SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND STABILITY

G.KRISHNA CHAITANYA

THEORY
1. Explain the purpose of the rudder carrier and pintles
2. Define the terms pitch ratio, real slip ratio and blade area ratio
3. Explain and compare fixed - pitch with controllable - pitch propellers.
4. Explain the principle of screw propulsion.
5. Compare fixed-pitch with controllable-pitch propellers
6. Explain how continuity of strength is maintained in the vicinity of openings in the shell.
7. Define light displacement & load displacement.
8. Explain what is meant by assigned summer freeboard
9. Describe in detail how brittle fracture is instrumental in causing failure of materials.
10.Describe how a material is tested to assess the resistance to this type of failure.
11.Suggest where this type of failure would be likely and explain how the likelihood of failure is
reduced.
12.Explain in principle, the process of corrosion on the underwater steel plates of the hull.
Describe how protection is provided by sacrificial anodes.
13.With reference to ships rudder state:Why a breached hollow rudder can add to fuel costs?
Why excessive pintle clearance should not be tolerated?
Why fitted bolts are used in connecting upper and lower stocks?
14.Between the side frames of a Vessel, support for the deck beams is provided by __________.
(a) stanchions
(b) brackets
(c) web frames
(d) deck stringers
Briefly Justify Your Answer
15. A welding procedure used for joining dissimilar metals used in the construction of a Vessel
would be recorded in the ______________.
A. welding plan
B. Classification Society specifications
C. construction portfolio
D. BIS Specifications
Briefly Justify Your Answer
16. Explain the latent dangers that attend a person entering:
(a) an empty ballast tank,
(b) a tank that has contained fuel oil.
What precautions should be taken to ensure safe entry into each type of tank ?
17. A Vessel having continuous closely spaced transverse strength members is _____________.
(a) longitudinally framed
(b) transversely framed
(c) cellular framed
(d) web framed

Briefly Justify Your Answer

18. On a Vessel, the deck stringer is the outboard most deck ________________.
(a) plating
(b) beam
(c) stiffener
(d) stanchion
Briefly Justify Your Answer
19. Reserve buoyancy is the _____________.
(a) unoccupied space below the waterline
(b) volume of intact space above the waterline
(c) excess of the buoyant force over gravitational force
(d) difference between buoyancy in salt and fresh waters
20. A ship leaves port upright with a full cargo of timber, and with timber on deck. During the
voyage, bunkers, stores and fresh water are consumed evenly from each side. If the ship arrives
at her destination with a list, explain the probable cause of the list and how this should be
remedied. Briefly Justify Your Answer
21. With reference to the pump room of an oil tanker describe the following with particular
emphasis on safety aspects: (a) Ventilation system .
(b) Procedure to be followed for pump room entry .
(c) Lighting system.
22. Sketch a semi balanced rudder of your choice showing :(a) A detail of the hinges or pintels about which rudder turns.
(b) Details of the rudder carrier ring, which supports the weight of the rudderstock and
rudder.
23. State advantages of semi balanced rudder over an unbalanced rudder.
24. What acts as rudder stops? What is their purpose and at what angle from mid position
would you expect the rudder stops to be set.
25. A vessel should normally behave as if all of its weight is acting downward through the center
of gravity and all of its support is acting upward through the _____________.
(a) keel
(b) center of buoyancy
(c) tipping center
(d) amidships section
Briefly Justify your Answer
26. (a) Sketch a transverse section through the hold space of a container ship hull.
(b) Referring to the sketch in (a) describe how adequate structural strength is built into hull.
27. With reference to corrosion processes:
(a) Explain the mechanism of:
(i) Stress corrosion;
(ii) Corrosion fatigue.
(b) State where the following types of corrosion may occur, and the materials commonly
involved in each case.
(i) Fretting corrosion;
(ii) Impingement corrosion;
(iii) Galvanic corrosion;

(iv) Crevice corrosion;

28. With regard to the carriage of crude oil and its associated products:
(i) sketch and describe the operation of an explosimeter suitable for testing pump rooms or
tanks;
(ii) state why false readings are likely to be given by the explosimeter.
State the publication that give guidance on safety.
29. (i) State the dangers involved.
(ii) State what publications give guidance on safety.
30. Define the terms lower and upper flammable limits illustrating your answer by means of a
rough sketch of a hydrocarbon vapour oxygen graph.
31. The horizontal fore and aft movement of a vessel is called _______________.
(a) yaw
(b) sway
(c) heave
(d) surge
Briefly Justify your Answer
Similar Models :M1. Angular motion about the longitudinal axis/ vertical axis of a vessel is known as ________.
(a) pitch
(b) surge
(c) sway
(d) roll
Give a reasoned explanation to your choice of answer and why the other alternative were not
considered.
M2. The vertical motion of a floating vessel is known as ____________.
(a) surge
(b) sway
(c) heave
(d) pitch
Briefly justify your answer
32. Describe the types waves formed when a ship move through water.
Show by means of a diagram bow the center of gravity of the liquid in a partly filled tank moves
during rolling.
33. Describe the types of waves formed when a ship moves through water.
34. Explain what is meant by panting and state which parts of the ship is affected.
35. Define Light displacement and load displacement.
36. Define trim and centre of floatation.
37. With reference to hull protection against corrosion describe how EACH of the following
operate:
(a) Sacrificial anodes;
(b) Impressed current system.
38. Describe the following and explain their function:

(a) Hawse pipe;

(b) Spurling pipe;
(c) Cable stopper.
39.With the aid of a sketch of a ship bow show the arrangement of anchor cable, from anchor to
chain locker.
40.(a) Explain why a Spectacle Frame and Boss Plates are fitted to twin screw ships.
(b) Make a simple sketch of a Spectacle Frame showing how it is attached to the ship
structure and to the Boss Plates.
41. Explain the purpose of load line
42. Describe the function of the stern frame.
43. A virtual rise in the center of gravity of a ship may be caused by _______________.
(a) filling a partially filled tank
(b) using an onboard crane to lift a freely swinging heavy object
(c) emptying a partially filled tank
(d) transferring pipe from the setback area to the pipe rack
Briefly Justify your Answer
44. State why cargo ships have a collision bulkhead.
45. (a) Describe a method for the attachment of bilge keels.
(b) State THREE reasons for not extending bilge keels the entire length of the vessel.
(c) Explain TWO principles of roll damping that bilge keels exploit.
46. Explain the importance of reserve buoyancy.
47. Describe how an inclining experiment is carried out.
48.(a) Describe the survey of an oil lubricated stern bearing and shaft.
(b) Explain how the integrity of the outboard seal of an oil lubricated stern tube may be
proved before the dry-dock is flooded.
49.(a) With reference to fatigue of engineering components explain the influence of stress level
and cyclical frequency on expected operating life.
(b) Explain the influence of material defect on the safe operating life of an engineering
component.
(c) State the factors which influence the possiblity of fatigue cracking of a bedplate transverse
girder and explain how the risk of such cracking can be minimized.
50.State the purpose of EACH of the following and describe where they are located in the ship
structure:
(a) Cellular double bottom tanks;
(b) Transverse bulkheads;
(c) Bi1ge keels;
(d) Flare or f1am.
51.Define the main purpose of the following tank and pumping system details:
(a) Weighted cocks on tank sounding pipes,
(b) Remote operated gear for bilge valves,
(c) Ventilation pipes for double bottom tanks.,
(d) Explain why gauze is sometimes fitted to tank ventilation pipes and explain the effect of
mesh size.
52. Explain what is meant by (i) underdeck tonnage, (ii) gross tonnage, (iii) net tonnage and (iv)
dead weight.
53. (a) Describe the constructional arrangements for clearing decks of green seas or slack water.

(b) Sketch and describe a double bottom oil fuel tank air ventilator.
54. State with reasons, the main purpose of the following:
(a) Bulbous bow;
(b) Flare or Flam;
(c) Bilge keels;
(d) Sheer;
(e) Collision Bulkhead
55. Explain the purpose of the rudder carrier and pintles.
56. Define the following stating how they affect the ship structure and what component parts of
the ship structure help to resist the effect:
(a) Racking
(b) Water pressure effect
(c) Panting
(d) Pounding
(e) Local weights
(f) Dry docking
(g) Vibration from engine and propellers.
57. The existence of liquids in partially full tanks or compartments of a MODU causes a virtual
rise in the height of the _______________.
(a) metacenter
(b) center of buoyancy
(c) center of flotation
(d) center of gravity
Briefly Justify Your Answer
58. A load line for a Dredger is assigned by the ______________.
(a) Minerals Management Department (MMD)
(b) Department of Energy (DOE)
(c) Ministry of Defence
(d) a recognized classification society approved by the Coast Guard
(e) None of Above
Briefly Justify Your Answer
Model
M1. A load line for a Ship is assigned by the ______________.
(a) International Shipping Line for loading services
(b) Directorate General of Shipping
(c) Institute of marine Engineers
(d) a recognized classification society
Briefly Justify Your Answer
M2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

A load line for an Indian Ship is assigned by the ______________.

