1.

MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE

AIM:
To design a concrete mix of M40 grade, in accordance with IS 102621982.
DESIGN STIPULATIONS:
a) Characteristic compressive strength required in field at 28 days b)
c)
d)
e)

40N/mm
Maximum size of aggregate
Degree of workability
Degree of quality control
Type of exposure

- 20mm
- 0.9(compaction factor)
- good
- mild

1.1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT TEST:

AIM:
To determine the specific gravity of the cement using IS 2720-1980
(part- III).
APPARATUS:
Le Chaterliers flask.
Weighing balance.
Kerosene.
PROCEDURES:
Dry the flask carefully and fill with kerosene or naphtha to a point on the stem
between zero and 1 ml. Record the level of the liquid in the flask as initial
reading. Put a weighted quantity of cement (about 60 gm) into the flask so
that level of kerosene rise to about 22 ml mark, care being taken to avoid
splashing and to see that cement does not adhere to the sides of the above
the liquid.
iv) After putting all the cement to the flask, roll the flask gently in an inclined
position to expel air until no further air bubble rises to the surface of the
liquid.
1

v) Note down the new liquid level as final reading.

CALCULATION:
Specific Gravity = (w2-w1)/ [(w2-w1) x (w3-w4) x0.79]
W1 = weight of empty flask
W2 = weight of empty flask + cement
W3 = weight of empty flask + cement + kerosene
W4 =weight of empty flask +kerosene
0.71 = specific gravity of kerosene
RESULT:
Specific gravity of cement = 3.15g/cc.
1.2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TEST- COARSE
AGGREGATE
AIM:
From IS 2386 (Part-III)-1963, the specific gravity and water absorption
of coarse aggregate can be determined.
APPARATUS USED:
Weighing Balance (capacity not less than 3 kg),
Oven (to maintain temperature of 100 to 110C),
Wire basket (not more than 6.3mm mesh),
Absorbent cloth.
PROCEDURE:
The sample shall be thoroughly washed to remove fine particles and
dust, drained and then placed in wire basket and immersed in distilled water
at a temperature between 22

to 32, with a cover of at least 5 cm above

the top. The basket shall be jolted 25 times to remove the entrapped air and
kept immersed in water for a period of 241/2 hours. The basket and the
2

sample shall be weighed in water at a temperature of 22 to 32. The

basket and aggregate are taken out from water, after which the aggregates
are emptied on a dry cloth. The empty bucker shall be returned to water and
weighed in water. The aggregates are surface dried with two dry absorbent
cloths and weighed (B). The aggregate shall then be placed I a shallow tray
in over at a temperature of 100 to 110 for 241/2 hours. It shall then be
removed from oven and weighed after cooling (weight C).
FORMULA USED:
a) Specific gravity

b) Water absorption

x 100

(% of dry weight)
Where,
A= Submerged weight in grams.
B= Saturated surface dry weight
C= Oven dried aggregate in air
OBSERVATION:
Submerged weight of bucket + coarse aggregate

2660 g

Submerged weight of bucket

899 g

Submerged weight of coarse aggregate(A)

1761 g

Saturated weight of coarse aggregate (B)

2870 g

Weight of oven dried aggregate (C)

2800 g

i. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

2.52

ii. Water absorption of coarse aggregate =

=
=

x 100
2.5 %

CONCLUSION:
Specific gravity of aggregate lies between 2.4-2.8. We obtained the
specific gravity of coarse aggregate as 2.52. And also water absorption is
obtained as 2.5% which is in the specified limit. It shows that the aggregate
can be used in concrete.
1.3. SPECIFIC GRAVITY AND WATER ABSORPTION TEST- FINE
AGGREGATE
AIM:

Specific gravity of fine aggregate (particle size less than 10mm) and
water absorption test can be determined by following method which is
described in IS-2386 (Part III)-1963.
APPARATUS USED:
Balance (capacity not less than 3 kg),
Oven (to maintain temperature of 100 to 110C),
Vessel (Pycnometer).
PROCEDURE:
500 g of sample shall be place in a tray and keep covered in water of
24 hours. The water is drained and the saturated and surface dry sand is
weighed (A).The aggregate shall then be placed in pycnometer and
weighed (B). All the contents in the pycnometeis then emptied in a tray and
the pycnometer is filled with distilled water and weighed (C). The sample in
the tray is then drained carefully and dried in over at a temperature of 110
for 24 hours. And weighed (D).

