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[ MARINE / IN DETAIL ]
in detail
(1)
where M, C and K are matrices of mass,
damping and stiffness, f(t) is the vector
of applied force (excitation), and x(t) is
the vector of displacement (response)
and its time derivatives, velocity and
acceleration accordingly. The matrices
M, C and K represent the dynamic
characteristics of the structure. Reducing
vibration levels can be achieved by
modifying one or several of these
characteristics, or the excitation vector f(t).
The matrix M is not only the total
mass, but represents also the mass
distribution over the whole structure.
The same applies to the stiffness
matrix K. From the vibration point of
view, it may be very important where
the mass or stiffness is located.
C denotes the damping, which in
practice is not only a uniform number.
In real structures the damping normally
varies depending on the frequency and
mode shape, as well as on the location. In
complex structures like engines, several
different damping types can be found.
Excitation
Frequency, amplitude,
direction, location, etc.
Vibration response
Amplitude, frequency, mode
Structural properties
Natural frequencies, natural
mode shapes, damping
Eigenfrequency analysis
Normally, the rst step in making a
structural vibration analysis of a diesel
engine is a calculation of its natural
frequencies and mode shapes.
A typical calculated lowest torsion
mode is shown in Figure 3.
Excitations
The calculation and analysis of excitation
forces are an essential element in vibration
optimization. The major excitations caused
by gas and mass forces, taking into account
the ring sequence of the engine, are
calculated and analyzed. Modern multibody dynamics (MBD) simulation tools
offer an accurate and relatively fast way
of calculating the mechanical excitation
forces acting on the engine block.
The excitations of diesel engines are
periodic. For this reason, it is natural
to analyze the excitations as well as
the vibration measurements within
the frequency domain.
The main excitation sources of a medium
speed diesel engine can be categorized as
shown in Figure 4, [1]. The origin of mass
forces is the crank mechanism, which has
both rotating and oscillating components.
On the lowest integer harmonic
orders, the mass forces induce mainly
rigid body motions of the whole engine
structure. However, some bending of the
engine block due to mass forces, is also
visible, especially on long engines. The
gas forces resulting from the cylinder
pressure cause a torque variation at
each cylinder. This torque variation is
transferred to the engine block through
the main bearings and via the lateral force
Fig. 3 Typical lowest natural mode shape of torsion of a Wrtsil 8L46 engine.
Excitation type
Excitation
source
Appearance
in a multicylinder
engine block
Mass forces
Rotating
(Unbalance)
Vibration at the
rst harmonic order
Rigid body vibration
and bending
Oscillating
Vibration at lowest
full orders, mainly
orders 1 and 2
Rigid body, bending
and some torsion
Gas forces
Cylinder pressure
in detail 57
[ MARINE / IN DETAIL ]
[ MARINE / IN DETAIL ]
1-2-4-6-8-9-7-5-3
1-7-4-2-8-6-3-9-5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Harmonic order
5.0
5.5
6.0
58
in detail
Natural frequencies
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
in detail 59
[ MARINE / IN DETAIL ]
[ MARINE / IN DETAIL ]
LONGITUDINAL
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency [Hz]
TRANSVERSAL
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency [Hz]
VERTICAL
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
Frequency [Hz]
r.m.s.velocity [mm/s]
120
Without damper
With damper
100
CONCLUSION
80
60
40
20
0
TCcompressor TCcompressor TCcompressor
L
T
V
TC
silencer
L
TC
silencer
T
TC
silencer
V
60
in detail
100
90
Without damper
With damper
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
25
30
40
35
50
45
30
r.m.s. velocity [mm/s]
25
Without damper
With damper
20
15
10
5
0
Engine
foot L
Engine
foot T
Engine
foot V
Charge
air cooler
Charge
air cooler
Charge
air cooler
NOMENCLATURE
Damping matrix
Mass matrix
Stiffness matrix
Force vector
Displacement vector
Longitudinal
Transversal
Vertical
Damping of the main structure
mounting
Damping of the damper mass mounting
c1
Stiffness of the main structure
k0
mounting
Stiffness of the damper mass mounting
k1
Mass of the main structure
m0
Added damper mass
m1
r.m.s. Root Mean Square
REFERENCES
[1] TIENHAARA, HANNU, Guidelines for
engine dynamics and vibration, Wrtsil
Marine News, 1/2004
120
100
r.m.s. velocity [mm/s]
C
M
K
f(t)
x(t)
L
T
V
c0
Without damper
With damper
80
60
40
20
0
Turbo charger L
Turbo charger T
Turbo charger V
in detail 61