2010

Reduction of Eatrhquake
effect

: Prepared by
Eng : Ayman Mohamed
Kandeel
ayman
Earthquake effect reduction
2010

Supervisor
PROF.DR : Hamed Askar
Structural engineering
department

contents

before start......................................................................................................(2)
Part one : earth quake
effect.........................................................................(3)
Ch 1 :
introduction...............................................................................
.........................( 4 )
Ch 2 : what causes earth
quake....................................................................................( 4

)
Ch 3 : seismic effects on
structures...............................................................................

(6)

Ch 4 : Design and Detailing of New Structures for resist

Earthquake......................(13)
Ch 5: reduction of earth quake effect...................................................................(23)

Part two :
summery .......................................................................
................(50)

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Before start
From my first trials in my way on my prefer sciene earthquake engineering
I hope it will be helpfull and easy ....

Part one : earth quake effect

chapter (1)
introduction
this research is about earthquake effects on building and
what are the methods thats by we can reduce the effect
and risk of earthquake.
Earthquake engineering is anew science that we must
deal with however the earthquake action is not new for
us therefore we have the need to produce some ways in
our structures helps the structure to sustain th
earthquake effect for longer time.
Thats way the science of earthquake reduction appear to
the life and in these following pages we will discuss
about the earthquake effect and our modern
technologies in order to reduce earthquake effects.

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Ayman kandeel
22-10-2010

chapter (2)
what causes earth quake
The Earth and its Interior
Long time ago, a large collection of
material
masses coalesced to form the Earth. Large
amount of
heat was generated by this fusion, and
slowly as the
Earth cooled down, the heavier and denser
materials
sank to the center and the lighter ones
rose to the top.
The differentiated Earth consists of the
Inner Core
(radius ~1290km), the Outer Core
(thickness ~2200km),
the Mantle (thickness ~2900km) and the
Crust
(thickness ~5 to 40km). Figure 1 shows
these layers.
The Inner Core is solid and consists of heavy metals
(e.g., nickel and iron), while the Crust consists of light
materials (e.g., basalts and granites). The Outer Core is liquid in form and the Mantle
has the ability to flow.

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What Cause
s Earthqakes?
The Circulations
Convection currents develop in the viscous
Mantle, because of prevailing high
temperature and
pressure gradients between the Crust and
the Core,
like the convective flow of water when
heated in a
beaker (Figure 2). The energy for the above
circulations is derived from the heat
produced from
the incessant decay of radioactive
elements in the
rocks throughout the Earths interior. These
convection
currents result in a circulation of the
earths mass; hot
molten lava comes out and the cold rock
mass goes
into the Earth. The mass absorbed
eventually melts
under high temperature and pressure and becomes a
part of the Mantle, only to come out again from
another location, someday. Many such local
circulations are taking place at different regions
underneath the Earths surface, leading to different
portions of the Earth undergoing different directions
of movements along the surface.

Plate Tectonics
The convective flows of Mantle material
cause the
Crust and some portion of the Mantle, to
slide on the
hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earths
mass
takes place in pieces called Tectonic Plates.
The surface
of the Earth consists of seven major
tectonic plates and
many smaller ones (Figure 3). These plates
move in
different directions and at different speeds
from those

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of the neighbouring ones. Sometimes, the plate in the

front is slower; then, the plate behind it comes and
collides (and mountains are formed). On the other
hand, sometimes two plates move away from one
another (and rifts are created). In another case, two
plates move side-by-side, along the same direction or
in opposite directions. These three types of inter-plate
interactions are the convergent, divergent and transform
boundaries (Figure 4), respectively. The convergent
boundary has a peculiarity (like at the Himalayas) that
sometimes neither of the colliding plates wants to sink.
The relative movement of these plate
boundaries
varies across the Earth; on an average, it is
of the order
of a couple to tens of centimeters per year.

