Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ELECTRICAL AND
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Munawar Zaman Shahruddin
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam
munawar_zaman@salam.uitm.edu.my
Tel: 03-5544 8019; 019-249 0416
Week 11-12
CHAPTER 6: BASIC AC AND DC
MOTORS
Lesson Outcome
At the end of class, students should be able to:
Identify the proper motor type for various applications.
State how torque varies with speed for various motors.
Apply the equivalent circuit for dc and ac motors to
compute electrical and mechanical quantities.
ELECTRIC MACHINE
GENERATOR
MOTOR
4
ELECTRIC MOTOR
AC
MOTOR
DC
MOTOR
Electrical
energy
AC/DC
motor
Mechanical
energy
BASIC CONSTRUCTION
as the name suggests,
rotates. It is caused to
rotate under the influence
of the magnetic field of the
stator. The rotor tries to
keep up with the stators
magnetic field
A stationary component.
Made of copper windings
that carry current. The
stators coils set up a
magnetic field that moves
in a circular motion. The
stator surrounds the Rotor.
TOPIC 1: DC MOTORS
10
DC MOTOR
Common in automotive application (e.g starting,
windshield wiper, fans, power window)
Powered from DC source
Difficulty: most electrical energy are AC source-use rectifier
to convert to DC, AC machine preferable if they meet
needs of application, frequent need for maintenance
Advantage: speed and direction can be controlled more
readily than AC motor
11
ROTATING DC MACHINES
Consist of
DC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
Consider a coil in a magnetic field of
flux density, B. When the two ends of
the coil are connected across a DC
voltage source, current I flows
through it. A force is exerted on the
coil as a result of the interaction of
magnetic field and electric current.
The force on the two sides of the coil
is such that the coil starts to move in
the direction of force.
13
DC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
14
DC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The value of current flowing through the armature is
dependent upon the difference between the applied
voltage and this counter-voltage. The current due to this
counter-voltage tends to oppose the very cause for its
production according to Lenzs law. It results in the rotor
slowing down. Eventually, the rotor slows just enough so
that the force created by the magnetic field (F = Bil) equals
the load force applied on the shaft. Then the system
moves at constant velocity
15
DC MOTOR ROTATION
CONSIDERATIONS
Speed
Rotation of the shaft
When we supply the specified voltage
to a motor, it rotates the output shaft
at some speed. This rotational
speed or angular velocity, is typically
measured in revolutions/minute (rpm)
Torque
Torque is the product of Force x Lever
Arm Length (Radius)
Clockwise and Counter-Clockwise efforts
are distinguished by differences in sign (+
or -)
The quantitative measure of the
tendency of a force to cause or change
rotational motion is called torque
16
F F
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Wound field
Type
Power
range
(hp)
Rotor
Stator
Comments and
applications
Shunt
connected
10-200
Armature
winding
Field
winding
Industrial applications,
grinding, machine tools
Series
connected
TYPES OF DC MOTOR
Compound
connected
Permanent
magnet field
Traction motors
1/20-10
Armature
winding
19
Mechanical shaft
speed
Develop
torque
22
Induced
voltage
Disadvantages:
High maintenance
Large and expensive (compared to induction motor)
Not suitable for high-speed operation due to commutator and
brushes
Not readily available for use at home
26
Disadvantages;
27
END OF TOPIC 1
28
TOPIC 2: AC MOTORS
29
AC MOTORS
A type of electric motor that runs on alternating current.
AC motors are more commonly used in industry than DC
motors but do not operate well at low speeds
AC Motors are highly flexible in many ways including their
speed control
The components of AC motors have been described in the
earlier slides
Can be either single or three phases
30
31
AC MOTORS PRINCIPLES OF
OPERATION
If a 3-phase supply is fed to the stator windings of a 3-phase motor, a
magnetic flux of constant magnitude, rotating at synchronous speed is
set up.
At this point, the rotor is stationary. The rotating magnetic flux passes
through the air gap between the stator & rotor and sweeps past the
stationary rotor conductors.
This rotating flux, as it sweeps, cuts the rotor conductors, thus causing
an e.m.f to be induced in the rotor conductors.
