraw his claims)
3. Id like to recant that statement. I really didnt mean it the way it sounded. (retract, withdraw)
4. The newspaper was forced to recant a published article when it found that many of the sources had been
falsified. (retract)
Redeem-(verb)-1. To receive back or to pay off a debt 2. To get back into somebody's favor or good opinion 3.
To improve or make up for something 4. To pay off or compensate for something
Synonyms: fulfill, satisfy, recover, atone, convert, exchange, improve, absolve, repay
Antonyms: condemn
Tips & Usage: You will often hear redeem used in phrases like "redeem your check," or "redeem your coupon,"
which means "to execute or convert your check or coupon to cash or something of value." The related adjective
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redeeming often connotes something positive making up for something negative. Redemptive signifies having
the power or ability to redeem something. In Christianity, redemption refers to the power of Christ's sacrifice to
atone for people's sins. When you make up for doing something wrong or hurting someone, you redeem
yourself.
Usage Examples:
1. After making the mistake, he fervently looked for a way to redeem himself. (absolve, atone)
2. The fact that I got to redeem my coupon for free popcorn was the only redeeming feature of the awful
Stringent-(adjective)-Strict, severe, and controlling, especially used to describe rules that are intended to
protect people or prevent harm
Synonyms: strict, rigid, constricted, severe, rigorous, exacting
Antonyms: lax
Tips & Usage: Stringent is derived from the Latin word stringere, which means "to bind." You can think of
things that are stringent as being tight and constraining, just as being bound limits movement and freedom.
Stringent is often used when discussing safety and tightly defined rules. For example, The stringent (strict,
defined) safety rules were designed to prevent accidents at the plant.
Usage Examples:
1. The new requirements for obtaining a driver's license are much more stringent than in the past. (strict,
exacting)
2. After undergoing stringent testing, the new engine was declared ready for marketing. (rigorous)
3. The company had to put in some stringent security measures after it was discovered that some
Tips & Usage: If something is unprecedented, then it is without precedent. A precedent is an action or decision
that has happened in the past and can be used as an example for future, similar cases. If something is
unprecedented, it means it's new or beyond anything seen before. Unprecedented can refer to something
completely new or something that exceeds expectations in terms of growth or success.
Usage Examples:
1. The number of people who participated in this year's contest is unprecedented. (unparalleled, unrivaled)
2. The fact that a 14 year old girl won this tournament is unprecedented. (new, revolutionary)
3. In an unprecedented move, the creative director gave his staff the entire afternoon off. (original, new)
4. They had unprecedented sales last month due to high consumer demand. (unparalleled)
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Section 8 Test
1. He has always been an ___________ investor and has thus done quite well for himself.
2. I was going to ___________ the topic of my raise, but it didnt seem like an opportune time to do so.
3. He has ___________ so much wealth during his years in the business, that he will retire a very rich man.
4. Many people believe the Internet is the new ___________ in marketing products directly to consumers.
5. That explanation is not ___________ with what weve heard so far.
6. She wasnt expecting the bad news and was completely ___________ when she heard about it.
7. Hes always been very ___________, so if he has a feeling about something, its probably right.
8. I want to make sure that I understand what youre saying. Therefore, could you please ___________
___________.
11. Dont worry if you ___________ during the presentation. Just try to relax, and Im sure youll do well.
12. Unfortunately, Jake didnt ___________ my advice, and now hes out of a job.
13. There havent been any accidents in our facility for years. Consequently, its obvious that our
when there would have been many more hours put into it.
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illness.
24. Im not sure if theres any way Jack can ___________ himself after his huge blunder.
25. The candidates rise to the top of the polls was ___________ for someone who had so little prior
political experience.
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Section 9 Lessons
Abort-(verb)-1. To end prematurely 2. To abandon a mission or project
Synonyms: terminate, halt, stop, miscarry
Antonyms: continue
Tips & Usage: Abort is derived from the Latin word aboriri, meaning "to miscarry." Abort has several specific
uses that may be familiar. In medicine, it can refer to the early termination of a pregnancy. In business or
military affairs, abort may refer to the halting of a project or mission before it is complete. Finally, relating to
computers, abort can mean to stop or end a program before it has finished its task. The related adjective
abortive means "failed or unsuccessful."
Usage Examples:
1. Due to technical difficulties, the mission was aborted. (terminated, halted)
2. John's abortive attempt to ask Mary for a date was very funny to his friends. (unsuccessful)
3. Once the computer analyst realized that his client's computer was infected with a virus, he decided to
quickly abort all the operations that were running. (stop, halt)
4. The CEO didn't want to abort his company's planned takeover of the rival company, but with the sudden
cautious)
2. The vigilant security officer faithfully protected the building for many years. (attentive, watchful)
3. The store manager kept a vigilant eye on her inventory in order to prevent theft. (attentive)
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4. I'm always vigilant about eating my vegetables in order to remain in good health. (watchful)
Aggregate-(noun, verb, adjective)-(n.)-1. Something formed by adding together several amounts or things 2.
A combination or composite of separate elements (v.)-1. To unite or bring together to form a whole 2. To add
up to a number (adj.)-1. Collected together from different sources to form a whole
Synonyms: (n.) collective, total, entirety, (v.) gather, amass, (adj.) combined, complete
Antonyms: (n.) element, unit, (adj.) individual, particular
Tips & Usage: Aggregate includes the Latin stem greg (from grex), meaning "flock," as in "flock of sheep."
Think of adding up a flock of sheep (aggregating) or bringing the flock together in aggregate. Greg is also the
source for the word gregarious, which means "someone who is sociable and likes to be with groups of people."
Think, "coming or bringing together."
Usage Examples:
1. The aggregate of church officials debated over the "Prayer in School" controversy. (collective)
2. The aggregate funds from various sources enabled the fund raiser to successfully proceed with the plan
impudence)
2. Her audacity was seen by her teachers as a result of being spoiled. (insolence, impudence)
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3. I cant believe he had the audacity to steal my ideas and claim that they were his own. (daring,
impudence)
4. Bursting in during the board meeting was quite audacious of you. (bold, brazen)
Cadre-(noun)-1. A core group of people at the center of an organization, especially military 2. A small group
of highly trained people, often part of a political movement
Synonyms: core, framework, infrastructure, faculty, staff, personnel, organization
Antonyms: individual
Tips & Usage: Cadre is derived from the Latin term quadrum, meaning "a square." Think of a square
frameworka framework of individuals who constitute a skilled work force that can be expanded upon.
Usage Examples:
1. The cadre of political activists bore a unifying zeal for helping the environment. (organization)
2.
The cadre of therapists volunteered to travel to the disaster area to assist victims and train locals to
understand psychological damage. (faculty)
3. The company needs a cadre of executives who can face the competitive challenges before them. (staff)
4. The Presidents cadre is always on hand to advise and inform him as needed. (staff, personnel)
(aware)
3. His strong cognitive abilities were an asset in solving this difficult problem. (intellectual)
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4. Her responses to the questions were more cognitive than emotional. (intellectual)
Conjecture-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. Reasoning that involves the formation of conclusions from incomplete
informationspeculation (v.)-1. To form an opinion based on speculation or assumption
Synonyms: (n.) speculation, hypothesis, assumption, guess, (v.) speculate, presume, suppose
Antonyms: demonstrate, prove
Tips & Usage: Conjecture is derived from the Latin term jacere, literally meaning "to throw together." Think,
"to throw together a guess or speculation." One hears conjecture in the legal field, frequently referring to
inferences not based solidly on hard evidence. Use conjecture as a more sophisticated way of saying
"speculate."
Usage Examples:
1. The defense attorney was angered by the prosecutor's commentary, which seemed to be pure conjecture.
(speculation)
2. There has been quite a bit of conjecture as to whether or not the celebrity couple got married over the
weekend. (speculation)
3. His claims were dismissed as mere conjecture because he didnt have any evidence to support them.
(speculation, hypothesis)
4. The financial analyst wasnt willing to conjecture on whether or not the Fed would once again lower
(summoned)
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Cull-(verb)-1. To remove something undesirable or inferior from a group 2. To select or pick something from a
group, especially to use as an example
Synonyms: extract, select, pick, pluck, choose, glean, remove, compile, gather
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Cull is an old farming word that was used to describe the selection of livestock. Since this
entailed both selecting and organizing the "good" livestock and removing the "bad," cull now has two almost
contradictory uses. One is to remove anything negative, the other is to collect and bring together the good.
When using these two definitions, think of the idea of selecting the good components from a group and getting
rid of the bad components. The selecting of good components is similar to coalesce, but more specific to
selecting the right components, versus coalesce, which means "to bring together and organize resources." Cull
can also be used as a noun to denote the thing that has been discarded or selected. Cull is also closely related to
glean. See detailed analysis at glean.
Usage Examples:
1. The scientists wished to cull test subjects who refused to follow protocol. (remove)
2. The network decided to cull the best photographs of the President in light of the upcoming political
(discussion, conversation)
3. The discourse around the dinner table mainly surrounded their vacation plans. (talk, conversation)
4. I would like to engage him in discourse regarding plans for a company expansion. (dialogue,
conversation)
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Elusive-(adjective)-1. Hard to comprehend or define 2. Hard to isolate or identify 3. Tending to evade grasp or
pursuit 4. Difficult to remember
Synonyms: ambiguous, evasive, deceptive, intangible, mysterious, fleeting, obscure
Antonyms: tangible, straightforward
Tips & Usage: Elusive is derived from the Latin term eludere, meaning "to elude." If a concept escapes you, it
eludes you. When something is elusive, it is hard to capture or causes confusion. Note: do not confuse elusive
with its homonym illusive, which means "not real, based on illusion."
Usage Examples:
1. The vaccine seemed within reach, yet remained elusive to the researchers. (intangible, evasive)
2. The elusive quality of the quiet celebrity drove the media to pursue her in earnest. (evasive, mysterious)
3. The sales managers efforts to contact the elusive company vice president finally paid off after many
attempts. (evasive)
4. For many people, love is elusive; they just cant seem to find the right person. (intangible, fleeting)
probability)
2. She felt it was feasible to make it on her own in a new city. (possible, achievable)
3. Yes, I think your plan is feasible, but it will require a lot of work. (viable, doable)
4. The feasibility of us getting this account is not very high. (probability, likelihood)
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(relevant)
2. Attorneys' comments must remain germane to the case being tried. (pertinent)
3. Bobby, what are you talking about? Your statement isnt even germane to this conversation. (relevant)
4. That particular research isnt germane to this proposal; well have to find data thats more applicable.
(pertinent, applicable)
Impetuous-(adjective)-1. Characterized by undue haste and lack of thoughtdone impulsively 2. Having great
force or energy
Synonyms: heedless, impulsive, hasty, abrupt, sudden, rash, forceful, violent
Antonyms: cautious, restrained, prudent
Tips & Usage: Impetuous can describe a personality type or action which can be charming, yet impractical and
overly impulsivethe type of person who does not think things through before acting. Impetuous is similar in
meaning to impulsive and rash. If you are impulsive, you are prone to act without thinking. If you are rash, you
are most likely being reckless and not thinking things through before your act. If you are impetuous, you are
overly eager to start or do something without thinking it through.
Usage Examples:
1. The CEO is probably regretting his impetuous promise to the board that he could increase revenue by
(heedless, rash)
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3. Linda is a bit of a loose cannon. Shes great with clients, but her impetuous nature causes her to make
(foundation, groundwork)
2. The intricate infrastructure of ancient Rome has always intrigued historians. (framework)
3. The company needed a more robust network infrastructure to support its growing computer needs.
(framework, foundation)
4. Cities that host the Olympic games must usually add a good deal of infrastructure, such as additional
hotels, highways, public transportation systems, and sporting facilities. (groundwork, public systems)
Inundate-(verb)-To overwhelm with a huge quantity of things that must be dealt with
Synonyms: overflow, overwhelm, deluge, swamp, flood
Antonym : underwhelm
Tips & Usage: Inundate is derived from the Latin term inundatus, meaning "wave." Think of in and under, as if
flooded. In business, to be described as inundated often refers to being swamped or flooded with work.
Usage Examples:
1. To inundate the social workers with paperwork will leave little time for personal interaction. (deluge,
swamp)
2. After the press release for its new drug, the pharmaceutical company was inundated with questions from
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3. When her friends heard about Jennas big promotion, her office was inundated with congratulatory
flowers. (flooded)
4. Ive been inundated with so many telemarketing calls recently, that Im thinking of changing my phone
liaison)
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4. The nexus between the families can be traced back many generations. (bond, tie)
puzzle)
2. It is a paradox that technology increases communication, yet can tend to make people feel isolated.
(incongruity, contradiction)
3. There was a huge paradox in her testimony: how could she have been in two places at the same time?
(contradiction, inconsistency)
4. "The Chicken or the Egg" is perhaps the greatest paradox known to man. (puzzle, dilemma)
(height, apex)
2. The marathoner did not realize that the pinnacle of her running career would not be reached until after
Reconcile-(verb)-1. To restore harmony or end conflict 2. To accept as inevitable 3. To make two or more
conflicting things compatible or consistent with each other
Synonyms: settle, resolve, pacify, resign, submit, yield, persuade, convince, win over, adjust, conform
Antonyms: estrange, separate, sever
Tips & Usage: Reconcile is derived from the Latin term reconciliare, which literally means, to make friendly
again. The related noun reconciliation refers to restoring a relationship or accepting an unpleasant situation or
fate. Reconcile is often used in accounting and finance to describe adjusting or correcting numbers. To reconcile
(yourself) to a situation is to accept it even if it is unpleasant or painful. To reconcile is to also balance two
opposing beliefs or philosophies: "How do you reconcile your affinity for leather clothes with your opposition
to eating beef and killing cows?"
Usage Examples:
1. The union leaders reconciled with the company when both succumbed to compromise. (settled)
2. When Jane and Stewart realized that their long standing feud was affecting the whole family, they
expenses. (adjust)
4. She reconciled herself to the fact that she would never become a famous actress. (resigned)
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wisdom)
4. His sagacious planning helps him get jobs done on time. (prudent, savvy)
Subjective-(adjective)-1. Modified by individual bias, rather than based on facts 2. Based on views,
experience, or background particular to a given person 3. Existing only in the mind and not independently of it
Synonyms: prejudiced, personal, arbitrary, biased, individual
Antonyms: objective, non-subjective
Tips & Usage: Subjective is used to describe decision making that is colored by personal preferences and
feelings, rather than by clear-cut, objective measurements or criteria. For example, who can determine whether
a piece of art is great or horrible? Individuals have different opinions that are subjective. The opposite of
subjective is objective.
Usage Examples:
1. My subjective evaluation of the situation calls for an outside point of view, for balance. (personal,
biased)
2. His brother did not testify due to his highly subjective point of view. (prejudiced, biased, arbitrary)
3. Discussing fine art is difficult because the nature of art itself is entirely subjective. (personal, individual)
4. There is no right or wrong answer with a topic thats so subjective; everyone will have his own opinion.
(personal, arbitrary)
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stale)
4. He didnt impress anybody with his trite remarks during the meeting. (hackneyed, stale)
Vigor-(noun)-1. Strength, enthusiasm, and energy of body or mind 2. Capacity for natural growth and survival
Synonyms: force, strength, energy, vitality, intensity, liveliness, verve, dynamism
Antonyms: apathy, lethargy, listlessness, stagnation
Tips & Usage: Generally, youth is associated with vigor. Health and strength also represent vigor. The related
adjective vigorous describes action done with intensity or forcefulness.
Usage Examples:
1. Jack LaLanne displayed great vigor for a man of his age. (vitality, liveliness)
2. His vigorous workouts led him to the State Championship. (intense, energetic)
3. He has so much vigor; I wouldnt be surprised if he ran this company for another twenty years. (vitality,
energy)
4. The company began to see higher profits after its vigorous restructuring. (forceful, intense)
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Section 9 Test
1. We have to ____________ the project now, before we lose even more money.
2. You have to be persistent if you want to catch the ____________ procurement manager on the phone.
3. Our ____________ earnings on this project have topped $2 million.
4. Whether or not it was the right decision is mere ____________ until we see the final results.
5. I cant believe he had the ____________ to ask me to help him with his project after he rebuffed my
definitive recommendations.
8. The company announced its largest layoff ever: ____________ over 30% of its workforce.
9. I understand the problem and am very ____________ of the logistical issues we are facing.
10. The Presidents scandal became the focus of ____________ around the water cooler.
11. I believe it is ____________ , but unlikely, that he will accept our offer.
12. She is known for being ____________ and making hasty decisions without thinking through the
consequences.
13. You cant surf the web without being ____________ with banner ads.
14. Consultants have a habit of overusing strategic analogies and concepts to the point that they become
investments.
20. I hope they can find a way to ____________ their differences and come to a meaningful agreement.
21. The CEO was adept at focusing only on issues that were ____________ to the future growth of the
company.
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22. His projects are always successful because of his systematic and ____________ planning.
23. Wine tasting can be very ____________ . Two people can drink the same wine and have conflicting
opinions.
24. The increase in unemployment, coupled with the increase in consumer confidence, was an interesting
____________.
25. He is in the office by 5:00 AM and on the run all day. Im amazed by his ____________.
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147
Section 10 Lessons
Abreast-(adverb, adjective)-(adv.)-1. Alongside each other, moving in one direction (adj.)-1. Well informed,
up to date on a subject
Synonyms: alongside, aligned, adjacent, informed, apprised
Antonyms: unaware, uninformed
Tips & Usage: Abreast can refer to a physical stance, as in being alongside someone or something, but often it
refers to staying knowledgeable about recent developments in a given situation. Think, if you are abreast
(alongside, next to) something, you can easily keep abreast (up to date, knowledgeable) of it because you are
right next to it.
Usage Examples:
1. Keeping abreast of developments in the crisis allowed the police chief to act appropriately when the
(apprised)
3. Although their cubicles were abreast of each other, Gina and Gary hardly ever talked. (adjacent)
4. Please keep me abreast of the latest information. (informed, apprised)
readiness, eagerness)
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4. The corporations alacrity allowed it to stay competitive in a quickly evolving market. (alertness,
quickness)
enlarge)
3. We want to augment our sales efforts in Phoenix by adding 12 new sales associates. (expand, intensify)
4. We want to augment our presence in the area by running more television and newspaper advertisements.
(increase, expand)
allowances)
3. The defense attorney asked the judge for a concession so that he could have more time to prepare his
case. (allowance)
4. Political candidates usually concede a race when it becomes clear that they will lose. (acknowledge,
admit defeat)
Connote-(verb)-1. To imply something additional to the literal meaning of something 2. To imply a condition
or consequence
Synonyms: suggest, imply, insinuate, allude, indicate, convey
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: When ideas are connoted, they are not directly stated, but rather implied. Some words give an
automatic association of ideas through common usage that are not explicit, but are implied. For example, the
word hearth often connotes coziness and warmth. The related noun connotation refers to an implied meaning or
insinuation. Connote is different from denote because to denote actually means "to explicitly define."
Usage Examples:
1. The musical refrain in the movie gave a connotation of impending doom. (implication)
2. To me, hugs connote love, friendship, and kindness. (imply, convey)
3. His silence in response to your questions may connote that hes thinking it through before answering, or
(suggestion, insinuation)
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fulfillment)
3. Election day was the final culmination of the teams hard work throughout the campaign. (climax,
summit)
4. The play came to a dramatic culmination, and the audience roared with applause. (climax)
Discovery-(noun)-1. The finding out about something previously unknown 2. Something newly discovered or
found out 3. In law, a pretrial disclosure of facts or documents
Synonyms: finding, ascertainment, detection, uncovering, revelation, disclosure
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: The word discovery is commonly used in place of "a finding." In law, discovery is a pretrial
disclosure of information by one or both parties. Discovery can also be used in business when discussing the
preparation phase prior to starting a project.
Usage Examples:
1. What a wondrous discovery hiking had become to the formerly reclusive city dweller! (finding,
revelation)
2. The trial is still in the discovery phase, and both sides will need a few days to read through all the
documents. (disclosure)
3. Before we begin a large project, we always do discovery in order to define all the issues. (ascertainment)
4. The cure for cancer will be a historically important discovery. (finding, revelation)
Emphatic-(adjective)-Expressed with emphasis or decisive action, and leaving no doubt as to your intentions
or meaning
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intensify)
3. You should probably leave him alone for a while. Youll only exacerbate his anger if you try to talk to
(impassioned, earnest)
2. Opposing fervent belief systems cause much dissention in some parts of the world. (zealous)
3. Her fervent desire to help those in need led her to join the peace corps, travel to Africa, and feed starving
children. (impassioned)
4. He was fervent in his political views and enjoyed discussing them at length. (zealous, ardent)
Impetus-(noun)-1. A driving force providing the necessary energy to accomplish something 2. A force of
motion
Synonyms: dynamic, spur, catalyst, incentive, motive, driving force
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: An impetus urges or impels people to do or complete something. You can also use impetus as a
more sophisticated way of saying "driving force," "motivation," and "reason" for doing or achieving something.
