Papua New Guinea

1 History

This article is about the country. For the single by The

Future Sound of London, see Papua New Guinea (song).

Main article: History of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea (PNG; /ppnjuni/ PAP-pnew-GHIN-ee; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini; Hiri Motu: Humans rst arrived in Papua New Guinea around 42,000
Papua Niu Gini), ocially the Independent State of 45,000 years BP.[15]
Papua New Guinea, is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and
its oshore islands in Melanesia, a region of the southwestern Pacic Ocean north of Australia. Its capital,
located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby.
The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian
provinces of Papua and West Papua.
Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse
countries in the world; 848 languages are listed for the
country, of which 12 have no known living speakers.[8]
Most of the population of over 7 million people live
in customary communities, which are as diverse as the
languages.[9] It is also one of the most rural, as only 18
per cent of its people live in urban centres.[10] The country is one of the worlds least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and Kerepunu villagers, British New Guinea, 1885.
animals are thought to exist in the interior.[11]
Strong growth in Papua New Guineas mining and resource sector has led to the country becoming the sixth
fastest-growing economy in the world as of 2011.[12]
Many people in the country live in extreme poverty when
measured in terms of money, with about one-third of the
population living on less than US$1.25 per day.[13]
At the local level, the majority of the population still
live in strong customary societies and - while social life
is overlaid with traditional religious cosmologies and
modern practices, including conventional primary education - customary subsistence-based agriculture remains
fundamental.[9] These societies and clans are explicitly
acknowledged within the nations constitutional framework. The Papua New Guinea Constitution expresses the
wish for traditional villages and communities to remain
as viable units of Papua New Guinean society[14] and for
active steps to be taken in their continuing importance to
local and national community life.

Lime container, late 19th or early 20th century. Lime container

decorated with wood carving of crocodile and bird. Punctuations
are emphasised with a white paint. The central portion, which
is hollow to hold the lime, is of bamboo. Joints are covered with
basketry work.

At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea established its
sovereignty in 1975 following 70 years of Australian administration. It became a separate Commonwealth realm
with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and became
a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own
right.

Agriculture was independently developed in the New

Guinea highlands around 7000 BC, making it one of the
few areas in the world where people independently domesticated plants.[16] A major migration of Austronesian
speaking peoples to coastal regions of New Guinea took
place around 500 BC. This has been correlated with the
1

1 HISTORY

introduction of pottery, pigs, and certain shing techniques.

More recently, in the 18th century, the sweet potato was
brought to New Guinea, having been introduced to the
Moluccas by Portuguese traders, who obtained it from
South America.[17] The far higher crop yields from sweet
potato gardens radically transformed traditional agriculture; sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple,
taro, and gave rise to a signicant increase in population
in the highlands.
Although headhunting and cannibalism have been practically eradicated, in the past they were practised in many
parts of the country as part of rituals related to warfare
and taking in enemy spirits or powers.[18][19] For example, in 1901, on Goaribari Island in the Gulf of Papua,
a missionary, Harry Dauncey, found 10,000 skulls in the
islands Long Houses.[20] According to the writer Marianna Torgovnick, The most fully documented instances
of cannibalism as a social institution come from New
Guinea, where head-hunting and ritual cannibalism survived, in certain isolated areas, into the Fifties, Sixties,
and Seventies, and still leave traces within certain social
groups.[21]

Australian forces attack Japanese positions during the Battle of

BunaGona. 7 January 1943.

Australia.

The New Guinea campaign (19421945) was one of the

major military campaigns of World War II. Approximately 216,000 Japanese, Australian, and US servicemen died.[24] After World War II, the two territories
were combined into the Territory of Papua and New
Little was known in Europe about the island until the
Guinea, which later was simply referred to as Papua New
19th century, although Portuguese and Spanish explorers,
Guinea.
such as Dom Jorge de Meneses and Yigo Ortiz de Retez,
had encountered it as early as the 16th century. Traders
from Southeast Asia had visited New Guinea beginning
5,000 years ago to collect bird of paradise plumes.[22]
The countrys dual name results from its complex administrative history before independence. The word papua
is derived from an old local term of uncertain origin.[23]
New Guinea (Nueva Guinea) was the name coined by
the Spanish explorer Yigo Ortiz de Retez. In 1545, he
noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa. Guinea, on
its turn, is etymologically derived from Portuguese word
Guin.
In the nineteenth century, Germany ruled the northern
half of the country as a colony for some decades, beginning in 1884, as German New Guinea. The southern
half was colonised in the same year by the United Kingdom as British New Guinea. In 1904 with the passage
of the Papua Act, 1905, it transferred this territory to the
newly formed Commonwealth of Australia, which took
on its administration. Additionally, from 1905, British
New Guinea was renamed the Territory of Papua.

Australian patrol ocer in 1964.

However, certain statutes[25] continued to have application only in one of the two territories. This territorial difference of law was complicated further by the adjustment
of the former boundary among contiguous provinces with
respect to road access and language groups. Some of
the statutes apply only on one side of a boundary that no
During World War I, German New Guinea was occupied longer exists.
by Australia, which after the war was given a League of The natives of Papua appealed to the United Nations for
Nations Mandate to administer it. Papua, by contrast, oversight and independence. The nation established inwas deemed to be an External Territory of the Australian dependence from Australia on 16 September 1975, and
Commonwealth, though as a matter of law it remained a maintains close ties. (Australia continues as the largest
British possession. This was signicant for the countrys aid donor to Papua New Guinea). Papua New Guinea
post-independence legal system. The dierence in legal was admitted to membership in the United Nations on 10
status meant that up, until 1949, Papua and New Guinea October 1975.[26]
had entirely separate administrations, both controlled by
A secessionist revolt in 197576 on Bougainville Is-

3
land resulted in an eleventh-hour modication of the
draft Constitution of Papua New Guinea to allow for
Bougainville and the other eighteen districts to have
quasi-federal status as provinces. A renewed uprising
started in 1988 and claimed 20,000 lives until it was resolved in 1997. Following the revolt, the autonomous
Bougainville elected Joseph Kabui as president in 2005
and he served until 2008. He was succeeded by his
deputy John Tabinaman, who continued to be re-elected
as leader until the election of December 2008, which
James Tanis won.
Anti-Chinese rioting involving tens of thousands of people broke out in May 2009. The initial spark was a ght
between Chinese and Papua New Guinean workers at a
nickel factory under construction by a Chinese company.
Native resentment against Chinese ownership of numerous small businesses and their commercial success led to
the rioting. The Chinese have traditionally been merchants in Papua New Guinea.[27][28]

Politics

Main article: Politics of Papua New Guinea

tional elections only occurring every ve years. In recent years, successive governments have passed legislation preventing such votes sooner than 18 months after a
national election and within 12-month of the next election, and in December 2012 the rst 2 (of 3) readings
were passed to prevent votes of no condence occurring
within the rst 30 months. This restriction on votes of
no condence has arguably resulted in greater stability,
although perhaps at a cost of reducing the accountability
of the executive branch of government.
Elections in PNG attract large numbers of candidates.
After independence in 1975, members were elected by
the rst past the post system, with winners frequently
gaining less than 15% of the vote. Electoral reforms in
2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system
(LPV), a version of the Alternative Vote. The 2007 general election was the rst to be conducted using LPV.
In foreign policy, Papua New Guinea is a member of the
Commonwealth of Nations, Pacic Islands Forum and
the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG) of countries and
was accorded Observer status within ASEAN in 1976,
followed later by Special Observer status in 1981. It is
also a member of APEC and an ACP country, associated
with the European Union.

Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm; as such

Queen Elizabeth II acts as its Sovereign and Head of
State. It was expected by the constitutional convention,
which prepared the draft constitution, and by Australia,
the outgoing metropolitan power, that Papua New Guinea
would choose not to retain its link with the monarchy.
The founders, however, considered that imperial honours had a cachet that the newly independent state would
not be able to confer with a purely indigenous honours
system, so the monarchy was retained.[29] The Queen
is represented by the Governor-General of Papua New
Guinea, currently Sir Michael Ogio. Papua New Guinea
and the Solomon Islands are unusual among Commonwealth realms in that Governors-General are elected by
the legislature rather than appointment by the executive
branch.
Actual executive power lies with the Prime Minister, who
heads the cabinet of 31 MPs from the ruling Coalition,
which make up the government. The current Prime Minister is Peter O'Neill. The unicameral National Parliament has 111 seats, of which 22 are occupied by the governors of the 21 provinces (2 new ones were approved
by Parliament in 2012) and the National Capital District
(NCD). Candidates for members of parliament are voted
upon when the prime minister asks the Governor-General
to call a national election, a maximum of ve years after
the previous national election.
Prime Minister Peter O'Neill
In the early years of independence, the instability of the
party system led to frequent votes of no condence in Since August 2011, there was a political crisis between
Parliament with resulting changes of the government of the parliament-elect Prime Minister, Peter O'Neill (voted
the day, but with referral to the electorate, through na- into oce by a large majority of MPs) and Sir Michael

2 POLITICS

Somare, who was deemed by the Supreme Court (in a December Opinion, 3:2) to retain oce. The stand-o between Parliament and the Supreme Court continued until
the July 2012 National Elections, with legislation passed
eectively removing the Chief Justice and subjecting the
Supreme Court members to greater control by the Legislature, as well as a series of other laws passed, for example limiting the age for a Prime Minister. The confrontation reached a peak, with the Deputy Prime Minister entering the Supreme Court, during a hearing, escorted by some police, ostensibly to 'arrest' the Chief Justice. There was strong pressure amongst some MPs to defer the National Elections for a further six months-1-year,
although their powers to do that were highly questionable.
The Parliament-elect 'Prime Minister' and other coolerheaded MPs carried the votes for the writs for the new
Election to be issued, slightly late, but for the Election
itself to occur on time, thereby avoiding a continuation
of the constitutional crisis. The crisis was tense at times,
but largely restricted to the political and legal fraternity,
plus some police factions, but the public and public service (including most police and military) standing back.
It was a period when, with increased telecommunication
access and use of social media (notably Facebook and
mobile phones) the public and students played some part
in helping maintain restraint and demanding the leadership to adhere to constitutional processes and not to defer
the elections and the peoples say in who should be their The Parliament building of Papua New Guinea in Port Moresby
legitimate representatives for the next ve years.
Under an amendment of 2002, the leader of the party
winning the largest number of seats in the Election is invited by the Governor-General to form the Government,
if he can muster the necessary majority in Parliament.
The process of forming such a coalition in PNG, where
there is little ideologically binding parties together, involves considerable horsetrading right up until the last
moment. Peter O'Neil emerged as Papua New Guineas
Prime Minister after the July 2012 Election, and formed
a Government with the former Governor of East New
Britain Province, Leon Dion as Deputy Prime Minister.

2.1

Law

Main article: Law of Papua New Guinea

disputes before them and on a reference where there is

no dispute but only an abstract question of law. Unusual
among developing countries, the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably
independent, and successive executive governments have
continued to respect its authority.
The underlying law (Papua New Guineas common law)
consists of principles and rules of common law and equity in England[30] common law as it stood on 16 September 1975 (the date of Independence), and thereafter the
decisions of PNGs own courts. The courts are directed
by the Constitution and, latterly, the Underlying Law Act,
to take note of the custom of traditional communities,
with a view to determining which customs are common
to the whole country and may be declared also to be part
of the underlying law. In practice, this has proved extremely dicult and has been largely neglected. Statutes
are largely adapted from overseas jurisdictions, primarily
Australia and England. Advocacy in the courts follows
the adversarial pattern of other common law countries.

The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same

manner as in other jurisdictions that have cabinet, responsible government, or parliamentary democracy": it
is introduced by the executive government to the legislature, debated and, if passed, becomes law when it receives
royal assent by the Governor-General. Most legislation is
actually regulation implemented by the bureaucracy un- This national court system used in towns and cities is supder enabling legislation previously passed by Parliament. ported by a village court system in the more remote arAll ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be con- eas. The law underpinning the village courts is 'customsistent with the Constitution. The courts have jurisdic- ary law' and these courts are discussed further on the Law
tion to rule on the constitutionality of statutes, both in of Papua New Guinea page.

3.1

2.2

Ecology

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Papua New Guinea

See also: Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is often labelled as potentially the
worst place in the world for gender violence.[31][32] A
2013 study in The Lancet found that 41% of men on
Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea, reported having raped a non-partner while 14.1% reported having
committed gang rape.[33] According to UNICEF, nearly
half of reported rape victims are under 15 years of age
and 13% are under 7 years of age[34] while a report by
ChildFund Australia citing former Parliamentarian Dame
Carol Kidu claimed 50% of those seeking medical help
after rape are under 16, 25% are under 10 and 10% are
under 8. [35]

2.3

Administrative divisions

Map of Papua New Guinea

Main articles: Regions of Papua New Guinea, Provinces

of Papua New Guinea and Districts and LLGs of Papua tremely rugged. A spine of mountains, the New Guinea
New Guinea
Highlands, runs the length of the island of New Guinea,
forming a populous highlands region mostly covered with
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions, which tropical rainforest, and the long Papuan Peninsula, known
are not the primary administrative divisions but are quite as the 'Birds Tail'. Dense rainforests can be found in the
signicant in many aspects of government, commercial, lowland and coastal areas as well as very large wetland areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly rivers. This terrain has
sporting and other activities.
made it dicult for the country to develop transportaThe nation has 22 province-level divisions: twenty tion infrastructure. Some areas are accessible only on
provinces, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and foot or by aeroplane. The highest peak is Mount Wilthe National Capital District. Each province is divided helm at 4,509 metres (14,793 ft). Papua New Guinea is
into one or more districts, which in turn are divided into surrounded by coral reefs which are under close watch, in
one or more Local Level Government areas.
the interests of preservation.
[36]
are the primary administrative divisions of The country is situated on the Pacic Ring of Fire, at the
Provinces
the country. Provincial governments are branches of the point of collision of several tectonic plates. There are a
national government Papua New Guinea is not a fed- number of active volcanoes, and eruptions are frequent.
eration of provinces. The province-level divisions are as Earthquakes are relatively common, sometimes accomfollows:
panied by tsunamis.
In 2009, Parliament approved the creation of two The mainland of the country is the eastern half of New
additional provinces: Hela Province, consisting of Guinea island, where the largest towns are also located,
part of the existing Southern Highlands Province, and including Port Moresby (capital) and Lae; other major
Jiwaka Province, formed by dividing Western Highlands islands within Papua New Guinea include New Ireland,
Province.[37] Jiwaka and Hela ocially became separate New Britain, Manus and Bougainville.
provinces on 17 May 2012.[38]
Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to
the equator that experience snowfall, which occurs in the
most elevated parts of the mainland.