As per the Faradays law of electromagnetic induction, it is this relative
motion between the rotating magnetic flux and the stationary rotor
conductors, which induces an e.m.f on the rotor conductors.
32
AC MOTORS PRINCIPLES OF
OPERATION
Since the rotor conductors are shorted and form a closed circuit,
the induced e.m.f produces a rotor current whose direction is
given by Lenzs Law, is such as to oppose the cause producing it.
In this case, the cause which produces the rotor current is the
relative motion between the rotating magnetic flux and the
stationary rotor conductors. Thus to reduce the relative speed,
the rotor starts to rotate in the same direction as that of the
rotating flux on the stator windings. The frequency of the
induced e.m.f is same as the supply frequency.
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Type
Power
range (hp)
Rotor
Stator
Application
Induction
1-5000
Squirrel cage
Three- phase
armature
windings
Simple rugged
construction: very
common; fans, pump
Wound field
Permanent magnet
TYPES OF AC MOTOR
Synchronous
1-5
34
3-PHASE AC POWER
Phase - defines the type
of electrical power
being supplied to the
motor
Each phase is displace
120
35
PARTS OF AN AC MOTOR
Electro-Magnets
Rotor
Stator 36
AC SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Operating speed of synchronous motor is constant
The number of magnetic poles P is always an even integer
If some other speed other than presented in Table 1 is
required, a synchronous machine is usually not a good choice
The starting torque is zero
One approach is to operate the motor as an induction motor
with reduced load until the speed approaches synchronous
speed and then switch to synchronous operation
37
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
Synchronous Speed - The speed of the stators
magnetic field rotation.
120 f
ns
P
f
P
is Applied Frequency
is magnetic poles that rotate at synchronous speed
38
ns
3600
1800
1200
900
10
720
12
600
39
AC INDUCTION MOTOR
The motor has good starting torque
In normal operation, the speed of induction motor is only slightly
less than synchronous speed
Ex: at full load, a typical four pole (P=4) induction motor runs at
1750 rpm and at no load it speed approaches 1800rpm
During startup, the current drawn by induction motor can be
many times larger than its rated full-load current
To avoid excessive current, large induction motors are usually
started with reduced voltage
40
US Department of Energy
US Department of Energy
44
45
END OF TOPIC 2
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47
BASIC THEORY
Torque is rotating EFFORT, speed is rotating FLOW
Torque = force x radius
Voltage is electrical EFFORT, current is FLOW of electrons
Power = EFFORT x FLOW
Mechanical power P(mech) = torque x speed
Electrical power P(elec) = voltage x current
48
TORQUE
Torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object
about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot.
Torque is very important element of Electric machine.
In DC motor:
= ,
ka = constant for a
particular machine
Ia = Armature current
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TORQUE
The torque developed by AC induction motor is given by
Td
Where
nV12R2 / S
s[(R1+R2/S)2+(X1+X2)2]
n= no. of poles
V1 is supply voltage
S is slip (difference between the synchronous speed and the shaft rotating
speed)
R1 and R2 stator and rotor resistance respectively
X1 and X2 stator and rotor inductance respectively
s synchronous speed (depends on the input power frequency and the number50
of
electrical magnetic poles in the motor)
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
A torque speed curve shows how a motor's torque production
varies throughout the different phases of its operation.
Starting torque, also called locked rotor torque, is produced by a
motor when it is initially turned on. Starting torque is the amount
required to overcome the inertia of a standstill.
Pull-up torque is the minimum torque generated by a motor as it
accelerates from standstill to operating speed. If a motor's pull-up
torque is less than that required by its application load, the motor
will overheat and eventually stall.
51
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
Breakdown torque is the greatest amount of torque a motor can attain without
stalling. High breakdown torque is necessary for applications that may undergo
frequent overloading . One such application is a conveyor belt. Often, conveyor
belts have more product placed upon them than their rating allows. High
breakdown torque enables the conveyor to continue operating under these
conditions without causing heat damage to the motor.
Full load torque is produced by a motor functioning at a rated speed and
horsepower. The operating life is significantly diminished in motors continually
run at levels exceeding full load torque.
