Digital Communications

UNIT I
Objective questions
1. Define the term Signals.
2. Define the term Systems.
3. Define the term Signal Space.
4. Define Bandpass signals and system.
5. Define Baseband signal &system.
6. Give the basic difference between Analog and Digital communication.
7. State Sampling Theorem.
8. What is impulse sampling, Natural sampling
9. Define Pulse code Modulation.
10. In what way PCM is different from other Modulation?
11. What is the meaning of Quantization?
12. Define uniform Quantization
13. Define nonuniform Quantization.
14. What is meant by Quantizing Noise?
15. How Delta modulation is different from PCM?
16. Which two noises are occurred in Delta modulation?
17. What is meant by coherent?
18. What is meant by non coherent?
19. Write the advantages and disadvantages of a digital communication system.
20. Explain the difference between baseband transmission and bandpass transmission.
Subjective questions
1. Draw and explain the block diagram of Delta modulation
2. What are the different types of quantizer?
3. Explain the concept of companding.
4. Explain coherent binary PSK with the help of transmitter & receiver.
5. Explain coherent binary FSK with the help of transmitter & receiver.
6. Derive the expression for probability of error in coherent FSK
7. Explain the properties of matched filter.
8. Explain the concept of matched filter.
9. Derive the expression for probability of error in QPSK
10. Draw the signal space diagram for QPSK and find Euclidean distance.
11. Derive the expression for probability of error in coherent BPSK
12. Explain the difference between correlator and matched filter.
13. Draw the block diagram of DPSK system. Explain the working by means of
suitable diagram
14. Write short note on QPSK.
15. Explain the PCM system.
16. Explain concept of Quantizing in PCM.

17. Explain concept of multiplexing in PCM.

18. Explain concept of repeaters in PCM.
19. Explain use of TDM in PCM
20. Give the expression for S to quantization noise ratio for PCM system. Hence prove
that (S/N)dB =(4.8+6v)dB
21. Explain coherent MSK with the help of transmitter & receiver.
22. Derive the expression for probability of error in coherent MSK.
23. Draw the signal space diagram for MSK
24. Draw the waveforms related to MSK.
25. Derive the expression for probability of error in coherent QPSK

UNIT II
Objective questions
1.
2.
3.
4.

Define the Information Theory.

Give the name of different types of Compact code.
Give the formula for entropy?
Explain discrete communication channel and its expression for information
content?
5. Explain continues communication channel and its expression for information
content.?
6. What is p (xi / yj)?
7. How will you write mutual information exchange?
8. Write expression for discrete channel capacity?
9. The formula for information measure is ---?
10. Define the term Rate.
11. Define the term Distortion.
12. Define the term Rate distortion.
13. What is the difference between scalar and vector quantization?
14. Explain binary symmetric channel.
15. Derive expression for discrete channel capacity?
16. What are the conditions to be satisfied by hamming codes?
17. Avg. information content per symbol is called --?
18. For long distance communication it is necessary to generate ---- signals to suit to
transmission medium?
19. The information content is always a ------ quantity?
20. Explain information from Scientific point of View.
Subjective questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What is prefix?
Explain prefix code with the help of example
Derive Shannons channel capacity theorem
Give the significance of Shannons channel capacity theorem.
Write short note on: LZ coding
Consider the binary sequence:
101011010010011101010000110011101010001101.Using LZ coding Encode this
sequence.
7. Consider the binary sequence: 10011101010000110011101010001101.Using LZ
coding Encode this sequence if 1 and 0 are already in dictionary.
8. Write short note on: Scalar Quantization.
9. Explain the concept of vector Quantization with mathematical expression.
10. Consider the BSC with P(x1)= as shown in fig. Show that mutual information is
I(X,Y)=H(Y)+p log p+(1-p)log(1-p)
(1-p)
p
p
(1-p)

11. A zero memory source emits messages x1, x2,x3 with probabilities 0.9,0.02 and
0.08 resp. Find the optimum binary code for this source as well as for its 2 ndOrder
extension (i.e. N=2). Determine code efficiency in each case.
12. Explain distortion, Rate-Distortion R(D) and Distortion rate D(R) functions.
13. Calculate the limiting value for a discrete memoryless Gaussian source
14. Interpret the following entropies H(X),H(Y),H(X|Y),H(Y|X)and H(XY)
15. Find the channel capacity of the BSC shown in figure:
Pe

X1

Y1

Pe
Pe

X2

Y2

Pe

16. Consider a binary input ,output channel shown below

0.8

X1
X2

0.2
1

Y1
Y2

0.3
X3

0.7

Y3

Find H(X),H(Y),H(X|Y),H(Y|X)and H(XY)