Mercantile Marine Department
Ministry of Shipping
Directorate General of Shipping
Not necessary a member of IACS

(e) None of the above

Briefly justify your answer and state why the other options were not considered
59. (a) Explain in principle, the process of corrosion on the underwater steel plates of the hull.
(b) Describe how protection is provided by sacrificial anodes.
60. (a) With the aid of a sketch describe the method of attachment for a bilge keel and hence
explain what protection is made to reduce the possibility of the shell being punctured in the event
of damage to the keel.
(b) State why the keel does not extend for the length of the ship.
(c) Evaluate the effectiveness of bilge keels for large wall sided vessels.
61.(a) Sketch a water-tight door and frame showing manner of attachment to bulkhead and the
additional reinforcement carried by the bulkhead to compensate for the aperture.
(b) Explain how water-tightness of the door and frame mating surface is ensured with an
hydrostatic pressure tending to force the faces apart.
(c) Describe the means of remote closing operation of the door and state how many closing
stations there are and their position.
62.For a ship the center of buoyancy and the metacenter are in the line of action of the buoyant
force ____________.
(a) only when there is positive stability
(b) only when there is negative stability
(c) only when there is neutral stability
(d) at all times
Briefly justify your answer.
63. Describe what is meant by panting or slamming and state which part of the ship is
affected.
64. With reference to rotary vane steering gear:
Describe, with the aid of a sketch, how such a unit incorporates an integral rudder carrier.
Explain how vertical rudder movement is accommodated.
65. Water ballast tanks of dry cargo ships and cargo tanks of oil tankers may be protected from
corrosion by sacrificial anodes.
(a) Describe how anodes prevent corrosion
(b) (i) State THREE suitable materials that can be used as anodes
(ii) State any restriction on the use of these materials as anodes on oil tankers.
66. Describe the arrangement of tank top and double bottom in the machinery space making
particular reference to the structure and scantlings below the main engine. Show the method
adopted in the arrangement of D.B. tanks to avoid contamination of fresh water, fuel oil and lube
oil stored in D.B. tanks.
67. Explain what is meant by reserve buoyancy.

68. With reference to passenger ship discuss the following basic principles adopted as fire safety
measures:
(a) Separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and
structural boundaries.
(b) Protection of means of escape.
69. explain the term capsizing moment.
70. Explain what is meant by assigned summer freeboard.
71. (a) The vessel upon which you are serving is about to enter drydock and as fourth engineer
you asked to inspect the rudder for faults. Sketch a rudder and indicate on the sketch possible
defects.
(b) Explain why EACH of the defects discovered in (a) are of importance
72. Explain the primary function of (i) forepeak (ii) Aft peak and (iii) double bottom.
73. "Air gap" is the vertical distance between the bottom of the hull and the __________.
(a) still water level
(b) wave crest
(c) wave crest plus the charted water depth and tidal corrections
(d) wave crest plus the charted water depth, plus tidal correction and storm surge
Briefly Justify Your Answer
74.(a) With reference to refrigerated hold spaces describe using simple sketches:
(i) A tween deck scupper;
(ii) An insulated brine pipe passing through a watertight bulkhead;
(b) With reference to draining water from decks, describe using simple sketches:
(i) A scupper pipe leading from the waterway in the tween decks to the outside of the vessel;
(ii) A bulwark freeing port with the flap hinged at the top and opening outward.
75. Explain how free board is related to reserve buoyancy.
76.(a) What is the significance of GM-GZ curve
(b) What is meant by stability criteria of a ship.
77. Work is being carried out in drydock on a large sea water inlet chest and the valves. Describe
the inspection you, as a junior engineer officer, would make:
(a) As the work started;
(b) During the progress of the work;
(c) After the work completed.
78. Work is being carried out in drydock on a large sea water inlet chest and the Sea suction
valves.
Describe the inspection you, as a second engineer officer, would make:
(a) Before As the work started;
(b) During and after the work.
79. Describe the function of the stern frame.
80. describe water pressure loads on the ships hull.
81. Explain the purpose for maintaining watertight integrity.
82. With regards to the metacentric height, which of the following statements is true?
(a) It is used to indicate the quality of initial stability.
(b) It is located below the center of buoyancy.

(c) It is measured vertically above the center of buoyancy.

(d) Its determination is the objective of the inclining experiment.
Briefly justify your answer.
83. Explain what is meant by pounding or slamming and state which part of the ship is
affected.
84. Explain what is meant by assigned summer free board.
85. Reinforcing frames attaches to a bulkhead on a vessel are called ---------------------.
(a) Side longitudinal
(b) Intercostals
(c) Stiffeners
(d) Brackets
Briefly justify your answer
86.In ship construction, beam brackets are triangular plates joining the deck beam to a --------(a) Bulkhead
(b) Frame
(c) Stanchion
(d) Deck longitudinal
Briefly justify your answer
87. Write short notes on
(a) Summer load line
(b) Timber load line
88. State the purpose of EACH of the following and describe where they are located in the ship
structure:
(a) Duct keel;
(b) Sternframe aft heel;
(c) Forward and after sheer;
(d) Round of bilge.
89. (a)Sketch the arrangement of ruder stock, bearings, glands and method of suspension of
pintleless rudder, labeling the components parts.
(b)State how the bearings wear down is measured and what prevents the rudder from jumping.
90. Explain reasons for damage stability requirements.
91. Define ang1e of loll.
92. explain why draught of a ship decreases when it passes from fresh water to sea water & vice
versa.
93.(a) Draw a simple line diagram of the bow of a ship show the position of the flowing
component parts of the ships anchoring system. Hawse pipes, cable stopper, windlass, and cable
lifts, spurling pipe and chain locker.
(b) Describe the cable stopper and state its purpose,
(c) Show by means of a sketch how the anchor cable is attached to the ship.
(d) Descibe how the chain locker is drained of water, sand and mud.
(e) State the purpose of fitting slipping clutches on windlass.
94.explain clearly the meaning of the term, reserve buoyancy.
95. Explain the purpose of rudder carrier and pintle.
96. Define the terms pitch ratio, real slip ratio& blade area ratio
97. With reference to the pump room of an oil tanker describethe following:
(a) Location and arrangement of Ventilation system, with suitable sketch.