Usage Examples:
1. A life-altering brush with death brought an impetus for change to John's life. (incentive, reason)
2. A tightened deadline brought an impetus for completion of the project. (catalyst, spur)
3. The great employees of this company are the impetus behind our success. (driving force)
4. My familys support and encouragement were the impetus behind my decision to run for office. (spur,
force)
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Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Fear of punishment or expectation of reward is an incentive to stop or start action. An incentive
can also refer to additional payment to an employee to increase output and productivity. Incentive can also be
used as an adjective to describe anything which motivates or encourages.
Usage Examples:
1. The promise of a promotion and raise gave her the incentive she needed to bring in more sales.
(stimulus, motive)
2. Newly single, he suddenly had incentive to begin a self-improvement program. (motive, inspiration)
3. Our company gave its employees great benefits and stock options as incentive to stay on for the long
(deep-seated, rooted)
2. Our holiday traditions are ingrained within our family, and we would never think of changing them.
(deep-rooted)
3. Her good manners were ingrained in her by her parents and became a natural part of her personality.
(entrenched)
4. The CEO stressed the importance of quality so often that it became ingrained in every aspect of the
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Tips & Usage: Inveterate habits are often obstinate, long standing, and deeply rooted. You will often hear of
people being characterized as "inveterate smokers" or an "inveterate nail biters," meaning they are chronic or
habitual in their bad habits. A person with inveterate behavior can be said to be "die-hard."
Usage Examples:
1. He was an inveterate smoker, and there was little hope of him being able to quit. (habitual)
2. Even after retiring from the navy seals, he was unable to discontinue his inveterate visual scanning of a
habitual)
(assign, dictate)
4. In order to cut costs, the company created a new mandate which prohibited executives from flying first
Usage Examples:
1. She negated the trust he had acquired in her by telling a blatant lie. (invalidated)
2. The astronomical gas prices will negate wage increases for many people. (neutralize)
3. Writing that scathing letter would surely negate all my efforts to settle our differences. (cancel,
invalidate)
4. Her actions negated her statements and proved her to be a hypocrite. (disproved, invalidated)
combined. (monumental)
4. His prodigious talent for negotiations consistently saved the company large amounts of money.
(amazing)
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2. When he needed to placate his wife, Henry cleaned the house and had the kids diligently doing their
point. (appease)
4. She tried to placate the angry client by offering him a month of free cable service. (appease, pacify)
Paragon-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. Model of excellence 2. Best example of something (v.)-1. To compare or match
up
Synonyms: (n.) model, exemplar, example, monument, archetype, ideal, masterpiece, paradigm, perfection, (v.)
compare, match, equate
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Paragon is derived from the Italian word paragone, which was a touchstone for testing gold. The
idea is that of comparison. One often hears phrases such as "paragon of virtue," denoting a person who has no
equal in terms of a particular characteristic. Use paragon as a more sophisticated way of referring to an ideal
model or example of excellence.
Usage Examples:
1. The client loved the concept for the commercial and called it a paragon of great advertising. (example,
paradigm)
2. Ideally, a hero would be a paragon of courage and virtue. (exemplar, model)
3. The building is a paragon of architecture; it is a true masterpiece. (ideal, masterpiece, paradigm)
4. Many economists point to Hong Kong as a paragon of capitalism in Asia. (archetype, ideal)
(return, revert)
2. Without consistent accountability, the criminals may regress to their prior, unlawful acts. (revert,
relapse)
3. After several months of recovery, the economy regressed into another recession. (relapsed)
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4. Whenever he is faced with conflict or criticism, he regresses into a state of immaturity and
defensiveness. (reverts)
diminish)
2. If the rain subsides, we will have the company picnic as planned. (recede, abate)
3. The economy seemed to be on an upswing after the concerns over inflation subsided. (decreased,
diminished)
4. Thankfully, her headache subsided soon after she took the pain killer. (receded, diminished)
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Tips & Usage: Something trivial is of little importance and is really not worth much attention or consideration.
A trivial detail is not a big deal and is not related to the core of a matter. The verb trivialize means "to make less
important, usually in a negative manner."
Usage Examples:
1. When the insurance adjuster began to embark on trivial details of the policy, the customer's eyes glazed
slandered, maligned)
2. It is unfortunate that politicians spend more time vilifying their opponents than demonstrating their own
qualities. (maligning)
3. You can't solve your problems at work by vilifying your boss. (maligning)
4. The campaign was politics as usual, with each candidate trying to malign and vilify his opponent instead
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Section 10 Test
1. Both sides will need to make some ___________ in order for the deal to go through.
2. The managers should be kept ___________ of the situation so that there wont be any unpleasant
surprises.
3. He was ___________ about his business idea and worked tirelessly to bring the idea to fruition.
4. He was a great person to have on the team because he accepted every task and challenge with
___________.
5. If you hear conflicting requests from the board and executive management, remember that the boards
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Section 11 Lessons
Abstruse-(adjective)-Complex, obscure, and difficult to penetrate and understand
Synonyms: complex, difficult, abstract, obscure, esoteric, arcane, recondite, deep
Antonyms: clear, comprehensible, concrete, lucid
Tips & Usage: Abstruse is a word used in reference to lectures, papers, or ideas that are very difficult to
understand. Abstruse is a great word to use to describe anything that is overly complex or obscure and difficult
to understand.
Usage Examples:
1. I think he is a brilliant man, but his lectures are often abstruse and hard to follow. (overly complex,
abstract, obscure)
2. A truly great teacher can discuss abstruse subject matter in common and easy-to-understand language.
(complex, abstract)
3. The professor presented several abstruse concepts that were difficult for the students to grasp. (difficult,
esoteric)
4. I thought his recommendations for this campaign were abstruse and not well defined. (obscure, abstract)
(ease, lessen)
3. I was nervous walking home alone, but seeing my neighbor quickly allayed my fears. (reduced,
alleviated)
4. Is there anything I can do to allay your concerns about this project? (calm, pacify)
the new governor felt he had an auspicious beginning in his new position. (favorable, promising)
3. The clients complimentary comments of my work made it an auspicious time to ask for a promotion.
(opportune, well-timed)
4. The bright, blue sky was an auspicious sign for our wedding day. (favorable, lucky, promising)
Candid-(adjective)-1. Honest, straightforward, and sincere, without reserve 2. Informal and natural
Synonyms: forthright, frank, guileless, sincere, unbiased, straightforward, earnest, informal, improvised,
spontaneous, fair
Antonyms: deceitful, devious, indirect, insincere
Tips & Usage: Candid is derived from the Latin term candidus, meaning "to shine or glow." Think, "open for
the light to shine through," or "not afraid to let light expose your true feelings." When someone offers a candid
opinion, that person is not hiding behind any kind of mask or facadea candid person is open and honest. The
related noun candor means "frankness or honesty." Candid is related to forthright and ingenuous. If you are
candid, you speak openly without reservation. If you are forthright, you are direct and to the point, often in a
blunt way. Finally, if you are ingenuous, you are sincere in stating only your genuine feelings.
Usage Examples:
1. We need to have a candid conversation about the state of our company and discuss the good, the bad,
spontaneous)
(articulate, logical)
2. His usually coherent thinking became jumbled when stage fright took over. (lucid, logical)
3. She gave a very compelling and coherent argument, which helped her win the case. (logical, consistent)
4. She was so disoriented after the accident, that her statements were totally incoherent. (inarticulate,
unintelligible)
Consortium-(noun)-An association or group of companies, set up for a common, and usually mutually
beneficial, purpose
Synonyms: syndicate, society, association, league
Antonyms: individual
Tips & Usage: The related verb consort essentially means "to join or associate with others," and is often used to
denote uniting with undesirables.
Usage Examples:
1. The consortium of environmentalists gathered to discuss new laws to protect the environment.
(association)
2. The consortium of investigative journalists were asking some tough questions at the press conference.
(syndicate)
3. Several companies formed a consortium in order to pool their resources. (association)
4. Whom you consort with will be a measure by which people may judge you. (associate, join)
perfunctory)
2. I could tell he wasn't that interested in our vacation because he did a cursory review of our photo album
(perfunctory, brief)
4. Based on my cursory review of the report, everything looks good. However, I will need to review it in
Discretionary-(adjective)-1. Having or using the ability to use one's own judgment or decision 2. Given or
refused according to the specific circumstances, rather than automatically (as with funds) 3. Subject to judgment
Synonyms: arbitrary, elective, optional, voluntary, discretional
Antonyms: compulsory, mandatory
Tips & Usage: When there is a decision to be made, discretionary power is allotted certain committees,
legislative bodies, and the like. That is, they are given the power to make a decision on their own. Think,
ability to use your own judgment. The related noun discretion means "choice or option." In economics,
discretionary income is the income you can spend at your own discretion or choice after you have paid for life
essentials, such as food, clothing, and shelter.
Usage Examples:
1. The creative director had the discretionary power to hire a new graphic designer. (elective)
2. The PTA had discretionary spending power over profits from fund-raisers. (discretional, subject to
judgment)
3. She left the decision up to my discretion. (choice)
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4. Money spent on nonessential items after you have purchased food, clothing, and shelter is considered
exceed)
(frustration)
3. By days end, I felt completely exasperated by my bosss many demands. (aggravated, riled)
4. The exasperated look on his face told me that he had a difficult day. (irked, frustrated)
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(weak, slack)
3. The mans flaccid handshake did not make a good first impression. (weak, limp, lax)
4. In business, it is considered totally unacceptable to have a flaccid handshake. (weak, flimsy)
Grapple-(verb, noun)-(v.)-1. To struggle to deal with something or grasp a concept 2. To come to terms or deal
with something successfully 3. To struggle with somebody in a physical fight (n.)-1. the act of a physical fight
Synonyms: (v.) contend, struggle, battle, wrangle, cope, wrestle, (n.) fight
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Literally, grappling is a form of hand-to-hand combat. In business and personal life, to grapple
with something is to struggle, cope, or come to terms with it.
Usage Examples:
1. He grappled with his choices for several days before he finally came to a decision. (struggled)
2. She grappled with the decision of whether or not to take the job across the country. (struggled,
wrangled)
3. Weve been grappling with outdated computers for too long, and its about time we got some new
to victory. (wrestling)
Implicit-(adjective)-1. Implied and understood, though not directly expressed 2. Certain and without doubt 3.
Present as a necessary part of something
Synonyms: tacit, connoted, assumed, insinuated, implied, contained, understood, absolute, unquestioning,
virtual, necessary
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absolutely)
Inherent-(adjective)-1. Part of the essential character 2. In the nature of something 3. Unable to be considered
separately from the nature of something because of being innate or characteristic
Synonyms: intrinsic, inborn, fundamental, innate, implicit, ingrained, natural, underlying
Antonyms: extrinsic, extraneous, external, incidental, adventitious
Tips & Usage: Something inherent is "in the nature" of something or someone. (e.g. The inherent risk of
investing in stocks is just a natural part of investing.) Inherent is similar in meaning to innate and intrinsic. See
intrinsic for a detailed analysis.
Usage Examples:
1. She is a great human resources manager because she has an inherent ability to solve interpersonal
Jaded-(adjective)-1. Dulled through repetition or excess 2. No longer interested in something, often because of
having been overexposed to it 3. Exhausted from overwork or overexposure 4. Hardened, insensitive, or
dispassionate due to unpleasant experience
Synonyms: disenchanted, weary, surfeited, sated, blas, tired, worn out, spent, impassive, bored, numbed,
pessimistic, callous, hardened
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embark on a sailing trip around the world. (worn out, disenchanted, bored)
2. When I was a young business professional I used to love to travel. Now, I'm somewhat jaded about
traveling and try to limit the amount of time I spend away from my family. (wearied, spent,
disenchanted)
3. The presidents speech on the future of the company was not very optimistic; it left the employees jaded
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Tips & Usage: Nepotism ultimately comes from the Latin stem nepot, which means grandson, descendant,
sisters son. Hence the meaning of showing favoritism to relatives. For a memory trick, note how nepotism has
the same prefix as nephew. If an uncle were to give special treatment to his nephew and promote him over
someone more qualified, that would be considered nepotism.
Usage Examples:
1. The Italian Mafia practiced nepotism as a way of keeping the "business" inside the family. (favoritism to
family)
2. The company discourages nepotism and makes sure that people are hired and promoted based on merit,
(family favoritism)
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Use placid to describe calm waters and calm people. Someone who is placid will remain calm and unexcited.
Placid is synonymous with serene and tranquil.
Usage Examples:
1. The placid sea and the approaching storm clouds appeared to be the calm before the storm. (calm)
2. Her placid manner often made people think she never got angry. (even-tempered)
3. The placid lake is great for swimming and canoeing. (calm, tranquil)
4. Luckily, I wasnt in a hurry and remained placid and relaxed despite the repeated flight delays.
(composed, even-tempered)
predisposition)
2. California has a propensity for liberal politics. (tendency, bent)
3. His propensity for laughter spreads good cheer throughout the office. (predisposition, inclination)
4. She has the propensity to discuss a single issue for hours, and I often have to cut her short. (ability,
tendency)
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2. "To reiterate," the principal stated sternly to the high school assembly, "tardiness will not be tolerated."
(repeat, restate)
3. Even though I knew they heard me the first time, I reiterated the importance of making our deadline.
(restated)
4. Let me reiterate the fact that our companys success is dependent on winning this account. (repeat,
restate)
cheerful)
2. Stock traders remained sanguine despite reduced profit margins. (optimistic, expectant)
3. His sanguine outlook on life, even during difficult times, kept him young and carefree. (positive,
optimistic)
4. Her sanguine attitude won her many friends and admirers. (upbeat, enthusiastic, cheerful)
Substantive-(adjective)-1. Important, serious, or related to real facts 2. A large quantity 3. Being the essence
or essential element of something 4. Having practical importance or value 5. In grammar, relating to or used
like a noun
Synonyms: substantial, firm, tangible, concrete, permanent, material, essential, enduring
Antonyms: unsubstantial, unessential, fleeting
Tips & Usage: Substantive is derived from the Middle French term substantif, meaning "having or expressing
substance." Having major substance or quantity is the common meaning of substantive. If something has
substance, it is real, it's serious, it's legitimateit's substantive. In business, substantive is used to discuss a
productive meeting or a meeting with substance that covered important issues: "It was a substantive
meetingwe finalized next year's marketing budget." In law, substantive refers to the essential principals of a
court's work.
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Usage Examples:
1. In order to test the effectiveness of a new drug, substantive research is needed to prove both the drug's
Tumultuous-(adjective)-1. Full of noise, confusion, and disorder 2. Characterized by change and uncertainty
Synonyms: clamorous, riotous, turbulent, uproarious, disorderly, troubled, disruptive, wild
Antonyms: restrained, calm, peaceful
Tips & Usage: Tumultuous describes disorder and unrest. Crowds, periods of time, and spans of people's lives
can be described as tumultuous if they include disorder and unrest. Think of tumultuous as a "tumbling of
order."
Usage Examples:
1. The opposing demonstrators became tumultuous when leaders began screaming at one another. (riotous,
disorderly)
2. The 60s were a time of tumultuous social upheaval. (turbulent)
3. His tumultuous candidacy, fraught with rumor and speculation, cost him the election for President.
(turbulent, troubled)
4. It is a miracle that we were able to make this company a success after its tumultuous beginning.
(troubled)
(upheld)
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2. Certain celebrities who commit crimes may be vindicated in court, but will not necessarily be innocent
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Section 11 Test
1. I try to avoid his presentations because they tend to be ___________ and hard to follow.
2. He was given _________________ authority to hire additional staff to complete the project.
3. As the director of investor relations, it is my job to ___________ any concerns stockholders may have
future of my position.
5. I know that I can trust my accountant ___________ because he has never steered me wrong.
6. Please dont sugarcoat your advice; I only want ______________ remarks from the group.
7. I think John has the best approach to managing his team. Other managers should try to ___________ his
technique.
8. It was clear the attorney did not prepare for the case; his opening argument was illogical and totally
___________.
9. The company was purchased by a __________________ of international investors.
10. I think he is the right man for the job. He definitely has the ___________ to successfully manage this
project .
11. I was only able to spend a short amount of time on your report, but based on my ___________ review, it
with my job.
13. Many interpreted the increase in consumer confidence as an ___________ sign that we were heading out
of the recession.
14. I have a difficult time trusting someone who has a __________ handshake and doesnt look others in the
eye.
15. He had a difficult time making the decision and thus___________ over which candidate to hire.
16. She is a great manager because she has an ________________ ability to connect with her employees.
17. He spent most of his career in Washington DC, and eventually he became _______________ by the
most________________ years.
19. His _________________ as a factory foreman is "quality first, and quality above all."
20. Hiring his inept cousin to run the marketing department was a clear act of _________________.
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21. It is of ___________ importance that we have the contracts signed by end of day today. Otherwise, I
in our business.
24. The meeting was very productive due to our ___________ discussion about all of the outstanding
projects.
25. After a long a tumultuous trial, Steven was finally ___________ when the real perpetrator stepped
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Section 12 Lessons
Accolade-(noun)-1. An expression signifying praise, distinction, or approval 2. Public praise of somebody's
achievements 3. A tangible symbol signifying praise or distinction
Synonyms: kudos, commendation, acclaim, honor, decoration, laurels, award, praise, tribute
Antonyms: blame, disparagement
Tips & Usage: Accolades can be tangible, as in awards, or just special acknowledgments to distinguish and
honor a person. Accolade is synonymous with the words kudos and commendation. Accolade is more often
used to describe a physical award, while kudos is used more to describe less tangible praise, honor, or
acknowledgement. Commendation is related to the verb commend, which means "to formally praise someone or
something." Commendation is a more formal award than accolade.
Usage Examples:
1. The guest speaker delivered special accolades to the doctor for his medical breakthroughs. (awards,
commendations)
2. The lead dancer received flowers as accolades for her performance. (awards, tributes)
3. The certificates hanging on my wall are accolades for my many accomplishments. (awards, laurels)
4. The writer received numerous accolades and praise for her latest work. (awards, commendations)
intimated)
2. The rock group made several allusions to governmental injustices on their new CD. (references,
insinuations)
3. She alluded to taking some time off, but didnt directly mention a vacation. (hinted, intimated)
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4. Beth alluded that there was trouble at home, but she wasn't specific. (implied, hinted)
Capricious-(adjective)-1. Tending to make sudden changes 2. Determined by impulse or whim, rather than
reason or necessity
Synonyms: arbitrary, erratic, fanciful, whimsical, impulsive, changeable, fickle, variable
Antonyms: constant, predictable, dependable
Tips & Usage: The word capricious describes a fickle personality, characteristic, or action. The noun caprice
refers to impulse. If you are capricious, you tend to be impulsive and make decisions or act on a whim, without
much thought. You may hear weather referred to as capricious if it changes frequently. The same idea applies to
people who change their mind on a whim, are inconsistent, and are very hard to predict. Capricious can be
pronounced two different ways. Some prefer to use a drawn out "i," which sounds like "ee," versus a short "i."
However, most dictionaries first list the short "i" pronunciation. Listen to the audio for the two pronunciations.
Usage Examples:
1. The weather in Colorado can be capricious; they say you can experience all four seasons in a single
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bewildered)
3. I hadnt seen my high school classmate in years, and I was momentarily confounded by how different
concern)
2. Initially, when the power went out in New York City, people were filled with consternation. However,
when they realized it was just a temporary blackout, they decided to turn it into a reason to party.
(concern, fear)
3. There was a general feeling of consternation in the office as pink slips were handed out. (agitation,
perturbation)
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4. Her consternation was evident in the bewildered look on her face. (alarm, dismay, worry)
(denigrating, demoralizing)
3. No matter how hard I work, my boss constantly disparages my efforts. (derides, belittles)
4. I know Ive made some mistakes on this project, but please dont disparage me. I feel bad enough as it
problem, but in the long-run, it may affect company morale. (advantageous, opportunistic, practical)
2. When working with contractors, it is expedient not to pay them until the job is completed to your
workers in the steel industry. However, it ultimately caused higher steel prices. (means, devise)
4. Under the circumstances, it was expedient for me to apologize for my mistake and continue with my
Flagship-(noun)-1. The most important of a group of related things 2. The ship in which the commanding
officer is stationed
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(chief, main)
3. The fashion designer held a party to celebrate the opening of his flagship store. (main, chief)
4. That car is considered to be Toyotas flagship. (lead product)
(frenzied, frantic)
3. Her frenetic mornings include getting all six kids out of bed, dressed, fed, and sent to school on time.
(frantic, chaotic)
4. Some people like the frenetic pace of an ad agency, others prefer more placid working environments.
(frenzied, hurried)
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later. (complimentary)
3. Calling him inept was gratuitous given that you had already reprimanded him for his mistakes.
(unnecessary, uncalled-for)
4. That movie certainly had a lot of gratuitous nudity. (unnecessary)
Impress-(verb)-1. To cause positive admiration or respect 2. To fix ideas or facts deeply in the mind
Synonyms: affect, move, instill, influence, imprint, strike, engrave, persuade, amaze, dazzle
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: When you cause someone to think good things about you, you impress them. Impress is also
used in business to describe influencing or persuading someone or instilling some kind of value or ideal.
Impress can also be used as a noun, meaning "imprint, stamp, or impression." However, this usage is not as
common as the verb, and any of those three synonyms would work better in this context.