Geography

3.1 Ecology
Main article: Geography of Papua New Guinea
At 462,840 km2 (178,704 sq mi), Papua New Guinea is
the worlds fty-fourth largest country. Including all its See also: Conservation in Papua New Guinea
islands, it lies between latitudes 0 and 12S, and longitudes 140 and 160E.
Papua New Guinea is part of the Australasia ecozone,
The countrys geography is diverse and, in places, ex- which also includes Australia, New Zealand, eastern

3 GEOGRAPHY

Indonesia, and several Pacic island groups, including the years ago. Australia nally broke free from Antarctica
Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.
about 45 million years ago. All the Australasian lands are
home to the Antarctic ora, descended from the ora of
southern Gondwana, including the coniferous podocarps
and Araucaria pines, and the broadleafed southern beech
(Nothofagus). These plant families are still present in
Papua New Guinea.
As the Indo-Australian Plate (which includes landmasses
of India, Australia, and the Indian Ocean oor in between) drifts north, it collides with the Eurasian Plate.
The collision of the two plates pushed up the Himalayas,
the Indonesian islands, and New Guineas Central Range.
The Central Range is much younger and higher than the
mountains of Australia, so high that it is home to rare
equatorial glaciers. New Guinea is part of the humid tropics, and many Indomalayan rainforest plants spread across
Mount Tavurvur.
the narrow straits from Asia, mixing together with the old
Geologically, the island of New Guinea is a northern Australian and Antarctic oras.
extension of the Indo-Australian tectonic plate, forming
PNG includes a number of terrestrial ecoregions:
part of a single land mass which is Australia-New Guinea
(also called Sahul or Meganesia). It is connected to the
Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests forested isAustralian segment by a shallow continental shelf across
lands to the north of the mainland, home to a distinct
the Torres Strait, which in former ages had lain exposed
ora.
as a land bridge, particularly during ice ages when sea
levels were lower than at present.
Central Range montane rain forests
Consequently, many species of birds and mammals found
on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia. One notable feature
in common for the two landmasses is the existence of
several species of marsupial mammals, including some
kangaroos and possums, which are not found elsewhere.

Papua New Guineas highlands.

Many of the other islands within PNG territory, including New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, the
Admiralty Islands, the Trobriand Islands, and the
Louisiade Archipelago, were never linked to New Guinea
by land bridges. As a consequence, they have their own
ora and fauna; in particular, they lack many of the land
mammals and ightless birds that are common to New
Guinea and Australia.
Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which started to break into
smaller continents in the Cretaceous era, 66130 million

The green jungle of Papua New Guinea bears a sharp contrast

to the nearby desert of Australia.

Huon Peninsula montane rain forests

Louisiade Archipelago rain forests
New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests
New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests
New Guinea mangroves
Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater
swamp forests

7
Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
Solomon Islands rain forests (includes Bougainville
Island and Buka)
Southeastern Papuan rain forests
Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
Trobriand Islands rain forests
Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
Central Range sub-alpine grasslands
At current rates of deforestation, more than half of the Graphical depiction of Papua New Guineas product exports in
countrys forests could be lost or seriously degraded by 28 colour-coded categories.
2021, according to a new satellite study of the region.[39]
Nearly one-quarter of Papua New Guineas rainforests
were damaged or destroyed between 1972 and 2002.[40] developers. Local developers are handicapped by years
Three new species of mammals were discovered in the of decient investment in education, health, ICT and acforests of Papua New Guinea by an Australian lead expe- cess to nance. Agriculture, for subsistence and cash
dition. A small wallaby, a large eared mouse and shrew crops, provides a livelihood for 85% of the population
like marsupial were discovered. The expedition was also and continues to provide some 30% of GDP. Mineral desuccessful in capturing photographs and video footage of posits, including gold, oil, and copper, account for 72% of
some other rare animals such as the Tenkile tree kangaroo export earnings. Oil palm production has grown steadily
over recent years (largely from estates and with extensive
and the Weimang tree kangaroo. [41]
outgrower output), with palm oil now the main agricultural export. In households participating, coee remains
the major export crop (produced largely in the Highlands
4 Economy
provinces), followed by cocoa and coconut oil/copra from
the coastal areas, each largely produced by smallholdMain article: Economy of Papua New Guinea
ers and tea, produced on estates and rubber. The IagPapua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural re- ifu/Hedinia Field was discovered in 1986 in the Papuan
fold and thrust belt.[42]:471
Former Prime Minister Sir Mekere Morauta tried to restore integrity to state institutions, stabilise the kina, restore stability to the national budget, privatise public enterprises where appropriate, and ensure ongoing peace on
Bougainville following the 1997 agreement which ended
Bougainville's secessionist unrest. The Morauta government had considerable success in attracting international
support, specically gaining the backing of the IMF and
the World Bank in securing development assistance loans.
Signicant challenges face Prime Minister Sir Michael
Somare, including gaining further investor condence,
continuing eorts to privatise government assets, and
maintaining the support of members of Parliament.
Port Moresby historic city business centre

sources, including mineral and renewable resources, such

as forests, marine (including a large portion of the worlds
major tuna stocks), and in some parts agriculture. The
rugged terrain including high mountain ranges and valleys, swamps and islands and high cost of developing
infrastructure, combined with other factors (including serious law and order problems in some centres and the system of customary land title) makes it dicult for outside

In March 2006, the United Nations Development Programme Policy called for Papua New Guineas designation of developing country to be downgraded to
least-developed country because of protracted economic
and social stagnation.[43] However, an evaluation by the
International Monetary Fund in late 2008 found that a
combination of prudent scal and monetary policies, and
high global prices for mineral commodity exports, have
underpinned Papua New Guineas recent buoyant economic growth and macroeconomic stability. By 2012

8
PNG had enjoyed a decade of positive economic growth,
at over 6% since 2007, even during the Global Financial Crisis years of 2008/9. PNGs Real GDP growth
rate as at 2011 was 8.9%.,[44] and 9.2% for 2012, according to the Asian Development Bank.[45] This economic growth has been primarily attributed to strong
commodity prices, particularly mineral but also agricultural, with the high demand for mineral products largely
sustained even during the crisis by the buoyant Asian
markets a booming mining sector, and particularly since
2009 by a buoyant outlook and the construction phase
for natural gas exploration, production, and exportation
in liqueed form (Liqueed Natural Gas or LNG) by
LNG tankers (LNG carrier), all of which will require
multi-billion-dollar investments (exploration, production
wells, pipelines, storage, liquefaction plants, port terminals, LNG tanker ships).

4 ECONOMY
projects undermining other industries, as has occurred in
many countries experiencing oil or other mineral booms,
notably in Western Africa, undermining much of their
agriculture sector, manufacturing and tourism, and with
them broad-based employment prospects. Measures have
been taken to mitigate these eects, including through the
establishment of a sovereign wealth fund, partly to stabilise revenue and expenditure ows, but much will depend upon the readiness to make real reforms to eective
use of revenue, tackling rampant corruption and empowering households and businesses to access markets, services and develop a more buoyant economy, with lower
costs, especially for small- to medium-size enterprises.
The Institute of National Aairs, a PNG independent
policy think tank, provides a report on the business and
investment environment of Papua New Guinea every ve
years, based upon a survey of large and small, local and
overseas companies, highlighting law and order problems
and corruption, as the worst impediments, followed by
the poor state of transport, power and communications
infrastructure.[48]

The rst major gas project is the PNG LNG project of a

consortium led by ExxonMobil, scheduled to commence
production in late 2014, for export largely to China,
Japan, South Korea and other Asian countries. This
ExxonMobil-led consortium includes a PNG company
named Oil Search, based in Port Moresby, which has a
4.1
29% share.