52
TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
Synchronous speed is the
speed at which no torque is
generated by a motor. This
occurs in motors that run
while not connected to a
load. At synchronous speed,
the rotor turns at exactly
the same rate as the stator's
rotating magnetic field.
Since there is no slip, there
is no torque produced
53
SPEED IN DC MOTOR
m=Pm/T=nm x 2/60
since T= kaIa m=Pm/kaIa
54
= ,
ka = constant for a
particular machine
Ia = Armature current
nm= rotational speed in rpm
USEFULL RELATIONSHIP IN AC
MOTOR
55
FIELD CONTROL
In this method of speed control, Ra and VT remain fixed.
Therefore,
m 1/ and
If as a result of magnetic linearity
So, it will result-in inversely proportional relationship
between speed and magnetic flux.
60
61
CHANGE AC FREQUENCY
Variable speed AC Motor adjustable speed drives are
known as
inverters,
variable frequency drives (VFD) , or
adjustable speed drives (ASD).
64
SIX-STEP INVERTER
AC rectified to DC,
then switched to
imitate a sine wave
65
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION
DC voltage (rectified
AC) rapidly switched to
match "area under
curve"
66
VECTOR FLUX
Vector control implies that an ac motor is forced to
behave dynamically as a dc motor by the use of
feedback control.
Always consider the stator frequency to be a variable
quantity.
Think in synchronous coordinates.
67
Additional
series
resistance reduces
voltage across main
windings
69
More efficient
than previous
method, no
power wasted
in the series
70
TAPPED WINDING
Commonly used
with 3-speed fan
motors (like the
one in AC Motor
Lab)
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END OF TOPIC 3
72
TOPIC 4: Motor
Selection
73
MOTOR SELECTION
A motor must do three things:
1. Start the equipment load
2. Drive the load once it is started
3. Survive the abuse of the surroundings in which it
operates
74
208
208
230
230
460
240
480
460
75
480
SIZE OF MOTOR
Rated in HP
Refers to the power that it will develop when the motor is turning
at full speed
Rules of Thumb for estimating size needed:
If equipment can be operated by hand, a 1/4 HP motor will usually be
adequate
If gasoline engine is to be replaced by electric motor, an electric motor
approximately 2/3 the HP rating of the engine will be adequate
Replace tractor power take-off (PTO) with an electric motor of
approximately the same HP
76
STARTING LOAD
Motor selected must produce adequate starting torque to start the load
Commonlyused motors:
Split phase
Capacitor start-induction run
Capacitor start-capacitor run
Repulsion start-induction run
Series or universal
Shaded pole
Three-phase
Capacitor start-induction run & Three-phase are the most common and
produce highest starting torque
77
SPEED REQUIREMENT
Rated at the speed the shaft will turn in revolutions
per minute (rpm) when motor is operating at full
speed
Rpm of motor should be speed needed to operate
equipment at proper speed
78
BEARING TYPE
Sleeve bearings
OR
Anti-friction bearings
Require less maintenance and can be mounted in any
position
79
TYPE OF MOUNTING
The type of base or method of mounting an electric
motor may depend upon the load it drives.
Some may have a resilient mounting allowing for some
flexibility
Some are mounted directly to the machine.
Still others may have a mounting bracket welded to the
motor housing.
80
BASE TYPE
Rigid base
Sliding adjustable base
Cushion mount
Reduces vibration & wear
81
STARTING LOADS
Easy Starting Loads
Capacitor-Start, Induction-Run
Split Phase
Repulsion-Start, Induction-Run
Permanent-Split, CapacitorInduction
Three-Phase, General-Purpose
Soft-Start
82
MOTOR DUTY
Motor Duty = amount of time the motor is operating
under full load, and how much time it is stopped
Continuous Duty: constant full load for over 60
minutes at a time
Intermittent Duty: fully loaded for 5, 15, 30, or 60
minutes
83
ENCLOSURES
Motors produce heat
Cooling: fan on shaft, openings in end
Must protect from dust, water etc
84
ENVIRONMENT
Provide proper protection from surroundings
Typical motor enclosures:
END OF TOPIC 4
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CONCLUSION
87
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