Usage Examples:
1. My sales manager impressed upon me the importance of closing the deal. (instilled, imprinted)
2. The chief of police will try to impress the urgency of the situation upon the officers. (affect, instill)
3. Make sure you impress upon the team the importance of punctuality. (instill, influence)
4. It is better to try to impress someone by being yourself than by putting on airs. (move, dazzle)
Innate-(adjective)- 1. Having a quality that arises from within, versus something learned or acquired 2.
Originating from intellectual knowledge, rather than experience 3. Existing from birth
Synonyms: inborn, inherent, inherited, intrinsic, congenital, hereditary, instinctive
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(inherited, intrinsic)
4. Some people think leadership is an innate skill that you are born with, and others believe leadership
eliminate)
4. We were forced to jettison some of our ideas when it became clear that our plans were too elaborate.
(abandon, eliminate)
Mire-(verb)-1. To be involved in an unpleasant situation which is hard to escape 2. To cause to get stuck in
wet, soggy ground
Synonyms: entangle, entrap, bog down, muck, morass
Antonyms: escape, get free
Tips & Usage: One of the definitions for mire is "to be weighed down in dirt." Think of falling in the mud and
being slowed down by your muddy clothes. One can literally be "mired in mud," or feel entangled and stuck in
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a difficult situation. If you are mired in the past, you are stuck in the past and you have figurative dirt on you as
a constant reminder of bad things that happened in the past. Mire can also be a noun, meaning a difficult
situation or thick mud. Mire is related to the word morass, which literally means "a swamp" and can be used to
describe something that traps or confines you. You can be mired (stuck) in the morass (swamp, bog,
confinement) of bureaucratic paper work. Mire is the root of the word quagmire.
Usage Examples:
1. Our creative director is so mired in the past that he hasnt come up with any original ideas in months.
(bogged down)
2. The software company is so mired in technical difficulties that it is not embarking on new enterprises.
(entangled)
3. She was so mired in self-doubt that she never believed any compliments she received. (entangled,
bogged down)
4. It is good to have a friend with a Jeep if you find your car mired in mud. (bogged down)
Niche-(noun)-1. A job or position very well suited to the person occupying it 2. A market or area of trade
within the economy 3. A corner, a nook
Synonyms: calling, nook, corner, specialty, function, role
Antonyms: generality
Tips & Usage: Niche is often used to describe a position particularly well suited to the person who occupies it.
Secondly, playing off the definition "corner, nook," niche can also describe a tightly defined market or business.
Usage Examples:
1. Who would have thought that a niche market for miniature waterfalls could be found. (specialty)
2. He discovered his niche by volunteering at the local art museum. (calling)
3. She found her niche in the medical profession as a veterinarian because it combined her love of
Parody-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. A humorous and usually satirical imitation of a literary or musical work 2. A
ridiculously poor attempt to do something serious (v.)-1. To imitate someone or something in a humorous and
satirical way
Synonyms: (n.) mockery, spoof, caricature, mimicry, satire, lampoon, imitation, travesty, (v.) mimic, spoof,
lampoon, ridicule
Antonyms:
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Tips & Usage: A parody makes fun of something that may not be humorous in its original form. Movies and
public figures are often targets for parody. Parody can also be a verb, meaning "to imitate comically." A
traditional Saturday Night Live episode consists of several parodies (skits that imitate and poke fun) that parody
(mimic in a humorous way) politicians and celebrities. Parody is synonymous with lampoon. You can also use
parody to denote something done so poorly as to be laughable.
Usage Examples:
1. Saturday Night Live often has actors doing parodies of themselves. (spoofs, imitations)
2. The movie Space Balls was a parody on Star Wars. (spoof, lampoon)
3. The comedians parodies of celebrities are hilarious. (imitations)
4. Shakespeare's works are such classics that they are often parodied for humor. (spoofed, lampooned,
imitated)
(affecting, intense)
vapid)
3. The board needs to focus less on lofty ideas and more on the prosaic operations and management-related
Savvy-(adjective, noun)-(adj.)-1. Sophisticated and intuitive 2. Having practical knowledge and ability (n.)-1.
keen understanding
Synonyms: (adj.) resourceful, astute, sharp, shrewd, informed, experienced, (n.) understanding, discernment
Antonyms: (adj.) stupid, uninformed, obtuse
Tips & Usage: Savvy can be used as both an adjective to describe somebody who is shrewd and discerning, or
as a noun to connote a keen understanding. It's a rather informal term and can also be used as a verb, meaning
"to understand something."
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Usage Examples:
1. It is not enough to create a wonderful product; an entrepreneur must have business savvy as well.
(understanding, intelligence)
2. The art center's new controller displayed her financial savvy by correcting the budget deficit within her
brief)
2. Press releases should always be very succinct. (brief, concise)
3. Were short on time, so please keep your comments as succinct as possible. (brief)
4. Please provide the group with a succinct overview of your research findings. (concise, condensed)
Turnkey-(adjective)-Complete and ready for usefully equipped, ready for operation, or ready for occupancy
Synonyms: complete, operational, functional, equipped, ready
Antonyms: incomplete
Tips & Usage: Turnkey is used to describe things that are fully equipped and ready for operation. Think, "turn
the key," open the door, and everything you need is inside.
Usage Examples:
1. The young entrepreneurs provided small business owners with a turnkey technology package, complete
with computer, Internet access, and all software. (complete, fully equipped)
2. Since we were only going to be in the city for a month, we decided to rent a turnkey apartment that was
fully furnished with linens, dishes, and utensils. (ready for occupancy, fully equipped)
3. Newly built tract homes appeal to people who are looking for turnkey housing. (ready for occupancy)
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4. The company provided everything you needed to start a new franchise. It was a complete, turnkey
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Section 12 Test
1. The writer received numerous ______________ and praise for his latest work.
2. The project manager is so ______________ in paperwork that she is falling behind on her deadline.
3. She couldnt tell me exactly when they would make a decision, but she ______________ that it would
be soon.
4. I dont consider myself a professional, but I like to ______________ in photography.
5. Steve is now running the family auto dealership because he has an ______________ understanding of
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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192
Section 13 Lessons
Accordance-(noun)-1. Agreement as to the right course of action 2. Conformity with specified procedures or
actions 3. The act of granting rights 4. Concurrence of opinion
Synonyms: consensus, conformity, compliance, bestowal, harmony, agreement, accord
Antonyms: disagreement, disharmony
Tips & Usage: Accordance is often used in the phrase "in accordance with" to denote conformity to procedure
or a set of rules. The related word accord means "agreement or consensus."
Usage Examples:
1. We are in accordance with this proposal and would like to move forward with the project. (agreement)
2. We have completed this project in accordance with the guidelines defined in the initial plan.
(compliance, conformity)
3. I've made our travel arrangements in accordance with what we previously discussed. (harmony, accord)
4. Taking on this project would not be in accordance with our company policy. (agreement, accord)
(independent, self-contained)
4. The civil unrest has continued for years because the minority ethnic group wants autonomy.
advantage of)
4. The bank has offered to capitalize our venture with a substantial loan. (finance, bankroll)
Cohort-(noun)-1. A group of companions 2. A group of people who share a common factor 3. A supporter
Synonyms: group, band, companion, side-kick, friend, colleague, partner, associate
Antonyms: enemy
Tips & Usage: Cohort originates from a Latin stem meaning "enclosure." Think of a group of people in an
enclosure. A cohort will often refer to a group of students who are in the same major or classes, a group of
employees who work closely together, or a group of people who are evaluated in a market research study.
Cohort can also refer to an individuala friend of another person.
Usage Examples:
1. Greg and I have started several businesses together, and he has always been a loyal cohort. (partner,
companion)
2. The candidates main support comes from a cohort of senior citizens who feel that he understands the
associates, companions)
(misinterpreted, misunderstood)
3. Your indecisive behavior could be construed as unwillingness to commit. (interpreted, inferred)
4. Her absence from the meeting could be construed negatively, or it could simply mean that she was too
frightening)
3. The comedian was undaunted by the lack of laughter and continued his stand-up routine with a smile on
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Tips & Usage: Disparate is derived from the Latin word disparare, meaning to separate. Disparate is often
used to describe ideas. Therefore, think, separate ideas that are completely different. Disparate is a more
sophisticated way of saying "completely different."
Usage Examples:
1. The project teams disparate opinions made for a frustrating and inconclusive meeting. (different,
distinct)
2. Leslie enjoys such disparate hobbies as bowling and painting. (diversified, miscellaneous)
3. In America, there are so many disparate political beliefs. It seems odd that we only have two major
(sundry, diverse)
charming, likeable)
4. He tried to endear himself to her with flowers and chocolate, but this just made her think he was a sap.
Expedite-(verb)-1. To hasten the action or speed up the progress of something 2. To deal with something
quickly and efficiently
Synonyms: hasten, accelerate, assist, facilitate, advance
Antonyms: slow, stifle
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Tips & Usage: Expedite comes from the Latin word expedire, which means literally to free the feet. The Latin
root ped refers to feet. Therefore, think, when your feet are freed, you can move much faster. When you
expedite something, you may "free it" from certain steps in order to speed up the process.
Usage Examples:
1. Is there any way that we can expedite this process so we can meet our deadline? (accelerate, hasten)
2. Im going to expedite this paperwork in order to move things along more quickly. (accelerate, advance)
3. Please expedite this shipment so the customer can receive it by tomorrow morning. (hasten, accelerate)
4. There was no way to expedite the long wait at the post office. (hasten, accelerate, speed up)
Flippant-(adjective)-1. Showing a lack of seriousness to the point that it is inappropriate and unseemly 2.
Showing too much levity during a grave situation
Synonyms: impudent, rude, sarcastic, inappropriate, glib, offhand, disrespectful, unconcerned
Antonyms: serious, polite, concerned, respectful
Tips & Usage: To be flippant is to have a rude or silly attitude or behavior when seriousness is expected. For
example, if you were having a meeting to discuss ways to save your failing company and someone kept making
sarcastic recommendations to be silly or humorous, that would be flippant. Flippant can also be used to describe
an offhand remark that is simply rude or disrespectful. You may hear flip used in place of flippant, which is
equally correct, but is a more informal term. (e.g. "Don't be so flip, we need you take this seriously.")
Usage Examples:
1. His flippant remarks during serious client meetings are a liability. Therefore, I would rather not have
inappropriate)
3. I hope he didn't think I was being flippant; I was just trying to lighten the mood. (impudent, glib,
inappropriate)
4. I don't appreciate your flippant attitude. I'm trying to have a serious conversation with you. (glib,
Gravity-(noun)-1. The seriousness or significance of something 2. A manner that is serious and solemn 3. The
quality of being heavy 4. The gravitational force of Earth
Synonyms: importance, significance, seriousness, magnitude, weight
Antonyms: lightness, levity, insignificance
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Tips & Usage: Gravity refers to the seriousness of a situation. The related adjective grave generally refers to a
situation that is important or serious. Levity, an antonym of gravity, refers to lightness and a relaxed feeling or
attitude. Gravity comes from a Latin root that means heavy (think of the gravitational pull of earth that is
weighing us down), while levity comes from a Latin root that means light or floating. Think of gravity as
"heaviness," as in "seriousness." Think of levity as "lightness."
Usage Examples:
1. I hope you understand the gravity of this situation and will do everything in your power to solve the
Impugn-(verb)-1. To cast doubt on or call into question 2. To question the truthfulness or integrity of something
of someone
Synonyms: challenge, attack, malign, contradict, negate
Antonyms: advocate, authenticate, support, uphold
Tips & Usage: Impugn is derived from the Latin term impugnare, meaning to fight against. When people
question the veracity or truthfulness of another person's statement or call into question someone's integrity, they
impugn the statement or person who is questioned. Impugn is often used as a more sophisticated retort: "Don't
impugn (call into question) my integrity" or "Please do not impugn (question) the veracity of my story."
Usage Examples:
1. Please dont impugn my ideas in front of other employees. If you dont like them, tell me so in private.
(malign, challenge)
2. The attorney impugned the witnesss testimony in an effort to cause doubt among the jury members.
(challenged, attacked)
3. When her reputation was maliciously impugned by a journalist, the actress filed a lawsuit against him.
(attacked, maligned)
4. You can question my rationale, but please do not impugn my integrity. (challenge, question)
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Tips & Usage: The related noun innovation refers to the creation or introduction of something new, while the
verb innovate means to devise or create something new. Note: the Latin root word nova, meaning "new," within
these words.
Usage Examples:
1. He is an innovative artist who tries to use new and interesting materials to create his works. (creative,
inventive)
2. This is the first true innovation our industry has seen in years. (new idea)
3. That's an innovative solution, but I don't think it will work in this case. (creative, resourceful)
4. The company's innovative distribution methods have allowed it to become a market leader. (inventive,
new, ingenious)
appreciation, admiration)
4. What she did was very admirable and deserves kudos. (praise, credit)
Usage Examples:
1. The old maxim "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is true in most cases. (adage, saying)
2. I try to live by the maxim "Patience is a virtue." (rule, motto)
3. He lived by the maxim "Nothing risked is nothing gained." (rule, motto)
4. Many companies employ maxims, or mottoes, to define their company philosophy. (mottoes, dictums)
Novelty-(noun)-1. A new and surprising originality 2. The quality of being new and different 2. A small,
inexpensive toy or trinket
Synonyms: originality, newness, innovation, freshness, fad, gimmick, curio
Antonyms: sameness, banality, familiarity, staleness
Tips & Usage: A novelty is usually something that hasn't been seen before, and is therefore, interesting. A novel
idea is an idea that's new or differentone that hasn't previously been considered.
Usage Examples:
1. The novelty of a trend usually wears off quickly, and then the trend setters go on to the next new thing.
(newness)
2. Our store sells mainly novelty items that appeal to tourists and young people. (curio, gimmicky)
3. That's certainly a novel idea; I applaud your inventiveness. (new, interesting, original)
4. Most novelties seem interesting for only a short period of time. Then something new comes along. (fads,
Penchant-(noun)-A strong liking for or tendency toward something, especially something that others may not
look favorably on
Synonyms: inclination, affinity, tendency, predisposition
Antonyms: disinclination, dislike
Tips & Usage: Penchant is often used to refer to habits. It comes from the French word pencher, meaning to
incline. Think of being inclined toward something. Although penchant often refers to a habit others find
annoying, penchant can simply refer to a general habit or inclination to do something, like a penchant for eating
chocolate or drinking champagne. Penchant is related to the words propensity and proclivity. Propensity is often
used to describe a positive inclination or ability to do something positive, while proclivity is usually used to
describe a negative inclination, tendency, or habit.
Usage Examples:
1. His penchant for taking clients to expensive dinners is costing our company too much money. (affinity,
inclination)
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2. He has a penchant for showing up late to meetings, but I dont think he realizes how inconsiderate that
is. (tendency)
3. She has a penchant for drinking too much wine and acting silly at parties. (tendency, predisposition)
4. Stefan's penchant for speeding will eventually earn him an expensive ticket. (affinity, tendency)
assertive)
4. If you want to get ahead in life, you need to be proactiveyou can't just sit on the sidelines and hope that
Prospect-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. The possibility of future success 2. Something that is expected to happen in the
future 3. Someone who is likely to be interested in purchasing a product or service 4. Someone or something
that is likely to succeed 5. The act of exploration, examination or observation (v.)-1. To search for something
desirable
Synonyms: (n.) expectation, possibility, outlook, perspective, candidate, opportunity, chance, potential, (v.)
explore, search
Antonyms: hopelessness, obscurity
Tips & Usage: The word prospect is often heard in business, in relation to a prospective (potential, likely)
client: "He is a prospect." The plural noun prospects refers to the likelihood of being successful or prosperous in
the future, especially in a job or career: "My career prospects look good." As a verb, prospect is used when
trying to find new opportunities or clients.
Usage Examples:
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1. His prospects for getting the job are excellent because he really is the best candidate. (expectations,
chances)
2. Our agency is currently prospecting for new clients. (exploring, searching)
3. Is there any prospect that you may take a ski trip this year? (possibility, chance)
4. I have several prospects who I'll be interviewing for the position this week. (candidates)
(plunged, fell)
3. We shouldn't be precipitous with our decision; we should think it through carefully before giving them
Remit-(verb)-1. To send or dispatch a payment 2. To cancel or hold back from enforcing something 3. To
reduce the intensity of something (for instance, pain) 4. To restore something 5. To refer a case to another court
(in law) 6. To restore something to its original condition
Synonyms: pay, repay, reimburse, send, dispatch, reduce, restore, postpone, defer, refer, revoke, nullify,
invalidate
Antonyms: intensify, increase, persist, continue
Tips & Usage: Remit comes from the Latin term remittere, meaning "to send back." When you borrow money,
for instance, and then send it back or return it, you remit it. The word remit can also be used as a noun, meaning
"something that is remitted." A remittance is a sum of money that you send to someone.
Usage Examples:
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1. In order to avoid any interest charges, please remit your payment by the end of the week. (send,
dispatch, pay)
2. She remitted the fines because the payment came earlier than expected. (reduced)
3. The appellate court judge remitted his sentence to a lesser one. (reduced)
4. He worked as a builder in the U.S. and remitted half his monthly wage to his family in Thailand. (sent
back)
future. (expandability)
2. Our new project plan will allow for some scalability in case the clients make additional requests.
(variability)
3. How scalable is this program? If we wanted to begin offering it around the world by next month, could
inessential)
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2. Please edit this memo by removing the superfluous details. (excessive, unnecessary)
3. We'll need to cut all superfluous projects in order to stay within our budget. (inessential, unnecessary)
4. I'm eliminating all superfluous clutter from my home and donating most of my belongings to charity.
(excessive, inessential)
(instruction, guidance)
2. His tutelage helped me thrive in my new position, and I was very thankful for his guidance. (instruction,
guidance)
3. Once they graduate, the students will have to progress in their careers without the tutelage of their
guidance)
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3. As the restaurant gained popularity, the quality of the food seemed to wane. (decline, diminish)
4. My cravings for sugary foods gradually waned as I began to eat less of them. (subsided, decreased)
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Section 13 Test
1. She can be quite verbose and has a _____________ for talking over others during meetings.
2. Maybe I _____________ what he said, but it was my understanding that he wanted us to proceed with
the project.
3. I can see that you are no longer amused, judging by the ___________ of your smile.
4. I realize the client isnt very happy with our campaign ideas, but surely the situation isnt as
our department.
6. We have to stay in _____________ with the clients wishes if we wish to receive further business from
him.
7. He was very courageous and remained ____________, even when facing extreme danger.
8. Daniel felt the creative department should become more ________________ from the rest of the agency
demand.
12. She was known for offending clients and coworkers with her ____________ comments.
13. When searching for a new job, it is important to be ____________, rather than waiting for an
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22. Kate knew her company would be incurring some cutbacks, but the ____________ that she may get laid
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Section 14 Lessons
Accost-(verb-To approach and speak to somebody, often in a challenging or aggressive way
Synonyms: confront, affront, approach, proposition, solicit
Antonyms: avoid, elude, evade
Tips & Usage: Accost is derived from the Latin word accostare, meaning to adjoin. The underlying sense is
to be alongside. If you come up "alongside" someone in a rather aggressive or threatening way, you are
accosting him. Accost usually refers to approaching and talking to someone abruptly and in a surprising way.
Accost can refer simply to approaching someone to talk, but it usually refers to approaching someone and
verbally attacking or threatening the person: "He accosted me in the lobby and called me a liar." Accost can also
refer to approaching someone regarding sexual favors: "I was accosted by the prostitute as I walked down the
street."
Usage Examples:
1. John had been trying to avoid Terry all week, but she finally accosted him in the hallway. (approached,
confronted)
2. I was rather surprised when she accosted me about helping her with the fundraiser; she could have asked
approached)
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2. Mike was ambivalent about going on vacation and leaving the project in someone elses hands.
(uncertain)
3. Tara's career was full of ambivalence because she jumped from one job to another without any focus.
(uncertainty)
4. Her ambivalence about buying the house kept her up with worries all night. (uncertainty, indecisiveness,
mixed feelings)
(enthusiastic)
2. George is an avid rock climber, and he tries to make it to Yosemite National Park at least once a year.
(ardent, enthusiastic)
3. She avidly perused the real estate listings in search of a new home. (eagerly, keenly)
4. I was happy to see my son take such an avid interest in his studies. (keen, enthusiastic)
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1. I would rather resign from this account than capitulate to the clients unreasonable demands. (yield,
succumb)
2. We need to put together an agreement that will end this dispute and allow the other side to capitulate
accompanying, indirect)
4. Our collateral marketing and sales efforts have proven successful. (parallel, side-by-side, connected)
Consummate-(adjective, verb)-(adj.)-1. Perfect and complete in every aspect 2. Having all necessary qualities
(v.)-1. To complete, fulfill, or conclude
Synonyms: (adj.) ideal, supreme, ultimate, gifted, talented, superior, absolute, (v.) complete, fulfill, conclude,
culminate, affirm, validate
Antonyms: (adj.) defective, deficient, inadequate, incomplete
Tips & Usage: The verb consummate is spelled the same as the adjective consummate, but it is pronounced
differently (short a on the adjective, long on the verb). Use the adjective consummate to describe someone
who is perfect or ideal at something. For example, "He is the consummate salesmanhe always knows the right
thing to say to win the sale." Consummate can also be used to describe something negative. For example, "He is
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a consummate (perfect, skilled, complete) liar." The verb consummate means "to complete or fulfill." In
business, you can consummate a deal over dinner. In relationships, consummate means "to have sex and
complete the relationship."