Observation:
4

Weight of bottle

=0.671 g

Weight of bottle+sand

=1.12 g

A- Weight in g of saturated surface dry sample=(1.129-0.671) =0.458 g

B- Weight in g of pycnometer on gas jar containing sample and filled with
distilled water
=1.87
C- Weight in g of pycnometer or gas jar filled with distilled water only
= 1.597
D- Weight in g of oven dried sample
= 0.449 g
FORMULA USED:
Specific gravity

Apparent specific gravity

Water absorption (% of dry weight)

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
=

=
=

2.43

APPARENT SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

=

=
=

2.55

WATER ABSORPTION (% OF DRY WEIGHT):

=

2%

CONCLUSION:
Specific gravity of aggregate lies between 2.4-2.8. We obtained the
specific gravity of sand as 2.44. And also the water absorption is obtained as
2% which is in the specified limit. It shows that the aggregate can be used in
concrete.

1.4. SIEVE ANALYSIS FINENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:
The sieve analysis test is used to determine the particle size
distribution and fineness modulus of aggregates.
APPARATUS USED:
According to IS-2386(Part-I)-1963, the following set of sieves are used
for the test 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 300 micron, 150micron,
90 micron. And sieve shaker.
PROCEDURE:
The sieves are arranged accordingly, pan is kept at the bottom and the
1kg of sample is poured in to the set of sieves. By using sieve shaker the full
set of sieve is shaken and the weight retained in each sieve is noted and
6

tabulated. From this observation the fineness modulus of the specimen is

calculated.

Table-1: Fineness modulus of Sand

S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

IS SIEVE
SIZE
(mm)
4.75
2.36
1.18
600
micron
300
micron
150
micron
90 micron
Pan

72
92
190

CUMULATIVE
WEIGHT
RETAINED
7.2
9.2
19.0

255

25.5

60.9

39.1

315

31.5

92.4

7.6

63

6.3

98.4

1.3

5
5

0.5
0.5

99.2
99.7

0.8
0.3

WEIGHT
RETAINED

CUMULATIVE
% RETAINED

%
FINER

7.2
16.4
35.4

92.8
83.6
64.6

CONCLUSION:
From the test result, it is observe that the sample is comes under
Grading Zone III as per IS 383-1970. This can be used for the Mix design of
concrete.

TEST DATA FROM MATERIALS:

DESIGN STIPULATIONS:

Characteristic compressive strength required in field at 28 days 40N/mm2

Maximum size of aggregate - 20mm
Degree of workability
- 0.90 (compaction factor)
Degree of quality control
- good
Type of exposure
- mild

TEST DATA FROM MATERIALS:

7

a) Specific gravity of cement

b) Specific gravity of
i. Coarse aggregate
ii.
Fine aggregate
c) Water absorption
i. Coarse aggregate
ii.
Fine aggregate
d) Free surface moisture
i. Coarse aggregate
ii.
Fine aggregate

- 3.15
- 2.50
- 2.00
- 2.5percent
- 2.0 percent
- nill
- 2.0percent

CALCULATIONS (according to IS 10262-1982):

1. TARGET MEAN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE:

= 40 + 1.65 X6.6
= 51 N/mm
2. SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO:
= 0.30
3. DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT:
Water

180 l/m

4. DETERMINATION OF WATER CONTENT:

0.30

180/0.30

600 kg/m

5. DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATES:
Sand as percentage of total aggregate
By absolute volume =
25%
CORRECTION:
Decrease in W/C (0.6-0.3) =

.30
8

% of fine aggregate

25-3.50

21.50%

Air entrapped

Required water content = [ 180 +

2%
X3]

= 185.40 l/m

DETERMINATION OF CEMENT CONTENT :

Water cement ratio = 0.30
Water
Cement

i.

= 185.4 l/m
=185.4/0.30
=618 Kg/m3

DETERMINATION OF FINE AGGREGATE:

V= [ W +

]X

0.98 = [ 185.40 +

]X

= 321.64 kg/m

ii.

DETERMINATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

V= [ W +

0.98 = [ 185.4 +

]X

]X

= 1174 kg/m

6. MIX PROPORTION:
WATER

CEMENT(Kg)

FINE
AGGREGATE(Kg)

COARSE
AGGREGATE(Kg)

185.40

618

321

1174

0.30

0.52

1.90

CONCLUSION:
This design methodology paved the way for adopting required
materials in the ratio 1:0.52:1.90. The various tests on fresh mortar and
hardened concrete are discussed in the following chapter.
2. FRESH CONCRETE PROPERTIES
2.1 SLUMP CONE TEST ON CONCRETE
AIM:
To find the workability of the designed concrete mix using slump
cone test, using IS 1199-1959.
APPARATUS:
1. Metallic mould in the form of a frustum of a cone with the following
inner dimensions.
Bottom diameter = 20cm
Top diameter = 10cm
Height = 30cm
2. Tamping rod.

10

PROCEDURE:
Prepare the representative Samples for the Workability test for Concrete.
Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist, non-absorbent, level
surface large enough to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the
slump cone. Stand or, foot pieces throughout the test procedure to hold the
cone firmly in place.
Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with 5/8-inch diameter x 24-inchlong hemispherical tip steel tamping rod. (This is a specification requirement
which will produce nonstandard results unless followed exactly.) Distribute
rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the sample.
Fill cone 2/3full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into,
but not through first layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross
section of the layer.
Fill cone to overflowing. Rod this layer 25 times with rod penetrating into but
not through, second layer. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire cross
section of this layer.
Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using tamping rod as
a screed. Clean overflow from base of cone.
Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do not jar the concrete
or tilt the cone during this process. Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next
to, but not touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds with no
lateral or torsional motion.)
Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount of
slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the
slumped concrete at a point over the original center of the base. The slump
operation shall be completed in a maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes.
Discard concrete. DO NOT use in any other tests

TABLE 2: Showing variations of slump values by adding water

SL.NO

WATER
CEMENT(%)

SLUMP
VALUE

INITIAL
HEIGHT(mm)

1
2
3
4

0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55

10
25
75
90

300
300
300
300

11

FINAL
HEIGHT
(mm)
290
275
225
210

Graph 1 : Showing Variations water cement ratio versus Slump value

Fig- 2 a: slump cone test

12

OBSERVATIONS FROM SLUMP VALUES:

S.No

Slump values(cm)

2.

3.

4.

5.

<2.5

Degree of
workability

Very low

2.5-7.5

7.5-10

low

Roads vibrated by
power machines. At the
more workable end of
this group, concrete may
be compacted by hand
machines.
Roads vibrated by
power machines. At the
more workable end of
this group, concrete in
roads is manually
compacted with rounded
or irregular aggregates.
Mass concrete
foundations without
vibration or lightly
reinforced sections with
vibrations.

Medium

Manually compacted flat

slabs using crushed
aggregates. Normally
reinforced concrete
manually compacted.

High

For sections with

congested
reinforcement. Not
suitable for vibration.

10-15

>150

Use for which concrete

is used

Very high

CONCLUSION:
13

Flow table test is more

suitable

For a slump value of 75mm, the workability is medium and hence it

can be used for manually compacted flat slabs. For all other values >150mm,
the workability is very high for which flow table is more suitable.

2.2 COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

AIM:
To find the workability of the concrete using compaction factor test,
according to IS 1199-1950.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Top hopper:
Top internal diameter = 25.4cm
Bottom internal diameter = 12.7cm
Internal height = 27.9cm
2. Lower hopper:
Top internal diameter = 22.9cm
Bottom internal diameter = 12.7cm
Internal height = 22.9cm
3. Cylinder:
Internal diameter = 15.2cm
Internal height = 30.5cm
Distance between bottom of top hopper and top
of lower hopper = 20.3cm
Distance between bottom of lower hopper and top
of cylinder = 20.3cm

FORMULA:
14

Compaction factor =

Weight of partially compacted concrete

Weight of fully compacted concrete

PROCEDURE:
A Sample of concrete to be tested is placed on the upper hopper up to the
prism. The trap door is opened so that the concrete falls into the lower
hopper. The trap door of the lower hopper is opened and the concrete is
allowed to fall into the cylinder.
The excess concrete remaining above the top level of cylinder is then cut
off with the help of plane blades supplied with the apparatus. The outside
of the cylinder is wiped clean and is weighed to the nearest 10grams.Thin
weight is known as the weight of the partially compacted concrete.
The cylinder in the emptied and again refilled with the concrete from the
same sample in layers of approximately 5cm deep. The layers are heavily
rammed or preferably vibrated so as to obtain full compaction.
The top level is struck off carefully and is weighed to the nearest
10grams.This weight is known as the weight of the fully compacted
concrete.