17. A discrete memoryless source has an alphabet of seven symbols with probabilities
0.25,0.25,0.125,0.125,0.125,0.0625,0.0625 resp. Compute Huffman code for this
source, calculate entropy, avg. codeword length & variance of this code.
18. Explain the source coding theorem.
19. A discrete memoryless source has an alphabet of seven symbols with probabilities
0.3,0.20,0.16,0.14,0.10,0.02,0.08 resp. Compute Huffman code for this source,
calculate entropy, avg. codeword length & variance of this code.
20. Derive the expression for condition of maximum entropy.
21. A zero memory source emits messages x1, x2with probabilities 0.8,0.2 resp.
Find the optimum binary code for this source as well as for its 2 nd and 3rdOrder
extension (i.e. N=2 & N=3). Determine code efficiency in each case.
22. A zero memory source emits messages x1, x2,x3 with probabilities 0.45,0.35 and
0.20 respectively. Find the optimum (Huffman) binary code for this source as well
as for its 2ndOrder extension (i.e. N=2). Determine code efficiency in each case.

UNIT III
Objective questions
1. In ADPCM, give the types of adaptive quantizer.
2. In ADPCM, AQF required which three things.
3. Give the name of encoding techniques in frequency subband.
4. In subband coding, what is meant by quadrature mirror filter(QMF)?
5. What is use of adaptive transform coding(ATC)?
6. Define the term White Gaussian noise.
7. In LPC, what is the use of speech synthesizer?
8. Explain the term Image compression .
9. Explain the term data compression.
10. In Image compression ,explain lossless technique.
11. In Image compression ,explain lossy technique.
12. Define the term data redundancy.
13. Give the name of three types of data redundancy in image compression.
14. Define the term data compression.
15. Which two different data compression algorithms are used ?
16. Explain the meaning of JPEG.
17. Explain the Meaning of MPEG
18. Differentiate between subband coding & transform coding.
19. Differentiate between Lossy & Lossless compression.
20. Explain the concept of Quadrature mirror filter.
Subjective questions
1. Discuss in detail image compression model
2. Explain JPEG standard for Image compression in detail.
3. Explain MPEG standard for Image compression in detail.
4. Explain adaptive sub-band coding methods
5. Write short notes on:- Linear predictive coding
6. Write short notes on:- ADPCM
7. Explain the LP coding with mathematical analysis
8. Explain CELP coding
9. Compare LP and CELP coding
10. Explain the advantages of MPEG coding
11. Explain transform coding methods
12. Give the model of digital communication system.

UNIT IV
Objective questions
1. Give the concept of Basis Function in Digital communication.
2. What do you mean by Orthogonal Basis function?
3. What do you mean by Orthonormal Basis Function?
4. Explain the term optimum in digital communication.
5. Explain the term correlators.
6. What is the application of Gram Schmidth orthogonalization procedure?
7. What is the meaning of signal space representation?
8. State optimum receiver Algorithm.
9. Spectral density of PSK, FSK & ASK can be improved using which factor?
10. Non coherent scheme do not require a ----- local oscillator?
11. Band width required for ASK and PSK is same or not?
12. FSK signal can be demodulated using ---detector?
13. For each symbol 1 & 0 in PSK phase of carrier differs by --- degrees?
14. In ASK symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a --- wave?
15. Phase synchronization ensures these two waves in phase in the Ask receiver
transmitter?
16. PSK transmission is polar or non polar?
17. PSK is liner or non-linear modulation scheme?
Subjective questions
1. Explain the geometrical representation of signals.
2. Explain the vector space concept for signal space representation
3. Explain Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure with block diagram
4. Give the mathematical analysis for Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization.
5. Explain the concept of basis function
6. State the maximum likelihood criteria.
7. Explain signal representation of a signal N=2and M=3.
8. Give the condition for Orthogonality for basis function
9. Explain the signal space concept for representation of a signal.
10. Explain probability of errors in AWGN channel
11. Explain optimum receiver for AWGN channel
12. Write short note on QAM
13. consider the signals s1(t), s2(t), s3(t), s4(t), shown in fig. Find the orthogonal basis
function using Gram Schmidt orthogonalization procedure

14. consider the signals s1(t), s2(t), s3(t), s4(t), shown in fig. Find the orthogonal basis
function using Gram Schmidt orthogonalization procedure
S1(t)

S2(t)
1

-.5

-.5

S4(t)

S3(t)