(b) Requirement of number of air changes as per SOLAS74.

(c) Lighting system with respect to location and protection requirement.
98. (a) Explain what is meant by hogging and sagging and distinguish between them.
(b) Describe how hogging and sagging stresses are caused by the sea state.
(c) What are the effects of sagging and hogging stresses on ship?
(d) How are the hogging and sagging stresses are minimized?
99. Write short notes on;
(a) Free surface effects
(b) Cavitations
(c) Reserve buoyancy
(d) Pilmsol marking
(e) Margin Line
100. Explain why an unstable ship is dangerous.
101. Explain the term capsizing moment.
102. Explain, with reference to moments about the centerline, how the list may be removed.
103. Describe how water tightness is achieved at the coamings and cross joints.
104. Define centre of floatation.
105. Explain why the draught of a ship decreases when it passes from fresh water to seawater
and vice versa.
106. Explain what is meant by reserve buoyancy.
107. Describe water pressure loads on the ships hull.
108. Define centre of floatation
109. Explain, with the aid of sketches, the meaning of the following terms as applied to ships:
(a) Rise of floor,
(b) Watertight bulkhead,
(c) Tumble home,
(d) Shelter deck,
(e) Freeboard.
110.Explain how each of the following is made watertight, stating a suitable jointing material
and / or compound if required.
(a) Double-bottom tank manhole door.
(b) Stern tube against the after peak bulkhead.
(c) Riveted shell plate.
(d) Access to a cargo tank on a bulk oil-carrying vessel.
111. Describe the function of the stern frame.
112. what is meant by stability criteria of a ship.

PROBLEMS
1. An inclining experiment was carried out on a ship of 4000 tonne displacement, when
masses of 6 tonne were moved transversely through 13.5 m. The deflections of a 7.5 m
pendulum were 81, 78, 85, 83, 79, 82, 84 and 80 mm respectively.
Calculate the metacentric height.
Similar Models:M1.
An inclining experiment was carried out on a ship of 8000 tonne displacement. A
mass of 10 tonne was moved 14 m across the deck causing a pendulum 8.5 m long to deflect
110 mm. The transverse metacentre was 7.15 m above the keel. Calculate the metacentric
height and the height of the centre of gravity above the keel.
M2. During an inclining experiment a vessel of 430 ton displacement was heeled by
moving an added mass of 1.5 ton a distance of 6m across the deck. The pendulum was 5.5m
long and the deviation was found to be 0.3m.
If the transverse metacentre is 4m above the keel, calculate the KG at the time of the
experiment.
The vessel as inclined was incomplete and the following masses are to be added / deducted:
To add : 20 tone at 4.3m above keel.
To deduct : 7 tone at 3.7m above keel.
Calculate the light displacement and KG of the ship.
M3. A vessel of 8000 tonne displacement was inclined by moving 5 tonne through 12 m.
The record deflections of a 6 m pendulum were 73, 80, 78 and 75 mm. If the KM for this
displacement was 5.10 m, calculate KG.
M4. A ship of 5080 tonne displacement and KM = 6.4m is inclined in sea water by
moving a mass of 5.0 tonne transversely through a distance of 14.6m. This caused a
pendulum 6.lm long to be deflected 10.2cm. During the experiment a double bottom tank,
7.3m long 9.lm broad 1.22 m deep, contained sea water to a depth of 0.61 m. Find the
KG of the light ship if the only deadweight was the water in the tank.
2. A ship of 7000 tonne displacement, having KG 6 m and TPC 21, floats at a draught of 6
m. 300 tonne of cargo is now added at kg 1.0 m and 130 tonne removed at kg 5 m. The final
draught is to be 6.5 m and KG 5.8 m. Two holds are available for additional cargo, one
having kg 5 m and the other kg 7 m.
Calculate the mass of cargo to be added to each hold.
3. A ship of 7000 displacement has KM 7.30 m. Masses of 150 tonne at a centre 3.0 m
above and 60 tonne at a centre 5.5 m below the original centre of gravity of the ship are
placed on board. A ballast tank containing 76 tonne of water at KG 0.60 m is then
discharged.