CALCULATION:
Volume of the cylinder

Cement content

0.01059 + 20% extra

0.0127m

volume of cube x weight of cement

0.0127 x 415

5.2705 kg
15

Fine aggregate content

volume of cube x weight of fine aggregate

0.0127 x 550

6.985 kg

Coarse aggregate content =

aggregate

volume of cube x weight of coarse

0.0127 x 1153.6

14.65 kg

The volume of the cylinder is found to be 0.01059 cm

And 20% concrete for wastage is found to be 0.0211 cm
Total volume of concrete needed is 0.01247 cm

The volume of cement needed is

5.175 kg

The volume of fine aggregate needed is

6.86 kg

The volume of coarse aggregate needed is

14.38 kg

fig-2 b: Compaction factor test

16

Table 3: Showing compaction factor for various water-cement ratio

S.NO

W/C
RATIO

WATER
ADDED

HEIGHT OF
WEIGHT OF
PARTIALLY
FULLY
COMPACTED COMPACTED
CONCRETE
CONCRETE
(kg) W1
(kg) W2

COMPACTION
FACTOR
W1/W2

1.

0.4

1778

9.53

11.42

0.84

2.

0.45

2000

10.063

11.83

0.85

3.

0.5

2222

11.53

12.48

0.924

4.

0.55

2444

12.29

12.78

0.962

5.

0.60

2667

11.93

13.02

0.926

GRAPH-2: Compaction factor corresponding to water-cement ratios:

17

INFERENCE:

Degree of
workability

Compaction factor

Small apparatus

Very low

Low

large apparatus

0.78

0.8

0.85

Medium

High

Use of which concrete is

suitable

0.87

0.92

0.935

0.95

0.96

CONCLUSION:

18

Roads vibrated by power

machines. At the more
workable end, concrete
may be compacted by
hand machines
Roads vibrated by hand
operated machines at the
more workable end,
concrete may be
manually compacted
using rounded
aggregates. Mass
concrete foundation
without vibration
At less workable end
manually compacted flat
slabs using crushed
aggregates, normally
compacted concrete is
manually compacted

For sections with

congested reinforcement.
Not normally suitable for
vibration. For pumping
and termie placing.

It is observed that as the value of water-cement ration increase, the

compaction factor also increases and hence the workability. For a
compaction factor of 0.91,the concrete can be used for manually compacted
flat slabs and for values 0.84,0.85,0.92, they are used for sections with
congested reinforcement.

2.3 VEE-BEE CONSISTOMETER METHOD

AIM:
To determine consistency of concrete using Vee-bee consistometer,
according to IS 1199-1959.

PROCEDURE:
A conventional slump test is performed, placing the slump cone inside the
cylindrical part of the consistometer. The glass disc attached to the swivel
arm is turned and placed on the top of the concrete in the pot. The electrical
vibrator is switched on and a stop-watch is started, simultaneously. Vibration
is continued till the conical shape of the concrete disappears and the
concrete assumes a cylindrical shape. When the concrete fully assumes a
cylindrical shape, the stop-watch is switched off immediately. The time is
noted. The consistency of the
concrete should be expressed in
VB-degrees, which is equal to the
time in seconds recorded above.
A = Cylindrical pot
B = Sheet metal cone
C = Glass disc
D = Swivel arm
E = Glass disc with adjustable
screw
F = Adjustable screw
Fig-2.c: vee-bee consistometer test

19

TABLE-4 : Table showing observation on vee-bee consistometer.