The Earthquake
Rocks are made of elastic material, and so
elastic
strain energy is stored in them during the
deformations that occur due to the gigantic
tectonic
plate actions that occur in the Earth. But, the
material
contained in rocks is also very brittle. Thus,
when the
rocks along a weak region in the Earths Crust reach
their strength, a sudden movement takes place there
(Figure 5); opposite sides of the fault (a crack in the
rocks where movement has taken place) suddenly slip
and release the large elastic strain energy stored in the
interface rocks. For example, the energy released
during the 2001 Bhuj (India) earthquake is about 400
times (or more) that released by the 1945
Atom Bomb
dropped on Hiroshima!!
The sudden slip at the fault causes the
earthquake.
a violent shaking of the Earth when large
elastic strain
energy released spreads out through seismic
waves
that travel through the body and along the
surface of
the Earth. And, after the earthquake is over,
the
process of strain build-up at this modified
interface
between the rocks starts all over again (Figure 6). Earth scientists know this as the
Elastic Rebound Theory. The material points at the fault over which slip occurs usually
constitute an oblong three-dimensional
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volume, with its long dimension often running into

tens of kilometers.

chapter (3)
seismic effects on structures
1.1. what are the seimic effect on
structures ?

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2.2. how do earth quake affect reinforced

concrete building

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chapter (4)
Design and Detailing of New Structures for
resist Earthquake
1.1.

Introduction

The design of any new item of infrastructure (e.g. structure or lifelines) provides both
an opportunity and a challenge to minimize earthquake risk to people and property
within the resources available. To minimize risk, designers must minimize the seismic
vulnerability of whatever is being designed. Any given structure may be subject to
one or more of the earthquake induced hazards, but this chapter is restricted to
design for the basic phenomenon of ground shaking. Except for liquefaction, the other
phenomena are largely matters for site selection, site response regional planning, or
foundation design ,rather than the design of superstructure .
the designer will have a design brief, which leads to a preferred structural form and
construction materials. In addition, the desired performance of the structure will have
been agreed, and will range from accepting that implied by a code, or performance
requirements for selected hazard levels or limit states .

Concrete Structures
1.2.1.

Introduction

There is more information available about the seismic performance of reinforced

concrete than any other material. No doubt this is because of its widespread use, and
because of the difficulties involved in ensuring its adequate ductility (robustness).
Well designed and constructed reinforced concrete is suitable for most structures in
earthquake areas, but achieving both these prerequisites can be problematical even in
countries of advanced technology.
Reinforced concrete is generally desirable because of its wide availability and
economy, and its stiffness can be used to advantage to minimize seismic
deformations and hence reduce damage to non-structure.
Difficulties arise due to reinforcement congestion when trying to achieve high
ductilities in framed structures, and the problem of detailing beam-column joints to
withstand strong cyclic loading remains a difficult and contentious problem. It should
be recalled that no amount of good detailing will enable an ill-conceived structural
form to survive a strong earthquake.
1.2.2.

Seismic response of reinforced concrete

Reinforcement controls and delays failure in concrete members, the degradation

process generally being initiated by cracking of the concrete. Inelastic elongation of
reinforcement within a crack prevents the latter from closing when the load direction
is reversed and cyclic loading leads to progressive crack widening and steel yielding
(Figure 10.18). Fenwick (1983) argued that shear in plastic hinge regions of beams is
resisted
by truss action until the phase of rapid strength degradation in which large shear
displacements occur.
Figure 1 : Significant stages of development of a plastic hinge in reinforced concrete during
cyclic flexural and shear loading

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1.2.3. Reliable seismic behaviour of concrete structures

Introduction

For obtaining reliable seismic response behaviour the principles concerning choice of
form, materials, and failure mode control should be applied to concrete structures.
Designing for failure mode control requires consideration of the structural form used,
with most of the forms being appropriate for concrete, i.e.:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Moment-resisting frames.
Structural walls (i.e. shear walls).
Concentrically braced frames.
Hybrid structures.

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For concrete structures, , it should be noted that the essential objectives of failure
mode control are:
(a) Beams should fail before columns (unless extra column strength is provided).
(b) Brittle failure modes should be suppressed.
(c) An appropriate degree of ductility should be provided.

So How to Make Buildings Ductile for Good Seismic Performance?