Land tenure

A second major project is based on initial rights held by

the French oil and gas major Total S.A. and the US company InterOil Corp. (IOC), which have partly combined
their assets after Total agreed in December 2013 to purchase 61.3% of IOCs Antelope and Elk gas elds rights,
with the plan to develop them starting in 2016, including
the construction of a liquefaction plant to allow export of
LNG. Total S.A. has separately another joint operating
agreement with the PNG company Oil Search.
The Anglo-Dutch major Royal Dutch Shell has indicated
in 2011 that it is considering the possibility of investing
in gas exploration and production in Papua New Guinea.
Further gas and mineral projects are proposed (including
the large Wa-Golpu copper-gold mine), with extensive
exploration ongoing across the country.[46]
The Ok Tedi Mine in southwestern Papua New Guinea.
Economic 'development' based on the extractive industries carries dicult consequences for local communi- The PNG legislature has enacted laws in which a type of
ties. There has been much contention around river tail- tenure called "customary land title" is recognised, meanings in the vast Fly River, submarine tailings from the ing that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples
new Ramu-Nickel-cobalt mine, commencing exports in have some legal basis to inalienable tenure. This customlate 2012 (after a delay from landowner-led court chal- ary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the
lenges), and from proposed submarine mining in the Bis- country (some 97% of total land area);[49] alienated land
marck Sea (by Nautilus Minerals). One major project is either held privately under state lease or is government
conducted through the PNG Department for Community land. Freehold title (also known as fee simple) can only
Development suggested that other pathways to sustain- be held by Papua New Guinean citizens.[50]
able development should be considered.[47]
Only some 3% of the land of Papua New Guinea is in priThe PNG governments long-term Vision 2050 and vate hands; it is privately held under 99-year state lease,
shorter-term policy documents, including the 2013 Bud- or it is held by the State. There is virtually no freehold tiget and the 2014 Responsible Sustainable Development tle; the few existing freeholds are automatically converted
Strategy, emphasise the need for a more diverse econ- to state lease when they are transferred between vendor
omy, based upon sustainable industries and avoiding the and purchaser. Unalienated land is owned under customeects of Dutch Disease from major resource extraction ary title by traditional landowners. The precise nature of

9
the seisin varies from one culture to another. Many writers portray land as in the communal ownership of traditional clans; however, closer studies usually show that the
smallest portions of land whose ownership cannot be further divided are held by the individual heads of extended
families and their descendants or their descendants alone
if they have recently died.
This is a matter of vital importance because a problem of
economic development is identifying the membership of
customary landowning groups and the owners. Disputes
between mining and forestry companies and landowner
groups often devolve on the issue of whether the companies entered into contractual relations for the use of
land with the true owners. Customary property usually land cannot be devised by will. It can only be
inherited according to the custom of the deceaseds people. The Lands Act was amended in 2010 along with the
Land Group Incorporation Act, intended to improve the
management of state land, mechanisms for dispute resolution over land, and to enable customary landowners to
be better able to access nance and possible partnerships
over portions of their land, if they seek to develop it for
urban or rural economic activities. The Land Group Incorporation Act requires more specic identication of
the customary landowners than hitherto and their more
specic authorisation before any land arrangements are
determined; (a major issue in recent years has been a land
grab, using, or rather misusing, the Lease-Leaseback provision under the Land Act, notably using 'Special Agricultural and Business Leases (SABLs) to acquire vast tracts
of customary land, purportedly for agricultural projects,
but in an almost all cases as a back-door mechanism for
securing tropical forest resources for logging circumventing the more exacting requirements of the Forest Act,
for securing Timber Permits (which must comply with
sustainability requirements and be competitively secured,
and with the customary landowners approval). Following a national outcry, these SABLs have been subject to
a Commission of Inquiry, established in mid-2011, for
which the report is still awaited for initial presentation to
the Prime Minister and Parliament.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous nations in the world. There are hundreds of ethnic groups
indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the majority being
from the group known as Papuans, whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea region tens of thousands of years
ago. The other indigenous peoples are Austronesians,
their ancestors having arrived in the region less than four
thousand years ago.

Huli Wigman from the Southern Highlands.

sians (the last three belonging to the Austronesian family). Around 40,000 expatriates, mostly from Australia
and China, were living in Papua New Guinea in 1975.[52]
Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other
country, with over 820 indigenous languages, representing 12% of the worlds total, but most have fewer than
1,000 speakers. The most widely spoken indigenous language is Enga, with about 200,000 speakers, followed by
Melpa and Huli.[53] Indigenous languages are classied
into two large groups, Austronesian languages and nonAustronesian, or Papuan, languages. There are three ocial languages for Papua New Guinea: English, Tok Pisin,
and Hiri Motu.
English is the language of government and the education
system, but it is not spoken widely.
The primary lingua franca of the country is Tok Pisin
(commonly known in English as New Guinean Pidgin
or Melanesian Pidgin), in which much of the debate in
Parliament is conducted, many information campaigns
and advertisements are presented, and until recently a national newspaper, Wantok, was published. The only area
where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of
Papua, where people often use the third ocial language,
Hiri Motu.

There are also numerous people from other parts of Although it lies in the Papua region, Port Moresby has a
the world now resident, including Chinese,[51] Euro- highly diverse population which primarily uses Tok Pisin,
peans, Australians, Filipinos, Polynesians, and Microne- and to a lesser extent English, with Motu spoken as the

10

6 CULTURE

indigenous language in outlying villages. With an average

of only 7,000 speakers per language, Papua New Guinea
has a greater density of languages than any other nation
on earth except Vanuatu.

5.1

Health

Public expenditure was at 7.3% of all government expenditure in 2006,[54] whereas private expenditure was at
0.6% of the GDP. There were ve physicians per 100,000
people in the early 2000s.[55] Malaria is the leading cause
of illness and death in New Guinea. In 2003, the most
recently reported year, 70,226 cases of laboratory conrmed malaria were reported, along with 537 deaths. A
total of 1,729,697 cases were probable.[56]
Papua New Guinea has the highest incidence of HIV and
AIDS in the Pacic region and is the fourth country in
the Asia Pacic region to t the criteria for a generalised
HIV/AIDS epidemic.[57] Lack of HIV/AIDS awareness
is a major problem, especially in rural areas.

The courts and government practice uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech, thought, and belief,
and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted.
The 2000 census found that 96% of citizens identied
themselves as members of a Christian church; however,
many citizens combine their Christian faith with some
traditional indigenous religious practices.[59] The census
percentages were as follows:
Roman Catholic Church (27.0%)
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea
(19.5%)
United Church (11.5%)
Seventh-day Adventist Church (10.0%)
Pentecostal (8.6%)
Evangelical Alliance (5.2%)
Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea (3.2%)
Baptist (2.5%)
Church of Christ (0.4%)
Other Christian (8.9%)
Bah' Faith (0.3%)
Indigenous beliefs and other (3.3%)

There are also approximately 4,000 Muslims in the

country. Majority belong to the Sunni group, while a
small number are Ahmadi.[60] Non-traditional Christian
churches and non-Christian religious groups are active
throughout the country. The Papua New Guinea Council
Asaro mudman with his unique clay mask
of Churches has stated that both Muslim and Confucian
missionaries are active, and foreign missionary activity in
In June 2011, the United Nations Population Fund re- general is high.
leased a report on The State of the Worlds Midwifery. It
contained new data on the midwifery workforce and poli- Traditional religions were often animist. Some also
cies relating to newborn and maternal mortality for 58 tended to have elements of Veneration of the dead,
countries. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 though generalisation is suspect given the extreme heterobirths for Papua New Guinea is 250. This is compared geneity of Melanesian societies. Prevalent among tradiwith 311.9 in 2008 and 476.3 in 1990. The under 5 mor- tional tribes is the belief in masalai, or evil spirits, which
and
tality rate, per 1,000 births is 69 and the neonatal mortal- are blamed for poisoning people, causing calamity
[61][62]
death,
and
the
practice
of
puripuri
(sorcery).
ity as a percentage of under 5s mortality is 37. The aim
of this report is to highlight ways in which the Millennium
Development Goals can be achieved, particularly Goal 4
Reduce child mortality and Goal 5 Improve maternal 6 Culture
health. In Papua New Guinea the number of midwives
per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for Main articles: Culture of Papua New Guinea and Music
pregnant women is 1 in 94.[58]
of Papua New Guinea
It is estimated that more than a thousand cultural groups
exist in Papua New Guinea. Because of this diversity,
5.2 Religion
many styles of cultural expression have emerged; each
group has created its own expressive forms in art, dance,
Main article: Religion in Papua New Guinea
weaponry, costumes, singing, music, architecture and
much more.