1
.5
1
-1

UNIT V
Objective questions
1. How many coding techniques are used for transmission the digital data?
2. Define Parity & Parity check code.
3. Define the term Hamming distance in coding.
4. What is meant by code efficiency ?
5. What are convolution codes?
6. Write about code tree and trellis diagram for convolution encoder.
7. Define the term Constraint length(K) in convolutional code.
8. Define the term Metric in Viterbi Algorithm.
9. Define the term Surviving path in Viterbi Algorithm
10. Define the term Metric Divergence effect in sequential decoding method.
11. What is meant by signal flow graph?
12. Define the term Free distance.
13. What is the meaning of distance transfer function?
14. Define the term Redundancy.
15. What do you mean by constellation?
16. Define the term mapping.
17. Give the relation between Euclidean distance and partition in trellis code
modulation.
Subjective questions
1. Explain the difference between convolution codes and block codes.
2. A rate 1/3 convolution code is described by; g1=[1 0 1], g2=[1 0 0],g3=[1 1 1]
i. Draw the encoder corresponding to this code
ii. Draw code trellis diagram.
iii.
Draw state diagram for this code.
iv. O/P of demodulator detector is (101001011110111),using viterbi
algorithm, find surviving path.
3. Explain FANO metric
4. Explain FANO algorithm with the help of flowchart.
5. A rate 1/3 convolution code is described by; g1=[1 1 1], g2=[1 0 0],g3=[1 0 1]
6. Draw the encoder & code tree corresponding to this code.
7. What is constraint length of convolution code.
8. A rate 2/3 convolution code is described by; g1=[1 0 1 1, g2=[1 1 0 1], g3=[1 0
1 0] Draw the encoder ,code tree ,code trellis & state diagram corresponding to
this code
9. A convolutional code is described by g1=[1 0 0], g2=[1 0 1],g3=[1 1 1] Find the
advance transfer function and the free distance of this code
10. Write short note on Sequential decoding
11. Write short note on viterbi decoding

12. A rate 2/3 convolution code is described by; g1=[1 0 1 1, g2=[1 1 0 1], g3=[1 0
1 0] . O/P of demodulator detector is (01011111110111),using viterbi algorithm,
find surviving path.
13. A convolutional code is described by g1=[1 0 1], g2=[1 0 0],g3=[1 1 1] Find the
advance transfer function and the free distance of this code
14. Explain free distance & coding gain
15. Give advantages of convolution code
16. Explain trellis coded modulation
17. Explain set partitioning of 8PSK signal constellation.
18. Explain set partitioning of 16 QAM signal constellations.
19. Draw and explain undgerboeck modulation technique.
20. Draw trellis diagram for ungerboeck modulation.

UNIT VI
Objective questions
1. Define spread spectrum modulation.
2. How spread spectrum is differ from FM/PCM?
3. What is the use of Spread spectrum technique in military ?
4. Define the term Averaging system in Spread spectrum.
5. Define the term Averaging system in Spread spectrum .
6. Give the name of types under spread spectrum techniques.
7. Define the term Pseudo noise sequence.
8. What is the difference between PN sequences and Maximum length sequence?
9. What is Processing Gain in DSSS?
10. What is Jamming margin in DSSS?
11. What do you mean by Frequency Hopping in Spread spectrum?
12. What do you mean by Fast Frequency Hopping in Spread spectrum?
13. What do you mean by Slow Frequency Hopping in Spread spectrum?
14. Define the term chip rate, chip duration in PN sequence.
15. What is the meaning of Interference rejection?
16. Explain the term Antijam capability.
17. Explain the term multipath protection.
18. Explain balance property of PN sequence.
19. Explain run property of PN sequence.
20. Explain auto correlation property of PN sequence
Subjective questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What is spread spectrum?

Define processing gain & jamming margin
List the applications of spread spectrum system
Explain the applications of DS-SS signals.
Explain DS-SS system with coherent BPSK.
Give expression for Probability of error and derive the expression for jamming
margin for DSSS system.
7. Explain balance property of PN sequence
8. Explain run property of PN sequence
9. Explain auto correlation property of PN sequence
10. Tabulate and plot autocorrelation function of all shift of an L=4 stage shift register
Generator, generating a 15 bit (N=2L-1) maximal length PN sequence and verify
its properties. Assume initial stage of shift register 1000
11. Write short notes on: - Slow Frequency Hopping
12. Write short notes on: - Fast Frequency Hopping
13. A recorded conversation is to be transmitted by PN spread spectrum. Assuming
the spectrum of speech waveform is bandlimited to 3kHz.Fing chip rate required
to obtain a PG of 20 db.

14. A slow FH/MFSK system has the following the following parameters.
No.
of bits MFSK symbol=4 No. of MKSK symbol /hop=4 Calculate PG.
15. Tabulate and plot autocorrelation function of all shift of an L=3 stage shift
register Generator, generating a 7 bit (N=2L-1) maximal length PN sequence and
verify its properties. Assume initial stage of shift register 100.
16. A slow FH/MFSK system has the following the following parameters.
No.
of bits MFSK symbol=4 No. of MKSK symbol /hop=5 Calculate PG.
17. A PN sequence is generated using a feedback shift of length m=4.The chip rate is
107chips /second. Find the following PN sequence length, chip duration.
18. Write short note on CDMA
19. A conversation is to be transmitted by PN spread spectrum. Assuming the
spectrum of speech waveform is bandlimited to 4kHz.Fing chip rate required to
obtain a PG of 20 db. Give that sequence length is grater than 5 hrs, find no. of
shift register stages required.
20. Explain the properties of maximum length sequence