TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. Contents

Page No.

Chapter 1

LUBRICATION AND LUBRICANTS

1.1 Lubrication

1.1.1. The lubrication regimes

1.1.2. Hydrodynamic lubrication

1.1.3. Boundary lubrication

1.2. Base stock

1.3. Lubricants

1.3.1. General Classification of the Lubricating Oils

1.3.1.1. Paraffinic Components

10

1.3.1.2. Naphthenic Components

10

1.3.1.3. Aromatic components

10

1.3.1.4. Non Hydrocarbon Components

10

1.3.2. Main Properties of Lubricating Oils

12

1.3.2.1. Physical Properties of Lubricating Oil

12

1.3.2.2. Chemical Properties of Lubricating Oils

14

1.3.3. Required Performance Characteristics for Lubricating Oils

17

1.3.4. Types of Lubricants

20

1.3.4.1. Gaseous Lubricants

20

1.3.4.2. Liquid Lubricants

20

1.3.4.3. Solid Lubricants

22

1.3.5. Lubricant Impurities and Contaminants

23

Chapter 2

26

LUBRICANT SELECTION: BEARING, GEAR DRIVES AND HYDRAULICS

26

2.1 Introduction

26

2.2 Parsing the machine

26

2.3 Plain bearing lubricant selection

27

Chapter 3

31

THE FUNCTIONS OF LUBRICATION

31

3.1 Introduction

31

3.2 Base Oil Viscosity

32

3.3 Viscosity

32

3.4 Lubrication Regimes

32

3.5 How Do Lubricants Work in Bearings?

- 33 -

3.6 Effects of Particle Contamination:

35

3.7 Determining Lubricant Viscosity

36

3.8 Generalizations

36

3.9 Viscosity Minimums

37

Chapter 4

38

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESMENT OF VARIOUS LUBRICANTS SELECTION

38

4.1 Basic Lubrication Principles

38

4.2 Friction

38

4.3 The Mechanism of Lubrication

40

4.4 Choice of Lubricant Types

43

4.5 Guidelines for Lubricant Selection

44

Chapter 5

46

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

46

5.1 Viscosity-Temperature Chart

46

5.2 Grease Relubrication

47

5.3 Relubrication Intervals

47

5.4 Grease Relubrication Amount

48

5.5 Grease Replenishment Recommendations

49

5.6 Useful Life of Oil

50

5.7 Cleanliness Control

51

Chapter 6

52

CONCLUSION

52

REFERENCES

54

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Name

Page No.

Figure 1.1 Three positions of a shaft in a bearing

Figure 1.2 Plain Journal bearing

Figure 1.3 Stribeck curve

Figure 1.4 Mixed-film lubrication

Figure 1.5 Hydrodynamic lubrication

Figure 1.6 Boundary lubrication

Figure 1.7 Schematic View of Crude Oil Distillation

Figure 1.8 Chemical Structure of Lubricating oil

12

Figure 2.1 Viscosity estimation chart based on actual speed and unit loads

29

Figure 2.2 Calculations for plain bearing surface speed and unit load

29

Figure 3.1 Lubricants function

31

Figure 3.2 Viscosity

32

Figure 3.3 Boundary layer and Hydrodynamic lubrication

33

Figure 3.4 Rolling element bearings

33

Figure 3.5 The Incredible Performance of a Lubricant

34

Figure 3.6 The lubricant film between rolling elements and bearing raceway

34

Figure 3.7 Effects of particle contamination

35

Figure 3.8 Pitch Diameter vs Viscosity Curve

36

Figure 3.9 Viscosity minimums

37

Figure 4.1 Contact of Two Solid Surfaces

39

Figure 4.2 Lubrication of a bearing

40

Figure 4.3 Stribeck Curve

41

Figure 5.1 Viscosity-Temperature Chart

46

Figure 5.2 Grease Relubrication Chart

47

Figure 5.3 Life of oil change

50

LIST OF TABLES
Table Name

Page No.

Table 1.1 Function and qualities required for engine oils.

18

Table 1.2 Plain Bearing ISO viscosity grade selection

21

Table 2.1 Viscosity selection chart for medium load applications (150200 psi)

28

Table 2.2 Generally accepted minimum and optimum viscosity grades

28

Table 4.1 Main lubricant types and their properties

43

ABSTRACT
Greater demands are being placed on lubricant performance because of general industry trends toward
more intricate part shapes with related tooling complexity and the incorporation of abrasive additives in
mixes. To illustrate the significance of these performance demands, it is necessary to identify the role
lubricants play in mixing and the P/M part manufacturing process. This work examines the effects of
lubricants on material flow, apparent density, compaction, ejection characteristics and sintered
properties. The findings identify key performance elements, which provide a model for developing an
improved P/M lubricant. A performance comparison with a commercial lubricant highlights the
advantages of a composite lubricant that was evaluated.

Lubricant selection is of critical importance for the performance of a ball bearing. It affects Life, Torque,
Speed, Noise, Grease migration, Outgassing, Temperature effects and rust prevention. In most cases
NMB supplies ball bearings as a complete unit, pre-lubricated with grease. It is not normal to relubricate ball bearings as they are "sealed for life". The two basic types of lubricants available are oil
and grease. Applications that require extremely low torque or narrow range of torque variation, are
suited to use oil as a lubricant. Depending on the application, it is possible that an oil lubricant may not
meet a specific requirement. Please contact to NMB for the proper oil selection. Greases are comprised
of base oil and a thickener. The life obtained from greases is considerably greater than that of just oil.
This is because of a continuous mechanism of lubrication by base oil separation coming from the
construction of the thickener.
We have researched in our project about Experimental assessment of various lubricants arrives at
selection of ideal lubricant for different conditions in which the factors of consideration are
Temperature, Viscosity, Load, Power Consumption, and Operation Period.
In our assessment we take differential motor 3-Phase, Sensors to study temperature, viscosity, load and
RPM of coil with selection of Hydraulic-68, Gear Oil-80 and Gear oil-90. We measured all these with
the help of time-efficiency, time-pressure, time-temperature and pressure-efficiency Curves.