Book of English

Unit 1
THE ALPHABET
El alfabeto Ingls est compuesto de 26 letras
ABCDE-FGHIJKLMNOPQ-RSTUVWXY
-Z
Agrupo las letras de acuerdo al sonido:
Ei :
ajh-k
I:
bcdegptv
E:
flmnsxz
Ai:
iyIu:
quw
Ou: o
Ar:
r
THE GREETINGS
Hi
: hola (informal)
Hello
: hola
Good morning
: buen da
Good afternoon
: buenas tarde
Good Evening
: buenas noches ( al llegar )
Good Night
: buenas noches
How are you?
: Cmo est/s/n?
How do you do?
: Cmo le va?
Nice to meet you
: gusto o placer en conocerte
Im glad to meet you : encantado en conocerte
Very well, thank you : muy bin gracias
Fine, thank you
: bin gracias
See you later
: nos vemos mas tarde
See you tomorrow : nos vemos maana
Until tomorrow
: hasta maana
Good bye
: Adios
Bye-bye
: chau chau
What is your name? : cual es tu nombre?
My name is: mi nombre es
What is your surname last name family name?
My surname is..
How do you spell your name?: Como se deletrea tu nombre?
Useful expressions and commands (part 1)
Repeat: repitan
All together:
Again: otra vez
Be quiet: silencio
Stand up:
May I go to the bathroom?:
Did you finish?: terminaron
Listen: escuchen
Bring me some chalks, please:

Repeat after me:

You alone: Solo usted
Read it: lalo
Erase the blackboard, please:
For homework; para tarea
May I go out? : puedo salir
Not yet: an no
Yes:
Do you understand?: entienden
traeme algunas tizas, por favor

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE ( A- AN )

A
: un una
(delante de consonantes)
An
: un una
(delante de vocales)
El artculo indefinido A An se utiliza delante de sustantivos singulares
A
: before a word which begins with a consonant sound.
An
: before a word which begins with a vowel sound
Example:
a teacher : un profesor una profesora
an orange : una naranja
A and An tell how many, because they do not indicate a definite person or object, are called Indefinite
articles.
Complete with A An and Translate to Spanish
..student
..eraser
..pencil
..umbrella
......table
..........classroom
..........tourist
..secretary
..egg
..atlas
.schoolbag
..apple

.notebook
.scientist
.............class
.elephant
.pen
.insect

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (THE)

The: el la los las
You use in singular or plural.
The indefinite article is pronounced in two different ways, depending upon what follows it.
(de) when it is followed by a word beginning with a consonant.
(di ) when it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel
The student
the apple
The article the, because it indicates a definite person or object, (the child, the box) is called a definite
article.
Complete with THE and Translate to Spanish
.blackboard
..words
.student
..lessons
.room
..windows
.doors
.chemists
.floor
.pen
.ceiling
.light
.seat
papers

SUBJECT PRONOUNS (PRONOMBRES NOMINATIVOS) or PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

A pronoun is a very useful word that can be used in place of a noun. A pronoun may be used as the subject of
a sentence.
I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY ( Ellos ellas estos / as )
Change by a personal pronoun
Mary: she
Peter:
Helen and Karen:
Richard and I:
The students: The student:

The car:
The pencils:

VERB TO BE
The present form of BE express facts about the present.
Affirmative
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
You are
They are

Interrogative
am I?
Are You?

Negative
I am not
You are not

Contracted form
Im not
You arent

Complete with the correct form of the verb to be and Translate to Spanish
1- A donkey..an animal
2- We.. students
3- The dog intelligent
4- It .a pencil

5- She..in the classroom

6- Robert and Helen.friends.
7- I .a tourist
8- Robert and I ..teachers.

Substitute the noun for a pronoun

1- Philip is a student
: He is a student
2- Alice is a nurse
:
3- Victor is a tourist
:
4- Sylvia is a secretary
:
5- The students are in the room:
6- The car is new
:
Change the sentences to the interrogative form
Philip is in class
Alice is in class
He is absent
I am a student
We are tourists
Washington is in the United States
Change the sentences to the negative form
It is a door
We are doctors
Edward is a doctor
My name is Helen

She is a singer
They are good students

Change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form

1- It is a city
4- The oranges are delicious
6- I am sick
9- Peter is in the laboratory

2- She is a secretary
3- He is a pilot
5- Manolo and Rolando are in Bogot.
7- They are in Europe
8- Laura is beautiful
10- I am in the English class

CONTRACTIONS WITH BE

PLURAL OF NOUNS
Rules
1- Most plurals are formed by adding s to the simple form ( La mayora de los sustantivos en Ingls se
pluralizan agregandles directamente s )
Example: Book = books
2- When a word ends in y but is preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i and es is
added. (Cuando un sustantivo termina en y pero esta precedida de una consonante se cambia la
y por i y se agrega es. )
Example: party = parties
3-When a word ends in y but is preceded by a vowel is not changed. (Cuando una palabra termina
en y pero esta precedida de una vocal se agrega directamente s.)
Example: day = days
4- When a word ends in : ss sh ch x o is added es . ( A los sustantivos que termina en :
ss sh ch x o se les agrega es para pluralizarlos.)
Example. Tomato = tomatoes
5- When a word ends in f fe is changed by ves. (Cuando la palabra termina en f fe
se cambia la f fe por ves)
Example: leaf (hoja) = leaves
6- Irregular plural forms: there are only a few, the most common are:
Existen sustantivos irregulares, es decir que no siguen la regla y tienen forma propia, los ms
comunes son los siguientes:
Foot (pie) = feet (pies)
tooth (diente) = teeth (dientes)
ox (buey) oxen (Bueyes)
Mouse (ratn) = mice (ratones)
man (hombre) = men (hombres)
Woman (mujer) = women (mujeres)
child (nio) = children (nios)
Write the plural of these nouns Escribe el plural de estos sustantivos
Glass horse lady day - baby camera mouse - watch country half actress hero
potato flower knife dish child woman key pen 1- + s

2- y + ies

3- y + s

Form the plural and Translate to Spanish

City
body (cuerpo)
Horse
foot
Knife (cuchillo)
fruit
Hand
finger

4 f-fe= ves

boy
thief (ladrn)
sandwich
door

5- x-o-ss-sh-ch= es

man
pencil
party
computers

6- Irregular

library
book
gate
shoe

Search in newspapers and magazines 5 nouns, and then pluralize it. Use a dictionary to translate the
word in English.