11

This rattle is made of leaves, seeds and coconut shell. The rattle is
tied around a dancers ankle and makes a sound when the dancer
moves.

This bilum bag is from Goroka, in the Eastern Highlands

Province of Papua New Guinea.

20th century wooden Abelam ancestor gure (nggwalndu).

ing, often in the form of plants or animals, representing

ancestor spirits.
Sea shells are no longer the currency of Papua New
Guinea, as they were in some regions sea shells were
abolished as currency in 1933. However, this tradition is
still present in local customs; in some cultures, to get a
bring a certain number of goldenResident of Boga-Boga, a village on the southeast coast of main- bride, a groom must
[63]
as a bride price. In other regions,
edged
clam
shells
land Papua New Guinea
the bride price is paid in lengths of shell money, pigs,
cassowaries or cash. Elsewhere, it is brides who tradiMost of these cultural groups have their own language. tionally pay a dowry.
People typically live in villages that rely on subsistence People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals
farming. In some areas people hunt and collect wild that are called sing sings. They paint themselves and
plants (such as yam roots) to supplement their diets. dress up with feathers, pearls and animal skins to repreThose who become skilled at hunting, farming and shing sent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an imearn a great deal of respect.
portant event, such as a legendary battle, is enacted at
On the Sepik river, there is a tradition of wood carv- such a musical festival.

12

6.1

9 SEE ALSO

Sport

of Papua New Guinea based in the National Capital District,[69] and the Papua New Guinea University of Technology based outside of Lae, in Morobe Province.

Main article: Sport in Papua New Guinea

See also: Rugby league in Papua New Guinea

The four other universities which were once colleges were

established recently after gaining government recognition. These are the University of Goroka in the Eastern
Highlands province, Divine Word University (run by the
Catholic Churchs Divine Word Missionaries) in Madang
Province, Vudal University in East New Britain Province
and Pacic Adventist University (run by the Seventh-day
Adventist Church) in the National Capital District.

Sport is an important part of Papua New Guinean culture

and rugby league is by far the most popular sport.[64] In a
nation where communities are far apart and many people
live at a minimal subsistence level, rugby league has been
described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of
explaining the local enthusiasm for the game (a matter of
life and death). Many Papua New Guineans have become
instant celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league. Even Australian 8 Transport
rugby league players who have played in the annual State
of Origin series, which is celebrated feverishly every year
Main article: Transport in Papua New Guinea
in PNG, are among the most well known people throughout the nation.
Transport in Papua New Guinea is heavily limited by the
State of Origin is a highlight of the year for most Papua
countrys mountainous terrain. Port Moresby is not linked
New Guineans, although the support is so passionate that
by road to any of the other major towns, and many remote
many people have died over the years in violent clashes
villages can only be reached by light aircraft or on foot.
[65]
supporting their team.
The Papua New Guinea naAs a result, air travel is the single most important form of
tional rugby league team usually plays against the Austransport for human and high value freight. In addition
tralian Prime Ministers XIII (a selection of NRL players)
to two international airelds, Papua New Guinea has 578
each year, normally in Port Moresby.
airstrips, most of which are unpaved.[3] Assets are not
Other major sports which have a part in the Papua New maintained to good operating standards and poor transGuinea sporting landscape are Australian rules football, port remains a major impediment to the development of
Association football, rugby union and, in eastern Papua, ties of national unity.
cricket.
The capital city, Port Moresby will be hosting the Pacic
8.1
Games in 2015.

Air travel

Air travel is the single most important form of transport

in Papua New Guinea, for the transport of humans and
6.2 Cuisine
high density/value freight. Airplanes made it possible to
open up the country during its early colonial period. Even
The cuisine of Papua New Guinea is very varied, and usutoday the two largest cities, Port Moresby and Lae, are
ally features locally abundant fruit and vegetables along
only directly connected by planes.
with rice, sh and seafood. Due to the countrys colonial
history, its heavily inuenced by European, Chinese and Jacksons International Airport is the major international
Indonesian cooking. The staple dish is sago, a powdery airport in Papua New Guinea, located 5 miles from Port
starch made from the sago palm that is highly versatile Moresby.
and is often served alongside cooked seafood, meats and
greens.[66]

9 See also
7

Education

Outline of Papua New Guinea

Biodiversity protection eorts in Papua New Guinea

Main article: Education in Papua New Guinea

Communications in Papua New Guinea

[54]

A large proportion of the population is illiterate, with

women predominating in this area.[54] Much of the education in the country is provided by church institutions.[67]
This includes 500 schools of the Evangelical Lutheran
Church of Papua New Guinea.[68] Papua New Guinea has
six universities apart from other major tertiary institutions. The two founding universities are the University

Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea

LGBT rights in Papua New Guinea
Human Rights in Papua New Guinea
Orders, decorations, and medals of Papua New
Guinea

10.1

Primary sources

Military of Papua New Guinea

Tourism of Papua New Guinea
Lists
List of cities in Papua New Guinea & List of towns
in Papua New Guinea & List of towns and cities in
Papua New Guinea by population
List of diplomatic missions in Papua New Guinea
List of Districts and Local Level Governments of
Papua New Guinea
List of Papua New Guineans

10

References

Biskup, Peter, B. Jinks and H. Nelson. A Short History of New Guinea (1970)

13

10.1 Primary sources

Jinks, Brian, ed. Readings in New Guinea history
(1973)
Tim Flannery Throwim' Way Leg: Tree-Kangaroos,
Possums, and Penis Gourds (2000) memoir excerpt
and text search
Malinowski, Bronislaw. Argonauts of the Western
Pacic: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea
(2002) famous anthropological account of the Trobriand Islanders; based on eld work in 1910s online
Visser, Leontine, ed. Governing New Guinea: An
Oral History of Papuan Administrators, 19501990
(2012)
Whitaker, J.L. et al. eds. Documents and readings
in New Guinea history: Pre-history to 1889 (1975)

Connell, John. Papua New Guinea: The Struggle for 10.2

Development (1997) online
Gash, Noel. A Pictorial History of New Guinea
(1975)
Golson, Jack. 50,000 years of New Guinea history
(1966)
Grin, James. Papua New Guinea: A political history (1979)
James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead,
Victoria (2012). pdf download Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for
Papua New Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press.
Knauft, Bruce M. South Coast New Guinea Cultures:
History, Comparison, Dialectic (1993) excerpt and
text search
McCosker, Anne. Masked Eden: A History of the
Australians in New Guinea (1998)
Mckinnon, Rowan, et al. Papua New Guinea &
Solomon Islands (Country Travel Guide) (2008)
excerpt and text search
Swadling, Pamela (1996). Plumes from Paradise.
Papua New Guinea National Museum. ISBN 998085-103-1.
Waiko. John. Short History of Papua New Guinea
(1993)
Waiko, John Dademo. Papua New Guinea: A History of Our Times (2003)
Zimmer-Tamakoshi, Laura. Modern Papua New
Guinea (1998) online

Notes

[1] Somare, Michael (6 December 2004). Stable Government, Investment Initiatives, and Economic Growth.
Keynote address to the 8th Papua New Guinea Mining
and Petroleum Conference. Archived from the original on
2006-06-28. Retrieved 9 August 2007.
[2] Never more to rise. The National (February 6, 2006).
Retrieved 19 January 2005.
[3] Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 2012. Retrieved 5
October 2012.
[4] Population a concern postcourier.com.pg (25 June 2013).
[5] Papua New Guinea. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
[6] GINI index. World Bank. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
[7] Malik, Khalid (2014). Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience (PDF). Human Development Report 2014 (New York: United Nations Development Programme). p. 162. ISBN 978-921-126368-8. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
[8] Papua New Guinea. Ethnologue
[9] James, Paul; Nadarajah, Yaso; Haive, Karen; Stead, Victoria (2012). pdf download Sustainable Communities,
Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New
Guinea. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
[10] World Bank data on urbanisation. World Development
Indicators. World Bank. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-03. Retrieved 15 July 2005.
[11] Gelineau, Kristen (26 March 2009). Spiders and frogs
identied among 50 new species. The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2009.

