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vn

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TNH TON T
V IS

TR

NG CH N

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T THEO TR NG THI GI I H N

C A PH N M M

A K! THU#T CHUYN DNG

GS. Nguy+n Cng M.n, KS. Tr1n Th3 Vi5t

i h c Th y l i
Tm t9t

Bi bo so snh cch tnh ton m t bi t p v t ng ch n t cho h c sinh thu c mn C#

h c t theo truy n th'ng t( 50 n+m nay v-i cch tnh c s/ h0 tr1 c2a ph3n m m chuyn dng
SIGMA/W v SLOPE /W @ nh gi s/ lm viBc c2a t ng ch n theo trCng thi gi-i hCn theo
Quy phCm hiBn hnh.
T( kGt quI so snh chK ra tnh u viBt c2a viBc dng ph3n m m v cc mLt m hnh
ha bi ton st ng th/c tG h#n, pht hiBn m t s' i@m m-i l bi@u thP 1c nm n hQi
ngay st y mng t ng v tc dRng c2a n 'i v-i s/ t p trung Sng su t t+ng thm ngay st
y mng. Cc output cho th y ton cInh phn b' p su t - biGn dCng c2a hB t ng - t,
gip cho viBc nh gi ng n s/ lm viBc c2a t ng theo trCng thi gi-i hCn 1c thu n l1i.
MLt khc, nh phn tch kGt quI, h c sinh c th@ tiGp nh n 3y 2 h#n s/ lm viBc tXng
th@ c2a hB t ng - t v c th@ nhanh chng ch n 1c ph #ng n t'i u khi thiGt kG m t
t ng ch n t. Yi u ny cZng r t c3n thiGt cho cng tc thiGt kG t ng ch n trong th/c tG.
M: ;1u
Trong thiGt kG t ng ch n t, c3n ch n mLt c t h1p l c2a t
bIo Im i u kiBn h1p l v k\ thu t v kinh tG.

ng. MLt c t h1p l c3n

Theo H.D.T.L C 4 76 [1], i u kiBn h1p l v k\ thu t 1c ki@m sot theo trCng
thi gi-i hCn. HiBn nay, e n -c ngoi c hai hB Tiu chufn Xy d/ng chnh thSc nh gi i u
kiBn lm viBc c2a t ng ch n theo TTGH l hB c2a Lin bang Nga [2] v c2a Euro Code 7Geotechnical design C ng Qng Chu u [3].
N i dung thiGt kG t ng ch n 1c th/c hiBn tCi cc n -c khc, trn th/c tG cZng
th/c hiBn theo ph #ng php lu n trCng thi gi-i hCn [4], [5], [6]

1c

T( nhmng n+m 60 - 70 c2a thG kn tr -c v hiBn nay, bi t p thiGt kG t ng ch n c2a sinh

vin YCi h c th2y l1i ngnh cng trnh cZng 1c nh gi theo TTGH [7] [8]. Tuy nhin,
@ th/c hiBn viBc ny theo truy n th ng m t r t nhi u th i gian.
Bi bo ny trao Xi viBc dng SIGMA/W v SLOPE/W @ th/c hiBn bi t p thiGt kG
t ng ch n t theo TTGH nhpm gip sinh vin khqi m t nhi u th i gian vo s v tnh ton @
ginh nhi u th i gian khai thc n i dung c# bIn c2a bi t p @ c thm kiGn thSc m-i. .
1. Th>c hi5n tnh ton theo truyDn thEng

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bi: C3n xy m t t ng ch n tr ng l/c c mLt c t ngang nh

Hnh 1. T ng Lt e
su h = 1m ngang m/c n -c ng3m, trong n n
c cc l-p t nh sau:
2

L-p trn l mn hmu c# dy 1m, ud = 18kN/m2 ; k = 5.10-5 m/s

L-p d -i y t ng l t st e trCng thi dxo, dy v hCn
3
2
= 150 ; c = 15 kN/m ; 0 = 0,4 ; k =
bh = 19,5 kN/m ; 0 = 0,76 ;
1,5.10-7 m/sec
Th nghiBm nn ne hng

(kN/m2)

1
1m

3
Hnh 1

t n n st c kGt quI sau:

50

100

150

200

0,76 0,708 0,667 0,635 0,620

Y t

p sau t

V t liBu xy t

ng dng loCi

3
= 18 kN/m ;

t st

ng l b tng M200;

= 240 ; c = 10 kN/m

= 24 kN/m , th i gian thi cng t

ng l 6 thng.

Yu c3u
1. Tnh p su t y mng
2. Ki@m tra Xn Pnh v tr 1t c2a n n mng t
3. Tnh

ln c2a mng t

ng ch n

ng ch n.