THE DEMOSTRATIVES
Singular
This ( Este esta esto )
That ( aquel aquella/o )

Plural
these: (estos estas )
those: ( aquellos aquellas )

This and These refer to people or things close or near to the speaker.
This and These para referirse a personas o cosas que estn cerca del hablante
That and Those refer to people or things which are some distance from the speaker.
That y Those para referirse a personas o cosas que estn lejos del que habla.
This and That are singular in number and are used to modify singular nouns.
This y That estn en nmero singular y son usados para modificar sustantivos singulares.
These and those are plural in number and are used to modify plural nouns.
These y Those son de nmero plural y son usados para modificar sustantivos plurales
Translate to Spanish
This is a box:
This is a chair:
This lesson is easy:
This is my hat:

That is a table:
These students are busy:
That is my house:
Those students are tired:
These seats are comfortable: That is my sister:
Those twins are my brothers:

THE PREPOSITIONS ( IN ON - AT )
Las 3 preposiciones significan en, pero con diferencias al utilizarlas.
IN: en ( dentro de algo )
Example: We are in the classroom ( Ntros. estamos en la clase )
ON: en ( sobre algo, en contacto con una superficie )
Example: The book is on the table ( El libro est en la mesa o El libro est sobre la mesa)
AT: en ( presencia en un lugar )
Example:The teacher is at the blackboard ( La prof. est en el pizarrn )
ANOTHER FORM OF USES
IN: before

months
Years
Seasons

: in September
: in 1999
: in winter

IN: before

a city
Country

: in San Lorenzo
: in Paraguay

IN: with the expressions

(in this case IN means por)

: in the morning
: in the afternoon
: in the evening

ON: before days of the week

Dates

: on Friday
: on July 4th

ON: before name of streets

: on Estrella Street
: on Palma Street

AT: before

: at 5:15
: at noon - at night - at midnight

the time
Special expressions

AT: before exactly address

: at 643 Palma Street

Complete the sentences with IN ON AT and Translate to Spanish

1- He lives389 Colon Street

2- My birthday is .December
.
3- We are..the classroom
.
4- Those books arethe table
.
5- The Paraguayan Independence was1811
.
6- I wake up..6:00

7- The party isAugust 10th

8- Helen is..the door

9- I go to the church.Sunday

10- The American Embassy is..Mcal Lpez Avenue

11- I study..the morning

12- They liveBolivia

Complete the reading with IN ON AT and Translate to Spanish

I live.a apartment with a big cat, ..Asuncin..1040 Palma street. The cat loves to
sit..the sofa. When I read the newspaperthe evening, I sit.the sofa, and the cat sits
..me. My cats bed isthe kitchen floor, but he usually sleeps..my bedroom. I go to
work the morning, and the cat stays alone..the apartment.
Yo vivo en un departamento con un gato grande, en Asuncin en la calle Palma 1040. El gato ama sentarse
en el sof. Cuando yo leo el peridico en la noche. Yo me siento en el sof y el gato se sienta sobre m. La
cama de mi gato est en el piso de la cocina, pero l usualmente duerme en mi dormitorio. Yo voy a trabajar
en la maana, y el gato se queda solo en el apartamento.

THE NUMBERS ( 1 20 )
1 : One
2: Two

unit 2
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Its formed with the present form of be + the verb with ing to express moment activity. The ing form
tell us that the time is right now.
Es formado con la forma presente del verbo to be + el verbo principal con ing (ando iendo)
Example: work ( trabajar ) = working ( trabajando )
Rules
a- When the simple form of a verb ends in a single e, the e is dropped before adding ing.
a- Cuando el verbo termina en e, se suprime la e y luego se agrega ing
Ex. Have (tener) : having (teniendo)
write: writing
choose: choosing
b- When the simple form of a verb ends in ie, the e is dropped and the i is changed
to y before adding ing.
b- Cuando el verbo termina en ie se suprime la ie y se agrega ing
Ex. Die (morir): dying
tie (atar): tying
lie (mentir):lying
Form the present continuous using the verbs in parentheses and Translate to Spanish
1- Betty .. a new dress today ( wear )
1-
2- Bill.. .. music ( listen )
2-
3- Mr. Allen .a pipe ( smoke )
4- You an English lesson ( study )
5- Roger and Alex.. in the cafeteria ( eat )
6- One student.. .. the question ( copy )
7- Mary. .. a new dress ( choose )
8- We .. on the blackboard ( write )
9- He. ..a car ( drive )
10- Karen and I. a soccer game ( watch )
Translate to Spanish
1- Martha is washing the windows:.
2- The cat is eating a mouse:
3- The baby is sleeping:...
4- Mr. Green is working in the garden:
5- The boys are playing football:.
6- William is washing the car:..

THE INTERROGATIVE WORDS WH- questions

WHO: quin / es ?. For questions about people. ( Para preguntas acerca de personas )
WHAT : qu ?. For questions about things. (Para preguntas acerca de cosas)
WHERE : dnde ?. For questions about places. ( Para preguntas acerca de lugares )
WHEN : cundo ?. For questions about time. (Para preguntas acerca de tiempo, de la hora)
Translate the questions or Answer the questions
WHO
1- Who is that boy ? :
2- Who are they ? :
3- Who is finishing the exercise ? :
4- Who are studying at the library ? :
5- Who are eating at the cafeteria ? :
6- Who are you eating with ? :
7- Who are you studying with ? :
8- Who sits in front of you ? :
9- Who sits in back of you ? :
10- Who sits on your right ? :
11- Who sits on your left ? :
WHAT
1- What are you writing ? :
2- What are you thinking about ? :
3- What are you looking at ? :
4- What is Betty doing ? :
5- What is the lady drinking ? :
1- What do you do in the morning ? :
2- What do you do in the afternoon ? :
3- What do you like ? :
4- What does he like ? :
5- What time does the class begin ? :
6- What do you plan to do in the future ? :
7- What do you want to be ? :
8- What do you like to do on weekends ? :
WHERE
1- Where is your house ? :
2- Where are you living now ? :
3- Where are you sitting ? :
4- Where are Mr. and Mrs. Green ? :
5- Where is George ? .
1- Where do you study ? :
2- Where do you sleep ? :
3- Where do you eat ? :
4- Where do you work ?
5- Where do you go on Saturdays ? :
6- Where do you want to travel in the future ? :
WHEN
1- When do you study English ? :
2- When do you eat breakfast ? :
3- When do you usually do your homework ? :
4- When does he watch TV ? :
5- When does he go to the church ? :
6- When does he do the homework ? :