14

[12] Raising the prole of PNG in Australia. Australian Department of Foreign Aairs and Trade. 9 March 2012.
Retrieved 27 July 2012.

10

REFERENCES

[30] Papua New Guinea Constitution Schedule 2.2.2

[13] Human Development Indices, Table 3: Human and income

poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009

[31] Davidson, Helen (5 July 2013). Mdecins Sans Frontires opens Papua New Guinea clinic for abuse victims.
Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 12 February 2013.

[14] Constitution of Independent State of Papua New Guinea

(consol. to amendment #22)". Pacic Islands Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 16 July 2005.

[32] Davidson, Helen (19 July 2013). Papua New Guinea: a

country suering spiralling violence. Guardian News and
Media Limited. Retrieved 2014-01-17.

[15] OConnell, J. F., and J. Allen.

Pre-LGM Sahul
(Australia-New Guinea) and the archaeology of early
modern humans. Rethinking the human revolution: new
behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin and
dispersal of modern humans (2007): 395-410.

[33] Jewkes, Rachel; Emma Fulu, Tim Roselli, Claudia

Garcia-Moreno (10 September 2013). Prevalence of
and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration:
ndings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study
on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacic. The Lancet
323. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70069-X. Retrieved
16 September 2013.

[16] Diamond, J. (March 1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The

Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Company.
ISBN 0-393-03891-2.
[17] Swadling, p. 282
[18] Knauft, Bruce M. (1999) From primitive to postcolonial
in Melanesia and anthropology. University of Michigan
Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-472-06687-0
[19] "Cannibalism Normal For Early Humans?". National Geographic News. 10 April 2003.
[20] Goldman, Laurence (1999).The Anthropology of Cannibalism. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 19. ISBN 089789-596-7
[21] Torgovnick, Marianna (1991). Gone Primitive: Savage
Intellects, Modern Lives, University of Chicago Press. p.
258 ISBN 0-226-80832-7
[22] Swadling: Such trade links and the nominal claim of the
Sultan of Ceram over New Guinea constituted the legal
basis for the Netherlands claim over West New Guinea
and ultimately that of Indonesia over what is new West
Papua.
[23] Pickell, David and Mller, Kal (2002). Between the tides:
a fascinating journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea.
Tuttle Publishing. p. 153. ISBN 0-7946-0072-7.
[24] Fenton, Damien. How many died? (QnA)" at the
Wayback Machine (archived July 5, 2009). Australian
War Memorial.
[25] Creditors Remedies Act (Papua), Ch 47 of the Revised
Laws of Papua New Guinea.
[26] General Assembly resolution 3368 (XXX) of 10 October
1975
[27] Callick, Rowan (23 May 2009). Looters shot dead amid
chaos of Papua New Guineas anti-Chinese riots. The
Australian. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
[28] "Overseas and under siege, The Economist, 11 August
2009
[29] Bradford, Sarah (1997). Elizabeth: A Biography of
Britains Queen. Riverhead Books. ISBN 1-57322-6009.

[34] UNICEF strives to help Papua New Guinea break cycle

of violence. UNICEF. 18 August 2008. Retrieved 26
February 2014.
[35] Stop Violence Against Women and Children in Papua
New Guinea. ChildFund. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
[36] The Constitution of Papua New Guinea sets out the names
of the 19 provinces at the time of Independence. Several provinces have changed their names; such changes
are not strictly speaking ocial without a formal constitutional amendment, though Oro, for example, is universally used in reference to that province.
[37] Kolo, Pearson (15 July 2009). Jiwaka, Hela set to go!".
Postcourier.com.pg.
[38] Hela, Jiwaka declared. The National (Papua New
Guinea). 17 May 2012. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
[39] Satellite images show Papua New Guinea deforestation
at critical level, Guardian, 2 June 2008.
[40] "Satellite images uncover rapid PNG deforestation". ABC
News. 2 June 2008.
[41] Australian Geographic (July 2014).
species found in remote PNG.

New and rare

[42] Matzke, R.H., Smith, J.G., and Foo, W.K., 1992, Iagifu/Hedinia Field, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the
Decade, 1978-1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T.,
editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN0891813330
[43] Overcoming economic vulnerability and creating employment (PDF). Committee for Development Policy.
2024 March 2006. p. 29. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
|chapter= ignored (help)
[44] GDP Real Growth Rate. cia.gov. 5 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
[45] Maierbrugger, Arno (31 March 2013). Asia-Pacic:
PNG, East Timor grew fastest. Inside Investor. Retrieved
1 April 2013.
[46] Project Overview. pnglng.com. Retrieved 27 July 2012.

10.3

External links

15

[47] James, P.; Nadarajah, Y.; Haive, K. and Stead, V. (2012)

Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other
Paths for Papua New Guinea, Honolulu, University of
Hawaii Press.

[66] National Dishes From Across The World, Namibia Saint Kitts and Nevis. Travel Junction. Retrieved 17
February 2015.

[48] Institute of National Aairs (2013)

[67] Kichte-in-not.de. Kirche-in-not.de. 6 March 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

[49] Armitage, Lynne. Customary Land Tenure in Papua

New Guinea: Status and Prospects (PDF). Queensland
University of Technology. Retrieved 15 July 2005.

[68] Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Papua-Neuguinea.

NMZ-mission.de. Archived from the original on 201012-31. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

[50] HBW International Inc.

(10 September 2003).
Facilitating Foreign Investment through Property Lease
Options (PDF). p. 9. Retrieved 28 August 2007. See
footnote 30 which explains that the precise reference in
legislation was not found.

[69] Vahau, Alfred (5 January 2007). University of Papua

New Guinea. Upng.ac.pg. Retrieved 27 June 2010.

[51] "Chinese targeted in PNG riots report". News.com.au.

15 May 2009.
[52] "Papua New Guinea". Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
[53] Languages on Papua vanish without a whisper at the
Wayback Machine (archived January 11, 2012). AFP via
dawn.com (21 July 2011)
[54] Papua New Guinea HDI Rank 145. 2007/2008 Human Development Report, Hdrstats.undp.org. Archived
from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 27 June 2010.
[55] Human Development Report 2009.
February 2010.

Retrieved 19

10.3 External links

Government
Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
General information
Papua New Guinea entry at The World Factbook
Papua New Guinea at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
Papua New Guinea at DMOZ
Wikimedia Atlas of Papua New Guinea

[56] Papua New Guinea Overview of malaria control activities and programme results (PDF). Retrieved 19 February 2010.

Papua New Guinea travel guide from Wikivoyage

[57] HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea. Australias Aid Program (AusAID). Archived from the original on 2007-0901. Retrieved 16 December 2005.

PNG Links & Search

[58] The State of the Worlds Midwifery Papua New

Guinea (PDF). United Nations Population Fund. Retrieved August 2011.