Gi i:
L p m hnh lm viBc c2a t
t

ng v ki@m tra theo tnh ton, gQm cc n i dung sau:.

- Trong tr ng h1p ny, xem kh'i p 4 nh l m t ph3n c2a t

ng bpng tXng tr ng l 1ng cc kh'i: 1, 2, 3, 4 (Hnh 1).
- Tnh m un biGn dCng trung bnh c2a n n

t theo TCVN 4253

Ei = Ei . 0 .m0

Trong :
V-i

Ei =

2i

1i

1i

2i

(1)

(1 + 1i )

2i

= 150kN / m 2

2i

1i

= 100kN / m 2

1i

Thay vo cng thSc (2)

(2)
= 0,635
= 0,667

ng, v tr ng l 1ng

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Ei =
Y t n n l st

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150 100
(1 + 0,667 ) = 2604,7 kN/m2
0,667 0,635

= 0,40 nn 0 = 0,47
ng, nn e y l y m0 = 1, do v y

Do khng c i u kiBn th nghi m hiBn tr

Ei = Ei

= 2604,7 0,47 = 1224kN / m 2

- Xc Pnh p su t y mng ( Sng v ngang) theo cng thSc nn lBch tm, p l/c
theo ph #ng php Rankine;

- Dng ph #ng php nu trong TCVN 4253- 86 @ d/ on - ki@m tra dCng tr 1t ti m

n+ng theo c ng v sSc chPu tIi nh cc chK s' m hnh, chK s' khng c t v hB s' c' kt
th m. Bi t p c th@ cho tr 1t phng hoLc tr 1t h0n h1p.
- Ki@m tra ln tCi ba i@m d -i y mng (tnh S theo
su) theo ph #ng php c ng
ln sau hiBu chnh mng cSng @ xc Pnh
nghing c2a t ng theo ph #ng th 1ng hC l u.
Bnh lu n v ph #ng php truy n th'ng
- Khi l p s# Q tnh ton khng xt t-i tr ng l 1ng bIn thn

p sau t

ng;

- p su t ngang y mng khng phn b' u m tn lB v-i p su t Sng. MLt khc kh'i
l 1ng tnh qu nhi u, v trong qu trnh tnh, sinh vin khng c i u kiBn phn tch nh gi
tr/c quan s/ lm viBc c2a t ng @ lm ti n chon mLt c t h1p l.
2. Th>c hi5n tnh ton c s> hL trM cNa ph1n mDm SIGMA/W v SLOPE/W
K3t quW tnh ton
S# Q tnh ton nu trong Hnh 2

Hnh 2: S# Q mLt c t ngang t

3

ng ch n

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Cc kGt quI phn tch nu trong cc hnh v sau

+ 36,8

37
35
33
+31,0

31
29
27
25
23
21
19
-1

11

13

15

17

Hnh 3 L -i tXng chuy@n vP c2a t

19

21

23

25

ng
+ 36,8

37
35
33
+31,0

31
29
27
25
23
21
19

-1

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

Hnh 4 Vc t# tXng chuy@n vP, vng dxo (yield zone) trong kh'i

25

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+ 36,8

37
35
-0.32

33
+31,0

31

-0.2
9

29

31
-0.

-0.28
-0.25
-0.22

27

-0.19
-0.16
-0.13

25
23
21
19
-1

Hnh 5: Cc

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

25

ng ng chuy@n vP theo ph #ng Sng

+ 36,8

37

2
-0.0

35

-0.03

33
-0.04

+31,0

31

0.
06

-0.1

-0.0
2

9
-0.0

0.0
2

5
-0.0

-0.0
6

29

0.0
4

-0.02

27
25
23
21
19
-1

Hnh 6: Cc

11

13

15

17

19

21

+ 36,8
2
-0.0

-0.0
5

03

-0
.03

-0.

35

-0.02

02
0.
0.0 0.0 0.
5
4 03
0.0
6

-0.04

-0.0

-0.01

+31,0

0.01

33

25

0.03

-0.03

-0.07

-0.05

-0.09

-0.1

29
27

25

ng ng chuy@n vP theo ph #ng ngang

37

31

23

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Hnh7: Vng dxo (yield zone), nm n hQi,

=

tan

X
=
Y

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ng ng chuy@n vP ngang trong hB t

0,02 ( 0,052)
6,8

0,03
=
= 0,0047
6,8

Y nghing l ng t

= 0,27

tan

0,315 0, 295
= 0,007
3

Y nghing y mng t

ng r t nhq

38

ng

= 0,38 0

ng r t nhq

-0.20

Y-Displacement (m)

