Magnetism Basics

Source:
Source electric currents
Magnetic Domains:
Domains
atomic regions of aligned magnetic poles
Random Alignment

Ferromagnetic Alignment

Net Effect
= Zero!

Net Effect =
Additive!

Bipolar:
Bipolar all magnets have a North Pole &
South Polenatural monopoles do not
exist! Splitting a magnet results in bipolar
mini-magnets!

Magnetic Forces:
Forces like electric forces
Likes Repel
Opposites Attract

The Earth:
A Natural Magnet
Earths Magnetic Poles
shift with timeeven
reversing direction!

Magnetic Field is 3-Dimensional

and deflects downwards at the
polesa compass would be
totally useless!

v
Magnetic Fields B
Magnetic Fields (B):
(B) Force Field
acting on magnetic domains like
Electric Fields acting on electric
charges

Direction: points from

North to South Poles and
flows through interior of
magnet or coil
Strength: like Gravity, obeys Inverse Square Law:
Force ~ 1/d2. Unlike gravity, a medium (i.e. iron)
can alter strength. Density of B field strongest at
poles.

Astronomical Effects
Magnetic Shielding:
Earths B field naturally
shields and bottles highenergy cosmic radiation
from the sun towards
the poles

Aurora Borealis:
(Northern Lights)
Due to shielding effect,
cosmic radiation
interacts with the
atmosphere lighting up
the night sky @ poles.

Solar Flares:
~11 years the Sun
experiences large-scale
fluctuations in its B field-kicking out gases and
intense radiation enough
to disrupt radio
communications on Earth!

Motors
The motor effect:
the magnetic force pushes
On the charges perpendicular to
the wire so the entire wire moves
instead of just the charges down
the wire--- see p. 583 in book!

N
S

Motor/generator parts
Label each:

Stator
(magnet)
Brushings
(contacts)
Current
(wire leads)

Summary-chap.28
* The source of magnetism is moving charge
* 3 types of magnets
1. permanent magnets- Fe,Co,Ni
2. current in wires
( magnetic field wraps around wire)
3. electromagnetic- battery, wire, iron
(iron focuses magnetic field of current)
* magnetic domain- microscopic piece of
iron in which atomic magnets are aligned
* galvanometer is a wire need a magnet
(when current flows in wire, it deflects so
you can measure very small currents)

Summary- video
&lab guide
Lodestone is a type of magnetic iron oxide
To weaken an iron magnet, make the atomic magnets
point in random directions by
a.
Heating b. dropping c. add impurites
Your compass measures the total magnetic field of
the earth & nearby magnets
Magnetic forces enable speakers, mris, computers,
credit cards, etc to work
Light is an electro-magnetic wave
electro-magnetism is one force!
Moving charge creates magnetism,
Moving magnets induces current (or voltage)

AC vs. DC motors
AC motors: uses ac current so the
current changes direction and the
force changes direction to keep the
motor turning- no special contacts

Ex: plug in tools/ motion appliance

DC motors: current doesnt
reverse so do it by reversing the
battery connections every cycle
http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/electricmotor.htm
Ex: battery powered tools

RightRight-Hand Rules
CurrentCurrent-Carrying Wire:
Wire
Thumb: points in direction of I,
Fingers: curl in direction of B in
concentric circles around wire.

Loop:
Loop
Fingers: curl in direction of current
Thumb: points in direction of B.

Force on Moving Charge:

Charge
Thumb: direction of v
Fingers: direction of B
Palm: pushes in direction of F
(or use middle finger!)
Note all 3 Quantities
are at 90 degrees!

RightRight-Hand Rules Hints

* I is in direction of positive charges as
move from + battery to battery ends
(for electrons flip or use left hand)
* Force is zero if the magnetic field is
exactly parallel to the flow of charge
* B magnetic field flows from N to S pole

Example Problem
current loop in a
magnetic field

Helga
Helgas Super Vacuum
F = ? (magnitude & direction!)
B = 200 Teslas
I = 20 Amps
l= 5.8 m of copper wire in motorbrush

= into page (tail feathers of arrow)

= out of page (tip of arrow)

Magnetic Induction
The Missing Link:
Link
-Oersted discovered Electric Currents produce
Magnetism. Will Magnetism produce Currents?

Lenz
Lenzs Law:
Law
-A changing B field through a circuit will induce an
opposing B field. Why opposing? Mechanical energy
to change B will result in electrical energy! Energy
is conserved! Otherwise, infinite free energy!

Generators
The generator effect:
the magnetic force pushes the
charges along the wire inducing
voltage since the entire wire is
pushed down (by steam)
see p. 583 in book!

move

N
S

Magnetic Force on
Moving Charges
v
v v
Fmagnetic = qv x B

v
v v
Fmagnetic = Il x B
Units:
Units
F = Force in Newtons (N)
q = charge in Coulombs (C)
B = magnetic field in Teslas (T)
I = current in Amperes (A)
l= length in meters (m)

Definition of Magnetic Field (B):

(B)
1 Tesla = 1 N / Am = 1 N / (Cm/s)
1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss

v
v
v Fmagnetic Fmagnetic
B= v
=
v
Il
qv

Faradays Law

Emf (voltage)= - (NBA) / t

Faraday
Faradays Law of Magnetic Induction:
Induction
emf= Electro-Motive Force (Volts)
N = # of loops in circuit
A = Area of loop (m2)
B = magnetic field (Teslas)
t = time (seconds)

Summary

1. Moving charge (current) produces

magnetic field
-magnetic field wraps around current wire
- used in electromagnets (junk car lifter)
- direct current produces a constant B
-alternating creates an alternating B field,
which then creates a counter (eddy) current
(ac electromagnet- floating rings demo,
remote charging of pacemakers)

Transformers
Emf depents on # of coils

Must use ac currents!

Power in = power out

I*V = I*V

V1/turns = V2 /turns