Forecasts for Papua New Guinea Development

[59] Papua New Guinea. International Religious Freedom

Report 2003. US Department of State.
[60] Islam in Papua New Guinea (PDF). Retrieved 31 January 2015.
[61] Salak, Kira (2004). Four Corners: A Journey into the
Heart of Papua New Guinea. National Geographic Society. ISBN 0792274172.
[62] puripuri. coombs.anu.edu.au (26 January 2005)
[63] Papua New Guinea culture. Datec Pty Ltd. Archived
from the original on 10 February 1999. Retrieved 16 December 2005.
[64] Hadeld, Dave (8 October 1995). Island gods high in
a dream world. The Independent. Retrieved 6 October
2009.
[65] Three dead in PNG after State of Origin violence. BrisbaneTimes.com.au. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 27 June
2010.

Papua New Guinea Business Directory

Papua New Guinea Institute of National Aairs

16

11

11
11.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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AussieLegend, Alphathon, Nixeagle, MJCdetroit, Muzi, Bardsandwarriors, Edivorce, Mosca, Rarelibra, Khoikhoi, Masalai, Earl CG, Cybercobra, Bowlhover, Dantadd, Only, Metamagician3000, Bidabadi~enwiki, Ohconfucius, SashatoBot, Xdamr, Khazar, MayerG, Michael
Bednarek, JorisvS, Tigerman2005, Green Giant, IronGargoyle, Nellis, Bilby, Llamadog903, Ekrub-ntyh, Fisel, Stwalkerster, Avedomni,
AxG, Aotearoa, Aquaimages, Jose77, Peyre, Istanbuljohnm, DabMachine, Quaeler, Scotwood72, Iridescent, Rvallance, Joyd1, Joseph
Solis in Australia, Shoeofdeath, Igoldste, Amakuru, Happy-melon, C01d~enwiki, Civil Engineer III, Slobot, Soren Reinke, Thricecube,
Tawkerbot2, Roxi2, N2e, ShelfSkewed, WeggeBot, Richard Keatinge, Karok, HalJor, Cydebot, Reywas92, Chasingsol, Wabat, Dougweller,
Ameliorate!, Optimist on the run, Joyous Cow, Nol888, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Barticus88, JonathanWinarske, MarkBuckles, Qwyrxian,
23prootie, Mojo Hand, Ufwuct, D3gtrd, CharlotteWebb, Therequiembellishere, Textbot, AlefZet, Escarbot, Mentisto, Niduzzi, AntiVandalBot, Yupik, RobotG, Luna Santin, Ybgursey, Jaded1, Origamikid, PhJ, Gdo01, Qwerty Binary, Leuqarte, Huttarl, JAnDbot, Deective,
Husond, Stevenbird, Barek, The Transhumanist, Taospark, Redking7, Andonic, Sitethief, B cubed, Jondw, TheEditrix2, Rothorpe, Magioladitis, Henning Blatt, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Billzilla, Llouest, Scanlan, Tukes, Ling.Nut, SovietCanuck, Iainsona, Nyttend, Foochar,
Catgut, Animum, DerHexer, Edward321, Islandgal, Rickard Vogelberg, NatureA16, Tetelocus, MartinBot, 40010, V-Man737, Rettetast, Mschel, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, Ahamitch91, Popeye Doyle, Bentaguayre, J.delanoy, DrKiernan, JamesR, Uncle Dick,
Mike.lifeguard, A Nobody, G. Campbell, Icseaturtles, Abhijitsathe, Ncmvocalist, Mappase, Naniwako, Tarinth, HiLo48, Tanya zeriga,
NewEnglandYankee, SJP, Aquatics, Flatterworld, Biofoundationsoanguage, Cometstyles, GeorgeStilly, Redrocket, Rugby471, Pdcook,
LindaBueller, Jseach1, Omc, Normanby, Conte di Cavour, Idioma-bot, Funandtrvl, Vranak, G2bambino, Gothbag, VolkovBot, Vlma111,
AlnoktaBOT, Makeldf343, Philip Trueman, Richard Farbelini, TXiKiBoT, Rizalninoynapoleon, Vipinhari, Rei-bot, Anna Lincoln, Una
Smith, Alexandroid, Francisjohn, Amaher, AllGloryToTheHypnotoad, Jackfork, Sc0ttkclark, StillTrill, Gibson Flying V, Wikiisawesome,
Aliasd, Sodicadl, Tidying Up, Blurpeace, Alan Fletcher, MacTire, Usergreatpower, Synthebot, Rebel shadow, Orestek, Enviroboy, PNGCLRC, Timios, Markborg, Mary quite contrary, AlleborgoBot, Mohonu, Munci, Struway, Movedgood, EmxBot, GoonerDP, SieBot, Gerakibot, Mbz1, Roidhrigh, Albanman, Voldemore, MarcusCole12, Flyer22, HkCaGu, AlexWaelde, Jamieleshaw, Robster1983, Suntech,
Targeman, Hohohohoho45, Lightmouse, Polbot, Senor Cuete, BenoniBot~enwiki, Hatster301, Lherb3, NLA PIC, Correogsk, Kentynet,
Cyfal, JustBeCool, Snuereet, Sean.hoyland, Ajk91, Hooiwind, Pinkadelica, C0nanPayne, ClueBot, Leapmark, Avenged Eightfold, Fyyer,
Kotniski, The Thing That Should Not Be, Jan1nad, Nnemo, Fiet Nam, Iislander1060, CrazyRepublican, CounterVandalismBot, Learning23, Parkwells, RafaAzevedo, 1000nationsofthepersianempiredescenduponyou, DragonBot, Detroiterbot, King wiston, Mkativerata, Excirial, CF84, -Midorihana-, Alexbot, Danausi, Anhtuan26, AprilHare, Emuland, Mfa fariz, Jotterbot, Dn9ahx, InaMaka, Kippson, Dekisugi, Knowz, Johnn Dorian, ChrisHamburg, Thehelpfulone, Rui Gabriel Correia, Thingg, BVBede, Silas Maxeld, Samantha555, IJA,
XLinkBot, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Feinoha, SilvonenBot, AlexNebraska, Blonde-julz, MystBot, Lilboi300, Good Olfactory, Airplaneman, RyanCross, Gggh, Exeter13, Criptonite, CanadianLinuxUser, Download, CarsracBot, AndersBot, FiriBot, Favonian, Doniago,
Guitarstu, Numbo3-bot, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Jarble, Quantumobserver, HerculeBot, Waltloc, Luckas-bot, Adz2452, Yobot, Pink!Teen,
Ptbotgourou, Editor2423, Amirobot, Guessing Game, Egypt37, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, JakeSturm, KamikazeBot, SwisterTwister,
Synchronism, Bility, Backslash Forwardslash, AnomieBOT, Phlyght, Restraining, Killiondude, Jim1138, Pyrrhus16, AdjustShift, Atroche,
Kingpin13, Ulric1313, Bradybon, Materialscientist, Frankenpuppy, ArthurBot, B. Fairbairn, Xqbot, TheAMmollusc, TinucherianBot II,
Intermess, Night w, The Banner, JakeS529, Nasnema, EdwardMcK, BritishWatcher, Mlpearc, 11lonmat, GrouchoBot, Miesianiacal, Loloplololol, RibotBOT, Hapkanaka, Dre.comandante, Amaury, 78.26, Hahahahaha1234567890, CHJL, Brutaldeluxe, GhalyBot, Moxy, Shadowjams, Erik9, Kompar~enwiki, George2001hi, Karindraty, Tobby72, Pepper, Roundtheworld, Colinharley, 08murtaghkc, EddieHall, Astroboy95, Boleyn3, CircleAdrian, HamburgerRadio, Umawera, Alexis453, OgreBot, Febijef, Pinethicket, Hariboneagle927, HRoestBot,
LittleWink, Jprosco, Jschnur, RedBot, MastiBot, Jaguar, UnQubcois, Kreutznaer, Dr.Szlchedzki, Clei19, Lybentius, Kgrad, Elekhh,
FoxBot, TobeBot, DixonDBot, Kateestahhh, Tibetan Prayer, Lotje, Now wiki, Aligherio, Vrenator, Jazz457, Qm museum bot, Diannaa,
Underlying lk, Suusion of Yellow, Marcos Elias de Oliveira Jnior, Tbhotch, Jesse V., The Utahraptor, Chipmunkdavis, Ripchip Bot,

