Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Overcurrent Protection
for Phase and Earth Faults
Introduction
9.1
Co-ordination procedure
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
Ring mains
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19
9.20
References
9.21
Overcurrent P rotection
for Phase and Earth Faults
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Protection against excess current was naturally the
earliest protection system to evolve. From this basic
principle, the graded overcurrent system, a discriminative
fault protection, has been developed. This should not be
confused with overload protection, which normally
makes use of relays that operate in a time related in
some degree to the thermal capability of the plant to be
protected. Overcurrent protection, on the other hand, is
directed entirely to the clearance of faults, although with
the settings usually adopted some measure of overload
protection may be obtained.
123
I =
E
t1
t1
6350
A
Z S + Z L1
t1
F
112
250
= 0.485
= 0.24
Overcurrent protection is provided at B, C, D and E, that
is, at the infeed end of each section of the power system.
Each protection unit comprises a definite-time delay
overcurrent relay in which the operation of the current
sensitive element simply initiates the time delay element.
Provided the setting of the current element is below the
fault current value, this element plays no part in the
achievement of discrimination. For this reason, the relay
Hence
I=
11
3 0.725
= 8800 A
124
6350
A
Z S + Z L1
I=
11
3 (0.485 + 0.24 + 0.04 )
= 8300 A
Alternatively, assuming a source fault level of 130MVA:
I=
11
3 (0.93 + 0.214 + 0.04 )
= 5250 A
In other words, for either value of source level, the relay
at B would operate correctly for faults anywhere on the
11kV cable feeding the transformer.
= 2.12
I=
Hence
11
3 2.885
= 2200 A
200 metres
240mm2 P.I.L.C.
Cable
11kV
250MVA
Source
F1
200 metres
240mm2 P.I.L.C.
Cable
F2
4MVA
11/3.3kV
7%
F3
F4
125
Relay Characteristic
1000.
t=
TD 0.0515
+0.114
7 I r0.02 1
t=
TD 19.61
+0.491
7 I r2 1
t=
TD 28.2
+0.1217
7 I r2 1
US CO8 Inverse
t=
TD 5.95
+0.18
7 I r2 1
100.
TD
7
0.02394
0.02
+ 0.01694
I r
1
time
Table 9.1: Definitions of standard relay characteristics
Relay A operating
time
1.00
1000.00
0.10
100
1000
10,000
100.00
Current (A)
Relay A: Current Setting = 100A, TMS = 1.0
Relay B: Current Setting = 125A, TMS = 1.3
Figure 9.3: Relay characteristics for different settings
t =
10.00
10.00
1.00
t = TMS
I r0.02
t = TMS
80
I r2 1
t = TMS
120
I r 1
0.10
1
10
100
126
10
1000.00
8
6
4
3
TMS
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.6
10.00
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
1.00
0.1
Moderately Inverse
CO 8 Inverse
10
100
30
20
Extremely
Inverse
1
3
4
6
8 10
Current (multiples of plug settings)
Time Inverse
0.10
127
Time (seconds)
100.00
R2
R1
2
R3
Time (seconds)
0.1
100
1000
0
R1
R2
10,000
0
Ratio
400/1A
100/1A
Fault level 13.000A Fault level 2300A
500A 0.125 TMS
300A
500A
100.00
R3
50/1A
Fault level 1100A
10.00
Source
250 MVA
11kV
1.00
Very Inverse (VI)
0.10
1
10
Current ( multiples of Is )
100
128
Digital and numerical relays may also include predefined logic schemes utilising digital (relay) I/O
provided in the relay to implement standard schemes
such as CB failure and trip circuit supervision. This saves
the provision of separate relay or PLC (Programmable
Logic Controller) hardware to perform these functions.