Usage Examples:
1. Annie was a consummate office assistant: professional, punctual, and always helpful. (ideal, ultimate)
2. Lets consummate the new business by taking the client out to lunch after the contracts have been
(ultimate, absolute)
Deduce-(verb)-To come to a logical conclusion using reasoning on the basis of information, or to reach an
answer or a decision by carefully considering the known facts
Synonyms: infer, conclude, reason, assume, derive
Antonyms: guess
Tips & Usage: The word deduce originates from the Latin word ducere, meaning "to lead." Think of "leading" a
conclusion from the mind (or reaching a conclusion) based on given evidence. The related noun deduction
refers to a conclusion or inference. You deduce (use logic and reasoning to determine an answer) a deduction (a
conclusion that you deduced using logic and reasoning).
Usage Examples:
1. Can I deduce from your complaints that you are unhappy at this job? (infer, conclude)
2. Using logical reasoning, Jack made a deduction as to who was the most likely person to be stealing
conclude)
inconsistency, or gap that seems to indicate a problem. For example, "There seems to be a disparity between my
checkbook records and my bank account." Disparity can also refer to incongruity. For example, if you say you
are happy, but your face indicates you are upset, there is disparity between what you say and how you look.
They don't match. (See disparate.)
Usage Examples:
1. Research seems to indicate that social violence is directly related to economic disparity. (differences,
inequalities)
2. There was a huge disparity between my bank account statement and my checkbook balance. (inequality,
disproportion, gap)
3. The disparity between my salary and the cost of living in Manhattan is laughable. (disproportion,
incongruity, gap)
4. Jackie insisted that she was happy, but there was a disparity between her words and the expression on
Expenditure-(noun)-1. The act of spending money 2. Money spent 3. The consumption of something
Synonyms: expense, cost, investment, consumption, use
Antonyms:
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Tips & Usage: Expenditure is often used in business to describe incurred expenses and costs of running the
business. The related verb expend means "to use or spend." If something or someone is expendable, she is not
necessary or essential to the situation. A person who is expendable can be easily replaced.
Usage Examples:
1. Its true that we should avoid any unnecessary expenses, but we will incur some unavoidable
expenditures in order to get this business off the ground. (expenses, costs)
2. Our monthly expenditures are exceeding our budget. Therefore, well have to make some cutbacks.
(expenses, costs)
3. He was a horrible manager who treated people as if they were expendable. (easily replaced)
4. I had to expend every last bit of energy in order to finish the marathon. (use, consume)
Foment-(verb)-1. To cause trouble or stir up rebellion 2. To promote growth or development 3. To lessen pain
by bathing in warm water
Synonyms: stir up, promote, evoke, incite, instigate, abet
Antonyms: repress, suppress, quell
Tips & Usage: Foment is often used in business when speaking about promoting growth or development. In
politics, foment is often used negatively as a more sophisticated way of saying "incite," or "cause trouble." Both
definitions and uses stem from stimulating or inducing a response, whether it is promoting growth or inciting
trouble.
Usage Examples:
1. I believe that the new technology will foment our industry and create positive change. (stir up, promote)
2. Henry filed the law suit, not because he needed the money, but because he wanted to foment trouble for
(promote, evoke)
gregarious refers to people who love to be around people. The words aggregate, congregate, and congregation
are also derived from the root grex, meaning "flock." All of these words imply togetherness.
Usage Examples:
1. Gregs gregarious demeanor makes him a fun addition to any party. (outgoing, sociable, friendly)
2. Joanna's gregarious nature compels her to want to go out and be with people every night. (sociable,
congenial, jovial)
3. She was not feeling very gregarious, so she opted to skip the party. (sociable, jovial)
4. His gregarious nature has won him many friends. (sociable, friendly, congenial)
(unintentional, careless)
2. I inadvertently overheard the CEO talking about shutting down some of our offices, and Im worried
(careless, heedless)
4. The inadvertent error cost them several days of extra work. (careless, unintentional)
insinuate refers to hinting and making an innuendo (inappropriate suggestion). These terms are generally used
in a negative way.
Usage Examples:
1. His constant sexual innuendoes cant be tolerated. I think its akin to sexual harassment. (insinuations)
2. Im not sure what youre insinuating, but if you think that Im going to respond to your innuendo in a
Lament-(verb, noun)-(v.)-1. To express sadness or regret about something (n.)-1. The expression of sorrow or
grief 2. A mournful song or poem
Synonyms: (v.) wail, mourn, deplore, bemoan, complain, (n.) complaint
Antonyms: rejoice, exult
Tips & Usage: When someone is lamenting about something, it usually means she is mourning or expressing
sadness. In less formal communication, lament is often used as a more sophisticated way of saying "complain."
For example, "I heard them lamenting about having to work over the weekend." The related noun lamentation
has the same meaning as the noun lament: expression of grief.
Usage Examples:
1. While you were wasting time lamenting the past, we were developing a business solution for the future.
(bemoaning)
2. Her lamentations were only meant to evoke sympathy, and nobody took them seriously. (expressions of
sorrow)
3. His only lament about his job was that he was always stuck in traffic on the way to and from work.
(complaint)
4. Diane lamented that she was always tired and never had time to herself. (complained, expressed sorrow
over)
Meager-(adjective)-1. Deficient or unsatisfactory in quality, quantity, or size 2. Of bad quality 3. Very thin
Synonyms: scant, sparse, scrawny, shabby, inadequate, insubstantial
Antonyms: ample, adequate, sufficient, copious
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Tips & Usage: The root of meager is also the source of the word emaciate. Both words are derived from the
French word maigre, which means lean" or "thin. To say that there is a meager amount of something means
"there is not enough of it."
Usage Examples:
1. Thats a very good idea. However, with our meager resources, Im not sure that we can make it work.
(insubstantial, sparse)
2. The meager salary I earned at my first real job did not allow for any savings. (scant, inadequate)
3. His meager existence did not make him unhappy; he liked leading a simple life. (scant, shabby)
4. The meager amount of food at the cocktail party caused me to leave hungry. (insubstantial, sparse)
(subtleties, refinements)
4. The actress is so highly acclaimed because she is able to convey the slightest nuance of emotion with
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Tips & Usage: Paucity has its roots in the Latin word paucus, meaning "few" or "little." When there is not
enough of something, there is a paucity of it.
Usage Examples:
1. Theres a paucity of good real estate deals right now. Therefore, Im just going to wait until the market
(fewness, absence)
3. I've tried to learn more about this illness, but there's a paucity of information about it on the web.
(scarcity, lack)
4. The rescue workers had to deal with the paucity of food, water, and clothing available for the victims of
Pragmatic-(adjective)-1. Guided by practical experience and observation rather than theory or ideology 2.
Relating to matters of fact and practicality
Synonyms: realistic, down-to-earth, practical, sensible, matter-of-fact, logical
Antonyms: ideological, unrealistic
Tips & Usage: Pragmatic is derived from the Latin word pragmaticus, meaning "skilled in business or law." In
order to be successful in business or law, you have to be pragmatic (guided by practical experience) in your
decisions. Pragmatic often refers to people who are hardheaded. However, pragmatic is a positive term for
sensible and practical people and ideas. To say that somebody is pragmatic is generally a compliment.
Pragmatism is the related noun that denotes dealing with a problem in a realistic and logical way.
Usage Examples:
1. He tends to have a more pragmatic approach to solving problems, versus others in the company, who
generation)
3. Home-based businesses have proliferated in large part due to the Internet. (multiplied, propagated)
4. The popularity of low-carb diets has proliferated in recent years. (grown, increased)
protected. (rules)
3. The countries established a new trade protocol to help further their respective economies and relations
conventions)
Render-(verb)-1. To cause to become 2. To pass down a decision 3. To submit something for approval or
consideration 4. To give back 5. To give or supply 6. To bestow 7. To translate (from one language to another)
8. To portray something artistically 9. To surrender something 10. To melt (fat)
Synonyms: make, cause, pronounce, deliver, proclaim, provide, give, supply, submit, offer, represent, restore,
pay, proffer, translate, depict, portray, impart, interpret, melt
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delivered)
3. The artist rendered a sketch of her concept before starting to paint. (created, depicted)
4. She renders time to help others and give back to the community. (gives, offers)
perfectly executed)
2. The movies seamless plot kept me engaged and guessing at the outcome until the very end. (perfectly
executed)
3. I hoped that the transition from my old computer operating system to my new one would be seamless.
(smooth)
4. It was a seamless execution of a difficult project, and the client was pleased. (smooth)
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(unintentional)
2. She unwittingly helped her boss shred some files, which she had no idea contained sensitive information
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Section 14 Test
1. He is well liked by his clients because of his confident and __________ personality.
2. As I entered the grocery store, I was ____________ by several peopled who wanted me to sign their
petition.
3. As Molly reached for the phone, she _____________ knocked over an expensive vase.
4. Before we put together a financial budget, we need to calculate our average monthly ______________.
5. I dont think hes telling the truth because of the ____________ between his words and his facial
expression.
6. I didnt think the client liked our ideas because there was a ___________ of displeasure in his voice as
schemes.
8. I feel uncomfortable whenever he makes any sexual _____________.
9. It is important that when we present as a team, we have ____________ transitions between speakers.
10. She often contributes her time to philanthropic organizations and tries to ____________ assistance to
new ad campaign.
12. Im a bit _____________ of these new ideas because Im not sure that theyre going to work.
13. You cant always be so ___________ about everything; sometimes you have to allow yourself to be
______________.
17. I still think we can win this business. I am not ready to ____________ .
18. Company _____________ requires that all employees sign out before leaving for lunch.
19. The director of operations was well liked, and several people ____________ his resignation.
20. Sandra had mixed emotions about moving to a new city. Moreover, her ____________ was clear in the
22. It seems that there is always too much to do and a __________ of time to do it.
23. The Internet helped to ____________ a completely new way of selling and marketing commercial
products.
24. I think we can ____________ that he is no longer interested in the position because he hasnt returned
our calls.
25. I love animals, and I am an ______________ supporter of local animal rights groups.
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Section 15 Lessons
Accountability-(noun)-1. Responsibility to someone or something 2. Liability for something
Synonyms: liability, answerability, culpability, responsibility
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: To account for something is to take responsibility or to answer for something. When you are
accountable for something, you must answer for it, account for it, or take responsibility for it.
Usage Examples:
1. We dont have enough accountability in the creative departmentno one wants to take responsibility for
answerability)
Amicable-(adjective)-Characterized by friendliness
Synonyms: peaceable, friendly, amiable, neighborly, agreeable
Antonyms: bellicose, contentious, hostile, quarrelsome, uncooperative
Tips & Usage: While amicable and amiable are closely related in meaning, amicable is generally used when
talking about relations between people. Amiable is used to describe the people themselves: "They have an
amicable (friendly) relationship because they are both so amiable (friendly)."
Usage Examples:
1. Our companies came to an amicable agreement and decided to work on the project together. (friendly,
peaceable)
2. I didnt realize she wasnt happy with the service weve been providing because she was quite amicable
amiable)
4. I was sad to see my friends divorce, but I was glad that at least it was amicable. (peaceable, friendly)
Banal-(adjective)-1. Boring and lacking in originality 2. Repeated too often and therefore overly familiar
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obvious)
3. The conversation at the party was so banal, and I therefore couldn't wait to leave. (dull, insipid)
4. Most of what one sees on television these days is so banal that it makes you wonder if there are any
Contemporary-(adjective, noun)-(adj.)-1. Modern and up-to-date 2. Belonging to the same time period 3. Of
the same age as another person (n.)-1. A person or thing that existed during the same general time as someone
or something else 2. A person who is the same age as someone else
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Synonyms: (adj.) modern, current, present, up-to-date, coexisting, concurrent, (n.) peer
Antonyms: (adj.) obsolete, past, ancient
Tips & Usage: Contemporary is derived from the Latin term contemporarius, meaning "with time."
Contemporary means "modern" and refers to ideas or styles that are in line "with the current times."
Contemporary denotes things that are up-to-date or things or people that have occurred during the same time
period.
Usage Examples:
1. I want to find an interior decorator who is known for cutting-edge, contemporary design. (present-day,
modern)
2. You won't find any antique furniture in that store; it only sells contemporary furniture. (present-day,
modern)
3. Testing on the fossils determined that they were contemporaries. (things that had coexisted, things that
lived concurrently)
4. The composer Salieri was contemporary with Mozart, but most people aren't as familiar with his work as
considered)
4. I don't deem your theory to be correct. (regard, consider)
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not partial)
3. The company illegally disposed of its toxic waste. (discarded)
4. Although it goes against my better judgment to support your capricious ideas, Im disposed to agree
(violates, trespasses)
3. The neighbor's tree was beginning to encroach onto my property. (trespass, intrude)
4. All these late hours spent at the office are encroaching on my ability to spend time with my family.
(interfering, infringing)
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Tips & Usage: When learning the adjective enduring, think of the root word endure, which means "to be longlasting or to face something courageously." Enduring describes things that are lasting over time or through
hardships.
Usage Examples:
1. She didn't want his drinking to become an enduring problem. (chronic, lasting)
2. She had enduring memories of her childhood neighborhood. (lasting)
3. On their 50th wedding anniversary, the couple celebrated their enduring love. (lasting, durable)
4. The Statue of Liberty is an enduring symbol of freedom. (lasting, constant)
Explicit-(adjective)-1. Clearly expressed and leaving nothing to implication 2. Sexually graphic, open, and
direct
Synonyms: specific, certain, definitive, direct, blunt, obvious, clear, profane
Antonyms: ambiguous, vague, unclear
Tips & Usage: Explicit describes things that are clear and need no explanation or implication. Explicit has come
to be most commonly used to describe profane or sexual content, probably as a shortened version of "sexually
explicit." When something is done explicitly, it is done clearly, specifically, and openly.
Usage Examples:
1. The song was banned because it contained explicit lyrics. (profane)
2. He was not very explicit about when he was planning to visit me. (specific, clear)
3. The new program is explicitly explained in the brochure. (clearly, specifically)
4. Our manager was quite explicit about her expectations of the team, and we all know what we need to
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1. The foregoing statements explained the plan. Now, we will discuss how to implement it.
Impasse-(noun)-1. A point where no agreement can be made, and progress is halted 2. A road with only one
way to get in and out
Synonyms: standstill, deadlock, stalemate, quandary, dead end, gridlock, jam
Antonyms: solution, answer
Tips & Usage: To understand the meaning of the word impasse, simply break it down. When you combine the
Latin prefix im with passe, impasse means "not able to pass." Impasse represents a point where people cannot
move forward.
Usage Examples:
1. After days of talks, labor negotiations hit an impasse. (deadlock, dead end, stalemate)
2. I couldn't take my usual route to work because construction had created an impasse. (dead-end)
3. Because the jurors had hit an impasse, the judge had to declare a mistrial. (deadlock, stalemate)
4. The negotiations reached an impasse when neither side could agree on the price of the product.
(deadlock, stalemate)
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2. At the party, I somehow got trapped in an inane conversation about the weather. (mindless, empty)
3. He loved to pull inane pranks on his friends. (ridiculous, silly, stupid)
4. His inane ideas had nothing to do with the meeting, and he wasted everyones time with his foolishness.
(illogical, foolish)
Insatiable-(adjective)-Impossible to satisfy
Synonyms: unquenchable, unsatisfied, voracious, unappeasable, wanting, desiring, greedy, gluttonous
Antonyms: satisfied, sated, content, fulfilled
Tips & Usage: It may be helpful to think of the related word satisfy when breaking insatiable down: in means
"not," and satiable means "satisfied." Insatiable describes things that are not able to be satisfied. The verb
satiate, meaning "to satisfy," is derived from the same Latin word satis, meaning "enough, sufficient." Also
think of the word satisfaction. If you can't get satisfaction, you are insatiable. This is a good word to describe
extreme thirst or hunger.
Usage Examples:
1. Even though he had eaten a large amount of food, he could not seem to satisfy his insatiable hunger.
(unsatisfied, voracious)
2. She described herself as an insatiable shopper who simply could not shop enough. (voracious,
unappeasable)
3. The politician seemed to have an insatiable need for power. (unquenchable, greedy)
4. She has an insatiable appetite for knowledge and is currently working on her third doctoral degree.
(unappeasable, unsatisfied)
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1. He had a latent heart condition that went undetected until it was too late. (underlying, hidden)
2. She discovered her latent artistic abilities after she took a class in ceramics. (suppressed, inactive,
hidden)
3. During the latency period of the disease, no symptoms are noticeable. (dormancy)
4. Although he appears quiet and meek, I have a feeling he has a latent talent for negotiating. (suppressed,
undeveloped)
(arbitrate, moderate)
3. They have asked a priest to mediate the hostage situation. (resolve, intercede in, negotiate)
4. I think I'm right, and you think you're right. What we need is a good mediator to resolve this impasse.
(negotiator, moderator)
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1. Since the soccer player got a foul just after he kicked the ball, the referee will nullify the goal. (negate,
cancel, invalidate)
2. The Supreme Court was asked to nullify the decision of the lower court. (revoke, undo)
3. The principal nullified the student committee's decision. (invalidated, negated, vetoed)
4. The CEO feels that we should nullify this contract because it is not in accordance with our policy.
(cancel, void)
contemplative)
4. The VP of marketing seemed to be in a pensive mood, so I decided to leave him to his thoughts.
(reflective, musing)
Precedent-(noun, adjective)-(n.)-1. An action or decision from the past that can be used as an example for
future, similar circumstances 2. An established custom or practice 3. A law established by following previous
legal decisions (adj.)-1. Preceding in time, order, or significance
Synonyms: (n.) example, instance, model, pattern, paradigm, precursor, prototype, guideline, (adj.) prior,
preceding, foregoing
Antonyms: (adj.) following, descendent
Tips & Usage: When learning the meaning of the word precedent, think of the related word precede, which
means "to go before." A precedent is something that has happened before and is used as an example of how
something similar should be handled. Something that is unprecedented does not have a precedent. Note: many
people confuse precedent with precedence. Precedence refers to something that is more important than other
things and should be addressed first. "This has precedence (importance) over everything else."
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Usage Examples:
1. The case is likely to serve as a precedent for future, similar cases. (model, example, prototype)
2. The lawyer cited several precedents when making his case. (instances, models, examples)
3. In an unprecedented move, the judge declared the man insane. (without prior example)
4. The judge had a difficult time ruling on the case because there was really no precedent on which to base
arousing)
2. The movie was very provocative; everyone left the theater emotional. (disturbing, challenging,
stimulating)
3. Her provocative statements anger some people. Most often though, they lead to stimulating discussion.
(challenging, stimulating)
4. Dont you think that dress is a bit too provocative for a conservative company party? (exciting,
arousing)
collection)
4. The actors repertoire included many accents, which allowed him to play foreign characters. (range, skill
set)
Symmetry-(noun)-The property of having parts that are the same, especially when on opposite sides of a
dividing line
Synonyms: proportion, balance, uniformity, evenness, similarity, equality
Antonyms: imbalance, inequality, difference
Tips & Usage: Symmetry is derived from the Greek term symmetria, which means "agreement in measure."
Symmetry is an agreement in measureit is sameness of parts. The adjective symmetrical refers to anything that
is balanced or uniform, while asymmetrical is the opposite.
Usage Examples:
1. Most living things have a natural line of symmetry. (balance, evenness, proportion)
2. Her facial symmetry was almost perfect. (evenness, proportion)
3. The students all made symmetrical pictures of butterflies. (balanced, well-proportioned)
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4. I find that arranging my office furniture in a symmetrical way makes me feel more organized than when
Wrest-(verb)-1. To seize something by force 2. To get something with considerable effort 3. To twist words so
that the meaning is changed
Synonyms: extort, extract, seize, wrench, snatch, yank, force, twist, spin, take
Antonyms: give, offer
Tips & Usage: When learning the meaning of the word wrest, it may be helpful to think of the related word
wrestle. When you wrest something, you wrestle it away, both literally and figuratively. Wrest can also be a
noun meaning "a sharp pull."
Usage Examples:
1. The police had to wrest the weapon from the man's hand. (seize, take, snatch)
2. During the attack, the military tried to wrest control of the city. (take, seize)
3. The politician's quote was taken out of context and wrested by the press. (twisted, spun)
4. In an unsuccessful coup, the COO tried to wrest control of the company by asking the board to promote
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Section 15 Test
1. The Chief Financial Officer was fired when he couldnt ___________ for some missing funds.
2. I have ____________ your constant complaining for too long. If you dont like this job, please resign.
3. I enjoy visiting ______________ art museums more than museums that house works by old master
has.
5. Do you ___________ this project to be a success, or do you think we could have done a better job?
6. They seemed to be nodding their heads in agreement during your presentation. Therefore, I think all of
slightest criticism.
10. I appreciated my bosss candor during my annual review, and Im sure that her ___________
avert bankruptcy.
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to his ideas.