Calculate the original height of the ships centre of gravity above the keel if the final
metacentric height is 0.50 m and KM is assumed to remain constant.

4. A box shaped vessel 50 metres long, 6 metres wide and 4 metres deep, floats on an even
keel at 2 metres draft KG = 3 metres. Will the vessels float uptight? If not, what will be the
angle of loll and the metacentric height at the angle of loll ?
5. A ship of l2,250 tonnes displacement, has KM = 8 metres, KB = 3.8 metres, KG = 8
meters and is floating upright. Find the list if a weight of 2 tonnes, already on board, is
shifted transversely through a horizontal distance of 12 metres assuming that the ship is wallsided.
6. A ship displaces 12000 tonne, its centre of gravity is 6.50 m above the keel and its centre
of buoyancy is 3.60 m above the keel. If the second moment of area of the waterplane above
the centreline is 42.5 x 103 m4 find the metacentric height.
Similar Model :M1. A ship of 12000 tonnes displacement has a metacentric height of 0.6 m and centre of
buoyancy 4.5 m above the keel. The second moment of area of the water plane about the
centerline is 42.5 X 103 m4. Calculate the height of the centre of gravity above the keel.
7. A vessel of 10000tonne displacement has a second moment of area of waterplane about
the center line of 60103 m4. The centre buoyancy is 2.75 m above the keel. The following
are the disposition of the masses on board the ship.
4000 tonne 6.30 m above the keel
2000 tonne 7.50 m above the keel
4000 tonne 9.15 m above the keel
Calculate the metacentric height
8. A ship displaces 5000 tonne and has a rudder of area 12m2. The distance between the
centre of lateral resistance & the centre of rudder is 1.6m & the metacentric height 0.24m.
calculate the initial angle of heel if the rudder is put over to 35. when travelling at 16 knots.
9. A vessel traveling at 17 knots turns with a radius of 450 m where the rudder is put hard
over. The centre of gravity is 7 m above the keel, the transverse metacentre 7.45 m above the
keel and the centre of buoyancy 4 m above the keel. If the centripetal force is assumed to act
at the centre of buoyancy, calculate the angle of heel when turning. The rudder force may be
ignored.
10. A box barge is 90 m long, 12m wide and floats at a level keel draught of 5 m. It has a
mid- length compartment 9m long with a water tight flat 2 m above the keel. Find the new
draught and the distance of the centre of buoyancy above the keel with:
(i) the compartment bilged above and below the flat,

(ii) the compartment bilged above the flat only.

11. A box barge 50 m long and 8 m wide floats at a draught of 3 m and has a mid length
compartment 9 m long containing coal (rd 1.28) which stows at 1.22 m3/t. Calculate the new
draught if this compartment is bilged.
12. A box barge is 75 m long, 9 m beam and 6 m deep. A similar barge having a volume of
3200 m3 is to be constructed. Calculate the length, breadth and depth of the new barge.
13. A box barge 60 m long and 10 m wide floats at an even keel draught of 4 m. It his a
compartment amidships 12m long.
Calculate the new draught if this compartment is laid open to the sea when:
(i) is 100%
(ii) is 85%
(iii) is 60%
14. The waterplane areas of a ship at 1 .5 m intervals of draught, commencing at the keel,
are 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 m2 respectively. When floating at a draught of 3.54 m, 50
tonne of cargo are added. Calculate the new draught:
(a) approximately, and
(b) accurately.
15. Bilge keels of mass 36 tonne and having a volume of 22 m3 are added to a ship. If the
TPC is 20, find the change in draught.
16. A ship of 9000 tonne displacement floats in fresh water of 1.000 t/ m3 at a draught 50
mm below the sea water line. The waterplane area is 1650 m2. Calculate the mass of cargo
which must be added so that when entering seawater of 1.025 t/ m3 it floats at the seawater
line.
Similar Models:M1. A ship of 8000 tonne displacement floats in seawater of 1.025 t/ m3 and has a TPC of
14. The vessel moves into fresh water of 1.000 t/ m3 and loads 300 tonne of oil fuel.
Calculate the change in mean draught.
M2. A ship of 15000 tonne displacement floats at a draught of 7 m in water of 1.000 t/ m3. It
is required to load the maximum amount of oil to gave the ship a draught of 7 m in seawater
of 1.025 t/ m3. If the waterplane area is 2150 m2, Calculate the mass of oil required.
17. A ordinates of a waterplane 9.6 m long are 1.2, 3.9, 5.4, 6.0, 6.3, 6.3, 6.3, 5.7, 4.5, 2.7
and o m respectively. A rectangular double bottom tank with parallel sides is 7.2 m wide, 6
m long and 1.2 m deep. When the tank is completely filled with oil of 1.15 m3/tonne the
ships draught is 4.5 m. calculate the draught when the sounding in the tank is 0.6 m.

