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Review
Abstract
The paper gives a bibliographical review of nite element methods (FEMs) applied for the analysis of pressure vessel structures/
components and piping from the theoretical as well as practical points of view. This bibliography is an addendum to the Finite elements
in the analysis of pressure vessels and pipinga bibliography (19761996) published [Int J Press Vess Piping 69 (1996) 279] and Finite
elements in the analysis of pressure vessels and piping, an addendum (19961998) published [Int J Press Vess Piping 76 (1999) 461]. The
new bibliography at the end of the paper contains approximately 670 references to papers and conference proceedings on the subject that
were published in 19982001. These are classied in the following categories: linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic, stress and deection
analyses; stability problems; thermal problems; fracture mechanics problems; contact problems; uidstructure interaction problems;
manufacturing of pipes and tubes; welded pipes and pressure vessel components; development of special nite elements for pressure vessels
and pipes; nite element software; and other topics. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Finite element; Bibliography; Pressure vessels; Pipes; Linear and nonlinear static and dynamic analysis; Fracture mechanics; Contact problems;
Thermal problems; Fluidstructure interaction; Welding
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Finite elements in the analysis of pressure vessels and piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1. Linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic, stress and deection analyses (STR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2. Stability problems (STA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3. Thermal problems (THE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4. Fracture mechanics problems (FRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5. Contact problems (CON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6. Fluidstructure interaction problems (FLU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7. Manufacturing of pipes and tubes (MAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.8. Welded pipes and pressure vessel components (WEL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9. Development of special nite elements for pressure vessels and pipes (ELE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.10. Finite element software (SOF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.11. Other topics (OTH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A. A bibliography (19982001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.1. Linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic, stress and deection analyses (STR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.2. Stability problems (STA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.3. Thermal problems (THE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.4. Fracture mechanics problems (FRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.5. Contact problems (CON) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.6. Fluidstructure interaction problems (FLU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A.7. Manufacturing of pipes and tubes (MAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
* Tel.: 146-13-28-1111; fax: 146-13-28-2717.
E-mail address: jarma@ikp.liu.se (J. Mackerle).
0308-0161/02/$ - see front matter q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0308-016 1(01) 00128-4
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1. Introduction
Pressure vessels and piping are widely used in reactor
technology, the chemical industry, marine and space engineering. They often operate under extremes of high and
low temperatures and high pressures, are becoming highly
sophisticated and therefore also need advanced methods
for their analyses. Advances are also made with materials
applied for their fabrication. Concrete and composite
materials are used in pressure vessels and their components
more frequently to replace, in some cases, conventional
steels.
During the last three decades considerable advances have
been made in the applications of numerical techniques to
analyze pressure vessels and piping problems. Among the
numerical procedures, nite element methods are the most
frequently used.
Pressure vessel and piping analyses may have a variety of
phases such as: elastic stress and deformation analysis
where both mechanical and thermal loads may be applied;
heat transfer analysis; dynamic analysis; plastic and creep
analysis; etc. There is in existence a large number of general
purpose and special purpose nite element programs available to cope with each phase of the analysis.
This review on the subject is divided into the following
parts and it concerns:
linear and nonlinear, static and dynamic, stress and
deection analyses (STR);
stability problems (STA);
thermal problems (THE);
fracture mechanics problems (FRA);
contact problems (CON);
uidstructure interaction problems (FLU);
manufacturing of pipes and tubes (MAN);
welded pipes and pressure vessel components (WEL);
development of special nite elements for pressure
vessels and pipes (ELE);
nite element software (SOF);
other topics (OTH).
The status of nite element literature published between
1976 and 2001, and divided into the categories described
earlier, is illustrated in Fig. 1. Data presented in this gure
include published technical papers in the primary literature;
this means papers appearing in the various general and
specialized journals, conference proceedings as well as
theses and dissertations. If we take the number of published
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Fig. 1. Finite elements and various topics in pressure vessels and piping
(19762001).
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25. STA Razakamiadana A, Zidi M. Buckling and postbuckling of concentric cylindrical tubes under external
pressure. Mech Res Commun 1999;26(3):35362.