200.0
100.0
10.0
Time (secs)
Standard
inverse (SI)
1.0
inverse
v s (EI)
E
200A
A Fuse
us
0.1
100
1000
Current (amps)
10,000
129
10
R4
R2
R3
R1
R1A
R
2A
3A
Time (seconds)
R4A
T4
1
T3
T
0.1
1
1000
100
10
R1
R1A
Fault level
6000A
R2
R2A
3500A
10.000
R4
R4A
1200A
2000A
4A
4A
300A
175A
100A
57.5A
0.2TMS
0.3TMS
0.37TMS
0.42TMS
130
50
40
3
Time (seconds)
20
10
8
6
4
1
1
5 6
8 10
20
30
9.11.3 Overshoot
Time/Current characteristic allowable limit
At 2 times setting
2.5 x Declared error
At 5 times setting
1.5 x Declared error
At 10 times setting
1.0 x Declared error
At 20 times setting
1.0 x Declared error
131
specification.
This requires consideration when
considering the grading margin at low fault current levels.
A practical solution for determining the optimum
grading margin is to assume that the relay nearer to the
fault has a maximum possible timing error of +2E, where
E is the basic timing error. To this total effective error for
the relay, a further 10% should be added for the overall
current transformer error.
Relay Technology
Electromechanical
7.5
0.05
0.1
Static
Digital
Numerical
5
0.03
0.05
5
0.02
0.03
5
0.02
0.03
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.3
Equation 9.2
where:
Er = relay timing error (IEC 60255-4)
Ect = allowance for CT ratio error (%)
t = operating time of relay nearer fault (s)
tCB = CB interrupting time (s)
to = relay overshoot time (s)
ts = safety margin (s)
Equation 9.4
Location
132
Fault Current
(A)
Maximun
Load Current
(A)
Maximun Minimun
CT
Ratio
Relay Time
Primary Multiplier Setting
Current
(A)
133
Va
A
MT
V'bc
30
150
30
Vbc
Vb
Vc
TA
Ia
Va
V'bc
45
45
135
R'1
R1
Vbc
Vc
Source
Vb
I>
I>
Load
Fault
R'2
R2
I>
Figure 9.12: Vector diagram for the 90-45 connection
(phase A element)
I>
134
2.1 2.1
1'
0.1
5'
1.7
0.5
0.1
Ix
1.7
Fault
0.5
Iy
2'
1.3
1.3
4'
0.9 0.9
3
3'
2.1
1.7
1.3
0.9
0.5
0.1
6'
5'
4''
3'
2'
1'
0.1
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.1
135
6'
A
B
C
>
I
(a)
A
B
C
I>
I>
>
I>
>
I>
(b)
A
B
C
On the whole, the low settings permissible for earthfault relays are very useful, as earth faults are not only
by far the most frequent of all faults, but may be limited
in magnitude by the neutral earthing impedance, or by
earth contact resistance.
The residual component is extracted by connecting the
line current transformers in parallel as shown in Figure
9.15. The simple connection shown in Figure 9.15(a) can
be extended by connecting overcurrent elements in the
individual phase leads, as illustrated in Figure 9.15(b),
and inserting the earth-fault relay between the star
points of the relay group and the current transformers.
Phase fault overcurrent relays are often provided on only
two phases since these will detect any interphase fault;
the connections to the earth-fault relay are unaffected
by this consideration. The arrangement is illustrated in
Figure 9.15(c).
The typical settings for earth-fault relays are 30%-40%
of the full-load current or minimum earth-fault current
on the part of the system being protected. However,
account may have to be taken of the variation of setting
with relay burden as described in Section 9.16.1 below.
If greater sensitivity than this is required, one of the
methods described in Section 9.16.3 for obtaining
sensitive earth-fault protection must be used.