Ductility
Now, let us make a chain with links made of
brittle
and ductile materials (Figure 3). Each of these
links will
fail just like the bars shown in Figure 2. Now,
hold the
last link at either end of the chain and apply a
force F.
Since the same force F is being transferred
through all
the links, the force in each link is the same, i.e.,
F. As
more and more force is applied, eventually the
chain
will break when the weakest link in it breaks. If
the
ductile link is the weak one (i.e., its capacity to take load
is less), then the chain will show large final elongation.
Instead, if the brittle link is the weak one, then the
chain will fail suddenly and show small final
elongation. Therefore, if we want to have such a ductile
chain, we have to make the ductile link to be the
weakest link.
Fig (1) : ductile chain design.
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Design

Strong column weak beam

Buildings should be designed be
designed like the ductile residential
apartment construction - the multi-storey
building made of reinforced concrete. It
consists of horizontal and vertical
members, namely beams and columns. The
seismic inertia forces generated at its floor
levels are transferred through the various
beams and columns to the ground. The
correct building components need to be
made ductile. The failure of a column can
affect the stability of the whole building,
but the failure of a beam causes localized
effect.
Therefore, it is better to make beams to be
the ductile
weak links than columns. This method of designing
RC buildings is called the strong-column weak-beam design method .
Design

Fig (2) : column slould be stronger than beams .

How architectural features affect building

during earthquake?

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eak-Column

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chapter (5)
methods of reduction
of earthquake effect
Introduction
There are many modern methods has been
developed to reduce earthquake effect or
risk and this chapter will illustrate this
.methods briefly
Conventional Methods
Increasing the cross sectional area,
increases the rigidity of the structure, so the probability of structural failure is
increased because of the decrease of the natural period of the structure, i.e. the
frequency of the structure within the range of the frequency content of the
earthquake

Response control methods

Absorb and reflect the energy introduced by dynamic loads

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Seimic isolation and response control

Seismic isolation and response control devices have long been sought to control the displacement and
acceleration response of buildings and thus to control the extent of damage caused by earthquake ground
motion and wind excitation . Historically, buildings have been isolated from input earthquake energy by
putting a layer of sand , or steamed rice, between the base of buildings and the soil, as observed in some
historical buildings in China and Japan .
In modern engineering practice, devices for vibration isolation or the dissipation of input energy were first
applied in the field of mechanical engineering, and included applications such as shock absorbers in
automobiles. In structural engineering, flexible rubber blocks have been used to isolate buildings from
vibration induced by underground trains, vehicle traffic and other forms of ground-borne vibration since
their first application in the 1950s. Until recently, however, these techniques have not been used for the
.protection of structures from seismic and wind excitations
The first modern attempt to isolate a structure from earthquake ground motion was the Heinrich Pestalozzi
School in 1969 in Skopje, Macedonia (in the former Yugoslavia) which utilized rubber bearings without
internal reinforcing steel plates. The first largescale application of seismic isolation was the use of leadrubber bearings for the William Clayton Building in 1981 in New Zealand, followed by the Foothill
Communities Law and Justice Center in the USA in 1985. Owing in part to the progress of computer
analysis capabilities to facilitate non-linear dynamic structural analysis, essential to verify the effectiveness
of devices to control response of buildings subjected to earthquake and wind excitations, the application of
response control devices has grown significantly over the last two decades for both new construction and the
retrofit of buildings .
The favourable response of seismically-isolated buildings observed in the 1994 Northridge earthquake in the
USA and the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake in Japan has also contributed to the increased acceptance of
the technology. Their performance and measured response verified the validity and reliability of analytical
procedures developed and accelerated the practical application of seismic isolation and response control
systems and lead to the innovation of a wide variety of devices.
These technologies can be categorized as follows:

1) Seismic Isolation
This technology utilizes flexible elements such as rubber bearings or sliding or rolling mechanisms,
often coupled with energy absorbing dampers, to reduce structural response. The basic concept is to give
longer natural periods and provide higher damping to rigid structures to avoid resonance with the
relatively short period components dominant in earthquake ground motions. Recently, seismic isolation

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has been utilized in more flexible structures to reduce acceleration or displacement response, allowing
designers to minimize structural member sizes, or to control damage and improve the post-earthquake
functionality of buildings. Seismic isolation devices demonstrate significant durability and are expected
to function throughout the design life of the structure.