18. The waterplane area of a ship at 8.40 m draught is 1670 m2. The areas of successive
waterplanes at 1.40 m intervals below this are 1600, 1540, 1420, 1270, 1080 and 690 m2
respectively. Calculate the displacement in fresh water at 8.40 m draught and the draught at
which the ship would be in seawater with the same displacement.
19. A deep tank is 16.5m wide and 6.4m deep. It is tested by filling with seawater and then
pressing up to a head of 2.44m in above the crown. Calculate :
(a) Pressure at the bottom of the bulkhead.
(b) Pressure at the top.
(c) The total load on the bulkhead.
20. A double bottom tank is 1.2 m deep and has a sounding pipe extending 11m above the
tank top. The tank is filled with oil (RD 0.82) to the top the sounding pipe. The double
bottom floors are spaced 750mm apart and are connected to the tank top by revetted angles.
The revets having a pitch of 7diameters if the max allowable stresses in the revet is 13MN/
m2. calculate the pressure in KN/ m2 on the outer bottom of the revets.
21. The pressure exerted on the thrust is 17.5 b at 115 rev/min. Calculate the thrust pressure
at 90 rev/min.

22. A vertical bulkhead 9 m wide and 8 m deep has sea water on one side only to a depth of
6 m.
Calculate the pressure in kN/ m3 at the bottom of the bulkhead and the load on the
bulkhead.
23. A ship of 12,400 tonne displacement has a length of 125m, 16.5m beam and floats at a
draught of 7.5m. The propeller has a face pitch ratio of 0.75. With the propeller turning at
100 rev/min the ship travels at 12 knots with a real slip of 30%. Calculate:(a) apparent slip, (b) pitch of the propeller and (c) diameter of the propeller.
Taylor Wake fraction WT = 0.5 Cb 0.05
24. The pitch of a ships propeller is 6m. At 105 rev/minimum the apparent slip is 10% and
the real slip is 24%. Calculate the slip and the wake fraction.
Similar Model:
->A ship travels at 14 knots when the propeller, 5 m pitch, turns at 105 rev/min. If the wake
fraction is 0.35, calculate the apparent and real slip.
25. The fuel consumption, in tonne/hour, of a ship is given by the following expression :
1.524 + 0.00148 V3 where V is the, speed in knot.
By reducing speed to 13 percent below the normal the daily fuel consumption is reduced by
61 tonne. Estimate

(a) The reduced speed in knot.

(b) The new daily consumption, in tonne at reduced speed.
(c) The saving in fuel, in tonne, during a voyage of 2400 nautical miles at the reduced
speed.
26. A vessel of 12000 tonne displacement runs at a normal speed. When the speed is
increased by 10%, the shaft power is increased by p, and when the speed is reduced by 10%,
the shaft power is reduced by (p-495). The Admirality Coefficient C is 392 and may assumed
constant Find
(a) The normal shaft power
(b) The normal ship speed in knots

27. A ship requires a shaft power of 2800 kW at 14 knots, and the Admiralty coefficient is
520. Calculate the displacement
(b) the shaft power if the speed is reduced by 15%.
Similar Model:-> A ship of 8000 tonne displacement has an Admiralty coefficient of 470. Calculate its
speed if the shaft power provided is 2100 kW.

28. Before bunkering in harbour the draught of a vessel of 12000 tonne displacement is 8.16
m, the water plane area being 1625 m2. After loading 1650 tonne of fuel and entering sea
water of 1.024 t/m , the draught is 9.08 m. Assuming that the water lane area remains
constant and neglecting any fuel etc. expended in moving the vessel, calculate the density of
the harbour water.
29. A ship of 7200 displacement has two similar bunkers adjacent to each other, the capacity
of each being 495 tonne and their depth 9.9 m. If one of the bunkers is completely full and
the other completely empty, find how much fuel must be transferred to lower the ships
centre of gravity 120 mm.
30. A rectangular double bottom tank 12m long and 10m wide is full of sea water. Calculate
the head of water above the tank top if the load due to water pressure on the tank top is 9.6
MN.
31. An oil tanker of 17000 tonne displacement has its centre of gravity 1m aft of midships
and has 250 tonne of oil fuel in its forward deep tank 75 m from midships.
This fuel is transferred to the after oil fuel bunker whose centre is 50 m from midships.
200 tonne of fuel from the after bunker is now burned.
Calculate the new position of the centre of gravity:
(a) after the oil has been transferred,
(b) after the oil has been used.