24. Please stop arguing and let me try to help ____________ a resolution that you can both live with.
25. The PR firm invited a ______________ of top executives to a charity luncheon.
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240
Section 16 Lessons
Accrue-(verb)-1. To accumulate something gradually over time 2. To increase something through growth
Synonyms: accumulate, acquire, gain, increase, store, grow, amass, collect
Antonyms: decrease, disperse
Tips & Usage: Accrue is derived from the Old French term acreue, which means "an increase or growth."
Think, growth or the accumulation of money or expenses over time. The related noun accrual refers to
accumulation or growth.
Usage Examples:
1. I hoped my investments would significantly accrue over time. (grow, increase)
2. Employees will start to accrue sick leave after six months of employment. (acquire, accumulate)
3. According to the terms of his home loan, he will have to pay off the accrued interest every month.
(amassed, accumulated)
4. Our company needs a large accrual of funds in order to proceed with our research and development.
(accumulation)
Amortize-(verb)-1. To pay off a debt with gradual installments 2. To spread out the cost over several
payments or different applications
Synonyms: liquidate, pay, reimburse, repay, satisfy, settle
Antonyms: renege, breach
Tips & Usage: Amortize is derived from the Old French term amortiss, which means "to deaden." Think of
deadening or extinguishing a debt. The related noun amortization refers to the reduction of the value of an asset
by prorating its cost over a period of years, or to the payment of an obligation in a series of installments. In
business, amortize can be a positive word if you mention it in a context of spreading out an investment for a
number of different applications: "We should be able to amortize (apply, utilize) our investment in a number of
different ways."
Usage Examples:
1. He will make additional payments every month in order to amortize the loan. (repay, settle)
2. They figured it would take five years to amortize their debt. (pay off, repay, satisfy)
3. Most home loans are amortized over 30 years. (repaid, paid)
4. The amortization of my accrued credit card debt will take several months. (repayment)
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Begrudge-(verb)-1. To give something, even though you don't want to 2. To resent or envy what someone else
is enjoying
Synonyms: resent, envy, grudge, covet
Antonyms: applaud, appreciate
Tips & Usage: Begrudge is a simple word to learn when you break it down: be + grudge, meaning "resentment."
Therefore, to begrudge is "to be resentful of someone else's enjoyment" or "to be resentful when giving
something." The related adverb begrudgingly describes actions done with resentment.
Usage Examples:
1. He was a miser, so he begrudgingly gave his employees raises to prevent them from quitting.
(resentfully, grudgingly)
2. I don't begrudge his success; I am actually quite happy for him. (resent, envy)
3. She begrudgingly gave back the money. (resentfully, enviously)
4. Im actually quite happy that you got the promotion instead of me; I dont begrudge you at all. (resent,
envy)
Captivate-(verb)-To gain and hold attention by being extremely interesting, exciting, charming, or attractive
Synonyms: enamor, attract, charm, dazzle, enthrall, mesmerize, fascinate
Antonyms: offend, repulse
Tips & Usage: When learning the word captivate, think of the related word capture. To captivate is to capture
someone's attention by being irresistible. The related adjective captivating describes things that are appealing,
irresistible, and intriguing. Captivate is synonymous with enamor. If you are captivated by something, it
captures your attention because it is intriguing and of great interest to you. If you are enamored by something, it
captures your attention because of its beauty. Or, you are attracted to it or charmed by it. A woman can
captivate a man with an interesting story and enamor him with her beauty.
Usage Examples:
1. He was sure his great manners and winning smile would captivate his girlfriend's parents. (enamor,
charm)
2. The magician captivated the audience with his amazing tricks. (mesmerized, dazzled)
3. I couldn't put the book down; it was absolutely captivating. (enthralling, riveting)
4. We need to come up with product packaging that will really captivate consumer attention. . (attract,
dazzle)
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disagreeable)
2. Politics is a contentious subject in our house, so we don't discuss it much. (argumentative, controversial)
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3. In order to get a good story, the reporter asked the politician contentious questions to provoke him.
(argumentative, antagonistic)
4. It was a rather contentious meeting; several arguments ensued. (hostile, quarrelsome)
Deference-(noun)-1. Polite respect, especially putting another persons interests first 2. A disposition or
tendency to yield to the will of others
Synonyms: homage, obeisance, reverence, submission, respect, consideration
Antonyms: insolence, irreverence disesteem, disfavor discourtesy, incivility, rudeness
Tips & Usage: When learning the word deference, think of the related verb defer, which means "to submit or
yield to another's wish or opinion." If you were to defer a decision to someone else out of respect, that would be
deference. For example, "When asked where they wanted to go for dinner, she deferred (yielded) to her friend
to make the decision out of deference (respect, consideration)." Deference is really a more sophisticated way of
saying "respect." The adjective deferential means "respectful and polite."
Usage Examples:
1. Out of deference to our guests, we always ask them what they want for dinner. (respect, consideration)
2. He will defer to his lawyers about whether or not to take the stand during the trial. (yield, concede,
submit)
3. The professor, who is very esteemed by his colleagues, does not get the deference he deserves from his
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4. The dissemination of public policy information allows members of the community to discuss new laws
interested)
4. I tried to engage her in a conversation about politics, but she wasn't interested in discussing anything
significant)
4. The number of homes with Internet connections has seen exponential growth over the last few years.
(rapid, expeditious)
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prominently)
2. Professor Jackson was the university's foremost expert in the field of biology. (prominent, best)
3. The foremost issue on the voters' minds seemed to be the economy. (first, front, most prominent)
4. First and foremost, I would like to begin by thanking you all for coming here today. (leading,
predominant)
will win the business for our firm. (front, leader, guide)
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enraged)
3. His controversial speech was likely to incense the audience. (anger, madden)
4. The young attorneys cocky attitude incensed the judge, who then held him in contempt. (enraged,
angered)
Ideology-(noun)-A set or system of social beliefs that characterize how a group or an individual thinks
Synonyms: beliefs, ideas, culture, outlook, thought, philosophy, theory, credo, tenet
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Ideology literally means, "the science of ideas." Ideology is generally used when referring to
political beliefs or doctrines. The related adjective ideological describes things that are based on a particular set
of ideas.
Usage Examples:
1. He changed his ideology from socialistic to capitalistic over the last few years. (beliefs, philosophy,
outlook)
2. Because she is not from this country, she subscribes to a different cultural ideology. (credo, philosophy)
3. There was an ideological shift among the populace soon after the new leader took over the country.
(philosophical, cultural)
4. Her ideology is refreshing. I believe that if even half of her ideas are implemented, this company will
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Obsolete-(adjective)-No longer used, usually because it has been replaced with something better
Synonyms: outdated, discarded, unfashionable, old-fashioned, archaic, extinct, unused, antiquated
Antonyms: current, modern, fresh, up-to-date
Tips & Usage: Obsolete is derived from the Latin term obsoletus, which means "worn out, old." Today,
obsolete describes things that are old, outdated, no longer in use, or have been replaced by something newer
and better.
Usage Examples:
1. The organization specializes in collecting and recycling obsolete computer equipment. (discarded,
archaic, unused)
2. Horse-drawn wagons became obsolete once the car was invented. (extinct, unused)
3. Shakespeare can be hard to read because the language of his time is now largely obsolete. (old-
(noticeable, observed)
2. The real value of the car turned out to be significantly less than what she had perceived it to be.
(discerned, believed)
3. In order to land the job, he tried to create a perceived difference between himself and the other
with our presentation, while I felt that she wasn't happy at all. (observation, understanding)
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Precursor-(noun)-1. Something which happened or existed before 2. An indication that someone or something
is approaching 3. In chemistry, a substance from which another is formed
Synonyms: forerunner, predecessor, originator, messenger, trailblazer, ancestor, founder, prototype
Antonyms: follower
Tips & Usage: Precursor is derived from the Latin term praecursor, meaning "to run before." Precursor is often
used to describe technology. Although the original use of precursor was to describe people, the word is more
often used to describe anything that happened or existed before another thing, especially if it either developed
into it or had an influence on it. When describing people, it may be more appropriate to use the word
predecessor. The adjective precursory is used to describe things that come at the beginning, like an introduction,
and means "initial, preliminary."
Usage Examples:
1. The precursor to our current network infrastructure was slow and bulky. (forerunner)
2. After his precursory statements outlining the project, we got into the heart of the meeting. (introductory,
first, initial)
3. Our new business model is much more streamlined and efficient compared to its precursor. (forerunner,
prototype)
4. During a precursory inspection of the house, I failed to notice many of its problems. (initial,
preliminary)
(closeness, adjacency)
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storage, vault)
3. The librarian was regarded as a repository of useful information. (treasury, vault)
4. Please make sure you lock the repository after youve counted the cash. (vault, container)
suggestion)
4. Although there wasnt much work to be done, I tried to maintain a semblance of keeping busy.
(appearance, facade)
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Synergy-(noun)-The combined power of different things working together to create a greater effect than if
they were separate
Synonyms: cooperation, coalition, harmony, teamwork, unity, togetherness, accord, agreement, exchange
Antonyms: autonomy, individualism
Tips & Usage: Synergy is derived from the Greek term synergia, which means "joint work, working together,
help." Think, "cooperation and working together." Synergy is the power that is created when people cooperate
and work together. The adjective synergistic describes working together or cooperating.
Usage Examples:
1. The individuals' talents combined to make a team synergy that was virtually unbeatable. (harmony,
unity)
2. The synergy in the office was due to the employees genuine affinity for each other and their ability to
assumed)
4. In the advertising industry, its not uncommon for members of the creative team to usurp others ideas.
(take, assume)
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Wry-(adjective)-1. Combining amusement and irony for dry humorsardonic 2. Temporarily contorted or bent
to one side
Synonyms: sarcastic, sardonic, cynical, crooked, ironic, mocking, twisted, warped
Antonyms: serious, solemn, sober, straight
Tips & Usage: Wry is derived from the Old English term wrigian, which means "to turn or bend." Think of
twisted humor that is dry and sarcastic. A wry sense of humor is one that is askew and completely different
from a more traditional sense of humora wry joke is one that finds a unique angle of comedy.
Usage Examples:
1. The comic had a wry, self-deprecating wit. (sarcastic, sardonic)
2. His wry smile led me to believe he was being sarcastic. (crooked, sarcastic, mocking)
3. Some people thought his wry humor was hilarious; others were offended by his twisted jokes. (sardonic,
sarcastic)
4. The journalists wry commentary on the state of world affairs made him a popular syndicated columnist.
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Section 16 Test
1. I found the bosss criticism to be constructive. However, my partner was ________________ and quit
on the spot.
2. We helped with the preparations for the big conference out of ____________ for our hard-working boss.
3. Shes a great poker player because she has complete ___________ over her facial expressions and can
teams.
6. They were ____________ by our ideas, and Im sure well get the business.
7. I was incensed when the assistant manager ______________ my authority and hired a new employee
without authorization.
8. I am not jealous, and I certainly do not ______________ his success.
9. Its clear that our company has achieved success when you look at our ___________ growth over the
documents.
11. There were several arguments and heated discussions. It was quite a _____________ meeting.
12. Who is at the __________ of this project? I need to talk to the person in charge.
13. I wont be able to make a decision until I _____________ the two plans and compare them against each
other.
14. I enjoy talking to her because I find her interest and knowledge of various topics ____________.
15. The rumor was ______________ quickly, and it was all anyone could talk about.
16. We have ___________ enough investment capital to build our new production facility.
17. That technology hasnt been in use for a long time; it became _____________ years ago.
18. Its a good thing we finally got these new computers. The ______________ were pretty antiquated.
19. Does the sarcastic tone of my _________ humor offend you?
20. Before we officially begin this meeting, there is one issue I would like to discuss first and
_______________.
21. When I saw the expression on his face, I _____________ that he was quite angry.
22. The defendant tried to maintain a _______________ of innocence, but his demeanor didnt convince the
23. His vision for the future of this company is overly _______________ and has very little substance.
24. On my last business trip, I chose a hotel with ______________ to the airport in order to ease my arrival
and departure.
25. The basketball star was _____________ for being the best player to ever step foot on a court.
1. I would like to give your firm the business, but I just cant give my ____________ to this proposal.
2. Her personal belief system included the ____________ "Theres more to life than work."
3. My boss ____________ me for coming in late this morning.
4. His answers to the questions were _____________ and provided no substantive insights of his beliefs.
5. My business plan is ____________ to the one used by my former company. However, mine is more
industry-specific.
6. He was able to save plenty of money for retirement because of the ____________ spending habits he
my nerves.
12. I dreaded going to the party because I knew I would be drawn into ______________ conversation about
challenge.
18. Before you make your decision, think through it carefully; it ___________ you to give this ample
consideration.
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19. Her _____________ ability to know what I was going to say, before I said it, was unnerving at times.
20. He was very concerned about his ______________ and how people would remember him when he left.
21. These ideas should be ________________ in a proposal we will present to the client.
22. It was clear from his nervousness that his speech was ___________________ and unrehearsed.
23. It took me awhile to learn all of the _______________ details of the plan.
24. The scholarship helped to _____________ some of my college expenses.
25. I was happy to earn a promotion and a pay raise, making my salary _______________ with my work
experience.
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Section 17 Lessons
Acquiesce-(verb)-To agree or give consent
Synonyms: agree, assent, comply, consent, concede, concur
Antonyms: object, protest, differ, dissent
Tips & Usage: Acquiesce is derived from the Latin term acquiescere, meaning "to remain resting." The essence
of acquiesceis is "to agree quietly, without protestto put any disagreement to rest." Acquiesce is used to
describe a situation where someone originally fought for an idea or silently harbored resistance to an idea, but
then decided it wasn't worth fighting for. Therefore, he acquiesced (quietly agreed) to the other party's
recommendation. Acquiesce is different from capitulate, where someone is forced to surrender or grudgingly
give up and comply with another person's request. Acquiesce is more similar to accede. To accede is to agree
and usually refers to agreeing after careful deliberation. Accede does not imply giving up or putting up
resistance, but rather agreeing after consideration. The related noun acquiescence means consent, compliance,
or agreement.
Usage Examples:
1. I hoped my boss would acquiesce to my request for an extended vacation. (agree, consent)
2. There was a nod of acquiescence from the board members as the CEO outlined his plan for the coming
Analogous-(adjective)-1. Similar in some respects 2. In biology, used to describe parts of the body that have
the same functions but work independently of one another
Synonyms: similar, corresponding, resembling, parallel, alike, equivalent, comparable, associated
Antonyms: different, opposite
Tips & Usage: Analogous originated from the Greek term ana, meaning "according to," and logos, meaning
"ratio." Essentially, things that are analogous are closely linked, but aren't necessarily the same. Use analogous
to compare things that are similar in some respects, but essentially dissimilar. For example, "a brain and a
computer are analogous." The related noun analogy is a comparison between two similar things. Analogy and
metaphor are similar in meaning.
Usage Examples:
1. American football and rugby are considered to be analogous sports. (similar, comparable)
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2. This report is analogous to the one you handed in last week, but I found it to be much more concise.
(similar, corresponding)
3. The wings of a bee and the wings of a hummingbird are analogous. (similar, comparable)
4. It is sometimes easier to explain an abstract concept by using an analogy with something easier to
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4. The increase in violent crime was a catalyst for the creation of the Three Strikes Law. (stimulus,
motivator)
found a position with a salary that was commensurate with knowledge and intelligence, not the number
of years in the industry. (corresponding, proportionate)
2. His knowledge is not commensurate with that of someone who has been working in this field as long as
(proportionate, equal)
Context-(noun)-1. A set of facts and circumstances pertaining to a situation or event 2. The linguistic sense of
a word that helps explain its meaningthe words before and after the word in question
Synonyms: circumstance, timing, locale, environment, setting
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: When you put something in context, you essentially explain the full circumstances surrounding
it. This can be true of an event or situation as well as of a word. When you don't understand the meaning of a
word, you can sometimes figure it out from its contexthow it's used in a sentence. Contextual clues provide
information as to the meaning of a word or circumstance.
Usage Examples:
1. I know you think that my comments were meant to be critical, but you heard them out of context.
(circumstance, setting)
2. Its important to use vocabulary words in the proper context because a words usage doesnt always
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3. You can often guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word by looking at its context. (words before and
after)
4. The historical context of that event explains a lot about how such an event could happen. (timing,
setting, circumstance)
(settle, offset)
2. Im sure theres a way we can defray our out-of-pocket costs to get this business started. Perhaps we can
compensates)
biased, opinionated)
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4. The professor's dogmatic lecture annoyed his students, who felt that he was using their class time to
(mystery, paradox)
4. He's very difficult to figure outan enigma, really. (puzzle, mystery)
cuff)
2. Although the new CEO hadnt planned on delivering a speech on his first day, he did offer a few
3. The pianist was forced to extemporize when the singer decided to sing a song they had not rehearsed
together. (improvise)
4. All of the laughter garnered by Charlie's extemporaneous comedy routine convinced him that he should
(overwhelming, imposing)
2. This candidate has a formidable list of accomplishments on his resume; I think hes the right choice for
Heterogeneous-(adjective)-Made up of parts that are different from each other and unrelated
Synonyms: mixed, miscellaneous, varied assorted, diverse, mingled
Antonyms: homogeneous
Tips & Usage: Heterogeneous originated from a Greek term meaning "other kind." The population in the
United States can be described as heterogeneous because of its many, various cultures and nationalities. The
noun heterogeneity means "diversity." The opposite of heterogeneous is homogeneous.
Usage Examples:
1. The many cultures brought together in the United States have created a truly heterogeneous society.
(diverse)
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2. Thanks to the varied educational backgrounds of our companys employees, we have a heterogeneous
company culture. This in turn allows a broad range of ideas to thrive. (varied, diverse)
3. The heterogeneity of foods at the pot luck picnic made for a very interesting lunch. (diversity)
4. I really like this company because of its heterogeneous staffthe last place I worked was more
homogeneous and everyone looked, dressed, and acted the same. (diverse, varying)
(lackluster, insignificant)
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2. Even the famous actor couldnt help the ratings of the insipid TV show. (boring, lifeless, banal)
3. The meal was bland and insipida simple pizza would have been more tasty. (bland, tasteless,
flavorless)
4. The insipid dialogue and lack of character development in the movie didn't give me any reason to care
convoluted, involved)
2. We cant let him go because he is the only person who understands all the intricacies of the project.
(complexities, difficulties)
3. The quilt, with all of its intricate needlework, took her over a year to complete. (elaborate, tricky)
4. The police uncovered an intricate network of criminal behavior involved in the money laundering
Legacy-(noun)-1. Money or property left through a will 2. Something handed down from one person or
generation to another
Synonyms: grant, bequest, gift, bestowal, heritage, inheritance
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: A legacy is something left by an individual, usually after death or at the end of a career. Legacy
can also refer to a part of history and describe what one generation leaves to the next. Legacy can also be an
adjective that refers to old computer hardware or software.
Usage Examples:
1. The company founders left a legacy of competitive spirit and top marketing strategy that lives on in this
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3. The Greeks left behind a rich cultural legacy of poetry, theater, and philosophy. (heritage, gift, history)
4. It's time the FBI upgrades from its legacy systems to more sophisticated database technology. (old,
outdated)
Menial-(adjective)-Relating to work which is uninteresting and doesn't require much skill or training
Synonyms: humble, lowly, common, servile
Antonyms: interesting, skilled, noble, elevated
Tips & Usage: Menial is usually used to describe domestic chores and has its root in the Latin word mansio,
meaning "house." It also describes the person doing the menial work and can be used as a noun meaning
"servant." You will often hear menial used to describe unskilled work and work that most people don't want to
do.
Usage Examples:
1. I dont mind doing menial tasks like cleaning the house; I actually find them quite relaxing. (humble,
common)
2. He decided to finish high school and get a college education because he didnt want to be stuck doing
makes them respect school and the value of an education much more. (unskilled, servile)
Obtuse-(adjective)-1. Slow to learn or understand 2. Lacking insight 3. Blunt or rounded, not sharp
Synonyms: dim-witted, dull, dumb, ignorant, stupid, blunt
Antonyms: acute, sharp, keen, intelligent
Tips & Usage: Obtuse is derived from a Latin word that means "dull." In geometry, obtuse refers to an angle
that is greater than 90 degrees, but less than 180 degrees. This is an angle that is not very sharp. Obtuse is the
opposite of acute, which is derived from a Latin word meaning "sharp." Acute is often used to describe
someone who is sharp, keen, and intelligent. Use obtuse as a more sophisticated way of criticizing someone
who is dim-witted or has a "dull" mind. Obtuse is similar in meaning to myopic. See myopic for additional
analysis.
Usage Examples:
1. I thought his project report was obtuse and lacked insight into the clients industry. (dull, lacking
insight)
2. The young boy was too obtuse to understand the implications of his behavior. (dumb, ignorant)
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3. I think he knows the answer, but he's being deliberately obtuse because he doesn't want to get involved.
(dim-witted, ignorant)
4. I tried to explain how the program functions, but unfortunately, I think he's too obtuse to ever learn how
Perceptive-(adjective)-1. Having the ability to understand and notice things that many people do not notice 2.