I>
(c)
Figure 9.15: Residual connection of current
transformers to earth-fault relays
136
10
Current transformer
excitation characteristic
0.5
1.0
Exciting current (amperes)
1.5
100
Effective setting (per cent)
20
80
60
40
20
20
40
60
Relay setting (per cent)
80
100
Relay Plug
Coil voltage
Setting
at Setting
(V)
%
Current (A)
5
0.25
12
10
0.5
6
15
0.75
4
20
1
3
40
2
1.5
60
3
1
80
4
0.75
100
5
0.6
Exciting
Current
Ie
0.583
0.405
0.3
0.27
0.17
0.12
0.1
0.08
Effective Setting
Current
%
(A)
2
40
1.715
34.3
1.65
33
1.81
36
2.51
50
3.36
67
4.3
86
5.24
105
137
Secondary voltage
Cable gland
Cable
box
>
No operation
I
>
Operation
I
>
A
B
>
(a) Relay connections
Va
Va
3IIO
Va2
3V
3
VO
Vb
Vc
Vb
Vc
139
Vaf
Vapf
IR1
Ib1
Ia1
Ib1
IR1
jX
Xc1
IH1
Ia2
Ib2
IR2
jX
Xc2
IH2
Ia3
IH1+
H3
IR3
IR3 =I +IIH2+IIH3-IIH3
=IIH1 IH2
jX
Xc3
I +IIH2
Restrain
Ia1
Operate
Vbf
Vbpf
Vcpf
Vres (= -3Vo)
An RCA setting of +90 shifts
the "center of the characteristic" to here
140
Ia1
Ib1
IR1
- XC1
-jX
IH1
IL
IR2
jX
XL
- XC2
-jX
IH2
Ia3
Ib3
I =IIF
IR3
- XC3
-jX
IF
H1+IIH2
IL
Figure 9.22: Distribution of currents during
a C phase-earth fault radial distribution system
IL
IH3
Source
3V
VO
IH2
-IIB
Ia2
Ib2
H1
-IIC
b1
Van
If IB- C+
(=IIL)
jX
XL
Petersen
coil
If
=O if
Van
Vab
jX
XL
an
jX
XL
jX
XC
(=-IIb
=IIB+IIC
-X
-jX
- XC
-jX
Ia1
Vac
Ic)
B
a) Capacitive et inductive currents
- XC
-jX
IL
-IIC
A
Ib1
IL
IR1=IH1
-IH1
-I
IR3
-IIB
Ia1
Vac
IR3 =-I +I
=-IH2
Vab
N
Vres=-3V
VO
b) Unfaulted line
Vres=-3V
VO
c) Faulted line
141
IROF
Faulted
feeder
IROH
Healthy
feeders
IROH
IL
IH3
-VO
3XL
3VO
B
a) Capacitive and inductive currents
with resistive components
Restrain
Operate
IL
IR1=IH1
Key:
IROF=residual current on faulted feeder
IROH=residual current on healthy feeder
It can therefore be seen that:
-IOF=IL-IH1-IH2-IH3
IROF=IH3+IOF
So:
-IROF=IL=IH1-IH2
(I
IH1
IH2
Xco
Resistive component
in grounding coil
I'L
Vres=-3VO
Restrain
Vres=-3VO
Operate
c) Faulted line
142
Vres=-3V
VO
Active component
of residual current:
faulted feeder
IR3
IH1-IIH2
Operate
IL
IR1
of residual current:
healthy feeder
Restrain
5
I>>
I>
I >
4
I>
I >
Bus A
11kV
Utility
client
3000/5
Max load 2800A
I>>
I>
1000/1
Equation 9.5
Reactor R1 :
Z=4% on 20MVA
where:
Bus B
11kV
1
I>
I
>
Io
Cables C2,C3:
1 x 3c x 185mm2XLPE
Z = 0.128 + j 0.093/km
L = Ikm
I>
I
>
500/1
Bus C
11kV
150/5
C2
FS2
160A
F2
I>
C3
FS1
125A
200/5
F1
I>
IS = 120%
IS = 110%
TMS = 0.25
TMS = 0.1
Max load 190A
Max load 130A
2
500/1
143
(ii) At bus B
Fault Level =
= 232MVA
=12.2 kA
(iii) At bus A
Fault Level =
= 22.7kA
(iv) Source
500 100
MVA
ZS + ZC1
= 432MVA
500 100
MVA
ZS + ZC1 + Z R1
Reactor R1
4 500
Z R1 =
= 100%
20
Cable C1
0.096
ZC1 =
2 = 0.038
5
On 500MVA base,
0.038 100 500
ZC1 =
(11)2
= 26.3kA
On 500MVA base,
= 15.7%
Cables C2,C3
ZC2, ZC 3 =
(11)
= 65.3%
Source Impedance (500MVA base)
500
ZS =
100%
500
= 100%
500 100
MVA
Z R1 + ZS + ZC1 + ZC 2 2
144
characteristic:
I sr1 f =
where
t is the required operation time (s)
Isr1f = setting of relay at fault current
Hence, with t = 0.35,
Isr1f = 15.16
or, I sr1 =
I sr1 =
9330
=615.4 A
15.16
616
=1.232
500
80
2
9330
1
620
= 0.355
0.35
= 0.99
0.355
Isr3 >1052A
0.35
=1.66
0.21
This value of TMS is outside the settable range of the
relay (maximum setting 1.2). Therefore, changes must be
made to the relay current setting in order to bring the
value of TMS required into the range available, provided
this does not result in the inability of the relay to operate
at the minimum fault level.