32. The residuary resistance of a one-twentieth scale model of a ship in seawater is 36 N

when towed at 3 knots. Calculate the residuary resistance of the ship at its corresponding
speed and the power required to overcome residuary resistance at this speed.
33. A double bottom tank is filled with seawater to the top of the air pipe. The pressure on
the outer bottom is found to be 1.20 bar while the pressure on the inner bottom is found to be
1.05 bar. Calculate the height of the air pipe above the inner bottom and the depth of the
tank.
34. A ship 120 m long, 17 m beam and 7.2 m draught has a block coefficient of 0.76. A
parallel section 6 m long is added to the ship amidship. The midship sectional area
coefficient is 0.96. Find the new displacement and block coefficient.
35. A double bottom tank 1.15 m deep has transverse floors 0.9 m apart connected to tank
top by rivets spaced diameters apart. When the tank is filled with oil (rd 0.81) to the top of
the sour ding pipe the pressure on the outer bottom is 1.06 bar, while the stress in the rivets
in the tank top is 320 bar. Calculate;
(i) the height of the sounding pipe above the tank top,
(ii) the diameter of the rivets.
36. A ship, whose maximum speed is 18 knots, has a rudder of area 25 m2. The distance
from the centre of stock to the centre of effort of the rudder is 1.2 m and the maximum
rudder angle 35. If the maximum allowable stress in the stock is 85 MN/ m2, calculate the
diameter of the stock.
37. The pitch angle, measured at a distance of 2m from the centre of the boss, was found to
be 21.50.
Calculate the pitch of the propeller
38. An oceangoing ship of 10000 gross tons, contracted for in January 1976, and not
equipped with an oily water separator, all bilge slops may be retained ________.
(a) onboard in the ship's bilges
(b) in the forward peak tank
(c) in the oil purifier reservoir
(d) in a cofferdam
Briefly Justify your Answer
39. The length of a ship is 18 times the draught, while the breadth is 2.1 times the draught. At
the load water plane, the water plane area coefficient is 0.83 and the difference between the
TPC in seawater and the TPC in fresh water is 0.7. Determine the length of the ship and the
TPC in fresh water.

40. A ship 140 m long and 18 m beam floats at a draught of 9 m. The immersed crosssectional areas at equal intervals are 5, 60, 116, 145, 152, 153, 153, 151, 142, 85 and 0 m2
respectively.
Calculate:
(a) displacement,
(b) block coefficient,
(c) midship section area coefficient,
(d) prismatic coefficient.
41. A ship has a displacement of 9800 tonne. 120 tonne of oil fuel are moved from an after
tank to a forward tank. The centre of gravity of the ship moves 0.75 m forward. The forward
tank already contains 320 tonne of oil fuel and after the transfer 420 tonne of fuel are used.
The centre of gravity of the ship now moves to a new position 0.45 m aft of the vessels
original centre of gravity. Find the distance from the ships original centre of gravity to the
centre of gravity of each tank.
42. A triangular bulkhead is 5 m wide at the top and 6.5 m deep. When flooded with sea
water on one side only the load on the bulk head is 500 kN. Calculate the height of the water
level relative to the top of the bulkhead.
Similar Model:M1. A triangular bulkhead is 5 m wide at the top and 7 m deep. It is loaded to a depth D in
seawater, when it is found that the load on the bulkhead is 190 kN. Find the depth D and the
distance from the top of the bulkhead to the centre of pressure.
43.
A vessel 40 m long has a constant cross-section in the form of a trapezoid 10 m wide
at the top, 6 m wide at the bottom and 5 m deep. It floats in seawater at a draught of 4 m.
Calculate its displacement.
44. The fuel consumption of a ship at 13 knots is 30 tonne per day. The consumption varies
as (speed)3.346 for a speed range of 11 to 13 knots and as (speed)3.468 for a speed range of 13
to 15 knots. The vessel travels at 11 knots for 10 hours and at 15 knots for 14 hours.
Calculate the percentage change in fuel consumption compared with travelling at a constant
speed of 13 knots.
45. A ship of 3000 tonne displacement has 500 tonne of cargo on board. This cargo is
lowered 3 m and an additional 500 tonne of cargo is taken on board 3 m vertically above the
original position of the centre of gravity. Determine the alteration in position of the centre of
gravity.
46. The pitch of a propeller is measured by means of a batten and cord. The horizontal
ordinate is found to be 40cm while the vertical ordinate 1.15 m at a distance of 2.6 m from
the centre of the boss. Calculate the pitch of the propeller and the blade width at that point

