COURSE:

CE 201 (STATICS)

LECTURE NO.:

33 to 36

FACULTY:

DR. SHAMSHAD AHMAD

DEPARTMENT:

CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY:

KING FAHD UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM

& MINERALS, DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA

TEXT BOOK:

ENGINEERING MECHANICS-STATICS
by R.C. HIBBELER, PRENTICE HALL

LECTURE NO. 33 to 36

SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Objectives:

To show how to form the equations of shear force

(V) and bending moment (M) and how to plot the
shear force and bending moment diagrams

SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Procedure
The equations of shear force, V, and bending moment, M, in terms of
the distance, x, along the axis of a member can be obtained by using
the method of sections, as follows:
Identify the points of discontinuity (e.g., points where a
distributed load changes or where concentrated forces or couple
moments are applied) along the member.
The V and M equations must be obtained separately for each
segment of the member located between any two discontinuities of
loadings.
For example, for the beam shown in figure below, sections located
at distances x1, x2, and x3 will have to be used to describe the
variation of V and M throughout the length of the beam

SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Procedure
Draw the F.B.D. at the sections located at x1, x2, and x3 and obtain
the equations for V and M separately for each segment by applying
the equilibrium conditions

These equations for V and M will be valid only within the regions
from O to a for x1, from a to b for x2, and from b to L for x3
Using the equations of V and M, their ordinates for different values
of x may be calculated and V and M diagrams may be plotted.
V and M diagrams showing the variations of V and M along the axis
of a member are required for the design of the member.

SHEAR AND MOMENT EQUATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Sign Convention for Shear Force and Bending Moment

As shown in the above figure:

A shear force, which causes clockwise rotation of the member on
which it acts, is considered to be with positive sign.
A bending moment, which causes compression or pushing on the
upper part of the member on which it acts, is considered to be with
positive sign. Also, a positive bending moment tends to bend the
member in concave upward manner.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

For the beam shown below, draw the SFD
and BMD.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

M about A = 0

MA + 800 + 100 10 = 0
MA = 1800 lb-ft.
Shear and Moment Equations:
Segment AB (0 x < 5) ft
Support Reactions:
The equations for V and M for
Reactions at fixed support A can be segment AB can be obtained by
determined by applying equilibrium applying equilibrium conditions to
the free-body diagram of the
conditions to the free-body diagram segment AB, as follows:

of the entire beam, as follows:

800 lb-ft

MA

Ax
5 ft

5 ft

Fx = 0 Ax = 0
Fy = 0 Ay 100 = 0
Ay = 100 lb.

100 lb
C

Ay

1800 lb-ft
M
V

100 lb

Fy = 0 100 V = 0 V = 100 lb
M about cut section = 0

1800 + 100 x M = 0
M = (100 x 1800) lb-ft

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

800 lb-ft

Shear and Moment Values for Plotting

C
the V and M Diagrams:
A
Segment AB (0 x < 5) ft
5 ft
5 ft
The V and M equations obtained for
Segment BC (5 < x 10) ft
segment AB are as follows:
The equations for V and M for segment
V = 100 lb and M = (100 x 1800) lb-ft
BC can be obtained by applying
equilibrium conditions to the free-body V at any point between A and B = 100 lb
M at A = 100 0 1800 = 1800 lb-ft
diagram of the segment BC, as follows:
M at B = 100 5 1800 = 1300 lb-ft
1800 lb-ft
MA

100 lb

Ax

800 lb-ft

M
V

100 lb

Fy = 0 100 V = 0

V = 100 lb
M about cut section = 0
1800 + 100 x + 800 M = 0
M = (100 x 1000) lb-ft

Segment BC (5 < x 10) ft

The V and M equations obtained for
segment BC are as follows:
V = 100 lb and M = (100 x 1000) lb-ft
V at any point between B and C = 100 lb
M at B = 100 5 1000 = 500 lb-ft
M at C = 100 10 1000 = 0

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 1

V at any point between A and B = 100 lb
M at A = 100 0 1800 = 1800 lb-ft
M at B = 100 5 1800 = 1300 lb-ft
V at any point between B and C = 100 lb
M at B = 100 5 1000 = 500 lb-ft
M at C = 100 10 1000 = 0

V and M Diagrams:
Following are the V and M diagrams
plotted using the calculated values of V
and M:

800 lb -ft

100 lb

C
800 lb -ft

100 lb
V

V - diagram

100 lb

M
x

500 lb-ft

1800 lb -ft

Note:
As can be seen from the M-diagram, the
value of M is changing from 1300 lb-ft
to 500 lb-ft at point B due to the couple
of 800 lb-ft applied at point B.