Relating to perception
Synonyms: understanding, insightful, keen, discerning, intuitive, observant, wise, watchful, aware
Antonyms: imperceptive, dull, obtuse, unaware, unintuitive
Tips & Usage: Being perceptive is a great skill. It means you have a keen eye for picking up on things that
others may not notice. The related noun perception refers to an observation, insight, or point of view.
Usage Examples:
1. She was unusually perceptive for a child and often made remarkably intelligent statements. (insightful,
observant)
2. There was a growing perception that our company wasnt doing enough to drive sales. Therefore, we
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3. The professor is the preeminent authority on that subject, and you'll learn more about it from him than
leading)
Prudent-(adjective)-1. Having good sense and judgment 2. Being careful and sensible
Synonyms: careful, cautious, discreet, wise, sagacious, judicious, sensible, practical, discerning, guarded,
mindful, tactful, thrifty, economical, watchful, circumspect
Antonyms: imprudent, foolish
Tips & Usage: Prudent is often used to denote self-restraint in speech or behavior, as in "she maintained a
prudent silence." Prudent is synonymous with discreet and judicious. Prudent is best used to describe someone
who is wise, and also conservative in making decisions. A prudent decision is one that carefully assesses
potential consequences, while a judicious one is wise and shows sound thinking, with less focus on being
cautious. Discreet usually is more specific and describes someone who is very careful about not offending
people, which would also be considered prudent. The noun prudence refers to caution, discretion, or sound
judgment.
Usage Examples:
1. He was quite prudent in his spending habits and always had plenty of savings in the bank. (cautious,
sensible)
2. She was always prudent when giving criticism in order to not offend anyone. (guarded, tactful, discreet)
3. Her financial prudence was rewarded with growing investments. (good judgment, sagacity)
4. It is always prudent to have a firm contract in place before accepting a new job. (wise, sensible)
censure, admonish)
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3. She was so angry that she knew she had to wait until she had calmed down to reprove him, or her
Sententious-(adjective)-1. Tending to use too many maxims 2. Given to moralizing 3. Concise, but full of
meaning
Synonyms: pompous, showy, pretentious, bombastic, preachy, pithy, concise, succinct, meaningful, expressive
Antonyms: meaningless, verbose
Tips & Usage: Sententious can be either a critique or a compliment. When used as a critique, it usually refers to
someone who is pretentious in his use of maxims and wise sayings. Or, it can be used to describe someone who
is overly dogmatic. As a compliment, sententious is used to describe someone who is clear and to the point.
Sententious is used more often as a critique.
Usage Examples:
1. Angelas boss welcomed her sententious comments, which were succinct and to the point. (meaningful,
pithy)
2. He makes all those sententious remarks and uses clichd maxims just to appear clever and important.
Synthesis-(noun)-1. The combining of various elements into a unified whole 2. In chemistry, the forming of
chemical compounds through a series of chemical reactions 3. The process of reasoning by deduction from the
general to the specific
Synonyms: creation, combination, formation, mixture, compound, composition, union
Antonyms: separation, destruction
Tips & Usage: Synthesize is derived from the Greek term suntithenai, meaning "to put together." In synthesis,
different elements come together to form a unified whole. The related verb synthesize means "to combine or
integrate."
Usage Examples:
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1. The synthesis of all the information we have gathered should provide us with a definitive theory.
(combination)
2. Please synthesize the data into a concise report. (combine, integrate)
3. The artist's paintings are an interesting synthesis of Abstraction and Impressionism. (union, combination)
4. The synthesis of our various ideas created a truly unique marketing strategy for our client. (mixture, union)
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Section 17 Test
1. I would like to give your firm the business, but I just cant give my ____________ to this proposal.
2. Her personal belief system included the ____________ "Theres more to life than work."
3. My boss ____________ me for coming in late this morning.
4. His answers to the questions were _____________ and provided no substantive insights of his beliefs.
5. My business plan is ____________ to the one used by my former company. However, mine is more
industry-specific.
6. He was able to save plenty of money for retirement because of the ____________ spending habits he
my nerves.
12. I dreaded going to the party because I knew I would be drawn into ______________ conversation about
challenge.
18. Before you make your decision, think through it carefully; it ___________ you to give this ample
consideration.
19. Her _____________ ability to know what I was going to say, before I said it, was unnerving at times.
20. He was very concerned about his ______________ and how people would remember him when he left.
21. These ideas should be ________________ in a proposal we will present to the client.
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22. It was clear from his nervousness that his speech was ___________________ and unrehearsed.
23. It took me awhile to learn all of the _______________ details of the plan.
24. The scholarship helped to _____________ some of my college expenses.
25. I was happy to earn a promotion and a pay raise, making my salary _______________ with my work
experience.
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273
Section 18 Lessons
Abate-(verb)-1. To reduce something 2. To become less or gradually reduce in amount or intensity 3. To put an
end to something
Synonyms: reduce, diminish, lessen, decline, subside, ebb, moderate, decrease, soften, relieve, annul, nullify,
suspend
Antonyms: intensify, increase, enlarge, expand
Tips & Usage: Abate's literal meaning comes from the Old French word abatre, meaning "to beat down." Think
of suppressing or pushing something back by beating it down. You will often hear the word abate used to
describe rain or stormy conditions as the rain or storm begins to let up or stop. You may also hear the word
abate used to describe the quieting or slowing down of any kind of upheaval or political unrest. Finally, you
may see abate used to describe a reduction in taxes or a legal sentencing. The related noun abatement denotes a
reduction, alleviation, or decrease.
Usage Examples:
1. He had a very bad temper, and it was difficult to abate his anger once he was in a bad mood. (diminish,
soften, lessen)
2. The abatement of taxes will be a relief to those families with financial difficulties. (reduction, decrease)
3. The high court ruled to abate the previous verdict and set the man free. (nullify, suspend)
4. As soon as the rain had abated, the kids ran outside to play. (subsided)
Ancillary-(adjective)-1. Describing something that is added, but is not essential 2. Of less importance than
something or someone else 3. Providing support for or assisting someone
Synonyms: additional, supplementary, auxiliary, secondary, subordinate, subsidiary, supportive, extrinsic
Antonyms: primary
Tips & Usage: Ancillary came from the Latin word ancilla, which means "handmaid" and is the feminine form
of the word anculus, which means "manservant." The original meaning of the word was that of a subordinate, or
someone who assists another person in a position or profession. It has also come to mean anything additional
and secondary. Ancillary can also be used as a noun to mean any subordinate part or someone who is in a (nontechnical) support position.
Usage Examples:
1. In addition to our core service offering, there are some ancillary services we can sell to our clients.
(additional, supplementary)
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2. I think we have a solid case, but there are some ancillary arguments we could make. (additional,
supplementary)
3. We couldn't have completed this project without the ancillary support of our temporary staff. (auxiliary,
secondary)
4. James is only in an ancillary position and probably won't be much help. We should go directly to his
(annoy, harass)
Caustic-(adjective)-1. Very sarcastic or bitter in tone 2. Corroding or eating away by chemical action
Synonyms: sarcastic, bitter, scathing, biting, harsh, virulent, acrimonious, corroding, corrosive
Antonyms: kind, soothing, soft
Tips & Usage: Although caustic is most commonly used as an adjective, it can also be a noun used to denote a
chemical substance that corrodes. Caustic is derived from the Latin term kaiein, meaning "to burn." Think of
harsh words that burn or scathe. For a memory trick, note how caustic sounds like cause sick. Now, imagine
that someone used caustic language to criticize youthe words were so harsh they "caused you to be sick."
Usage Examples:
1. Her caustic comments have caused most of her coworkers to dislike her. (scathing, virulent)
2. The D.A. caustically denounced the companys corrupt business practices and vowed to punish those
3. The comedian's caustic jokes made some people laugh, but offended others. (sarcastic, biting)
4. The caustic substance burned a hole right through the metal container. (corrosive)
Continuity-(noun)-1. The quality of being consistent and uninterrupted throughout 2. Something that stays
consistent throughout 3. A detailed film script used to ensure consistency throughout
Synonyms: constancy, continuousness, succession, smoothness, flow, unity, consistency, cohesion
Antonyms: break, interruption, inconsistency
Tips & Usage: The word continuity is often used in marketing to denote consistency between broadcast and
print advertising campaigns, as well as other marketing efforts. Continuity ensures that all parts of a campaign,
film, or other venture are unified and cohesive. Continuity is related to the word continuecontinuity allows
things to continue and be consistent without interruption. The related adjective congruent means "consistent or
compatible." If two things are congruent, they most likely have continuity.
Usage Examples:
1. The company was unhappy with its ad campaign because it felt that there was no continuity between the
print and broadcast advertising. The two had very different styles. (flow, constancy)
2. Although I have officially resigned, Im going to stay on until the new manager has been trained and
4. There is no continuity in my professor's lectures. He seems to jump from one subject to another without
(behavior, disposition)
Tips & Usage: Something that ensues comes next, following the thing that came before. Ensue is often used as a
more sophisticated way of saying "follow." For example, "The witness said they first had a verbal argument and
then a fight ensued (followed)." The adjective ensuing means "following, resulting, or consequent."
Usage Examples:
1. This news could ensue in a huge increase in the price of our stock. (result)
2. After the jury read the verdict, cheering and shouting ensued in the courtroom. (followed, occurred)
3. Everyone was offended by the attorneys comments in court, and his ensuing statement to the press
Extraneous-(adjective)-1. Not essential or important 2. Not relevant to the matter at hand 3. Coming from
outside
Synonyms: nonessential, irrelevant, immaterial, incidental, ancillary, external, exterior, foreign, outside
Antonyms: relevant, inherent, germane, pertinent
Tips & Usage: Extraneous refers to something that is beside the point and really has nothing to do with the topic
of conversation or matter at hand. Extra means "outside." Therefore, something extraneous is outside of
importance or relevance.
Usage Examples:
1. That issue was completely extraneous to the debate and really only caused confusion. (irrelevant,
immaterial, unnecessary)
2. Unfortunately, extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photo. (outside, external)
3. Most of the information in your lecture notes seems to be extraneous; you should have just stuck to the
nonessential)
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Usage Examples:
1. Connecting well with clients has always been his forte; thats what makes him such a great account
Harness-(verb)-1. To control and direct something for a purpose 2. To keep something in check 3. To put a
harness (straps) on an animal
Synonyms: tame, control, reign in, subdue, suppress, restrain, yoke, hitch
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: As a noun, a harness is a support for a person's body or straps put on an animal to be attached to
a cart. As a verb, to harness something means "to reign it in" and "control it." For example, "harness your anger
into something positive," or "harnessing the energy from solar power."
Usage Examples:
1. Youve got to find a way to harness your temper, because you cant go flying off the handle in meetings
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2. With the economy showing incipient signs of recovery, consumers are regaining their confidence in the
nascent)
4. Democracy is incipient in the Middle Eastgive it some time to take hold. (just beginning)
Insulate-(verb)-1. To protect something or prevent the transfer to heat, cold, or sound by surrounding it in
insulating materials 2. To isolate or set apart
Synonyms: cover, protect, cushion, encase, shield, isolate, separate, sequester
Antonyms: expose
Tips & Usage: Insulate is derived from the Latin term insula, meaning "island." Think of the way an island
stands alone in the middle of the ocean. A person who insulates himself tries to be isolated from others or from
something potential harmful. To insulate is essentially to protect from harm or damage. The noun insulation is
the act of protecting something or the state of being protected. Insulation also denotes a material used to prevent
the transmission of heat or electricity.
Usage Examples:
1. He left the country on vacation in order to insulate himself from the negative publicity surrounding the
(shield, protect)
3. The builders used high-tech insulation to prevent the house from becoming too cold in the winter or too
Leverage-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. A strategic advantage with the power to act effectivelythe power to get things
done 2. The mechanical advantage gained by using a lever 3. The borrowing of money for investments (v.)-1.
To provide or supplement with leverage 2. To use leverage for one's advantage 3. To borrow money for
investment
Synonyms: (n.) advantage, effectiveness, power, influence, clout, weight, force, support, pull, (v.) fund, borrow,
benefit, profit, supplement, invest
Antonyms: (n.) disadvantage, hindrance, weakness
Tips & Usage: Think of the way you would use a lever to make a task easier. This is known as leverage. Thus,
leverage refers to anything used to one's advantage to make something easier. In business and finance, when
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you leverage an asset to borrow money, you are doing so to make even more money through investment. So,
you leverage what you already have to gain even more.
Usage Examples:
1. We hired the lobbyists for their reputation of being able to exert great political leverage. (influence,
clout, force)
2. We must leverage our funds to buy the equipment we need so that our business can continue to grow.
(supplement, invest)
3. The great review I received from my client should give me some leverage when I ask for a raise.
(advantage, support)
4. Right now, the client is really happy with our work; let's see if we can leverage this goodwill to create
Merit-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. An admirable quality or attribute 2. The facts of a case (v.)-1. To be worthy or
deserving of something
Synonyms: (n.) worth, value, advantage, excellence, goodness, virtue, distinction, ability, honor, (v.) warrant,
deserve, earn
Antonyms: (n.) fault
Tips & Usage: Merit is derived from the Latin term meritum, meaning "price, value." If something is merited, it
is warranted or deserving of something.
Usage Examples:
1. Your comments certainly have merit, and Ill be sure to incorporate them into the report. (value, worth)
2. Our investment portfolio merits our time and attention since its so important to our future. (warrants,
deserves)
3. There is no merit to this lawsuit, and I'm sure the judge will throw it out. (worth, virtue)
4. My doctor touted the merits of taking a daily multi-vitamin. (advantages, values)
1. He was obdurate in his demands, and there was nothing I could do to change his mind. (unyielding,
inflexible)
2. He strongly believed in the new policy and took an obdurate stance in its support. (firm, rigid, hard-
headed)
3. The President remains obdurate about his tax cuts and will not consider any recommendation that rolls
Perennial-(adjective)-1. Lasting for an indefinite amount of time 2. Recurring again and again 3. In botany,
lasting for several years, and blooming again and again
Synonyms: eternal, enduring, constant, repeating, recurrent, durable, long-lasting
Antonyms: short-lived, temporary, fleeting, annual
Tips & Usage: A plant that produces flowers year after year is referred to as a perennial. Thus, something
described as perennial occurs again and again and is enduring.
Usage Examples:
1. We seem to have a perennial problem when it comes to having enough money set aside for Christmas
constant)
3. I'm planning on planting some perennial plants in my garden so I can enjoy their flowers year after year.
Preempt-(verb)-1. To prevent someone from doing something by doing it first, or by doing something else that
would make it impossible or unnecessary for the other person to do what he intended 2. To take the place of
something less important
Synonyms: usurp, seize, occupy, stake claim, forestall, prevent, hinder, replace, substitute
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: The adjective preemptive refers to something designed to deter or prevent an anticipated
situation. Preemptive is a term that's often used in business, especially marketing, when companies preempt
another company's marketing efforts by "getting there first." Preempt is also used when TV stations preempt
(replace) regular programming with something special or more important.
Usage Examples:
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1. The retailer saturated the market with new stores in an effort to preempt its competitor from moving into
press. (preventative)
3. The station preempted my favorite TV show with a speech from the President. (replaced, substituted)
4. The Federal Reserve will often raise interest rates in an attempt to preempt inflation. (forestall, prevent)
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Salient-(adjective)-1. Notable, relevant, and most important 2. Having a quality that calls attention to itself 3.
Projecting out of something at an angle
Synonyms: important, notable, remarkable, noticeable, conspicuous, striking, protruding, pronounced,
prominent
Antonyms: unremarkable, uninteresting, inconspicuous, unobtrusive
Tips & Usage: Salient comes from the Latin term salire, meaning "to jump." Picture a girl named Sallie jumping
out of a cake. This is a notable and remarkable event. Now, picture how Sallie protrudes out of that cake. This
picture encompasses both meanings of the word salientremarkable/protruding. In business, you may say: "I
only want to focus on the most salient (important, noteworthy, remarkable) points." Salient can also be a noun
denoting an angle or part that protrudes. The related noun salience means "prominence or visibility" and is often
used in advertising and marketing discussions.
Usage Examples:
1. Good advertising can make a brand more salient in the minds of consumers. (notable, pronounced)
2. Consumer food companies try to achieve salience through convenient product placement in
(consistently)
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2. Well have to systematically go through our old invoices to find the billing discrepancy. (orderly,
methodically)
3. They conducted a systematic investigation to uncover the truth. (organized, methodical)
4. Fortunately, the city agency has become more systematic in the way it processes forms. Therefore, it
(common, universal)
2. We often take things that are ubiquitous for granted, until they disappear. (everywhere, allover,
prevalent)
3. Advertising has become so ubiquitous that you cant walk down a street without seeing an ad.
(prevalent, common)
4. If you travel around the world, you quickly find that English is becoming more and more
Tentative-(adjective)-1. Unsure, hesitant, or showing a lack of confidence 2. Not finalized, not fully worked
out
Synonyms: doubtful, uncertain, hesitant, provisional, conditional, probationary, indefinite
Antonyms: definite, final, permanent
Tips & Usage: Tentative has its roots in the Latin term temptare, meaning "to feel or try." When you're "feeling
something out" and are unsure about it, you are tentative about the decision. Likewise, if an idea or plan is
tentative, it hasn't been fully worked out and is still temporary. The adverb tentatively is often used to describe a
scheduled meeting that is not 100% certain to occur: "We are tentatively scheduled to meet at 3:00 pm, but I'm
still waiting for confirmation."
Usage Examples:
1. The two companies signed a tentative agreement until further details of the arrangement could be
2. She was tentative about accepting the job offer because it meant having to move to a different city.
(uncertain, hesitant)
3. The two friends made tentative plans to have dinner on Friday night because they weren't sure what time
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Section 18 Test
clients.
4. He had a very calm and collective ______________ that put people at ease when they were around him.
5. I was having some _______________ thoughts during the discussion, and unfortunately I missed some
compromise further.
7. Were going to have to launch our product sooner than originally planned if we want to __________ the
thinking.
17. He had a very ________________ approach to packing that ensured he never forgot anything when he
traveled.
18. We dont have time to train an inexperienced employee. We have to hire someone with the
managers.
20. Our proposal is still in its ___________ stage and will require much more work before we can present it
to the client.
21. She has difficulty getting along with coworkers and frequently directs __________ comments at them.
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22. Although Ive tried to ___________ myself from inter-office gossip, sometimes its impossible to avoid
hearing rumors.
23. Mike has a friendly relationship with the company president and tries to _____________ this alliance to
his advantage.
24. My husband is a great chef, and the kitchen has always been his ________________.
25. My boss was __________________ to give the annual year-end summary to the board.
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289
Section 19 Lessons
Abrasive-(adjective)-1. Harsh and disagreeable in manner 2. Harsh and aggressive in action
Synonyms: disagreeable, aggressive, harsh, sharp, rigorous, grating, offensive, irritating, rough, coarse
Antonyms: soft, pleasant
Tips & Usage: The word abrasive can also be used as a noun referring to a substance used to polish surfaces,
like a household cleaner. Therefore, the adjective form of abrasive describes something or someone harsh,
grating, or aggressive, whether in composition or temperament. The related word abrasion is a noun and refers
to skin that has been torn or worn off due to injury.
Usage Examples:
1. He has an abrasive personality that offends most people he meets. (disagreeable, aggressive)
2. I think you'll need an abrasive to clean that stain from the sink. (harsh cleanser)
3. The reporter offended the politician with the abrasive manner in which she asked her questions.
aggressive)
Acumen-(noun)-1. Experience or expertise in something 2. The ability to make good judgmentskeen insight
Synonyms: insight, shrewdness, discernment, sagacity, intelligence, keenness, acuity
Antonyms: obtuseness, slowness, denseness
Tips & Usage: Acumen comes from the Latin word acuere, meaning "to sharpen." When you have good
acumenin business, for exampleyou have a sharp and keen intellect, especially in a specific field or subject
matter. Acumen is often used as a more sophisticated way of saying "skills or expertise." For example,
financial acumen, political acumen, and marketing acumen. The synonym acuity can be also be used to denote
sharp intellect, but is often used in reference to "sharpness of vision," or keen insight.
Usage Examples:
1. There will be a good deal of number crunching on this project, and well need someone with great
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4. Her legal acumen will be of great value if she wins the Senatorial campaign. (insight, intelligence)
regaining confidence in the economy, but it will be another month before the economic data comes in to
confirm this. (illustrative, interpretive)
2. He told us a couple amusing anecdotes about his trip to France and how he was treated as an American
secondhand)
4. She had some funny anecdotes about her experiences in a college sorority. (stories)
(careless, negligent)
2. She was a great CEO who maintained a balance between being overly conservative and overly cavalier
negligent)
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4. I decided I couldn't work with him because I thought he was too cavalier and wasn't prudent enough in
his work in one city and his family life in another. (separated, organized)
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Continuum-(noun)-A continuous series of things that blend into one another seamlessly so that it's impossible
to tell where one ends and the next begins
Synonyms: continuation, perpetuity, range, gamut
Antonyms: separation, distinction
Tips & Usage: A continuum is a continuous whole, though it is made up of separate parts. A continuum is
something that changes gradually and has no clear dividing points or lines, although its extremes are quite
different. Think of the way the colors in a rainbow continue, or blend, into one another, forming a continuum of
color. Continuum can also be used to describe a series or range of things in one line or category. Think,
continue or continuous.
