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NOX (ppm)
1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800 3,000 3,200 3,400 3,600
Figure 1. For any typical fuel, NOX formation is a function of gas temperature.
Thermal NOX is formed by the high
temperature reaction of nitrogen with
oxygen and increases exponentially
with temperature.
Post-Treatment
Combustion Modification
Pretreatment
Fuel Lean
Flue Gases
NOX (ppm)
Fuel
Oxidizer
Load
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Burner
19
Figure 2. For any typical fuel, NOX formation is a function of the mixture ratio
(combustion air/fuel gas volume).
Process Modification
Figure 3. Four strategies can be used in combination to control NOX: pretreatment, process modification, combustion modification and post-treatment.
Reprinted with permission from Process Heating magazine. Copyright February 2008.
Burners
NOX vs. Combustion Air
Preheat Temperature
CO vs. Combustion
Air-Fuel Volume Ratio
Primary
Fuel
NOX (ppm)
0
200
400
600
800
Secondary
Fuel
Fuel Lean
Fuel Rich
Fuel Staging
Figure 6. Some low-NOX burners incorporate air and fuel staging to minimize
NOX formation.
4
10
11
12
Burner
Burners
Summary of NOX Control Techniques
Applications
Technique
Principle of Operation
Status of Development
Limitations
Near-Term
Long-Term
Combustion
Modification
Flue Gas /
Additional absorption of
Noncombustion NOX to HNO3; conversion
Tail Gas Treatment of NOX to NH4NO3;
reduction of NOX to N2
by catalytic treatment
Fuel Switching
Retrofit utility,
industrial boilers,
gas turbines;
improved designs;
new utility boilers
Fuel Additives
Reduce or suppress NO
by catalytic action of
fuel additives
Inactive; preliminary
screening studies
indicated poor
effectiveness
Optimized design
area, point sources
Possible
supplement to
combustion
modifications;
simultaneous
SOX/NOX removal
New point sources,
(combined cycle);
convert area
sources
(residential)
Negligible use
Not promising
Supplement to
combustion
modification
Catalytic
Heterogeneously catalyzed
Pilot-scale test beds for
Limited retrofit applications; Small space
Combustion
reactions yield low combustion catalyst screening,
requires clean fuels
heaters
temperature, low thermal NOX feasibility studies
Fluidized Bed
Coal combustion in solid
Pilot-scale study of
Fuel nitrogen conversion
Negligible use
Combustion
bed yields low temperature,
atmospheric and
may require control
pressurized systems;
(staging); may require
low NOX
focus on sulfur
large make-up of limestone
retention devices
sulfur absorbent
Utility, industrial
boilers beginning
1980s; possible
combined cycle,
waste fuel
application
Source: U.S. EPA, Control Techniques for Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Stationary Sources, EPA Report 450/1-78-001, Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978.
Table 1. NOX control techniques to minimize NOX formation include fuel switching or treatment, additives, oxidizer switching, and
product switching or treatment.
To Atmosphere
Burners
Air
Fuel
ID Fan
NO
Corrected
for 3%
Oxygen
X (ppm),
NO
(Corr. 3%
Oxygen)
x, PPM
Conventional
120
120
100
100
Staged Air
80
80
60
60
Staged Fuel
40
40
Internal FGR
20
20
00
00
1
1
2
2
Ultra-Lean Premix
3
4
5
3
4
Excess
Oxygen
(%)%
Excess
oxygen,
Burner
Combustor
Flue Gas
Reductant
(e.g., Ammonia)
Combustion
Products
Containing NOx
Figure 10. Two common post-treatment methods are selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR). SCR is generally used when very low NOX
levels are required.
NOX Reduction Technologies
Technology
Standard Burners
Low-NOX Burners (LNB)
Ultra-Low-NOX-Burners (ULNB)
Flue Gas Recirculation
Selective Noncatalytic Reduction (SNCR)
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Approximate
Reduction (%)
Approximate
Emissions (lb/MM BTU)
Base Case
60%
80 to 95%
55%
40%
90 to 97%
0.14
0.06
0.007 to 0.03
0.025
0.033 to 0.085
0.006 to 0.015
Source: M. Bradford, R. Grover, P. Paul, Controlling NOX Emissions Part 1, CEP Magazine, Vol. 98, No. 3, pp. 42-46, 2002.
Table 2. Combustion modification techniques such as using low NOX burners tend to
be the most cost-effective method of reducing NOX.
References
1. C.E. Baukal, Industrial Combustion
Pollution and Control, Marcel Dekker, New
York, 2004.
2. C.E. Baukal (ed.), Handbook of Industrial
Burners, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2004.