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They are those able to produce ionization in matter, in other words, to pull
an electron in the atom and, in particular, in biological structures.
Ionizing radiation are the and particles, neutrons and radiation with
short wavelength (high energy) such as , X e UV.
In the particular case of and X radiation, ionization is due to electrons
that are released after the primary interactions of photons with the atoms of
the medium, followed by the secondary ionization of the electrons with the
other electrons of the medium until they lose their energy.
Radioactive decay
Decline by emission
Photoelectric effect
The photon is absorbed, losing all their energy in the ionization process.
The kinetic energy (Ec) of the electron released (photoelectron) is given by
the difference between the photon energy (h) and the extraction work of the
electron (we).
Ec = h - we
Moving photoelectrons will interact with matter.
The probability of the photoelectric effect occur is greater the bigger is the
electron bond to the atom, in other words, it is more likely to occur
Compton effect
The initial photon gives rise to a new photon of lower energy. Energy
remainder is transferred to the Compton electron (or recoil electron).
Pair production
It is an electromagnetic interaction process of the photon with the
electric field of the nucleus of the atom. From this interaction results that
greater is the excess of the energy of the photon in relation to 1,02 MeV.
Nuclear Medicine
The basic principle of nuclear medicine imaging is to get an image from the
radiation that comes from the organ to examine.
Image formation
The detectors are able to detect the distribution of the radioactive material,
The shield that covers the entire chamber isolates it from all sources of
radiation that are not in its field of vision.
of about 40% pass through the human body and reach an external detector.
During this way, radiation can interact with some tissues of human body or
For image analysis only interests radiation which has not undergone
Compton effect, so, only interests that radiation that reaches the detector
with an energy of 140 KeV, being that radiation that provides the useful
information about the process that it is being studied in the patient.
their direction and energy and, giving indications that are considered noise.
Detectors
There are several types of detectors for Nuclear Medicine, being the most
used the scintillators, using a crystal of sodium iodide containing small
amounts of thallium.
So that the collimator was perfect it would only accept photons that had a
trajectory perpendicular to this but in reality this is not possible, accepting photons
with different angles of incidence.
This fact causes little sharpness in the image obtained which will have better
resolution according to the characteristics of the collimator (longer and narrower
holes) or the shortest distance from the radiation source to the camera.
Regarding the noise in the image, (statistical variation between a pixel and
the next) it will be necessary to increase the number of counts to decrease.
ex.: if the diameter of the collimator holes are increased noise will decrease
but otherwise the resolution will decrease. The solution is to search the ideal
relationship between noise and resolution to obtain the best image possible.
Other difficulties are related to the fact that many of the photons that reach
the detectors do not follow a direct path from the source to the camera,
having interacted with the tissues (Scattering) and changed the direction.
Advantage:
High
dose
of
for
data
collection
radioisotope
that
and
is
image
necessary
image reconstruction.
before
interacting
with
electrons
of
matter
annihilating
themselves.
Disadvantage:
82Rb
can be produced in a
Accelerators Cyclotron
Scintillation detectors
These detectors have the property that certain crystals have. Being
traversed by ionizing radiation, they excite part of their electrons to a higher
energy level, emitting, after the decay, low energy photons (scintillation
photons).
The greater the amount of absorbed radiation, the grater the emitted light.
These emitted scintillation photons will produce, by photoelectric effect in
the photocathode of the photomultiplier, photoelectrons.
The electronic signal produced will allow, after the processing of data, to
provide information about the amount of energy absorbed by the crystal.
The most commonly used scintillation detectors are sodium iodide doped with
thallium (NaI:Tl), cesium iodide doped with thallium (CsI:Tl), bismuth and
germanium oxide (BGO), yttrium and aluminum perovskite doped with cerium
(YAP:Ce), lutetium and yttrium orthosilicate doped with cerium (LYSO:Ce).
Of these, the most commonly used in commercial Anger cameras are NaI (Tl).
Germanium detectors
Silicon detectors