47. A bulkhead is supported by vertical stiffeners. The distance between the stiffeners is one
ninth of the depth of the bulkhead. When the bulkhead is flooded to the top with seawater on
one side only, the maximum shearing force in the stiffeners is 200KN. Calculate
(i)the height of the bulkhead
(ii)the shearing force at the top of the stiffeners,
(iii)the position of zero shear
48. A ship travels 2000 nautical miles at 16 knots and returns with the same displacement at
14 knots. Find the saving in fuel on the return voyage if the consumption per day at 16 knots
is 28 tonne.
49. The pitch of a propeller is measured by means of a batten and cord. The horizontal
ordinate is found to be 40 cm while the vertical ordinate 1.15 m at a distance of 2.6 m from
the centre of the boss. Calculate the pitch of the propeller and the blade width at that point.
50. A box-shaped vessel 60m tong, l0 m beam, and 6m deep, is floating in salt water at drafts
4m. Forward and 4.4 m Aft. Find how far forwards of amidships a weight of 30 tonnes must
be loaded if the draft aft is to remain at 4.4 m.
51. A lock gate which is l5 m wide has salt water on one side to a depth of 8 m and fresh
water on the other side to a depth of 9m. Find the resultant thrust on the lock gate and state
on which side of the gate it acts.
52. The centre of gravity of a ship of 5000 tonne displacement is 6 m above the keel and 1.5
m forward of midships. Calculate the new position of the centre of gravity if 500 tonne of
cargo are placed in the tween decks 10 m above the keel and 36 m aft of midships.
53. A ship displacing 10000 tonne and travelling at 16 knots has a fuel consumption of 4l
tonne per day. Calculate the consumption per day if the displacement is increased to 13750
tonne and the speed to 17 knots. Within this speed range, fuel consumption per day varies as
(speed)3.6.
54. A vessel of constant triangular cross-section 9 m wide at the deck and has a depth to deck
of 7.5 m. Draw the metacentric diagram using 0.5 m intervals of draught up to the 3.0 m
waterline.
55. A vessel of constant rectangular cross-section is 7.2m wide.
Draw the metacentric diagram using 0.5m intervals of draught up to the 4.0m waterline.
56. A box barge is 7.2 m wide and 6 m deep. Draw the metacentric diagram using 1 m
intervals of draught up to the deck line.
57. A ship has a constant cross-section in the form of a triangle which floats apex down in
seawater. The ship is 85 m long, 12 m wide at the deck and has a depth from keel to deck of

9 m. Draw the displacement curve using 1.25 m intervals of draught from the keel to the 7.5
m waterline. From this curve obtain the displacement in fresh water at a draught of 6.5 m.
58. The waterline areas of a ship at 1.25 m intervals of draught, commencing at the 7.5 m
waterline, are 1845, 1690, 1535, 1355 and 1120 m2. Draw the curve of tonne per cm
immersion and determine the mass, which must be added to increase the mean draught by
0.20 m.
59. The load draught of a ship is 7.5 m in seawater and corresponding waterplane area is
2100 m2. The area of water planes at intervals of 1.5 m below the load waterplane are 1930,
1720, 1428 and 966 m2 respectively. Draw the TPC curve. Assuming that the displacement
of the portion below the lowest given waterplane is 711 tonne. Calculate the displacement of
the vessel when
(a) Fully loaded
(b) Floating at a draught of 4.5 m in seawater
60. Construct a displacement curve from the following data:
Draft(m)
3
3.5
4
4.5
5.0
5.5
Displacement (tonnes)
2700 3260
3800
4450
5180
6060
If this ships light draft is 3m., and the load draft is 5.5m., find the deadweight.
61. construct a graph from the following information:
Mean draft(m)
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
TPC(tonnes)
8.0
8.5
9.2
10.0
(b) From this graph find the TPCs at draft of 3.2m; 3.7m; and 4.3m.
62. Draw the shearing force diagram shows the values at 2.5m intervals and determine the
position of zero shear for the bulk head stiffner.
The following offsets are given for load water line of a vessel 120m long.
Station
0
1/2
1
2
3
4
5

4
6
7.8
8.4
8.5
8.5
Breadth 0
(m)
Station
breadth
(m)

6
8.5

7
8.5

8
7.7

9
5.3

9
3.2

10
0

CalculateThe water plane area coefficient

The parallel sinkage in S.W. if 400 tons are loaded.
63. A vessel has the following dimensions : length 120.0m; block coefficient, 0.78; KB 3.2m.
Ordinates of the waterplane at the 6.0m draft are:

Station
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ordinate(m) 0.1 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 9.5 1.0
If the vessel is floating on an even keel at a draft of 6.0m, calculate the vessels KM.
64. The ordinates of a waterplane 120 m log are as follows:
Section
AP 1 1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8 8 9 9 FP
ord
1.2 3.5 5.3 6.8 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.9 6.2 3.5 0 m
Calculate:
(a) waterplane area
(b) distance of centroid from midships.
65. The ordinates of the waterplane of a ship 75 m long are as follows:
Station
0

1
2
3
4
5
5 6
ord
0.06 1.25 2.68 4.55 5.30 5.20 4.20 2.60 0 m
Calculate the tonne per cm immersion.
66. An undivided double bottom tank 24 meters long, with vertical sides of depth 1.5m has
ordinates commencing at the after perpendicular as follows:
Station
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ordinate
6.0 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.4 4.9 4.3
(m)
Find
(a) the volume of the tank,
(b) the distance of the centroid of the tank from the AP.