THE ADJECTIVES
An adjective is a word that describes or points out a noun, an adjective modifies a noun. Adjectives in
English only have one form, which we use with singular and plural.
Un adjetivo es una palabra que describe o seala a un sustantivo, un adjetivo modifica a un sustantivo. Los
adjetivos en Ingls no se pluralizan y se utilizan tanto para el singular como para el plural.
Good bad old new young tall short long - big small expensive cheap nice beautiful
handsome ugly clean dirty comfortable interesting intelligent happy- sad difficult easy fat
thin poor rich delicious Complete the sentences with an adjective then translate to Spanish
1- My chair is = .
2- My classmate is.. =
3- The class is. =
4- The classroom is =
5- The lesson is . =
6- The questions are.. =
7- The students are =
8- The girls are.. =

THERE IS THERE ARE

THERE IS: hay ( en singular )
THERE ARE: hay ( en plural )
Complete with There is There are
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a girl in the classroom

a room in the house
two calendars on the desk
three tables in the room
a classroom in the school
two old chairs in the room
a boy in the classrrom
four old houses on this street

Change to questions ( Is there Are there ? )

123456-

There is a book on my desk : Is there a book on my desk ?

There are five boys in the classroom : Are there five books in the classroom ?
There are two calendars on the walls :
There are eight rooms in my house :
There is a map on the wall :
There is a calendar on my desk :

What about your home ? Give short answers

Yes, there is / are
No, there isnt / arent
1- Is there a post office near your house ? : .
Hay un correo cerca de tu casa ?
2- Is there a museum ?
: .
Hay un museo ?
3- Is there a bus stop near your home ?
Hay una parada de mnibus cerca de tu casa ?
4- Is there a cinema ?
Hay un cine ?
5- Is there a school near your house ?
Hay una escuela cerca de tu casa ?
6- Are there a lot of shops near your house?
Hay muchos negocios cerca de tu casa ?
7- Are there a lot of trees near your home ? :.
Hay muchos rboles cerca de tu casa ?

Unit 3
THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ( EL PRESENTE SIMPLE )
We use the present simple to talk about repeated actions or habits.
In the affirmative form the verbs have the same form in all the persons, except in the third person singular. In
the third person singular S is added
In the interrogative form, we use the auxiliaries DO DOES to make questions.
DOES with (He She It) DO for all other persons.
Negative form we use the auxiliaries DO DOES then the word NOT follows these auxiliaries.
Usamos el presente simple para hablar o referirnos acerca de acciones o hbitos.
* En la forma afirmativa los verbos tienen la misma forma en todas las personas, excepto en las terceras
personas del singular (He She It). En las terceras personas se agrega s.
Excepciones: 1- Cuando el verbo termina en y pero est precedida de una consonante se cambia la y por
i y se agrega es
Study : studies
2- A los verbos que terminan en: ss sh ch x o se les agrega es
wtch : watches
* Para la forma interrogativa utilizamos los auxiliares DO DOES para hacer preguntas.
DOES: se utiliza con He, She, It
DO: se utiliza con I We - You - They
stos auxiliares se colocan al comienzo de la oracin y no tienen traduccin solo indican que la oracin est
en forma interrogativa en tiempo presente. Al utilizar el auxiliar does el verbo deber estar en su forma simple
sin s o es
* Para la forma negativa utilizamos Do not = Dont - Does not = Doesnt
que se colocan delante del verbo para negar y el verbo en forma simple en (he she it )
Affirmative
Interrogative
Negative
I speak
Do I speak ?
I do not speak - I dont speak
You speak
Do you speak ?
You do not speak - You dont speak
He speaks
Does he speak ?
He does not speak - He doesnt speak
She speaks
Does she speak ?
It speaks
Does it speak ?
We speak
Do we speak ?
You speak
Do you speak ?
They speak
Do they speak ?

Rules: He she - it
a- Most form adding s to the simple form of the verb. : live lives, eat eats
b- When the verbs end in o-ss-sh-ch-x is added es. : go goes
c- When a verb ends in y but preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i and es is added.:
study - studies
Write correctly the verbs in parentheses and Translate to Spanish
1- Joseph..TV in the evening ( watch )
12- Joseph..in this room in the afternoon ( study )
23- She..to the Chemistry class ( go )
34- Hein San Bernardino ( live )
45- The baby..milk ( drink )
56- You at the library ( study )
67- We ..the newspaper ( read )
78- They..on the blackboard ( write )
8Change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form. Use Do - Does
1- He walks every day ( El camina cada da )
112- They speak in the school
223- You do the homework every day
4- I wait for John after class
5- She teaches History at school
6- Helen goes to Europe every year
7- He helps his friends
8- John goes downtown every Saturday
9- She studies in the library in the afternoon
10- Mr. Allen smokes cigarettes every day
11- She lives on this street
12- The bus arrives before nine oclock
13- They attend a big college
14- She lives in the city
15- He works in the city
16- He leaves home at nine oclock
17- I take a bus to work
18- They go to work by car
19 They arrive at school at nine oclock
20 The boys like to study in the afternoon

FREQUENCY WORDS ( PALABRAS O ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA )

The adverbs of frequency are words which tell in general way how many times an action is repeated. They
are used in sentence patterns which express customary or repeated action. The following are the most
common.
Los adverbios de frecuencia son palabras las cuales nos indican de que forma o cuantas veces una accin es
repetida. Ellos son usados en oraciones para expresar costumbres o acciones repetidas. Los ms comunes son
los siguientes:
Always : siempre
often: a menudo
seldom: rara vez
Usually: usualmente
sometimes: algunas veces
rarely: raramente
Frequently: frecuentemente
occasionally: ocasionalmente
never: nunca
The words seldom, rarely, never are negatives
The position of adverbs of frequency - La ubicacin de los adverbios de frecuencia
* In affirmative statements they are between the subject and verb
* En oraciones afirmativas ellos se colocan ente el sujeto y el verbo
Example:
He often call his mother (l a menudo llama a su madre )
* With the verb to be is placed followed of to be
* Cuando la oraciones tiene verbo to be (am is are) se coloca despus del verbo
She is always happy. ( Ella est siempre feliz )
The expressions with every, you put at the end of the sentence.
Las expresiones con every se colocan al final de la oracin
every morning: cada maana o todas las maanas
every afternoon: cada tarde o todas las tardes
every night : cada noche o todas las noches
every day : cada da o todos los das
every week : cada semana o todas las semanas
every month : cada mes o todos los meses
every year : cada ao o todos los aos
Put the frequency word in the correct place and Translate
1- He is busy (always ):
2- She is very tired ( usually )
3- Mr. Green visits her mother ( every day )
4- They go to France on holiday ( every year )
5- We eat turkey ( every Christmas )
6- Robert goes to the cinema ( often )
7- I study English ( never )
8- We watch TV in the evening ( rarely )
9- Lucy is late to class ( always )
10- They are absent ( rarely )
11- I set the table (always)
12- He loses his keys (sometimes)

Read and Translate

Mr. Green often gets up at 7:00, and he usually has breakfast at 7:30. He always starts work at 8:45. He
sometimes eat at 12:00 and sometimes eats at one. He usually comes home at six oclock, and the Greens
always have dinner at seven. Mr. Green always watches the news at nine, and he never goes to bed after
midnight.

.............................................................................................

unit 4
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ( Adjetivos posesivos )
Are used to show possession . They go before nouns. For example, they are always used before parts of the
body. Ex. Wash your hand
They are also used with family and acquaintance (trato) relationship terms.
Ex. Betty lives with her uncle.

I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
WE
YOU
THEY

MY ( mi mis )
YOUR ( su sus tu tus )
HIS ( su sus , de l )
HER ( su sus , de ella )
ITS ( su sus , neutro )
OUR ( nuestro a )
YOUR ( sus , de Ustedes )
THEIR ( sus , de Ellos )

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES AS THE EXPAMPLE AND TRANSLATE TO SPANISH

EX. Michael is a college student. His book is on the table
Ex : Miguel es un estudiante . Sus libros estn sobre la mesa
1- She is a teacher. ______ pen is on the desk.
1-.
2- Susan and Michel are college students. _____books are on the table.
2- .
3- I am a teacher. _____pencil is on the desk.
3- .
4- You are a student. ______notebook is on the chair.
5- We are teachers. _______books are on the table.
5- He is a doctor. ______pen is on the floor.
USE THE POSSESSIVE AS IN THE EXAMPLE
Ex. She has a beautiful face : Her face is beautiful.
Ex. Ella tiene una hermosa cara. Su cara es hermosa
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He has big eyes ( El tiene grandes ojos ) : His eyes are big ( Sus ojos son grandes )
She has a beautiful mouth : Her mouth is beautiful
It has short ears :
Its ears are short
I have a funny nose :
My nose is funny
She has a friendly face :
Her face is friendly
They have big feet :
Their feet are big
You have good teeth :
She has long hands :
He has short fingers :

POSSESSION WITH: S AND S

Nouns which refer to persons, animals, and places have special possessive forms characterized, in writing, by
apostrophe. The position of the apostrophe is determined by the final letter of the base form.
Rules:
a- When the base form ends in s and it is a plural form, only an apostrophe is added.
Ex. The guests coats
b- When the base form ends in s and it is a singular form, you may add an apostrophe. Jack Jones coat.
c- When the base form ends in any letter except s an apostrophe plus s is added.
Ex. Bettys friend
Complete the sentences with the correct possessive form of the noun in parentheses
Ex. Mikes house is very big ( Mike )
1- His _____________pencils are on the desk. ( sister )
2- _________________notebooks are in her room ( Ann )
3- _________________sister is in Argentina ( Richard )
4- My ______________ books are on the floor ( brother )
5- ______________ house is on this street. ( Mrs. Davis )
Write the possessive form and translate to Spanish
1- The radio of John :
2- The dog of the Millers :
3- The basket of Mrs. Millers :
4- The Car of Mr. Green :
5- The shirts of the boys :
6- The house of the family :
7- The umbrella of the girls :
8- Resources of Canada:
9- The desk of the assistant:
10- The house of the Allens:

THE IMPERATIVE
La forma imperativa comienza directamente con el verbo, y es la nica que no lleva sujeto, ya que se supone
que la orden est dirigida a YOU ( singular o plural )
Translate to Spanish
1- Turn right :
6- Stand up :
2- Dont turn left :
7- Be quiet :
3- Go :
8- Dont forget :
4- Dont go :
9- Dont talk :
5- Dont smoke :
10- Dont move :
Change to the negative
Open the door
: Dont open the door
Close the book
: Dont close the book
Memorize the conversation:
Practice the exercise :
Answer the questions :
Give him a pencil :
Who says these things to you ?
Be quiet! Sit down and open your books :
Please come and help me in the kitchen :
Dont put your coat on the floor
:
Come and see me again soon
:

..
..
..
..

LETS (Let us)

Esta expresin implica una sugerencia, una invitacin, es un imperativo en que se incluye la persona que
habla.
Ex. Lets go : Vamos

Lets not close the window : No cerremos la ventana

Translate to English
1- Cerremos la puerta :
2- Estudiemos la leccin :
3- Juguemos football :
4- Caminemos :
5- No hablemos en clase :
6- Borremos el pizarrn :
.