TMS =
80
+1
t
145
current
1.3x12.2kA
=15.86kA
9.20.1.7 Relay 5
Relay
(6.88 )
0.02
= 3.56 s
146
100.00
10.00
Relay F1
Fuse FS1
1.00
Fuse FS2
Relays 1/2
Relay 3
Relay 4
0.10
0.01
100
10000
1000
100000
Current (A)
(a) Initial grading curves
100.00
10.00
Time (sec)
Relay F1
Relay F2
Fuse FS1
Time (sec)
Relay F2
Fuse FS2
1.00
Relays 1/2
Relay 3
Relay 4
0.10
0.01
100
10000
1000
100000
Current (A)
(b) Revised initial grading curves
Figure 9.29: Initial relay grading curves overcurrent relay example
147
Relay Settings
Load
Max
Relay/ current Fault
CT
Fuse Charac- Current Setting
TMS
Fuse
Current Ratio Rating teristic Primary Per
Amps Cent
(A)
kA
F1
190
10.6
200/5
EI
100
100
0.1
F2
130
10.6
150/5
EI
150
120
0.25
FS1
90
10.6
125A
FS2
130
10.6
160A
1
400
12.2
500/1
EI
620
124
1
2
400
12.2
500/1
EI
620
124
1
EI
1060
106
0.85
3
1000
22.7 1000/1
Instant. 15860 14.96
4
3000
22.7 3000/1
SI
3000
100 0.275
5
3000 26.25 3000/5
SI
3300
110
0.35
100.00
Relay F1
Relay F2
10.00
Fuse FS2
Relays 1/2
Time (sec)
Fuse FS1
Relay 3
1.00
Relay 4
Relay 5
0.10
0.01
100
10000
1000
100000
Current (A)
Figure 9.30: Final relay grading curves for overcurrent relay example
148
Relay
CT Primary
1
2
3
4
5
6
300
300
300
300
300
300
T1
TMS
Characteristic
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.425
0.425
0.7
100.00
6
>
Bus Q
110kV
50MVA
Z=12.5%
1
II>
5
II>
3
II>
2
>
I Z=0.25puI
100000
I
I>
Ib
2 fdrs
1 fdr
2 fdrs
2 fdrs
1 fdr
10000
3
II>
I
I>
All impedances
p
to
100MVA, 110kV base
(b) Impedance diagram
F1
F1/F2
F2
F3
F4
1000
Current (A)
(b) Relay grading curves - non-directional relays
Bus Q
Fault System
Position Config.