34

-0.25

-0.30
32

30
-0.06

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.35
10

-0.01

11

12

X-Displacement (m)

l ng t

13

14

15

X(m)

Hnh 8: Chuy@n vP ngang d c theo

Hnh 9 Chuy@n vP Sng theo

ng

mLt y mng t

ng

140

-50
X-Total Stress (kPa)

120
Y-Total Stress (kPa)

Y (m)

36

100

80

60
10

6
11

12
X(m)

13

14

15

-100

-150

-200

-250

-300
10

11

12
X(m)

13

14

15

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a) p su t Sng

b) p su t ngang

30

30

28

28

26

26

Y (m)

Y (m)

Hnh10: Phn b' p su t tXng d c y mng t

24

24

22

22

20
30

50

70

90

110

20
40

130

50

60

Y-Total Stress (kPa)

80

(b)

63 kN/m2

30

30

28

28

26

26

Y (m)

Y (m)

70

Y-Total Stress (kPa)

(a) 63

24

24

22

20
40

ng

22

45

50

55

60

65

20

70

Y-Total Stress (kPa)

50

100

150

200

250

300

Y-Total Stress (kPa)

(c)

(d)

Hnh 11 Phn b' tXng p su t Sng d c

ng thng Sng

qua gt tri (a), gt phIi (b), qua tm (c) v p su t bIn thn d -i y mng t

ng (d)

Phn tch cc k3t quW tnh ton v nh\n xt

4.1.KGt quI phn tch theo SIGMA/W cho th y tXng th@ cc tr ng Sng su t v chuy@n
vP c2a t ng cZng nh cc trP s' c2a chng tCi t(ng i@m, th@ hiBn t #ng 'i ng th/c tG
lm viBc c2a t ng. Yi u ny gip cho h c sinh cIm nh n tr/c quan 1c i u kiBn lm
7

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viBc c2a t ng ch n. MLt khc nh Pnh l 1ng 1c cc chuy@n vP c2a t ng nn c th@

nh gi i u kiBn lm viBc c2a t ng theo trCng thi gi-i hCn v biGn dCng v c ng .
4.2 Y t p sau t ng ch n khng chK gy p l/c ngang tc dRng ln t ng m cn gy
p l/c thng Sng lm cho t ng chuy@n vP v pha t, Lc biBt 'i v-i t ng tr ng l/c
[G.A Dubrova, 1963] (Hnh 3, 9). Yi u ny khng 1c m phqng trong cch tnh truy n
th'ng.
4.3 Ngay st y mng hnh thnh vng th ng 1c g i l nm n h"i, tCi cc hCt
t 1c nn chLt m khng c chuy@n vP (Hnh 4, 7) nh th ng th y trong cc th nghiBm
m hnh nn ct trong phng th nghiBm. Do c nm ny nn xIy hiBn t 1ng t p trung Sng
su t tCi ph3n trn c2a
ng phn b' Sng su t t+ng thm Sng d c theo
ng thng Sng
qua tm mng (Hnh 11c). MLt khc, SIGMA/W cZng cho
ng phn b' p su t bIn thn
c2a t k@ t( y t ng (Hnh 11d).
4.4 Trong tr ng h1p bi ton ny, i u kiBn quy Pnh v biGn dCng cho php theo trCng
thi gi-i hCn v i u kiBn lm viBc bnh th ng c2a t ng l thqa mn (Hnh 8 v 9).
4.5 NGu kGt quI phn tch theo SIGMA/W cho th y vng biGn dCng dxo pht tri@n r ng
v cc chuy@n vP l-n qu mSc quy Pnh, th c th@ dng SLOPE/W nh gi i u kiBn lm
tXng th@ c2a t ng ch n.
Phn tch bi ton ny theo ph #ng php Bishop cho kGt quI K = 1,372 (Hnh 12); VP tr
mLt tr 1t trong hnh cZng ph h1p v-i i u kiBn t n n, mLt khc t ng khng th@ bP lt.
Theo TCXD VN 285:2002, tnh t

ng theo trCng thi gi-i hCn thS nh t

m
R
kn

nc .N
Hay:

c2a t

K=

1c th/c hiBn nh sau:

R
N

nc .kn
m

Trong tr ng h1p ny: m = 1, nc= 1 v kn = 1,15, do v y theo kGt quI tnh ton Xn Pnh tXng th@
ng K = 1,372, do v y K > 1,15.

Do quy Pnh nh v y, khi thfm Pnh cng trnh S#n La, chuyn gia Nh t cho rpng, hB s' an ton
l y theo quy phCm c2a ViBt Nam l nhq.
C3n ch rpng, cc Lc tr ng trong tnh ton e y c3n l y theo gi tr& tnh ton.