Unit 5
MASS NOUNS AND COUNT NOUNS
Sustantivos de masa y sustantivos contables
Count nouns: are nouns which can be counted and have plural form.
Book, student, teacher
Mass nouns: they dont have plural form and represent uncountable things. Although you may fel that some
of them are countable. Languages differ in this respect; it is often not possible to translate the idea of number.
Bread, water - milk
MUCH : mucho a . Utilizamos con sustantivos incontables o de masa
Ex. : much water
MANY : muchos as . Utilizamos con sustantivos contables
Ex. : many books
VERY : muy . Se utiliza solamente con adjetivos.
Ex. : very intelligent
Write : much many or very
1- bread
2- corn
3- umbrellas
4- cars
5- dirty

6- ..old
7- ..water
8- ..milk
9- ..................soup
10- time

11- ..doors
12- ..papers
13- ..............good
14- ..boxes
15- .oranges

Complete with : much many very and Translate to Spanish

1- I like .sugar in the coffee.
2- He earns ..money in his job.
3- Rose has ..friends in this city.
4- ....................books are ........................expensive.
6- English is easy.
7- ..people go on picnics in summer.
8- We spendtime studying.

THE EXPRESSIONS: A FEW A LITTLE

A FEW : pocos as. Se utiliza con sustantivos contables o pluralizables
A LITTLE : poco a. Se utiliza con sustantivos de masa

VERB: LIKE
I
You
We
They

He
She

like..

Apples
Mr. Green
Mrs. Green
Penny
Jenny
Robert

Oranges

likes

Bananas

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Complete the sentences

1-Mrs.Green likes apples and bananas
2- Penny and Jenny.
3- Robert.
4- Mr. Green
5- Robert and the girls..
Answer the questions
1- What do you like ?
2- What dont you like ?
3- What does your family like ?
.

Unit 6
FUTURE TENSE WITH WILL
Will is an auxiliary, used as in indication of the future.
WILL is a function verb. Ir is one of a group generally called modal auxiliaries. They always accompany
other verbs and modify their meanings.
We use will to talk about what we think or believe will happen in the future.
Ex.: Betty will introduce the boys.
Will, es un auxiliar usado para el tiempo futuro, y se coloca entre el sujeto y el verbo
Ex. Betty will introduce the boys
Ej. Beatriz presentar a los muchachos
Contractions with will: will is often combined with subject pronouns and with not.
The contraction of will not is irregular. Will not = wont
Singular
Ill

Plural
Well
--------Youll--------Theyll

Hell
Shell
Itll
Some expressions of future time:
Later
Later today
Tomorrow
The day after tomorrow

Next Sunday
Next week
Next month
Next year

Translate and change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form
1- The class will begin on time
1- La clase comenzar a hora
1- Will the class begin on time?
1- The class will not begin on time
2- She will talk to them
2223- They will talk about chemistry class
4- They will be busy
5- The class will begin at eight
6- I will come at 10:00
7- She will use her new pink dress
8- Albert will be here tomorrow

9- They will be working hard

10 Hellen will go to the store
Translate the sentences to Spanish
1- Later, she will write the invitations
12- She will sing her new song tomorrow.
23- We will go to Europe next year.
34- They will be tired after the party
4-

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
They are used to show possession and are used without nouns.
Ex. This book is your.

Singular

Plural

Mine

Ours

2
3

Yours
His
Hers
Its

Theirs

Translate the sentences to Spanish

1- They are not mine. They are yours :
2- This isnt theirs. It is mine :
3- It is not his. It is hers :
4- Those records arent mine. They are theirs :

unit 7
THE DAYS OF THE WEEK
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday.
TRANSLATE TO SPANISH
1- There are seven days in a week :
2- Monday is the first workday in the week :
3- Tuesday follows Monday :
4- Wednesday comes after Tuesday :
5- Thursday is the day after Wednesday :
6- Friday is the last workday in the week :
7- Saturday and Sunday are the weekend :
8- People usually dont work on the weekend :
9- They usually stay home and rest :

THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR

January February March April May June July August September October
November December.

BE GOING TO AS AN INDICATION OF FUTURE TIME

Use the appropriate form of be + going to + simple verb to indicate future actions.
My parents are going to arrive tomorrow.
Use the negative of be to form negative sentences in the future.
The Millers arent going to move to Colorado next year.
We use both will and going to in predictions about the future, but there is a difference:
We use going to when we have already decided to do something.
Ex.: Im going to clean the house.
Use these time expressions: tomorrow morning tomorrow afternoon tomorrow evening next week
next month next year.
Translate the sentences to Spanish
1- I am going to paint the kitchen:
2- Anne is going to spend a day in the mountains next month:
3- They are going to prepare foods :
4- We are going to go to school early Monday morning :
5- After lunch, Anne is going to sits in the sun and relaxes :
Change the sentences to the interrogative and negative form
a- We are going to take a trip to Europe
aab- We are going to have a wonderful time
c- It is going to snow on Friday night
d- I am going to ski every afternoon
e- William is going to the baseball game with Linda
f- Nancy and Peter are going to play tennis Saturday morning
g- I am going to sleep well tonight
h- She is going to eat dinner at her favorite Chinese restaurant

THE NUMBERS ( FROM 20 TO 100 )

20: Twenty
21: twenty one
22: twenty two
30: Thirty
60: Sixty
90: Ninety

40: Forty
70: Seventy
100: One Hundred

50: Fifty
80: Eighty

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

EX. How much are the and fifteen ? : Ten and fifteen are twenty five
1- How much are thirty-three and fifty ?
2- How much are eleven and thirty ?
3- How much are seventeen and forty ?
4- Hoe much are eight and fifty ?

5- How much are twenty-two and thirty-two ?