11.2

Images

17

VernoWhitney, Peaceworld111, Monty carlo,

, EmausBot, John of Reading, Acather96, WikitanvirBot, Lipsio, Distal24, Lealamy,
Dewritech, Racerx11, John beta, Mesgul82, Snipsyz, AvicBot, ZroBot, John Cline, Illegitimate Barrister, Josve05a, Ben Dawid, EdMcCorduck, CrimsonBot, Efasterthanu, Kok Ming, H3llBot, Shine2345, SporkBot, Highvale, LWG, Brandmeister, Foxonline, Gsarwa, The
Infoboxer, Platypusmonotreme, Pun, Judygreenberg, Carmichael, Mentibot, Hazard-Bot, ChuispastonBot, Sammy.ily.xoxo.ily, VictorianMutant, Therewillbehotcake, ClueBot NG, CocuBot, Satellizer, TheNatedogg1998, Bradleybugman, DonaldRichardSands, Turn685,
Uathanet, Frietjes, Cntras, Hazhk, Castncoot, Nebkheperiaure, Widr, Kalykk, Lillie New York, Helpful Pixie Bot, Danmish, BZTMPS,
BG19bot, Mackoy20, P.R.Jokisie, Thubbardman, Northamerica1000, Gjamesl, Belief21, PhnomPencil, NatalieF25, HIDECCHI001,
MusikAnimal, Joef25, Bobbymaestro, Afodon, Aeroplanepics0112, Glevum, Yvan8404, Mclaren7, BattyBot, Thebuck093, Surrehue333,
ChrisGualtieri, Valerie Duval, GoShow, Dhnlin, Papagraun, Brains1337, Khazar2, Spawnofobamaandsantorum, Treemapper, Harsh 2580,
Sminthopsis84, Mogism, Inayity, Thatcherfreund1, Graphium, Chibimatty, CorinneSD, Faizan, Epicgenius, Vanamonde93, CsDix, Hassanmalybob, JustinASEAN, Androdin, Ryanpini, EvergreenFir, Tvardikova, GibsonP, Pi3.124, Wikierroneous, Gruekiller, Ugog Nizdast,
Tracield, Glenmeister, Blondeguynative, EncyclopaediaNilssonia, ThecentreCZ, Funtzman, Clock 12:13, PhilippineMaster, Lachlan6767,
Warmachinerox197, TheEpTic, B.alex26, Onuphriate, Ladywikling, Mvpo666, Filedelinkerbot, Vieque, Green Giant 2, Trackteur, Revzz,
Szeps, Jritchey3, X3RZ0N, PNGWantok, Crystallizedcarbon, Emanuelito martinez, Anarula, Leehughesavatar, Scap22, Clmoatt, Cactus789, Hobnobers 2, Lmcbride91 and Anonymous: 880

11.2

Images

File:Abelam_wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Abelam_
wooden_ancestor_figure_2_CAC.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: BrokenSphere
File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0
Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist:
Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock)
File:Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_PNG.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Asaro_Mud_Man_Kabiufa_
PNG.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jialiang Gao peace-on-earth.org
File:Biami_people,_near_Nomad_patrol_post,_1964.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Biami_
people%2C_near_Nomad_patrol_post%2C_1964.jpg License: CC BY-SA 1.0 Contributors: Private correspondence Original artist:
Christopher Viner-Smith (uploaded by User:Jack Greenmaven)
File:Buna_(AWM_014008).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Buna_%28AWM_014008%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.awm.gov.au/database/collection.asp Original artist: Original uploader was Nick-D at
en.wikipedia. Later version(s) were uploaded by Jbarta at en.wikipedia.
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Commonwealth_Realms_map2.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Commonwealth_Realms_
map2.png License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Camaeron
File:Decrease2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Decrease2.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Sarang
File:Emblem_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Emblem_of_Papua_New_
Guinea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg License: Public domain Contributors: It is from openclipart.org, specically american_samoa.svg. Original artist: by Tobias Jakobs
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Brunei.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg Original artist: Draw new ag by User:
_
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chile.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:Madden Original artist: see below
File:Flag_of_East_Timor.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
File based on the specication given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,
User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Flag_of_the_
Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Fiji.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

18

11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg License: CC0 Contributors: From the Open Clip Art website Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Guam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/chi/r_flag/index.html Original artist: Tao Ho
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kiribati.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Laos.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006
File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg License: CC0 Contributors: Open Clip Art Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Nauru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_New_Caledonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Flag_of_New_Caledonia.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:WarX
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others
File:Flag_of_Niue.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: This vector image was created with Inkscape by SKopp, and then manually edited.
File:Flag_of_Palau.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, FOTW Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Peru.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Peru Original artist: David Benbennick
File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Tokelau.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: self-made, using [1] as a visual guide. Conrmed by the Flag Research Center on 18 June 2008 (Flag Inform No. 238). Final
version by the College of Arms Original artist: SVG image created by User:Andrwsc
File:Flag_of_Tonga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?

11.2

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File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
See URL [6] for ocially credibility and correctness of precise star-positions Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/law/vi/1951_to_1960/1955/195511/195511300001 http://vbqppl.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/
Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
File:Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Flag_of_the_
Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_People{}s_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Flag_of_the_
People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, http://www.protocol.gov.hk/flags/eng/n_flag/
design.html Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist:
User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_
China.svg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: Flag of the United Nations from the Open Clip Art website. Modications by Denelson83, Zscout370
and Madden. Ocial construction sheet here.
United Nations (1962) The United Nations ag code and regulations, as amended November 11, 1952, New York OCLC: 7548838. Original
artist: Wilfried Huss / Anonymous
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Huli_wigman.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Huli_wigman.jpg License: CC BY 2.1 au Contributors: Picture originally from the English Wikipedia, where it was released by User:Nomadtales under GFDL. Original artist: Nomadtales
File:Melanesia.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Melanesia.png License: Public domain Contributors:
English Wikipedia Original artist: Amended by -Justin (koavf), talk 18:10, 9 February 2006 (UTC) for further visibility.
File:National_Anthem_of_Papua_New_Guinea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
d/df/National_Anthem_of_Papua_New_Guinea_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: US Navy Band Original
artist: US Navy Band, upload by User:Rmert
File:Oceania_(orthographic_projection).svg
%28orthographic_projection%29.svg License:
tion).svgbcdxgxgsgsd Original artist: Ch1902

Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Oceania_
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Based on File:Australia (orthographic projec-

File:OkTediMine.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/OkTediMine.jpg License: ? Contributors: http://

www.wanbelistap.com/images.html
Original artist: Original uploader was Dr. Blofeld at en.wikipedia
File:PNG-climate.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/PNG-climate.png License: Public domain Contributors: World Wind Original artist: NASA
File:PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/PNG_Bilum_Bag_QM_r.jpg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Queensland Museum
File:PNG_Rattle_QM-r.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/PNG_Rattle_QM-r.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Queensland Museum
File:Pacific_Islands_Forum_Logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Pacific_Islands_Forum_Logo.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
PIF_Logo.png Original artist: PIF_Logo.png: Henning Blatt
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