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Original Article
Abstract
Objective: Many diseases form their basis during childhood. One example is the changes in vascular structure
and function, leading to atherosclerosis. In this study, we have assessed the impact of exposure to cigarette
smoke on blood pressure of elementary school children in Kermanshah.
Methods: 80 elementary school children exposed to cigarette smoke and 80 not exposed to smoke were
studied in fall 2010. Information regarding the smoking status of parents and the childrens health were
obtained through questionnaires completed by parents. After physical examination and exclusion of those
children with acute and chronic diseases as well as those consuming medicine, we measured and compared
blood pressure in the exposure and non-exposure groups. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA statistical
test. Values are expresses as MeanSD.
Findings: The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the exposure group were higher than those of
the non-exposure group (109.39.97/64.927.36 vs105.478.98/62.57.01, respectively; CI: 0.95, P<0.05).
Meanwhile, difference between two groups according to sex was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Our study indicates that systolic and diastolic blood pressures are higher in those elementary
school children exposed to cigarette smoke compared to those who are not.
Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, Volume 22(Number 3), September 2012, Pages: 351-356
Key Words: Passive Smoking; Systolic Blood Pressure; Diastolic Blood Pressure; Elementary School Children
Introduction
Many diseases form their basis during childhood.
One example is the changes in vascular structure
and function, leading to atherosclerosis.
There
is
evidence
corroborating
the
relationship of vascular dysfunction during the
first decade of life with risk factors such as familial
hypercholesterolemia and hypertension[1].
Cigarette smoking is a major factor contributing
* Corresponding Author;
Address: Emam Reza Hospital-Pediatric Ward, Kermanshah-Iran
E-mail: asayedzadeh@kums.ac.ir
2012 by Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, All rights reserved.
352
353
Findings
In this study, we measured the blood pressure of
160 elementary school (grades 1 to 5) children in
Kermanshah in fall 2010. Thirty-two students
were selected from each grade (consisting of 16
boys and 16 girls) equally distributed over the
case and control groups.
The students were aged 6-12 years. The mean
values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure of
girls were 107.1610 mmHg and 63.098.7
Table 1: Comparison of mean (SD) systolic and diastolic blood pressure in exposed and nonexposed children to cigarette smoke
Blood Pressure
Gender
Systolic
Boys
Girls
Overall
Diastolic
Boys
Girls
Overall
Exposed
Mean (SD)
109.34 (10.30)
109.26 (9.70)
109.30 (9.97)
65.18 (7.50)
64.66 (7.30)
64.92 (7.36)
Not exposed
Mean (SD)
105.88 (9.20)
105.06 (10.00)
105.47 (8.98)
62.79 (6.61)
61.51 (7.43)
62.15 (7.01)
P value
0.1
0.06
0.01
0.1
0.06
0.02
354
Table 2: Comparison of mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure in children exposed and
not exposed to cigarette smoke according to their school grade
Blood Pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
School grade
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
1
2
3
4
5
Mean
Discussion
Cigarette smoke consists of two constituents: 15%
of cigarette smoke is the main stream and 85% is
the side stream distributed into the environment
from the burning cigarette between puffs[3].
While these two streams are similar in quality,
their quantity differs as the amounts of
carbonmonoxide, benzopyrene, ammonia and
other carcinogenic substances are higher in the
side stream than in the smoke inhaled by the
smoker[4].
Passive smoking has been associated with
endothelial damage in healthy children and young
adults, suggesting early arterial damage[13]. The
impact of cigarette smoke is exerted on peripheral
vasculature via the above mentioned substances
to disrupt the function of vascular endothelial cells
and jeopardize perfusion to vital organs, resulting
in disorders of peripheral vasculature and
increased risk of cardiovascular diseases [4].
Our findings indicate that systolic and diastolic
blood pressures are higher in the exposure group
compared to the non-exposure group; however,
after consideration of the gender variable, the
difference between exposed and non-exposed girls
and boys was not significant.
Previous studies conducted on the effects of
cigarette smoke on childrens blood pressure or
studies on adults who were exposed to cigarette
smoke in childhood have yielded different results.
In the study of Simonetti et al. blood pressure was
Exposed
107.40
104.34
107.53
111.16
116.47
109.41
62.72
62.44
64.12
67.41
67.91
64.92
Not exposed
100.80
106.47
104.25
104.84
111.03
105.54
60.12
63.12
61.19
62.19
64.13
62.15
355
Conclusion
This study revealed that exposure to cigarette
smoke can increase blood pressure in children
with possible risk of cardiovascular diseases in
future.
Acknowledgment
This study was accomplished with collaboration of
the Department of Education of Kermanshah
province, as well as principals, teachers and
students of elementary schools of Kermanshah
and we hereby express our sincere gratitude for
them.
Conflict of Interest: None
References
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