6- How much are six and thirty ?
7- How much are thirteen and fifty ?
8- How much are fourteen and sixty ?
9- How much are forty-nine and fifty ?
10- How much are fifty and fifty ?
TRANSLATE TO SPANISH
1- I want to six apples:
2- We have thirty two teeth:
3- Please, give me eighteen eggs :
4- A dollar has one hundred cents :
5- A month has thirty days :
6- A week has seven days :
7- A day has twenty four days :
8- Twelve is a dozen :
9- An hour is sixty minutes :
10- A minute is sixty seconds :

THE TIME
..

unit 8
ORDINAL NUMBERS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Ordinal
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
Sixth
Seventh
Eighth
Ninth
Tenth
Eleventh
Twelfth
Thirteenth
Fourteenth
Fifteenth

Short Form
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
16th

Right or wrong?
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
1- A is the first letter of the alphabet
2- F is the fifth letter
3- K is the third letter after H
4- D is the third letter before H
5- Y is the second last letter
6- M is the fourteenth letter
7- N is the fourteenth letter

8- T is the twentieth letter

9- Z is the last letter
Write about these letters
123456789-

A is the first letter of the alphabet

B is the .. letter
D is the letter
H is the letter
L ....................................
E ....................................
K ....................................
J ....................................
F .....................................

IDIOMS ( EXPRESIONES IDIOMTICAS )

Estas expresiones tienen un uso particular y muy diferente en las dos lenguas Espaol e
Ingls. En Espaol se utilizan con el verbo TENER y en Ingls se usan con el Verbo To Be
(am is are) . Las ms comunes son las siguientes:
BE HUNGRY
= tener hambre
BE THIRSTY
= tener sed
BE SLEEPY
= tener sueo
BE HOT
= tener calor
BE COLD
= tener fro
BE 20 YEARS OLD = tener 20 aos
BE AFRAID
= tener miedo
BE RIGHT
= tener razn
BE LUCKY
= tener suerte

Accountant reading
AT THE OFFICE
The office is an ample and comfortable place. It is in downtown. Helen the secretary travels by bus
every day. She always is on time.
Mr. Smith is the boss. He is very intelligent. The office boy cleans the office every day.
Albert is the office boy. In the office there are desk, chair, typewriter, telex machine, one computer,
paper basket, and carpet.
The office is in the second floor and we have an elevator to arrive there.

EN LA OFICINA
La oficina es un amplio y confortable lugar. Esta en el centro de la ciudad. Elena, la secretaria viaja
en mnibus todos los das. Ella siempre est a hora en su oficina.
El seor Smith es el jefe. El es muy inteligente. El ordenanza limpia la oficina todos los das.
Alberto es el ordenanza. En la oficina hay escritorio, silla, mquina de escribir, teles, una
computadora, papelera y alfombra.
La oficina est en el segundo piso y nosotros tenemos un ascensor para llegar all.

WORKING IN THE OFFICE

I am working in the office every day. I am the secretary. Mr. Jones is my boss. He is always on time.
Albert is the office boy. He is cleaning the desk now. Alice is a typist. She is writing a commercial letter
now. She is writing without mistake. My office is very modern and pleasant. It is well equipped.

MY HOUSE
My house is not very big, but it is very comfortable. It has two floors, a garage and a garden.
Downstairs there is a living-room, a dining-room, a kitchen and a bathroom.
Upstairs there are three bedrooms and two bathrooms.
The living-room is very big and comfortable: there is a sofa, two armchairs and a T.V. set. The
kitchen has a gas cooker, a refrigerator, a sink and a small breakfast table. The bedrooms have one or two
beds, a small table, a chest and a bookcase.
I love my house and I am very happy to live there.
Choose the correct letter to complete the sentences according to the reading.
A) My house isnt

B) Downstairs there is

C) Upstairs there are

very big
very small
very comfortable

a living-room
a bedroom
a balcony

two bedrooms
three bathrooms
three bedrooms

D) The living-room is

E) There is a T.V. set

F) The bedrooms have

small
comfortable
big

in the bedroom
in the kitchen
in the living-room

a bookcase
three beds
two T.V. sets

MY FAVORITE CLASS
Name: Anne Jackson
I like school. Maths is my favorite class. I love numbers because they are fun.
History is interesting, too. I dont like sports very much. Judo is difficult and swimming is boring. I
never play football.
My friends like sports, but they dont like school. Mr. Chips, the Maths teacher, is always angry
because they never do their homework.
Complete the sentences according to the story
A) Her favorite class is
Science
History
Maths

E) She
always plays football
usually plays football
never plays football

B) She loves numbers because they are

fun
boring
good

F) Her friends like

play guitar
sports
school

C) History is interesting but swimming is

easy

G) Mr. Chips is her

English teacher

 difficult
boring

Maths teacher
History teacher

D) Her friends like sports, but they

dont like swimming
never play football
dont do their homework

H) Mr. Chips is always

angry
interesting
boring

Try to write your own story about your favorite class.

PLANNING A BUSINESS TRIP

Mr. and Mrs. Gonzlez are going to planning a business trip. They will visit some Europes countries
to know and to buy at the same time.
Mr. Gonzlez is a commercial travelers and he travels to offer or to sell. Mrs. Gonzlez is his
secretary, she is very efficient and she always travels with Mr. Gonzlez her husband.
They will visit the most interesting factories of French, Italy, Spain and England.
They are going to buy mens shoes, socks, shirts, ladies shoes, ladies dresses and other things. Then
they are going to visit the Eiffel Tower, and they will eat typical foods at the Parisiens restaurant. Tomorrow
morning ; after they finish they work they will have a flight to Rome.
Mr. and Mrs. Gonzlez will come back at the end of the month.