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38

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1.372

+ 36,8

36
34
32

+31,0

30
28
26
24
22
20
0

10

15

Hnh 12. Phn tch Xn Pnh c2a t

20

25

ng theo PP Bishop

3. K3t lu\n
KGt quI dng ph3n m m SIGMA/W trong thiGt kG t

ng ch n

t cho m t s' nh n xt sau:

1. u viBt c2a viBc dng ph3n m m nh gi i u kiBn lm viBc c2a t ng ch n l gip ng i

s dRng c th@ th y bSc tranh tXng th@ c2a t #ng tc gima t ng ch n v kh'i p. MLt khc c th@
ki@m sot Pnh l 1ng trCng thi Sng su t - biGn dCng c2a hB t ng - t tCi b t k i@m no trong phCm
vi lm viBc c2a hB th'ng. Nh , gip SV tch lZy v c thm nhi u kiGn thSc m-i bX ch cho ng i
k\ s sau ny.
2. M hnh tnh ton theo ph #ng php truy n th'ng ch a h1p l v ch a xt t #ng tc gima
tr ng l 1ng bIn thn t ng v-i kh'i p trong hB cng trnh v kh'i p, do v y nh gi i u kiBn
lm viBc c2a t ng ch a h1p l.
3. M hnh ha c2a SIGMA/W cn cho th y nm n h"i xu t hiBn st y mng, i u pht
hiBn trong cc th nghiBm m hnh t m nn cSng trn n n ct tr -c y. Cng v-i bi ton th m d -i
t ng c( khi dng SEEP/W [12] cng b' tr -c y, m t l3n nma lCi th y s/ k diBu c2a m hnh s', th@
hiBn 1c bpng hnh Inh t #ng t/ cc nghin t #ng Sng trong m hnh v t l v c# h c t.
4. Khai thc cc ph3n m m Pa k\ thu t SIGMA/W, SEEP/W, SLOPE/W hay PLAXIS @ th/c
hiBn thiGt kG cng trnh theo trCng thi gi-i hCn r t u viBt v mLt
tin c y cZng nh tiGt kiBm th i
gian, do v y chng ta nn quan tm v tX chSc hiBu quI h#n nma cc l-p tin h c Sng dRng v Pa k\
thu t trong cng tc o tCo Ci h c cZng nh cao h c.

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Ti li5u tham khWo

1. HDTK C.4-76, 1977. H -ng dn thiGt kG t
2. 2.06.07- 87 "T

ng ch n

ng ch n cng trnh th2y l1i. N.C.Mn - N.X.BIo

t, u thuy n, cc cng trnh dn c v bIo vB c 1 01 1988

3. Eurocode 7, 2009. Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules

4. Braja M.Das. Principles of foundation engineering 6th Ed. - Thomson Learning
5. Joseph E. Bowles, Foundation Analysis and Design. 5th Ed. - McGraw-Hill
6. Geotechnical Engineering Handbook, 2002. Volume 1 Fundamentals - Ulrich Smoltczyk
7, 8. Bi t p TK t

ng ch n

t: Nguy)n Chi+n - Kha 11C, 1973; Nguy)n N Duy Kha 47B, 2008

9. TCVN 4253 86. TCTK N n cc cng trnh th2y cng Nh XB Xy d/ng (N.C.Mn bin soCn)
10. TCXD VN 285 : 2002. Cng trnh th2y l1i Cc quy Pnh ch2 yGu thiGt kG - H N i 2002
11. GeoStudio 2004 M un SIGMA/W v SLOPE/W
12.Nguyn Cng Mn 2003. Phn tch th m trong mi tr
13. G.A Dubrova, 1963. T #ng tc

ng

t theo SEEP/W (bi giIng cao h c)

t v cng trnh. NXB V n tIi

ng sng. Moskva-1963

Synopsis
A traditional practical exercise on retaining wall of Soil Mechanics in the past 50 years
for the students of the university has been calculated in two manners: one belonging to
traditional method and the other with the aid of geotechnical softwares - SIGMA/W and
SLOPE/W - in order to evaluate its working condition according to limit state method.
From the comparison of results given by the two above manners of analysis, one realizes
the preeminences in using the softwares: modeling the problem more realistically, detecting
some new things as the development of elastic wedge under foundation bottom and its effect on
the stress concentration in this zone. On the other hand, the output of the software gives again
all view of the strain and stress field in the system of soil - wall, that allows to rationally
evaluate the working condition of the wall according to limit state method.
Besides, from the analysis of the results, the student can accept more completely the
general working of the wall - soil system and can quickly select the optimum plan when
designing a retaining wall that is also very necessary in practice.

10