Relays 4/5
1.00
0.10
100
Bus P
Ie
Relays 2/3
Relay 6
I
6
>
10.00
F3
Bus P
220k
Ie
Source
0.01pu I
f
Relay 1
IF4
Time (sec)
Source
10000MVA
If
Fault
Ia
Ib
Currents (A)
Ic
Id
Ie
If
3888
2019
3888
3888
26243
1944
2019
1944
1944
0
1944
0
1944
1944
0
0
0
0
1944
0
972
1009
972
972
26243
972
0
972
972
0
1944
1009
1944
1944
26243
149
50MVA
Z=12.5%
Current
setting
1
1.1
1.1
0.61
0.61
0.7
T1
4
I>
Id
If
50MVA
Z=12,5% I
IF4
6
I>
Bus P
220kV
I
I>
Source
10000MVA
IF3
F4
T2
220/110kV
50MVA
Z
Ib
5
I>
Current setting
TMS
1
0.2
0.42
0.1
0.42
0.1
0.6
0.275
0.275
0.6
0.7
0.475
(b) Relay settings
1
I>
F1
10.00
1.00
0.10
100
1000
10000
(ii) (i)
(iii)
Current (A) - referred to 110kV
1000/1
A
3.3kV
F1
CB8
IF2
I>
R8
Characteristic
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
I>
1000/1
C4
=1.5km
C1
=1km
1000/1
CB7
CB1
1000/1
F2
3.3kV
R6
I>
R5
I>
CB2
I> R2
1000/1
CB6
R1
1000/1
R7 I>
Relay 1
Relays 2/3
Relays 4/5
Relay 6
(i) Fault current 3888A -
100.00
Time (sec)
CT Primary
300
300
300
300
300
300
1000/1
Bus Q
110kV
3
5MVA
Z=7.15%
1000/1
C3
=2km
C2
=1.3km
1000/1
1000/1
CB3
I>
R3
I>
R4
3.3kV
CB4
CB5
C
3.3kV
ZS+ZT
6.08%
A
ZAD
4.13%
ZS+ZT
6.08%
D
ZCD
5.37%
ZAB
6.2%
B
ZBC
8.26%
I1
A
ZAD
4.13%
D
ZCD
5.37%
C
I 1=
ZBC+ZCD+ZAD
ZAB
ZS 1+
Relay
1
2
3
4
5
6
F3
I>
diagram
5MVA
Z=7.15%
Ic
+ZBC+ZCD+ZAD
ZAB
6.2%
I1
B
ZBC
8.26%
C
V
I'1=
+ZS+ZBC+ZCD+ZAD
(b) Ring open at CB1
150
Clockwise
Open Point CB8
Fault
Bus
Current
kA
D
7.124
C
4.259
B
3.376
Bus
B
C
D
Anticlockwise
Open Point CB1
Fault
Current
kA
3.665
5.615
8.568
100.00
Table 9.7 shows the fault currents at each bus for open
points at CB1 and CB8.
10.00
Time (sec)
1.00
Relayy R5
Relayy R7
0.10
1000
10000
100,000
Current (A)
(a) Clockwise grading of relays (ring open at CB8)
100.00
0.14
s
0.05
0.02
( 4.22 )
= 0.24s
9.20.4.2 Relay R5
Time (sec)
10.00
1.00
0.14
s = 5.14s
=
0.02
( 3.84 )
100,000
10000
Current (A)
(b) Anticlockwise grading of relays (ring open at CB1)
1000
0.54
= 5.14s
5.14
Use nearest settable value of TMS of 0.125.
Hence, relay R5 TMS =
Bus
Relay
Relay
Characteristic
CT
Ratio
D
C
B
A
A
D
C
B
R7
R5
R3
R1
R8
R6
R4
R2
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
SI
1000/1
1000/1
1000/1
1000/1
1000/1
1000/1
1000/1
1000/1
Max
Max
Load
Fault
Current Current (A)
(A) (3.3kV base)
874
3376
874
4259
874
7124
874
14387
874
14387
874
8568
874
5615
874
3665
TMS
0.8
0.88
0.97
1.07
1.07
0.97
0.88
0.8
0.05
0.125
0.2
0.275
0.3
0.2
0.125
0.05
9.21 REFERENCES
9.1. Directional Element Connections for Phase
Relays. W.K Sonnemann, Transactions A.I.E.E.
1950.
Relayy R2
0.10
151
9.20.4.1 Relay R7