26. STA Skoczen B. Effect of shear deformation and
relaxation of support conditions on elastic buckling
of pressurized expansion bellows. J Press Vess Technol,
ASME 1999;121(2):12732.
27. STA Spinazze M, et al. Hotpipe project: use of analytical models/formulas in prediction of lateral buckling
and interacting buckles. 9th Int Offshore Polar Engng
Conf. ISOPE, vol. 2. 1999. p. 921.
28. STA Sriskandarajah T, et al. Effect of initial imperfections on the lateral buckling of subsea pipelines. 9th Int
Offshore Polar Engng Conf, ISOPE, vol. 2. 1999. p.
16875.
29. STA Teng JG, Ma HW. Elastic buckling of ringstiffened conecylinder intersections under internal
pressure. Int J Mech Sci 1999;41(11):135783.
30. STA Teng JG, Zhao Y. On the buckling failure of a
pressure vessel with a conical end. Engng Failure
Anal 2000;7(4):26180.
31. STA Wang A. Stresses and stability for the cone
cylinder shells with toroidal transition. Int J Press
Vess Piping 1998;75(1):4956.
32. STA Wu L, Carney JF. Experimental analyses of
collapse behaviors of braced elliptical tubes under
lateral compression. Int J Mech Sci 1998;40(8):76177.
33. STA Xu B, et al. Practical computation of the plastic
collapse limit of defective pipelines under complex
loadings. Key Engng Mater 2000;177180:691702.
34. STA Yan AM, et al. Practical estimation of the plastic
collapse limit of curved pipes subjected to complex
loading. Struct Engng Mech 1999;8(4):42138.
A.3. Thermal problems (THE)
1. THE Amin MR. Conjugate forced convection heat
transfer in tubes with obstruction. J Thermophys Heat
Transf 1998;12(1):1146.
2. THE Aswendt P, et al. Thermal deformation behaviour
of CFRP pipes: verication of nite element simulation
by interferometric measurements. Materialpruefung/
Mater Test 1999;41(7):3149.
3. THE Bass BR, et al. Overview of the international
comparative assessment study of pressurized thermal
shock in reactor pressure vessels (RPV PTS ICAS).
Int J Press Vess Piping 2001;78(2/3):197211.
4. THE Cannarozzi AA, et al. A hybrid ux axisymmetric
model for thermal analysis. Comput Struct 2001;
79(12):1187201.
5. THE Chellapandi P, et al. Theoretical and experimental
investigations of thermal ratchetting in PFBR main
vessel. Trans Indian Inst Met 2000;53(3):3919.
6. THE Diaz V, et al. Simplied thermo-visco-plastic
model for PWR vessel behaviour during a severe
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30. FRA Chang YS, et al. A parametric study on the fracture mechanics analysis of elbow with surface crack.
Key Engng Mater 2000;183187:50510.
31. FRA Chapuliot S, et al. Stress intensity factors for
internal circumferential cracks in tubes over a wide
range of radius over thickness ratios. ASME/JSME
Joint Press Vess Piping Conf PVP 365. New York:
ASME, 1998. p. 95106.
32. FRA Chattopadhyay J, et al. Leak-before-break qualication of primary heat transport piping of 500 MWE
Tarapur atomic power plant. Int J Press Vess Piping
1999;76(4):22143.
33. FRA Chen HF, Shu D. Simplied limit analysis of
pipelines with multi-defects. Engng Struct 2001;
23(2):20713.
34. FRA Chen HF, Shu DW. Lower and upper bound limit
analyses for pipeline with multi-slots of various congurations. Int J Press Vess Piping 2000;77(1):1725.
35. FRA Chen HF, Shu DW. The effects of the distance
between two defects on the load-carrying capacity of a
pressure vessel. J Press Vess Technol, ASME 2000;
122(2):198203.
36. FRA Chen HF, Shu DW. The load carrying capacity of
the pressure vessel with two defects along axial direction. Key Engng Mater 2000;177180:75762.
37. FRA Chen HF, Shu DW. Numerical method for lower
bound limit analysis of 3-D structures with multi-loading systems. Int J Press Vess Piping 1999;76(2):105
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38. FRA Chiesa M, et al. Efcient fracture assessment
of pipelines. A constraint-corrected SENT specimen
approach. Engng Fract Mech 2001;68(5):52747.