Usage Examples:
1. Although we mark points in our life with birthdays and holidays, the progression of life is a continuum,
with days, months, and years blending into one another far too quickly. (continuation, perpetuity)
2. One's education doesn't end with graduationit's a lifelong continuum. (continuation, perpetuity)
3. With the endless continuum of personal computers to choose from, you should have little problem
Demographic-(noun, adjective)-(n.)-1. A statistic, like sex, age, or income, that characterizes human
populations (adj.)-1. Relating to demography
Synonyms: (n.) characteristic, statistic (with regard to population), group
Antonyms: psychographic
Tips & Usage: Demographics are used in censuses and surveys to characterize groups of the human population.
Demographics are factual statistics, unlike psychographics, which are behavioral statistics.
Usage Examples:
1. Our target demographic for this product is active females between the ages of 17 and 25. (characteristic,
group)
2. The geographic segment is the Southern United States, and the demographic segment is farmers between
on our economy when they begin collecting entitlements like Social Security and Medicare. (statistical)
4. We are seeing major demographic changes as more people from around the world immigrate into the
Diligence-(noun)-1. Conscientiousness in paying proper attention to a task and being very thorough 2. Hard
and persistent effort when doing a task
Synonyms: industriousness, thoroughness, conscientiousness, application
Antonyms: carelessness, neglect
Tips & Usage: Diligence is a characteristic that you would like to see in an employee. The term due-diligence is
used to describe thorough research and planning for a deal or a case. Diligent is a related adjective that means
"hardworking, industrious, and thorough."
Usage Examples:
1. Larry's care and diligence won him many promotions and the respect of his boss. (industriousness,
thoroughness)
2. It is important for us to do our due-diligence on this project; we cant overlook anything or make any
Enumerate-(verb)-1. To individually list things one by one 2. To count the number of things in something
Synonyms: specify, list, recite, recount, count, itemize, number, tally
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Enumerate has its roots in the Latin word for number. When you enumerate points or details,
you recount them in a list.
Usage Examples:
1. The mechanic enumerated the list of things that were wrong with the car. (listed, cited)
2. After her boss enumerated the number of times she had been late for work that month, he warned her
(list, recount)
4. He enumerated the many benefits of investing in the company 401K plan. (listed, recited)
Extrapolate-(verb)-To draw knowledge or conclusions about something unknown by using known facts
Synonyms: infer, derive, generalize, project
Antonyms:
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Tips & Usage: Extrapolate is also a mathematical term meaning "to estimate a value that falls outside the
known range or values." Extrapolate is often used in statistical analysis. In business or general discussions, you
can use the word extrapolate as a way of saying "anticipate or project" future trends based on current
experiences.
Usage Examples:
1. Surveys and polls extrapolate information from a small sampling of people in order to make
project)
3. From the story he just told, we can extrapolate that he was the hero of the day. (infer)
4. Unfortunately, with only a few people giving us input, we will not be able to accurately extrapolate
sure you have the fortitude to follow your dreams and make the business a reality. (courage, moxie)
3. Lacking the fortitude to stand up for himself, Max was often the victim of his boss's disrespectful
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(complete, total)
integrated)
2. Although we are currently a small business, I think that we should incorporate to allow for the growth of
merge)
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Tips & Usage: An insurgency essentially aims to take power away from those in control. One often hears this
term on the news during times of war. An insurgent is a rebel, someone involved in the insurgency.
Usage Examples:
1. Many businesses are afraid to invest in the country while the rebel insurgency is underway. (rebellion,
uprising)
2. An employee insurgency aimed at ousting executive management erupted when the management
(revolt, uprising)
4. The government is growing increasingly concerned about the escalating insurgency in that country.
(revolt, uprising)
lightness)
3. Though the memorial service was a solemn occasionsome of the speakers provided levity with a few
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Usage Examples:
1. I have him proofread all of my work because he is a meticulous editor who catches every spelling or
careful)
4. She has a "Type A" personality and meticulously fusses over every detail before throwing a party.
threatening)
2. The empty malls and shopping centers were an ominous sign that the economy was in a recession. (dire,
portentous)
3. An ominous silence fell upon the room just before the bad news was announced. (foreboding, gloomy)
4. The leak in our roof was an ominous sign that expensive repairs would have to be made. (foretelling,
warning)
kiss is often perfunctory and done with little thought or special notice between people who have just met.
Perfunctory can also be used to describe someone performing a task with little thought or consideration. This is
more from the Latin origin of "getting through something" with minimal effort. Perfunctory is a good critique of
someone who simply did the bare minimum to complete a task.
Usage Examples:
1. You could tell by the perfunctory manner in which he performed his job that he was ready to move on to
(superficial, halfhearted)
Persona-(noun)-1. The facade or personality that a person presents to the world 2. the role or character
portrayed by an actor
Synonyms: personality, character, guise
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: The word persona has the same origin as the words person and personality. The persona is what
a person wants the world to see, not necessarily what is truly on the inside. When we assume a persona, we are,
in many ways, acting a part.
Usage Examples:
1. When he heard the bad news, his whole persona changed from one of happiness and laughter to deep
sadness. (personality)
2. Ill admit that I have two completely different personas: one at work and another at home. (personalities,
characters)
3. Her private, shy side is completely at odds with her outgoing, public persona. (guise, personality)
4. Unfortunately, with politicians, you never really know if their public persona represents their true
Antonyms: quantitative
Tips & Usage: Something described as quantitative is something that is measurable in quantity and is usually a
more objective guideline than a qualitative measurement, which is based on subjective characteristics and
qualities.
Usage Examples:
1. Quantitative analysis is based on measurable criteria and is usually more objective than qualitative
and years of experience. You should consider qualitative attributes like personality and leadership skills.
(based on character or quality)
4. We will need to do some qualitative research in order to identify our needs for a more quantitative study.
(based on character)
(purposeful, firm)
2. Make no mistake about it, our new CEO is resolute in his determination to turn this company around.
(determined, unwavering)
3. Kate's resolute refusal to apologize to her brother put a huge rift in their relationship. (immutable, firm)
4. Her resolution to exercise more was difficult at first, but she soon found herself looking forward to her
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Tips & Usage: Simulate has its origins in the Latin word similis, meaning "like." This is also the origin of the
word similar. When something is simulated, an attempt is made to create a model or imitation of the thing being
represented in the simulation. With the onset of new media, we will see a lot more simulation of reality. For
human behavior, the word pretend is a better choice than simulate. Simulate is most often used in technical
situations.
Usage Examples:
1. The pilot simulated a maneuver he had learned in flight school the week before. (imitated, recreated)
2. There are several flight simulator games that simulate the experience of flying. (mimic, recreate)
3. The theme casinos in Las Vegas try to simulate the experience of everything from being in New York to
imitate, model)
uncommunicative, reserved)
Unilateral-(adjective)-1. Involving or decided by only one group or country 2. Tracing the lineage of only one
parent
Synonyms: independent, one-sided
Antonyms: bilateral, multi-lateral
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Tips & Usage: In foreign politics, the word unilateral is often used to describe a country that proceeds with an
action on its own, without consulting with other nations. Unilateral can also be used in business to describe a
person or group that acts independently.
Usage Examples:
1. That country's forces operated unilaterally, without the help of armed forces from other nations.
(independently)
2. You cant make unilateral decisions without consulting the group. (one-sided, independent)
3. The CEO made a unilateral decision, without the approval of the board of directors. (independent, one-
sided)
4. We often make unilateral decisions without consulting our parent company because it takes too long to
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Section 19 Test
1. Each part of the country has a slightly unique set of characteristics and population ______________ .
2. I dont think you realize it, but you can be awfully curt and _______________ toward people.
3. It seems like there is a never-ending _____________ of mobile phones with different features and
functionality.
4. Unfortunately, I think he lacks the _____________ to run this company.
5. Several countries have developed unique schemes for importing goods to America while
recommendations again?
13. We need to know quantitatively what the market really thinks about our new car. Right now all we have
to rely on is ____________ evidence based on short descriptions from people who have taken the car for
a test drive.
14. Real estate developers are creating computer programs that _____________ a tour of a house that hasnt
York office.
16. Tourists were warned against visiting the country during the rebel _________________.
17. The smoke from the volcano was an ________________ sign that an eruption was possible.
18. We have not received an official endorsement to move forward on the project, but there is a
sales.
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23. We usually do more definitive quantitative research after we do market discovery with ___________
research.
24. In order to meet our deadline, we will need a ________________ execution of our project plan.
25. When you have several projects going on at once, its difficult to __________________ and focus on
just one.
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Section 20 Lessons
Adaptation-(noun)-1. The process of adapting or adjusting to something 2. The change resulting from
adjusting to the environment or new circumstances 3. The modification of something into a new form for a
specific purpose
Synonyms: modification, adjustment, acclimation, conformation, alteration, change, variation, reworking
Antonyms: constancy
Tips & Usage: To adapt means "to change in order to suit different conditions or a new purpose." When
something adapts to its environment, it is said to undergo adaptation. Likewise, something that is reworked into
another form, like a book made into a play or film, is also called an adaptation. Something or someone that is
adaptable is willing or able to change to better suit different conditions.
Usage Examples:
1. The movie was an adaptation of a bestselling novel. (reworking, modification)
2. Many European countries have found the adaptation from their previous currency to the EURO difficult.
(change, adjustment)
3. Evolution occurs over millions of years as a result of adaptation to the changing environment.
(acclimation, conformation)
4. He was highly adaptable to change and therefore didn't mind working under a new boss. (willing, able,
well-suited, changeable)
Anomaly-(noun)-An irregularity or peculiarity that deviates from normal expectations and can be difficult to
identify or classifysomething odd or unusual
Synonyms: peculiarity, abnormality, deviation, oddity, irregularity, curiosity, discrepancy, exception, aberration
Antonyms: normalcy, constancy, regularity
Tips & Usage: Anomaly is often used in statistics to describe an occurrence that seems out of the norm or
unexplainable. See enigma for additional analysis of anomaly.
Usage Examples:
1. I dont think we need to worry about that happening again; it was just a onetime anomaly. (irregularity,
discrepancy)
2. I dont think we can explain the precipitous drop in sales last month. Now that sales have increased back
(irregularities, abnormalities)
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4. I have diligently researched every possible answer for why our network crashed, and I have come up
to keep their jobsmuch to the chagrin of the employees who were laid off. (dismay, confusion)
2. The executives moved forward with the plan, much to the chagrin of the advisory board that strongly
embarrassment, annoyance)
Compelling-(adjective)-1. Attracting interest and attention 2. Tending to drive or force something to happen
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commanding)
2. Everyone in the audience felt compelled to contribute to the actors charity organization. (induced, driven)
3. It was a compelling story, and I wanted to learn more details. (interesting, exciting)
4. Your Honor, we would like to retry the case, as we now have new and compelling evidence that we are
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Tips & Usage: Contrite is a more sophisticated way of describing feelings of regret. Contrition is a noun that
means repentance, apology, or regret. In Catholicism, the act of contrition is the act of asking God to forgive
your sins. Contrite is synonymous with penitent.
Usage Examples:
1. Many felt the politician's apology was not contrite enough and that he was only making the apology
(apology, regret)
3. Anyone can make a mistake; it's those who are contrite about their errors who are forgiven. (remorseful,
repentant)
4. Although I was angry at first, when I saw how contrite he was, I immediately forgave him. (apologetic,
regretful)
Duplicity-(noun)-1. The act or state of dishonesty and deception 2. The state of being twofold
Synonyms: deceit, insincerity, dishonesty, double-dealing, deception, guile
Antonyms: honesty, sincerity, truthfulness
Tips & Usage: The word duplicity is related to the word duplex, which refers to something having two parts.
So, duplicity (or a person being duplicitous) refers to two sides used to deceive. A spy is a perfect example of
duplicity, as a spy has to live two different lives. A duplicitous person will trick you by deception and having
"two faces." A two-faced (duplicitous) person will put on whatever face he needs to manipulate you. The related
verb dupe means "to fool, trick, deceive, or con." The related noun dupe refers to the person who was duped,
"tricked and deceived." For example, The poor dupes were duped into investing in the scam.
Usage Examples:
1. Im sensing duplicity on this dealIm not sure I trust them. (dishonesty, double-dealing)
2. A solid contract signed by both parties is the best way to prevent duplicity on either side of the deal.
(double-dealing, deception)
3. The degree of duplicity in the affair shocked all of Fred's friends, especially since he was thought to be
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representation)
3. The Prime Minister felt that sending an envoy would not be enough; he wanted to attend the meeting
attach, ambassador)
Exult-(verb)-1. To feel or express great joy or elation 2. To be triumphant over someone else's unhappiness
Synonyms: triumph, delight, celebrate, rejoice, revel, gloat
Antonyms: bemoan, lament, mourn
Tips & Usage: Exult comes from the Latin word exsultare, meaning "to leap or jump up." Think of someone
jumping up and down with joy or happiness over good news. That person is exulted (adj.). The noun exultation
refers to the extreme joy or triumph that is felt.
Usage Examples:
1. After hearing the "not guilty" verdict, the defense team jumped up and down and exulted in excitement.
(delighted, celebrated)
2. The CEO used his speech to the company to exult about his many accomplishments. (gloat, revel)
3. The team exulted in its win over its biggest rival. (triumphed, delighted, reveled)
4. I think the boss exults in her power too much; she seems to delight in putting fear into her employees.
Fortuitous-(adjective)-1. Happening by chance, especially as the result of a happy accident 2. Indicating good
fortune
Synonyms: accidental, coincidental, unexpected, lucky, happy, serendipitous
Antonyms: deliberate, actuated
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Tips & Usage: Although the original sense of the word fortuitous was "by chance" or "accidental," it makes
sense that it should mean "by happy or lucky chance." This makes sense because it originates from the Latin
word fors, meaning "luck." Fortuitous is synonymous with serendipitousboth words relate to unforeseen luck
or fortune that a person accidentally encounters. Fortuitous is a better adjective, while serendipity is a better
noun to use in the context of lucky accidents.
Usage Examples:
1. Our profits were increased by a fortuitous and unexpected drop in the cost of raw materials. (lucky,
serendipitous)
2. The early completion of the new hotel proved fortuitous, as several colleges had scheduled their spring
fortunate)
4. The unusually hot summer proved fortuitous for the manufacturer of portable air conditioners. (lucky,
fortunate)
(exaggeration)
2. Most of the analysts dismissed the CEOs prediction of burgeoning market share as hyperbole.
(exaggeration, overstatement)
3. Of course there was some hyperbole in his statement, but the company really does expect record growth
next year, and most of the numbers support his predictions. (embellishment, exaggeration)
4. Since Dave's stories were known to be full of hyperbole, his friends took everything he said with a grain
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who worked with the CEO trusted him implicitly. (unbelieving, suspicious)
2. Most people where incredulous when the politician conveniently failed to recall any of her previous
(disbelieving, questioning)
Integrate-(verb)-1. To make two or more parts into a united whole 2. To accept or become accepted into a
group
Synonyms: assimilate, blend, merge, unite, combine, mix, incorporate, desegregate
Antonyms: divide, split, separate, segregate
Tips & Usage: Integrate is derived from the Latin term integrare, meaning "to make whole." When two or more
things are integrated, they are brought together, as one. It is also a mathematical term referring to the calculation
of an integral.
Usage Examples:
1. We were able to create strong synergy by better integrating our different service offerings. (merging,
combining)
2. When companies follow a consistent marketing strategy by integrating their PR, advertising, and online
assimilate)
4. It can be difficult for people to integrate into a new culture or society. (assimilate, blend)
Synonyms: sluggish, listless, lethargic, lazy, lackadaisical, inactive, unhurried, leisurely, indifferent
Antonyms: active, spirited, energetic, lively
Tips & Usage: Languid originates from the Latin word languere, meaning "to feel weak or faint." Languid is a
great way to describe someone who is slow, lazy, and lethargic. The related verb languish means "to be
neglected or deprived" or "to steadily decline."
Usage Examples:
1. During the hot and languid summer, the kids spent numerous hours sitting leisurely by the pool. (lazy,
unhurried, leisurely)
2. It was clear by his languid demeanor that he was no longer interested in his work. (indifferent,
lackadaisical, listless)
3. He had been languid for several months, and his waistline showed it. (inactive, lazy)
4. She allowed her language skills to languish for many years, and it took some time for her Spanish to
(event, breakthrough)
4. He felt that moving and getting his own apartment was a major milestone in his life. (significant event)
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Tips & Usage: Onerous is closely related to the word onus, which means "burden." It describes anything that
imposes strain or hardship. In negotiating, you may hear someone say, "They don't want to make the terms so
onerous (difficult, burdensome, demanding) as to kill the deal."
Usage Examples:
1. Im going to have an onerous schedule during my next business trip; itll be a wonder if I get any sleep
weighty)
(pervade, saturate)
2. Once the announcement was made, the news quickly permeated the office. (flooded, pervaded)
3. The red wine quickly permeated the carpet fibers, and I knew the stain would be impossible to get out.
(penetrating, drenching)
Presumptive-(adjective)-1. Based on what's reasonable and probable enough to be thought true 2. Based on
presumption
Synonyms: assumptive, presumable, apparent, inferred, likely, probable
Antonyms: unlikely, improbable
Tips & Usage: When you presume something, you assume that it is true. If you are being presumptuous, you are
being excessively forward or bold in your assumptions. Something is said to be presumptive if there are
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reasonable grounds for its belief or acceptance. Presumptive is a rather formal term, and presumable or
presumed are more widely used.
Usage Examples:
1. Since the Senator is so far ahead in the polls, he is the presumptive nominee for President. (apparent,
presumed)
2. It was very presumptuous of you to assume that you had the right to approve the project without
who were both equally qualified for the position. (dilemma, uncertainty)
3. I've had two great offers, and I'm still in a quandary over which one to accept. (uncertainty, perplexity)
4. I have a major quandary: I am dating two great girls and both want to have an exclusive relationship
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Usage Examples:
1. Great teams are made of players who understand their respective role in winning games. (individual,
specific)
2. Since there are three companies working on this project, it is important that each organization
correspondingly)
4. Tom, Dick, and Harry went to their respective classes after meeting in the cafeteria for lunch. (own,
separate, individual)
Slander-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. The act of saying something false and damaging to a person's reputation 2. A false
statement that damages someone's reputation (v.) -1. To make a false and purposely malicious statement against
someone
Synonyms: (n.) defamation, smear, aspersion, (v.) defame, smear, malign, besmirch, denigrate, impugn
Antonyms: truth
Tips & Usage: While slander refers to any malicious, intentional, and damaging attack on a person or his or her
reputation, libel refers to slander in print. Both terms are more legally oriented than the related words defame,
smear, malign, besmirch, denigrate, vilify, and impugn. For a memory trick, note how slander sounds like
slammed her. Now think about how a writer could slander an actress in an article and how people would talk
about how the writer unjustly "slammed her" by spreading the nasty rumor, which was tantamount to slander.
Usage Examples:
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and would sue the paper for libel. (defaming, smearing, impugning)
Tandem-(adverb, noun)-(adv.)-1. One behind another (n.)-1. A close relationship between two or more people
or things that depends on cooperation 2. A bicycle with two seats and two sets of pedals, arranged one behind
the other
Synonyms: (adv.) closely, at the same time, in cooperation, together
Antonyms: (adv.) individually, separately
Tips & Usage: The phrase "in tandem" is often used to describe a close relationship between two or more
people or things. It is also used to describe two or more things happening together or at the same time.
Usage Examples:
1. Some of the team members think that we need to complete the New York project before we begin the
LA project, but I think we can proceed with both projects in tandem. (together, at the same time,
parallel)
2. My doctor wanted to run several blood tests in tandem. (together, at the same time, parallel)
3. The project manager wants our two teams to work in tandem on this project. (in cooperation, together)
4. My friend and I rented a tandem and rode it along the boardwalk at the beach. (two-seated bicycle)
Urbane-(adjective)-Showing sophistication and refinement, especially due to extensive travel and wide social
experience
Synonyms: sophisticated, refined, cosmopolitan, poised, polished, elegant, cultured, worldly, debonair, polite,
genteel
Antonyms: unsophisticated, unrefined, bucolic, boorish
Tips & Usage: The word urbane evolved from the word urban, which means "characteristic of a city or city
life." City living was thought to be sophisticated, thus the meaning. Someone who is urbane is well traveled and
has been to many cities, acquiring culture and sophistication from these travels.
Usage Examples:
1. He was an urbane gentleman who was conversant in the arts and music history. (cultured, sophisticated)
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2. On the exterior, he looked like a well-dressed and urbane businessman, but behind his facade was an
Section 20 Test
1. The movie about the teenage surfer girls was a modern _____________ of the old TV series Gidget.
2. The President signed the measure, much to the _____________ of the staff that pleaded with him to veto
the bill.
3. Increased competition and an ongoing price war created a major _____________ for the company.
4. Profits for automakers increased due to a ______________ drop in steel prices that no one had
predicted.