COMMERCIAL WORDS ( PALABRAS COMERCIALES )

Balance : balance
Expenses : gastos
Payment : pagos
Discount : descuento
Percentage : porcentage
Bank card : tarjeta de banco
I want to deposit : quiero depositar
Business terms : expresiones de negocio

Bond : bono
Investment : inversion
Interest : inters
Value : valor
Mortgage : hipoteca
Credit card : tarjeta crdito

BUSINESS LETTER
May, 12, 2002
Colonial Shoes
Greenwich Avenue 879
San Francisco, California
U.S.A

Dear Sir:
We believe that you as a prestige company of business, must be interested in receiving new catalogues of
shoes from new sources of supplier.
Your company is recommended as one of the most important importer of shoes therefore, we take the liberty
to enclose you our current catalogue, as well as quotation for your buying considerations.
Waiting for a favorable answer.
Yours, very truly

Thomas A. White

Manager

A letter of complaint
Dear Mr. Ettlin,
I am writing to complain about your airline booking system.
I have been using your company for six years, and have always been satisfied with your
service. Yesterday however, I arrived for a flight to Rio de Janeiro and was told that my seat
was double-booked, even though I bought my ticket four months ago. I couldnt get on the
plane. Your staff, who were very rude, turned down my request for a seat on another airline.
I have been travelling regularly by air for the last fifteen years, and this has never happened
to me before. I had to put off a meeting in Rio, and let down an important customer.
I am still angry. I would like an apology from you, and a guarantee that this will not happen
again. If you want me to use your airline in the future, my next ticket will have to be half
price. Otherwise, I will never fly with your company.
Your sincerely,
..
T. J. Starley

to complain: para quejarme

vocabulary
booking system:

A Story from AESOP

One of the story of the Greek writer Aesop concerns a group of animal who while sitting
together one day in the forest, were talking about the popularity of the elephant. They all agreed
that the elephant was the most popular animal in the forest, but not one of them could give a good
explanation of this fact.
The giraffe said: If the elephant had a long neck like mine, then it would be easy to
understand his popularity. He would be the tallest animal in the forest.
The peacock said: If he had my beautiful tail, it would be easy to understand he would be
the most beautiful animal in the forest.
The rabbit said: If he could run as fast as I, it would be easy to understand he would be the
fastest animal in the forest.
The bear said: If he was as strong as I, it would be easy to understand. He would be the
strongest animal in the forest.
At this moment the elephant himself appeared. He was larger and stronger than any of the
other animals, and he was also superior in many other ways. But he was always quiet and modest
about his many accomplishments. This, after all, was the real explanation for his popularity.
Vocabulary
Forest: bosque
Fact: hecho, acontecimiento
Like: como (comparativo)
Accomplishments: cualidades
It would be easy to understand: sera fcil entender
He would be: l sera
As..as: tan.como
Answer the questions
1) Was Aesop a Greek writer or a Spanish writer?

1)
2) Where was the goup of animal sitting one day?

2)
3) What were they talking about?
3)
4) Was the elephant popular or unpopular among the animals?

4)
5) Is the elephant a large or a small animal ?

5)
6) Is the elephant a wild or a domestic animal ?

6)
7) What kind of tail has the peacock ?

7)
8) What did the rabbit say ?

8)
..
9) Who appeared at this moment among the group of animals?

9)
10) In what way was the elephant superior to the other animals ?

10)..
11) Did the elephant talk much about his many accomplishments or was he always quiet and modest ?

11)

12) What, after

all was the real explanation for his popularity ?

12).

THESE DAYS, ENOUGH PESTICIDES ARE SPRAYED ONTO VEGETABLES

 Last year more than fifty millions litres of pesticides were sprayed onto crops in Britain.
These contained many different chemicals: we think that some them cause cancer and
damage babies.
And they end up on the food we eat.
All food should be pesticide-free and all that is needed for this are laws against the use of
pesticides.
We must organized a kind of movement which will force this government to follow the
example of more sensible countries where farmers are not allowed to spray chemical onto the
food that grow.
End up: acaban
Spray: rociar, pulverizar

Allowed: permitido, dejado, admitido

Grow: cultirvar

(Lectura de tiempo condicional)

IN THE PRESIDENTS CHAIR
Every week we ask someone what they would do if they were president. This week is the
turn of Heather Pearce, an university teacher.
I would import more high technology for our industries and transport systems instead of
relying on cheap labour.
I would pay for this by exporting more of our agricultural produce and cutting down on our
food imports. I would work hard for international peace instead of making aggressive speeches,
and at home I would put more money into our health and social services.
Next week would you like to be in the presidents chair ?

Relying on: contar con

Cutting down on: reducir el consumo de

Vocabulary
Speeches: discurso, alocucin.
Instead of: en vez de, en lugar de

(Reading conditional tense)

When I look back at my childhood, it seems that the best things inlife were free. Winter
was a quiet time. We spent most weekends indoors. My family played a lot of word games, without
paper or pencils. We went to the library and got books to read, and we played and sang songs.
When it snowed (nearly everday), the neighborhood kids got together. We built snowmen, had
snowball fights and made angels in the snow and moving our arms up and down. None of that
cost us one cent !
fights: enfrentarse, luchar contra

moving: moviendo, agitando

ABOUT ME
My name is Ruo Lien. My name means Lotus in Chinese. A lotus is a beautiful flower. In the
Chinese culture, the lotus is a symbol of purity. My parents want me to be good, pure, and beautiful. That is
why they named me Ruo Lien.
I try hard to be a good person, but it is difficult. I help poor people. I help old people, too. I try hard to
be honest. I always tell the truth. I study hard. I study art, and I want to be a good artist.

Am I beautiful? Well, I am beautiful in my parents eyes. That is important to me.

CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT SHOW THE CORRECT ANSWER

1- In the Chinese, Liens name means________
a- flower
b- rose
c- lotus
2- A lotus is ________
a- a beautiful flower
b- a pure person
c- a good artist
3- In Liens culture, the lotus is a symbol of _______
a- art
b- purity
c- beauty
4- Liens parents want her to be_______
a- good, pure and beautiful
b- poor, old and important
c- Chinese, difficult and shy
5- Lien knows that she is beautiful_______
a- in her friends eyes
b- in her boyfriends eyes
c- in her parents eyes

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1- What is Lotus ?
1-
2- Is Ruo Lien a good person ?
2-
3- Are you a good person ?
3-
4- Is she beautiful ?
4-
5- What does she study ?
5-

HASSEN
My name is Hassen. I am twenty-seven years old. I am male. I am from Tunisia, but I am a student in the
United States. I am single now, but I hope to marry one day.
I come from a large family. I have a mother, father, four brothers, and three sisters. They are in Tunisia. I love
my family very much. I miss them. It is difficult for me to be far away from my home.
I am a shy person, but I like to laugh. I like to be with children. Children are important in my life. At home, I play
with sisters children. I also like the sea. At home, I go out in my fathers boat. He is a fisherman. I like the sound of the
sea. It is my favorite music. I also like to cook. My mother says that I am a good cook. Finally, I like to work with wood. I
make toys for children out of wood.

CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT SHOW THE CORRECT ANSWER

1- Hassen is ______
a- a fisherman
b- a student
c- a cook

2- Hassen is_______
a- twenty-six years old
b- twenty-seven years old
c- twenty-eight years old

3- Hassen is_______
a- single
b- married
c- divorced

4- Hassens mother says that________

a- she loves her son
b- her son is a good cook
c- she likes to cook

5- Hassen is ________
a- an old people
b- a shy person
c- a teacher

6- He likes the sound________

a- of the music
b- of the boat
c- of the sea

7- Hassen likes to________

a- be away from his family and have a good time
b- laugh, be with children and play football
c- laugh, cook and work with wood

A SMALL TOWN
I live in a small town of about 14,000 people. It has its disadvantages. The biggest is that people
from the cities like to spend their vactions and weekends here, so there is a lot of traffic and stores are often
very busy.
The town has more advantages than disadavantages, it doesnt nuch industry. There is a lot of open
space and fresh air. There isnt much pollution or crime. For a small town, there are a lot of things to do.
There are more good restaurants than there are in most small twons. You can eat out at a different
restaurant every night for a month. Its a good place to live.

CHEMISTRY
PESTICIDES
These days enough pesticides are sprayed onto vegetables
* Last year more than fifty million litres of pesticides were sprayed onto crops in Britain.
* These contained many different chemicals: we think that some of them cause cancer and damage babies.
* And they end up on the food we eat. In fact in a recent survey we found that of 178 vegetables, 61 had
chemicals on them.
* All food should be pesticide-free and all that is needed for this are laws against the use of pesticides.
* The government ought to regulate the use of pesticides.
* Its important to follow the example of more sensible countries where farmers are not allowed to spray
chemicals onto the food that they grow.
* But there is a problem.
* There isnt enough money!
VOCABULARY
Spreayed: esparcido
Survey: inspeccin
Enough: suficiente

onto: sobre
pesticide: pesticida

end up: teminan

grow: cultivar

LITTER IS A PROBLEM IN OUR CITIES

VOCABULARY
Litter: basura
Ground: suelo, piso
Look: se ve

Garbage: desperdicios, desechos

Garbage can: basurero
spoil: deteriora

Like: como
to drop: dejar caer
blows: sopla

Fence: valla, cerca

Litter is garbage like food, paper, and cans on the ground or in the street. Where many people live
together, litter is a problem. People dont always put their garbage in the garbage can. Its easier to drop a
paper than to find a garbage can for it. But litter is ugly. It makes the city look dirty, and it spoils the view.
The wind blows papers far away. Often they are difficult to catch. When they blow against a fence,
they stay there. This fence is a wall of garbage.
Litter is a healt problem, too. Food and garbage bring animals, which sometimes carry disease.
Some people want to control litter. They never throw litter themselves, and sometimes they work
together in groups to clean up the city. In most places litter is against the law. The law punishes people who
throw garbage on the streets. They usually pay a fine, and occasionally they go to jail.
One famous sayings in the United States is: Dont be a person who through litter

MATCH THE WORDS ON THE LEFT WITH THE DEFINITION ON THE RIGHT
1- LITTER
2- FENCE
3- JAIL
4- GARBAGE CAN
5- VIEW
6- FINE
7- DISEASE
8- GROUP

garbage on the ground or in the street

a special can for garbage
everything that a person can see
a wall that separates two places
sickness
a number of people
money people pay as punishment
a place people stay as punishment

INDEPENDENCE FOR PARAGUAY WAS NOT EASY TASK

A small country, Paraguay is surrounded by giant neighbors, Brazil, Argentina and Bolivia, but
proudly kept its independence since it was declared in 1811. It was not easy.
The half century following independence was dominated by the dictatorship of Dr. J.R. de Francia
(1813-1840) and the government of the Lpez, father and son (1841-1870). While the country evolved into a
stable nation, they had to keep an eye on the neighbors. Marshal F.S. Lpez, became president when his
father died in 1862.
A terrible war called the War of the Triple Alliance in Paraguay, began in 1864. It killed half the
population of Paraguay in five years of horror. The Paraguayans fiercely fought for every foot the their land,
Lopez himself commanded the armed forces at the same time he was the head of the government.
The capital city, Asuncin fell in January 1869. Lpez and his army headed north pursued by the
enemy. Soldiers were recruited and marched, but children were all, left. He accepted them.
Finally, deep in the interior, and accompanied by only a small group of men, Lpez, who had
promised to win or die, was surprised at Cerro Cor in early 1870 by the Brazilian army. There the
president-general died alongside his son. The war was over.

This was the bloodiest war in South American history, six years of occupation followed, and
Paraguay was stripped of considerable land. Francisco Solano Lpez is one the legendary military heroes of
Paraguay.
VOCABULARY
Surrounded: rodeado
Neighbors: vecinos
Proudly: orgullosamente
Half: mitad
Century: siglo
Dictatorship: dictadura
War: guerra
Fiercely:furiosamente
Fought: lucharn, pelearn

Foot: pie
Land: tierra
Headed: se dirigieron
Pursued: perseguido
Recruited: reclutados
As: as, de esa forma
Deep: interior, fondo
Early: a comienzo/s
Bloodiest: la ms sangrienta

Army: armada
Win: ganar, vencer
Die: morir
Over: se acab
Stripped: despojado
Land: tierra

TRUE OR FALSE?
1- (

) Paraguayans independence was declared in 1811

2- (

) Rodriguez de Francia governed the country before its independence

3- (

) Marshal Francisco S. Lpez governed began in 1841

4- (

) F.S. Lpez father died in 1862

5- (

) The War of the Triple Alliance killed over half the population of Argentina.

6- (

) The War lasted ten years.

7- (

) When Asuncin fell, Lpez headed south.

8- (

) The Argentinian army surprised Lpez at Cerro Cor

9- (

) When Lpez died the war was over.

JUSTIFICACIONES

TEACHER: Cristian david diaz