39. FRA Choi JB, et al. Effect of cladding on stress intensity factors in the pressure vessel. ASME/JSME Joint
Press Vess Piping Conf PVP 374. New York: ASME,
1998. p. 2933.
40. FRA Choi SN, et al. Effect of cladding on the stress
intensity factors in the reactor pressure vessel. Nucl
Engng Des 2000;199(1/2):10111.
41. FRA Chung M, et al. 3-D analysis and validation of a
crack in a pressurized pipe under creep conditions
using submodelling techniques. 4th World Cong
Comput Mech, Buenos Aires. 1998. p. 561.
42. FRA Cowan AL, et al. Crack path bifurcation at a tear
strap in a pressured shell. 41st Str, Str Dyn Mater Conf
Exhib, AIAA, 2000. p. 1090101.
43. FRA Cui X, et al. Analysis on the elastic load bearing
capacity of tubes inside slips. J Univ Petrol China
1999;23(1):625.
44. FRA Das J, Sivakumar SM. An evaluation of multiaxial fatigue life assessment methods for engineering
components. Int J Press Vess Piping 1999;76(10):741
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45. FRA Dhar S, et al. A continuum damage mechanics
model for ductile fracture. Int J Press Vess Piping
2000;77(6):33544.
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tanks in the upper-shelf ductile range. Part II. J-integralbased fracture analysis. J Press Vess Technol, ASME
2000;122(2):16973.
FRA Lapsley C, Mackenzie D. Autofrettage of thick
cylinders with radial cross bores. ASME/JSME Joint
Press Vess Piping Conf PVP 371. New York: ASME,
1998. p. 715.
FRA Law M, et al. Finite element analysis of creep
using theta projection data. Int J Press Vess Piping
1998;75(5):43742.
FRA Le Delliou P, et al. Analysis of a bending test on a
full-scale PWR hot leg elbow containing a surface
crack. Nucl Engng Des 1999;193(3):27382.
FRA Lee H, Parks DM. Line-spring nite element for
fully plastic crack growth. II. Surface cracked plates
and pipes. Int J Solids Struct 1998;35(36):513958.
FRA Lee HY, et al. Assessment of fatigue and fracture
on a tee-junction of LMFBR piping under thermal
striping phenomenon. J Korean Nucl Soc 1999;
31(3):26775.
FRA Lee HY, et al. Green's function approach for
crack propagation problem subjected to high cycle
thermal fatigue loading. Int J Press Vess Piping
1999; 76(8):48794.
FRA Lee JH, et al. Evaluation of plugging criteria on
steam generator tubes and coalescence model of
collinear axial through-wall cracks. J Korean Nucl
Soc 2000;32(5):46576.
FRA Lee JH, et al. Determination of equivalent single
crack based on coalescence criterion of collinear axial
cracks. Nucl Engng Des 2001;205(1/2):111.
FRA Lee S, et al. Effect of triggering on the energy
absorption capacity of axially compressed aluminum
tubes. Mater Des 1999;20(1):3140.
FRA Lee SM, et al. Leak before break criteria applied
to main steam line. ASME/JSME Joint Press Vess
Piping Conf PVP 365. New York: ASME, 1998.
p. 397402.
FRA Lei Y, et al. J estimation and defect assessment
for combined residual stress and mechanical loading.
Int J Press Vess Piping 2000;77(6):32133.
FRA Lei YP, et al. Effect of mechanical heterogeneity and limit load of a weld joint with longitudinal weld crack on the J-integral and failure
assessment curve. Int J Press Vess Piping 1998;
75(8):62532.
FRA Leitch BW. Fracture analyses of an internally
pressurized tube containing an axial through-wall
crack. ASTM Spec Publ 1999;1332:83050.
FRA Leung AYT, Su RKL. Two-level nite element
study of axisymmetric cracks. Int J Fracture 1998;
89(2):193203.
FRA Leung AYT, Su RKL. Eigenfunction expansion
for penny-shaped and circumferential cracks. Int J
Fracture 1998;89(3):20522.
FRA Levy C, et al. Three dimensional erosion geo-
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