1300 lb

M - diagram

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

For the beam shown below, draw the
AFD, SFD and BMD.
4

50N
3

C
B

3m

3m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

4

50N

M about C = 0 RAy 6 40 3 = 0

RAy = 20 N

Fy = 0 RAy 40 + RCy = 0

RCy = 40 RAy = 40 20 = 20 N

Normal, Shear and Moment Equations:

Segment AB (0 x < 3) m
Support Reactions:
The equations for N, V and M for
Reactions at supports A and C can be segment AB can be obtained by applying
determined by applying equilibrium equilibrium conditions to the free-body
conditions to the free-body diagram of diagram of the segment AB, as follows:
the entire beam, as follows:
x
3m

3m

40 N
A

RAy

30 N
3m

Fx = 0 RCx + 30 = 0

C
3m

RCx = 30 N = 30 N ()

R Cy

RCx

20N

Fx = 0 N = 0
Fy = 0 20 V = 0 V = 20 N
M about cut section = 0 20 x M = 0
M = (20 x) N-m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

40 N
A

RAy

30 N

3m

C
3m

R Cy

RCx

Normal, Shear and Moment Values for

Plotting the N, V and M Diagrams:

Segment AB (0 x < 3) m
Segment BC (3 < x 6) m
The N, V and M equations obtained for
The equations for N, V and M for segment AB are as follows:
segment BC can be obtained by applying N = 0, V = 20 N and M = (20 x) N-m
equilibrium conditions to the free-body N
at any point between A and B = 0
diagram of the segment BC, as follows: V
at any point between A and B = 20 N
40N
M at A = 20 0 = 0
M
30N
N
A
M at B = 20 3 = 60 N-m
B
Segment BC (3 < x 6) m
V
20N
The N, V and M equations obtained for
Fx = 0 30 + N = 0 N = 30 N
segment BC are as follows:
Fy = 0 20 40 V = 0 V = 20 N N = 30 N, V = 20 N and
M = (120 20 x) N-m
M about cut section = 0
N at any point between B and C = 30 N
20 x 40 (x3) M = 0
V at any point between B and C = 20 N
M = (120 20 x) N-m
M at C = 120 20 6 = 0
x

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 2

N at any point between A and B = 0

V at any point between A and B = 20 N
M at A = 20 0 = 0
M at B = 20 3 = 60 N-m

N, V and M Diagrams:
Following are the N, V and M diagrams
plotted using the calculated values of N,
V and M:
50N

C
B
40 N

N at any point between B and C = 30 N

V at any point between B and C = 20 N
M at C = 120 20 6 = 0

30 N

RAy

3m

C
3m

R Cx

RCy

x
N (N)

+20

N-Diagram

-30

-30
+20

V (N)
-

-20

V-Diagram

-20

+60
+

M-Diagram
M = (N-m)

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 3

For the beam shown below, draw the
SFD and BMD.
20 N/m
B

6m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 3

20 N/m

Shear and Moment Equations:

B
A
Since there is no any point of
discontinuity, the equations for V and M
can be obtained for entire beam by
6m
applying equilibrium conditions to the
Support Reactions:
free-body diagram of the section cut at a
Reactions at supports A and B can be distance x from support A, as follows:
determined by applying equilibrium
20
conditions to the free-body diagram of
M
N
A
the entire beam, as follows:
N/m

20 6 = 120 N

A
3m
RAy

6m

60N

RBx

RBy

Fx = 0 RBx = 0
M about B = 0 6 RAy 120 3 = 0

RAy = 60 N
Fy = 0 RAy 120 + RBy = 0
RBy = 120 RAy = 120 60 = 60 N

Fy = 0

60 20 x V = 0 V = (60 20 x) N

M about cut section = 0

x
60 x 20 x 2 M = 0

M = (60 x 10 x2) N-m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 3

Shear and Moment Values for Plotting
the V and M Diagrams:
The V and M equations obtained for the
entire beam AB are as follows:
V = (60 20 x) N
M = (60 x 10 x2) N-m
V at A = 60 20 0 = 60 N
V at B = 60 20 6 = 60 N
M at A = 60 x 10 x2= 60 0 10 02 = 0
M at B = 60 x 10 x2= 60 6 10 62 = 0
Mmax:
For M to be Mmax,

dM
=0
dx

60 20 x = 0

x=3m
Mmax = 60 3 10 32 = 90 N-m

V and M Diagrams:
Following are the V and M diagrams
plotted using the calculated values of V
and M:

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 4

For the beam shown below, draw the

SFD and BMD.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 4

Support Reactions:
Reaction at support A can be
determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to the free-body diagram of
the entire beam, as follows:
2.5m

Ay

M about C = 0

5m

50 kN-m
C
5m

FR=2x

0.5x

M
x
x

2.5kN

Fy = 0 2.5 V 2 x = 0

FR=10kN

Shear and Moment Equations:

Segment AB (0 x < 5) m
The equations for V and M for segment
AB can be obtained by applying
equilibrium conditions to the free-body
diagram of the segment AB, as follows:

Cy

10 Ay 10 (10 2.5) + 50 = 0
Ay = 2.5 kN

V = (2.5 2 x) kN

M about cut section

=0
2.5 x 2 x 0.5 x M = 0
M = (2.5 x x2) kN-m
xx

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 4

Shear and Moment Values for Plotting
50 kN-m
the V and M Diagrams:
B
A
C
The V and M equations obtained for the
5
5
A
segments AB and BC are as follows:
C
V = ( 2.5 2 x ) kN
V = 7.5 kN
Segment BC (5 < x 10) m
AB
BC
;

2
=

M
x
x
2.5
kN-m
M = ( 75 7.5 x ) kN-m
(
)

The equations for V and M for segment

BC can be obtained by applying V at A = 2.5 2 0 = 2.5 kN
equilibrium conditions to the free-body V at B = 2.5 2 5 = 7.5 kN
diagram of the segment BC, as follows: V between B and C = 7.5 kN
2.5m

FR=10kN

2.5m

FR=10kN
B

2.5kN

50 kN-m

Fy = 0 2.5 10 V = 0

x
V
M

V = 7.5 kN
M about cut section x-x = 0
2.5 x 10 (x 2.5) + 50 M = 0
M = (75 7.5 x) kN-m

M at A = 2.5 x x2= 2.5 0 02 = 0

M just before B = 2.5 x x2= 2.5 5 52
= 12.5 kN-m
M just after B = 75 7.5 x= 75 7.5 5
= 37.5 kN-m
Mmax between A and B:
For M to be Mmax, dM
= 0 2.5 2 x = 0
dx
x = 1.25 m
Mmax = 2.5 1.25 1.252 = 1.562 kN-m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 4

V at A = 2.5 kN
V at B = 7.5 kN
V between B and C = 7.5 kN
M at A = 0
M just before B = 12.5 kN-m
M just after B = 37.5 kN-m

V and M Diagrams:
Following are the V and M diagrams
plotted using the calculated values of V
and M:
2kN/m

50 kN-m

B
5m

2.5kN

5m

7.5kN

V
2.5kN +

V-Diagram

M-Diagram

7.5kN

M
1.25m

37.5kN
1.562kN-m

2.5m

12.5kN-m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

For the beam shown below, draw the

SFD and BMD.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

Support Reactions:
Reactions at supports A and C can be
determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to the free-body diagram of
the entire beam, as follows:
FR=10kN

2.5m
A
Ay

50 kN-m
C

B
5m

5m
Cy

M about C = 0 10 Ay 10 7.5 + 50 = 0
Ay = 2.5 kN

Fy = 0 Ay + Cy 10 = 0

Cy= 10 Ay = 10 2.5 = 7.5 kN

Shear and Moment Equations:

Segment AB (0 x < 5) m
The equations for V and M for segment
AB can be obtained by applying
equilibrium conditions to the free-body
diagram of the segment AB, as follows:
FR=2x

0.5x

M
x
x

2.5kN

Fy = 0 2.5 V 2 x = 0
V = (2.5 2 x) kN

M about cut section

=0
2.5 x 2 x 0.5 x M = 0
M = (2.5 x x2) kN-m
xx

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

Shear and Moment Values for Plotting
50 kN-m
2.5
the V and M Diagrams:
A
C
The V and M equations obtained for the
B
5
segments AB and CB are as follows:
5
A
C
Segment AB (0 x < 5) m
Segment CB (0 x < 5) m
V = (2.5 2 x) kN
The equations for V and M for segment M = (2.5x x2) kN-m
CB can be obtained by applying Segment AB (0 x < 5) m
equilibrium conditions to the free-body V = 7.5 kN
diagram of the segment CB, as follows: M = (7.5 x 50) kN-m
x
50 kN-m
V
V at A = 2.5 2 0 = 2.5 kN
V at B = 2.5 2 5 = 7.5 kN
M
V between C and B = 7.5 kN
x
7.5 kN
x
M at A = 2.5 x x2= 2.5 0 02 = 0
Fy = 0 V + 7.5 = 0
M at B = 2.5 x x2= 2.5552 = 12.5 kN-m
V = 7.5 kN
M at C =75 7.5 x= 7.5050 = 50 kN-m
M about cut section x x = 0
Mmax between A and B:
7.5x + 50 + M = 0
For M to be Mmax, dM = 0 2.52 x = 0 x = 1.25 m
dx
M = (7.5 x 50) kN-m
Mmax = 2.5 1.25 1.252 = 1.562 kN-m
FR=10kN

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 5

V at A = 2.5 kN
V at B = 7.5 kN
V between C and B = 7.5 kN
M at A = 0
M at B = 12.5 kN-m
M at C = 50 kN-m

V and M Diagrams:
Following are the V and M diagrams
plotted using the calculated values of V
and M:
2kN/m

50 kN-m
B

5m

2.5kN

5m

7.5kN

V
2.5kN +

Mmax = 2.5 1.25 1.252 = 1.562 kN-m

7.5kN

x V-Diagram

M
1.25m
1.562kN-m

+
2.5m

x
12.5kN-m

50kN-m

M-Diagram

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

For the beam shown below, draw the
SFD and BMD.