5. Profitability and positive cash flow are the two crucial _____________ that we need to meet this year.
6. Dont worry, it was just an _____________; I dont think it will ever happen again.
7. The politician demanded that the newspaper retract its negative article, or he would sue for
_____________ .
8. Its hard to believe the tough city kid from Brooklyn turned into such a sophisticated and ____________
business professional.
9. A new bullish attitude toward the stock market seems to have ________________ the country because
18. At first I didnt agree with her, but she delivered such a ____________ argument that I changed my
opinion.
19. Jims business plan was fraught with ________________ and misleading market analysis.
20. I cant believe he just assumed I was paying for his dinner; that was very _________________ of him.
21. With the increased investment in mobile technology, many analysts predict a ____________ market that
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320
Bonus Lessons
Ad hoc-(adjective, adverb)-Done for a specific purpose, without regard for larger or future issues
Synonyms: improvised, impromptu
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: When something is done for one, specific purpose, without regard for wider or future
application, it is considered ad hoc.
Usage Examples:
1. We did not have a plan in place for the inventory shortage, so we formed an ad hoc committee to
to write ad hoc code to solve the problem. (improvised, addressing the specific problem)
3. Jennifer trained for the marathon ad hoc because she knew she would never run another one.
problem-solving procedures)
2. The sales manager created a unique algorithm for his sales reps to use in identifying the best business
rule)
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4. The graphic designer created an algorithm for her assistant to use when creating a new page layout for
confirm)
4. We should ascertain that we have the right directions before heading out. (confirm, substantiate)
Buttress-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. Something that gives support 2. A support, usually made of stone or brick, which
supports a building (v.)-1. To support or reinforce something
Synonyms: (n.) support, prop, brace, bulwark, (v.) support, bolster, reinforce, strengthen, fortify
Antonyms: (v.) weaken, let down
Tips & Usage: Buttress can be used in the literal sense of giving support to something like a building, or it can
be used in the more figurative sense of giving support to a cause or idea. In the noun form, a modification or
addition which strengthens a case, argument, or plan can be referred to as a buttress.
Usage Examples:
1.
The new evidence helped to buttress the defense attorney's argument and won him the case. (bolster,
support, strengthen)
2. To buttress their recommendations, the team members presented market research that supported their
walls, rather than tear the whole thing down. (brace, bolster, reinforce)
week? (sympathize)
2. Our support group meets each month to commiserate over problems we have at work. (share sadness,
(expressing disgust)
3. Her comments were contemptible, and I can't possibly have any respect for her at this point. (shameful,
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4. I have nothing but contempt for people who are cruel to animals. (disrespect, scorn, disdain, dislike)
tech-support 8 hours a day, five days a week. (contrarily, on the other hand)
3. He was considered a great doctor by some, and conversely, as an out-of-control renegade by others. (on
the contrary)
4. If we do nothing to improve our sales, this company will fail. Conversely, our competition will thrive.
(contrarily)
(education, clarification)
2. I read the software manual from cover-to-cover for no reason other than my own edification.
(instruction, education)
3. I read books for pleasure rather than edification. However, I find that I usually learn something from
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Glean-(verb)-To collect and extract information about something over a period of time and often from multiple
sources
Synonyms: collect, gather, discover, derive, accumulate, extract, assemble, cull, garner
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Glean is an old farming term used to describe the gathering of stray bits and pieces of a crop that
remained after the fields were reaped. The same idea is used today to describe the gathering of facts and
information. To glean means "to gather facts in small quantities in order to piece together some information
over time." Glean is related to the word cull, which has its origin in selecting livestock. Where gleaning is
gathering information in small quantities from different sources, culling is selecting from a group what you
think is best or most appropriate. Glean is used most often to denote the gathering of information. Cull can also
be used to denote the selection of information, but is also used to mean culling (narrowing down, selecting,
picking) the best from a group or removing the bad.
Usage Examples:
1. I was able to glean some details of the new marketing strategy from their business plan, but I still don't
extract)
4. Through a series of brief conversations with my friends, I gleaned that their marriage was in trouble.
(gathered, derived)
Goad-(verb, noun)-(v.)-1. To provoke or try to incite someone to do something (n.)-1. Something, usually a
verbalization, used to get someone to do something
Synonyms: (v.) push, prompt, incite, bully, coerce, provoke, motivate, spur, prod, (n.) stimulus, incentive,
motivation, prod, jolt, spur
Antonyms: discourage
Tips & Usage: The original meaning of goad was "to prod an animal with a stick," and also referred to the stick
itself. Think of goading goats and trying to get them to move along or do something. Today, the meaning has
come to encompass any kind of prodding or prompting, but is used in a negative sensea sense of pushing
someone into doing something he or she doesn't really want to do. As a verb, goad should not be used to denote
positive encouragement or support. As a noun, however, a goad can be a motivator, in a more positive sense.
Usage Examples:
1. The group tried to goad Dale into singing karaoke by telling him he was a "chicken" if he didn't do it.
2. The President delivered several speeches intended to goad congress into enacting new legislation.
Gumption-(noun)-1. Good common sense and practical judgment 2. The courage and determination to take
action
Synonyms: sense, wisdom, sagacity, determination, initiative, fortitude, courage
Antonyms: stupidity, cowardice
Tips & Usage: To say that someone has gumption means that the person demonstrates self-motivation and
initiative to succeed. Someone with gumption has the ability and sound judgment to decide what is best in a
particular situation and to do it with determination. Gumption also denotes courage and the will to stand up and
do what is right.
Usage Examples:
1. You have to give the young manager credit for gumption, as he was not afraid to stand up and question
fortitude)
3. Kristi had the gumption to challenge her company's policies and was able to incite much needed change.
2. Andrew feels that the poor financial reports are indicative of a worsening economy. (suggestive,
denotative)
3. Her strong words were indicative of a bad mood, not her general demeanor. (suggestive, representative)
4. The recent meetings seem to be indicative of improved relations between the two countries. (suggestive,
denotative)
Insidious-(adjective)-1. Harmful and destructive in a slow and gradual way 2. Harmful and injurious, yet
enticing
Synonyms: cunning, devious, sinister, sly, subtle, treacherous, harmful, dangerous, injurious
Antonyms: obvious, apparent, innocuous
Tips & Usage: Insidious is derived from the Latin word insidere, meaning "to sit on" or "lie in wait." Something
that is insidious may not seem dangerous or harmful at first, but slowly spreads to become so. An insidious
disease, for example, is one that may not be detected until it has spread to the point of being fatal.
Usage Examples:
1. The company's insidious accounting practices had a gradually negative impact on profits. (injurious,
harmful)
2. Cancer is an insidious disease that often goes undetected until it is too late. (dangerous, sinister)
3. Drug addiction can gradually manifest itself in an insidious way. (subtle, sly, injurious)
4. The insidious gossip within our office has caused more problems than anyone might realize. (subtle,
Invariably-(adverb)-Almost always
Synonyms: regularly, consistently, always, constantly
Antonyms: never, sometimes
Tips & Usage: Invariably is a more sophisticated way to describe something that always happens.
Usage Examples:
1. No matter how hard he tries to remember, he invariably forgets his keys at least once a week.
(consistently, regularly)
2. When your arm is in a cast, people invariably want to know how your injury happened. (always,
consistently)
3. That airline has the worst track record for timeliness; it is invariably late. (regularly, always)
4. As soon as I start a new diet, someone invariably brings donuts into the office. (consistently, always)
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Usage Examples:
1. The proverbial key to success in the service industry is to remember that time is money. (widely known,
(captivating, fascinating)
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Usage Examples:
1. In addition to his hard work, I would say his success was in part due to serendipitythe proverbial
fortune, chance)
3. We didn't want to over-plan our trip because we wanted to leave ourselves open to serendipitous
coincidence)
We hired the accounting firm because everyone on the team was steeped in accounting knowledge and
experience. (full of)
2. After I finished studying for the Bar exam, I felt as if my brain was steeped with legal facts and
Triage-(noun, verb)-(n.)-1. The act of prioritizing and organizing emergency relief (v.)-1. to assign priority
based on where funds and resources are most needed and can best be used
Synonyms: prioritization, organization, sorting, allocation
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: Triage is mainly used in the context of providing and prioritizing emergency, especially medical
relief in the wake of a disaster, but can also be used in business to denote prioritizing important issues.
Usage Examples:
1. The bank will need to triage its loan books to identify its most important loans. (organize, prioritize)
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2. The venture capital firm triaged its most important investments and pulled out of the others. (prioritized)
3. The triage in the wake of the disaster ensured that those with the most chance of survival were given
(prioritize, allocate)
improper)
2. I thought his attire was unseemly and not fit for a formal party. (improper, inappropriate)
3. It was unseemly for her to borrow my lip gloss without asking. (rude, impolite)
4. His unseemly behavior embarrassed his date. (uncouth, rude, indecent)
Veritable-(adjective)-Absolute, true, and complete, usually indicating that something being referred to
figuratively is actually true
Synonyms: authentic, real, genuine, true, absolute, complete, bona fide, undeniable, unquestionable
Antonyms: doubtful, counterfeit, fake, unreal, untrue
Tips & Usage: Veritable comes from the Latin word veritas, meaning "truth." Veritable usually refers to
something figurative as actually being true. For example, the veritable low hanging fruit, or the veritable silver
bullet etc.
Usage Examples:
1. We've been told that this program is a veritable treasury of useful vocabulary words. (bona fide, true)
2. We have to pursue this marketit's a veritable orchard of low-hanging fruit. (absolute, undeniable)
3. For our holiday party last year, we transformed our house into a veritable replica of the North Pole.
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Visceral-(adjective)-1. Obtained through intuition and instinct rather than reasoning and observation 2.
Relating to the internal parts of the body
Synonyms: instinctive, emotional, intuitive, internal, deep
Antonyms:
Tips & Usage: A visceral reaction is a reaction "from the gut." You may respond to something based on instinct
and intuition, but not be able to explain why you feel a certain way. This is a visceral reaction.
Usage Examples:
1. I don't want to do business with him because I have a visceral distrust of the man. (instinctive, deep,
intuitive)
2. My initial, visceral response was to decline the job offer and wait for a better opportunity. (instinctive,
emotional)
3. I trust my instincts and rely on my visceral feelings to guide my decisions. (intuitive, instinctive)
4. I'm not sure why, but I have a visceral feeling that he is the right man for the job, so I'm going to hire
Wrangle-(verb, noun)-(v.)-1. To argue noisily for a long period of time 2. To get something through argument
(n.)-1. A long and/or noisy argument
Synonyms: (v.) quarrel, argue, bicker, squabble, (n.) dispute, argument
Antonyms: agree, settle
Tips & Usage: To help you remember the word wrangle, think of a Wrangler whose job is to herd and wrangle
cows and sheep. Cows and sheep don't always want to move, so you yell at them, herd them, and prod them
along. This is wrangling. Think of this when you use the word wrangle to describe an argument or an effort to
get someone to go along with your ideas.
Usage Examples:
1. I don't want to get involved, so I'll let the attorneys wrangle over the details of the dispute. (argue,
quarrel)
2. Democrats and Republicans spent most of the week wrangling over the details of the bill. (arguing,
bickering)
3. The lengthy legal wrangle finally ended with a settlement that both parties could live with. (dispute,
argument)
4. The political wrangle lasted well into the night, and when it was over, neither side had conceded.
(argument, dispute)
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Bonus Test
1. I think the key to success is an ______________ solution that we build on over time.
2. I dont think he will follow through with this without some ______________ on our part.
3. You had a bad day too; lets meet for a drink to _______________ over our day.
4. Our planned itinerary went out the door when we had to call an _____________ meeting to address the
crisis.
5. If you look at the companys history, you will see an ____________ pattern of running smaller
page.
7. You were able to land this great job by bumping into an old friend at the storetalk about
_______________.
8. It may take some time, but I will ultimately get my _____________ "day in court."
9. What do you think of the plan? Please be honest. Whats your ____________ feeling about this new
strategy?
10. The manufacturing company hired the consulting firm because they were _____________ with
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21. The investment firm developed several ______________ for profitably buying and selling foreign
currency.
22. We offer a comprehensive solution; ______________ our competitors offer only a limited solution.
23. Were you able to ______________ the exact time his plane is expected to arrive?
24. Would you mind elaborating on this subject for my own ________________.
25. His in-depth knowledge of many diverse subjects makes him a _______________ walking
encyclopedia.
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Assiduous 6
Assimilate 7
Astute 8
Audacity (audacious) 9
Augment 10
Auspicious 11
Autonomous (autonomy) 13
Avid 14
Banal 15
Begrudge 16
Behooves 17
Beleaguered 18
Benchmark 7
Benignant 20
Berate 1
Blas 2
Bode 3
Bombastic 4
Boon 5
Breadth 6
Brevity 7
Broach 8
Buoyant 1
Cadre 9
Caliber 10
Candid (candor) 11
Capitalize (capitalization) 13
Capitulate 14
Capricious (caprice) 12
Captivating, captive 16
Catalyst 17
Caustic 18
Cavalier 19
Caveat 3
Chagrin 20
Characterize 1
Circumspect 2
Circumvent 19
Clandestine 4
Clich 5
Coalesce 6
Coerce (coercion) 7
Cogent 8
Cognitive 9
Coherent (incoherent) 11
Cohesive 2
Cohort 13
Collateral 14
Collective 15
Command 16
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Commensurate 17
Commissioned 18
Compartmentalize 19
Compel compelling 20
Complacent 1
Compulsion 2
Concert (concerted) 3
Concerted 4
Concession (concede) 10
Concur 5
Condemn (condemned) 6
Condescend (condescending) 7
Confound 12
Congruent 8
Conjecture 9
Connote (connotation) 10
Consortium 11
Consternation 12
Construe (misconstrue) 13
Consummate (consummate) 14
Contemporary 15
Contentious 16
Context 17
Continuity 18
Continuum 19
Contrite 20
Contrive 1
Convene 9
Converge 2
Conversant 6
Conviction 3
Convolution 4
Copious 5
Correlation 6
Coupled 7
Cull 9
Culmination 10
Cursory 11
Curt 8
Dabble 12
Daunt (daunting) (undaunted) 13
Decimate 5
Deduce (deduction) 14
Deemed 15
Deference 16
Defray 17
Demeanor 18
Demographic 19
Demure 20
Depraved 1
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Deprecate 2
Desultory 3
Dichotomy 4
Dilapidated 6
Diligence (due-diligence), (diligent) 19
Discern (discerning) 7
Disconcerted (disconcert) 8
Discourse 9
Discovery 10
Discretionary (discretion) 11
Disparage 12
Disparate 13
Disparity 14
Disposed 15
Disseminate (dissemination) 16
Dogma 17
Dominion 18
Duplicity 20
Duress 1
Earnest 2
Eccentric 3
Eclectic 4
Effusive 6
Elicit 7
Elucidate 8
Elusive 9
Emphatic 10
Emulate 11
Enamor 12
Encroach 15
Endear 13
Endeavor 14
Endemic 5
Enduring (endure) 15
Engaging, (engage) 16
Enigma 17
Ensue 18
Enumerate 19
Envoy 20
Epiphany 2
Equanimity 3
Esoteric 4
Espouse 5
Euphemism 7
Euphoric (euphoria) 8
Exacerbate 10
Exasperated (exacerbated) 11
Expedient 12
Expedite 13
Expenditure 14
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Explicit, explicitly 15
Exponentially 16
Extemporaneous 17
Extraneous 18
Extrapolate 19
Exult 20
Facade 1
Facet 2
Facetious 3
Facilitate 4
Factor 5
Fallacy 7
Falter 8
Feasibility (feasible) 9
Fervent 10
Flaccid 11
Flagship 12
Flippant 13
Foment 14
Foregoing (forgo) 15
Foremost 16
Formidable 17
Forte 18
Fortitude 19
Fortuitous 20
Framework 1
Frank 2
Fraught 6
Frenetic 12
Frivolous 3
Fruition 4
Fundamental 5
Furtive 6
Gamut 7
Garner 8
Germane 9
Grapple (grappling) 11
Gratuitous 12
Gravity (grave) 13
Gregarious 14
Harness 18
Heed 8
Helm 16
Heterogeneous 17
Holistic 19
Hyperbole 20
Ideological 16
Idiosyncratic (Idiosyncrasy) 1
Illicit 4
Illusive (illusory) 5
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Impasse 15
Impede (impediment) 6
Imperative 8
Impetuous 9
Impetus 10
Implicit 11
Implore 7
Impress 12
Impugn 13
Inadvertent 14
Inane 15
Incensed 16
Incentive 10
Incessant 17
Incipient 18
Incorporate 19
Incredulous 20
Incumbent 1
Incur 2
Indigent 3
Indignant 4
Indolence 5
Induce 6
Inept 7
Influx 8
Infrastructure 9
Ingrained 10
Inherent 11
Innate 12
Innovative 13
Innuendo (insinuation) 14
Insatiable 15
Insipid 17
Insulate 18
Insurgency 19
Integrate, integration 20
Integrity 1
Interactive 2
Interim 3
Interject 4
Intermittently 5
Intrepid 6
Intricate 17
Intrinsic 7
Intuitive (intuition) 8
Inundated 9
Inveterate 10
Jaded 11
Jettison 12
Juxtaposed (juxtapose) (juxtaposition) 16
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Kudos 13
Laissez-faire 3
Lament (lamentation) 14
Latent 15
Laud 16
Legacy 17
Leverage 18
Levity 19
Loquacious 20
Lucid 1
Lucrative 2
Machiavellian 4
Magnanimous 5
Magnitude 6
Malcontent 7
Malign 8
Mandate 10
Mantras 11
Maxim 13
Meager 14
Mediate (mediator) 15
Menial 17
Merit verb. 18
Meticulously 19
Milestone 20
Mire 12
Mitigating, mitigate 1
Mollify 2
Moot 3
Mulling 4
Mundane 5
Myopic 6
Myriad 7
Nascent 8
Nebulous 9
Negate 10
Nepotism 11
Nexus 9
Niche 12
Novelty 13
Nuance 14
Nullify (annul) (null) 15
Obdurate 18
Obsolete 16
Obtuse (acute) 17
Ominous 19
Onerous 20
Onus 1
Opportune 2
Orchestrate 3
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Ostensibly 4
Ostentatious 5
Overt 6
Pander 7
Paradigm 8
Paradox 9
Paragon 10
Paramount 11
Parody 12
Paucity 14
Penchant 13
Pensive 15
Perceived 16
Perceptive (perception) 17
Perennial 18
Perfunctory 19
Permeate 20
Perpetuate 1
Persona 19
Personify 2
Perspective 3
Pertaining to 4
Pertinent 5
Peruse 6
Pervasive 7
Pinnacle 9
Placate 10
Placid 11
Poignant 12
Pragmatic 14
Precedent 15
Precipitous (precipitate) 13
Precursor 16
Preeminent 17
Preempt (preemptive) 18
Presumptive 20
Pretense 1
Pretentious 2
Prevalent prevailing 3
Pristine 4
Proactive (retroactive) 13
Prodigious 10
Profound 5
Profusion (profuse) 6
Prohibitive 7
Proliferate (proliferation) 14
Prolific 8
Prompting (prompt) 9
Propensity 11
Prosaic 12
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Prospect (prospecting) 13
Protocol 14
Provocative 15
Proximity 16
Prudent 17
Purported 18
Qualitative 19
Quandary 20
Quantify 1
Quantitative 2
Quintessential 3
Ramifications 4
Rancor 5
Rash 6
Rebuffed 7
Recant 8
Reconcile 9
Redeem (Redeeming ) 8
Regress 10
Reiterate 11
Relinquish 12
Remit 13
Rendered 14
Repertoire 15
Repository 16
Reprove 17
Requisite (prerequisite) 18
Resolute resolution 19
Resonate (resonant) (resonating) 15
Respective 20
Reticent 1
Revere 2
Rhetoric 3
Rhetorical 4
Rift 5
Robust 6
Rudimentary 7
Sagacity (sagacious) 9
Salient (salience) 18
Sanguine 11
Savvy 12
Scalability (scalable) 13
Scintillating 20
Seamlessly 14
Semblance 16
Sententious 17
Simulate 19
Slander 20
Solace 1
Sporadic 2
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Staid 6
Staunch 3
Steadfast 4
Stoic 5
Streamline (streamlined) 7
Stringent 8
Subjective 9
Subside 10
Substantive 11
Succinct 12
Superfluous 13
Supersede 10
Symmetry (asymmetrical) 15
Synergy (synergistic) 16
Synthesis 17
Systematically 18
Tacit 19
Tandem 20
Tantalizing 1
Tantamount 2
Temper 3
Tenacity (tenacious) 5
Tentative 18
Tenuous 6
Tenure (tenure) 7
Trepidation 4
Trite 9
Trivial (trivialize) 10
Tumultuous 11
Turn-key 12
Tutelage 13
Ubiquitous 18
Umbrage 15
Uncanny 17
Unilateral 19
Unprecedented 8
Unwitting 14
Urbane 20
Usurp 16
Utilization 1
Vacillate 2
Vehement 3
Veracity 4
Verbose 5
Vernacular 6
Viable (vie) 7
Vigilant 8
Vigor 9
Vilify 10
Vindicate 11
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Waning (wane) 13
Wary 14
Wrest 15
Wry 16
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