2) Response Control Systems

Response control systems can be defined into two categories: direct energy dissipating devices and mass
dampers. Direct energy dissipation devices include hysteretic dampers , which utilize the yielding of
steel or friction mechanisms, oil dampers, and devices utilizing viscous or visco-elastic materials. These
devices are incorporated into structures as braces, walls, sub-columns or in various combinations of
these configurations. A reduction of response, such as floor acceleration or interstory drift, is achieved
through the increased direct energy dissipation capacity of the structure provided by the devices.
This volume mainly focuses on the direct energy dissipation devices and their applications.
The worldwide state of the art in seismic isolation and response control technologies is presented in detail in
the following pages.

So, what is the system of seismic isolation?

The following figures show the properties of buildings during quakes.
Conventional buildings:

These buildings are set on the ground, vibration of quake is brought directly
to the superstructure.
Building vibration is severe, there are possibilities that furniture will move
and overturn sometimes, doors distort, and walls crack.

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Seismically isolated buildings:

Devices are installed between building and the ground, and they absorb
energy of vibration during the quake. They can reduce vibration of building.
Building vibration is very slow, there are few possibilities of the foresaid
situations.

Devices for Seismic Isolation and Response

Control
INTRODUCTION

In this following pages we will give an overview of several different response control devices commonly
used in seismic isolation systems and structural control.
Response control systems are broadly classified into :

1-Passive control
2-Semi-active control
3-Active control
4- hybrid control
systems as shown in Table 5.1.1. This classification is based on
ISO 3010 International standard Basis for design of structuresSeismic action
on structures.

1-Passive control systems

reduce the response of buildings through the use of passive devices which do not require power.
2-Semi-active control systems.
reduce the response of buildings by changing the property of the building structure, i.e., the damping and
stiffness, and requires a relatively small amount of power.
3-Active control systems.
reduce the response of buildings by controlling a generated force which resists or reduces the inertia of
buildings.
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4-Hybrid control systems.

are composite systems comprising both passive and active systems, where, in general, the active system
assists the passive system.

Passive control systems characterized into :

Seismic Isolation systems.

Energy dissipation systems.
Additional mass effect systems.

Semi-active control systems characterized into :

Variable damping systems

variable stiffness systems

Active control systems characterized into :

mass damper systems .

active tendon systems .

Hybrid control Systems are :

composite systems comprising both passive and active systems, where, in general, the active system
assists the passive system.

In this Chapter, the construction and performance of popular devices are introduced and discussed. Section
2.2 outlines the constructions and performance of isolators for base-isolation system. Section 2.3 outlines
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dampers commonly used in both baseisolation systems and passive structural control systems. Active and
Semi-active control systems are often project specific and therefore are briefly shortly.

Passive control systems

2.2. ISOLATOR

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2.2.1.2 Fundamental Dynamic Characteristic

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Figure (2.2.16 ) Places of rubber and sliding bearing on aplan of building

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It utilizes the plasticity property of lead. The hysteretic loop contributes to

energy dissipation. There are two types of lead dampers, one has a round
section and a curved shape as shown in the Photograph and other has a
cylindrical plug in core of the elastomeric isolator.

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It utilizes the elasto-plasticity property of steel. The hysteretic loop

contributes to energy dissipation. There are two types of steel dampers, one
is square in section and other is round in section of the rods as shown in the
Photograph.

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Other
passive
dampers :

types of
control

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2-Active control devices

2.1- ACTIVE TENDONS

Actuator

3-Hyprid Control

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Semi -Active Devices-4

Part three
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Summery
We may conclode the above pages in some words ...........

There are some ways thas by we can reduce

earthquake effects .......
Conventional Methods :
Increasing the cross sectional area, increases the rigidity of the structure, so the
probability of structural failure is increased because of the decrease of the natural
period of the structure, i.e. the frequency of the structure within the range of the
frequency content of the earthquake

Response control methods :

1- Active control
External source powers apply forces to the structure in a prescribed manner

2- Passive control
Does not require an external power source

3- Hyprid control
Combined use of active and passive control systems

4- Semi-active control
Smaller external energy than in active control systems is required, no mechanical
energy is added to the structure (controllable passive control)

And we still search about another technolog methods to improve our ways
to reduce earthquake effect and risk.

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Refrences
Earthquake tips of indian codes .
Earthquake Risk Reduction D.J. Dowrick
Response Control and Seismic Isolation of Buildings Masahiko
Higashino and Shin Okamoto
design of Seismic Isolated Structures: From Theory to Practice.. F.
Naeim and J. M. Kelly

my best wishes
ayman kandeel

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