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

B

6m

80 N-m

4m

Support Reactions:
Reactions at supports A and B can be
determined by applying equilibrium
conditions to the free-body diagram of
the entire beam, as follows:
FR = 5 6 = 30 N
A

3m

20N

RAy

5x

4m

RBy

M
N

A
15N

B
V
x

Fy = 0 15 V 5 x = 0
V = (15 5 x) N

MA = 0 303RBy 6+2010 80 = 0 M about cut section

6RBy = 210 RBy = 35 N
Fy = 0 RAy + RBy 30 20 = 0
RAy = 50 RBy = 50 35 = 15 N

x
0.5 x

80 N/m

B
6m

Shear and Moment Equations:

Segment AB (0 x < 6) m
The equations for V and M for segment
AB can be obtained by applying
equilibrium conditions to the free-body
diagram of the segment AB, as follows:

20N

5 N/m

=0
15 x 5 x 0.5 x M = 0
M = (15 x 2.5 x2) N-m
xx

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

FR = 5 6 = 30 N

20N

3m

80 N/m

Shear and Moment Values for Plotting

the V and M Diagrams:

The V and M equations obtained for the

segments AB and BC are as follows:
R
R
Segment AB (0 x < 6) m
Segment BC (6 < x 10) m
V = (15 5 x) N
The equations for V and M for segment M = (15 x 2.5 x2) N-m
BC can be obtained by applying Segment BC (6 < x 10) m
equilibrium conditions to the free-body V = 20 N
diagram of the segment BC, as follows: M = (20 x 120) N-m
4m

6m

Ay

By

5N/m

M
N

A
B
15N

35N
6m

V
x-6

Fy = 0 15 V 5 6 + 35 = 0

V = 20 N
M about cut section = 0
15 x 5 6 (x3) + 35(x 6) M = 0
M = (20 x 120) N-m

V at A = 15 5 0 = 15 kN
V just before B = 15 5 6 = 15 N
V just after B = 20 N
V between B and C = 20 N
M at A= 15 x 2.5 x2 = 15 0 2.5 02 = 0
M at B= 15 x 2.5 x2 = 15 6 2.5 62 = 0
M at C= 20 x 120 = 20 10120 = 80 N-m
Mmax between A and B:
For M to be Mmax,

dM
= 0
dx

15 5 x = 0 x = 3 m

Mmax = 15 x2.5 x2 = 15 3 2.5 32 = 22.5 N-m

PROBLEM SOLVING: Example # 6

V at A = 15 kN
V just before B = 15 N
V just after B = 20 N
V between B and C = 20 N
M at A= 0
M at B= 0
M at C= 80 N-m
Mmax = 22.5 N-m

V and M Diagrams:
Following are the V and M diagrams
plotted using the calculated values of V
and M:
20N
5N/m
B

80N/m

20N

30N

80N/m

A
4m

6m

15N

35N

+15

+20

+20

V(N)

V-Diagram

-15
22.5Nm
+

80N-m
+
M = (N-m)

M-Diagram

Multiple Choice Problems

Answer the following questions related to a beam segment having moment equation
x3
as: M = (9 x 9 ) kN-m

1. The type of load on the segment is

(a) Point load
(b) Rectangular load (c) Triangular load (d) None of these
Ans: (c)
Feedback:
Triangular load always has third degree of the moment equation.
2. The degree of the shear force equation for the segment is
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
Ans: (c)
Feedback:
Since a triangular load always has third degree of the moment equation, the
degree of the shear force equation for the segment will be two, because degree of
moment equation is always one more than the degree of shear force equation.

Multiple Choice Problems

Answer the following questions related to a beam segment having moment equation
x3
as: M = (9 x 9 ) kN-m

3. Shear force at x = 0 will be

(a) 0
(b) 9 kN

(c) 81 kN

(d) None of these

Ans: (b)
Feedback:
Since shear force is always taken as the slope of the moment curve, therefore,
dM
3x 2
x2
02
V=
=9
= 9 ; Vat x = 0 = 9 = 9 kN
dx
9
3
3

4. Maximum moment for the segment will be

(a) 0
(b) 5.2 kN-m
(c) 15.2 kN-m

(d) 31.2 kN-m

Ans: (d)
Feedback:
dM
3x 2
x2
For M to be maximum,
= 0 9
= 9 = 0 x = 27 = 5.2 m
dx
9
3
5.23
M max = 9 5.2
= 31.2 kN-m
9