S.NO

W/C RATIO

VEE-BEE DEGREE
(sec)

0.40

40

0.45

33

0.50

12

0.55

GRAPH-3 : Graph showing vee-bee degree corresponding to water cement

ratio

INFERENCE:
Tabel-1 shows the vee-bee consistometer readings corresponding to the
various water-cement ratio of 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55. Graph-1 shows the veebee degrees corresponding to the water-cement ratio mentioned above.

CONCLUSION:

20

There is a considerable decrease in vee-bee with increase in water cement

ratio from 0.40 to 0.45. Then we found a drastic decrease in vee-bee degrees
with a increase in water-cement ratio from 0.45 to 0.50. Again there is a small
decrease in vee-bee degree as water-cement ratio increases from 0.50-0.55.

2.4 INFULENCE OF SUPER PLASTICIZER IN THE WORKABLITY OF

CONCRETE
AIM:
To study the influence of super plasticizer in the workability of
concrete.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Slump cone,
Weighing balance,
Conplast sp 430 super plasticizer,
Measuring jar.

PROCEDURE:
Accordance with the provisions of IS 456 the chemical admixtures is
used in concrete.The nominal design mix of M30 grade concrete is
prepared for slump cone test to find the workability of concrete using
super plasticizer.
In addition with this 0.2% of chemical admixtures named conplast 240 is
added for every trail.The workability of the concrete is obtained by adding
super plasticizer to find the slump value.

OBSERVATION :
Table - 5: Showing Influence of Super plasticizer In Fresh concrete
21

SL.NO

% OF SUPERPLASTICIZER IN
CONCRETE

SLUMP VALUE

0.2

52

0.4

65

0.6

71

0.8

84

GRAPH-4: Showing variations between superplasticizer versus Slump

value

CONCLUSION:
The influence of the super plasticizer to find the workability of concrete is
obtained in 0.6 percentage.Hence Suplasticizer increases the workability in
fresh concrete decreases the adding of water in the concrete Which helps in
Site condition`by increasing his workability of concrete by adding Super
Plasticizer.

3. HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIES

The hardened concrete after curing is tested for its strength using
Universal Testing Machine. The tests conducted are as follows:

22

3.1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:

AIM:
The compressive strength of the concrete can be determine as per
IS-516-1959 by using the compression testing machine.
APPARATUS USED:
Universal testing machine (UTM),
Cube mould (15mmX15mmX15mm).
FORMULA USED:
Concrete cube compression strength =

Ultimate load
Cross- sectional area

PROCEDURE:
The dimensions of the concrete cube are measured accurately.The concrete
cube is then weighed to the nearest whole number. The cube is placed on
the testing machine and load is applied gradually. The ultimate load before
the failure of the specimen is note.

TABLE-6 :OBSERVATION OF LOAD TESTING MACHINE

EMPTY
SL.NO

WEIGHT

DATE OF
CASTING

DATE OF
TESTING

ULTIMATE

COMPRESSIVE

LOAD(T)

STRENGTH

AGE IN
DAYS

(N/MM2)

(kg)

8.3

15/10/12

12/11/12

10040

44.62

28

8.3

15/10/12

12/11/12

9970

44.31

28

Average =44.4

CALCULATION:
Compressive strength = Ultimate load
Cross-sectional area
23

1004*103
=
22500
= 44.62 N/mm2

CONCLUSION:
The mix is designed for M40 grade concrete. The average compressive
strength of the cube is 44.47 N/mm2.Hence the designed mix is safe.

4.SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST:

AIM:

24

The tensile strength is obtained by the direct uniaxial tensile test.

Concrete is in weak in tension so It will take only lesser amount of tensile
load.
APPARATUS USED:
Universal testing machine (UTM),
Cylinder mould (150mm diameter, 300mm height)
Frame (to keep specimen in position)
PROCEDURE:
Dimensions of concrete cylinder are measured. The weight of the cylinder is
measured and tabulated. The concrete cylinder is placed on compression
testing machine horizontally. Pads are placed both top and bottom for the
application of load uniformly. The ultimate load was observed before the
failure of the specimen

FORMULA :

Split tensile Strength

Where,
P Maximum load in N
l Breadth of specimen in mm
d Depth of specimen in mm

Table-7: Split tensile Strength Test Observations

ULTIMATE
SL.NO

WEIGHT(kg)

13

LOAD (T)

1667.7

CONCLUSION:
25

SPLIT TENSILE
STRENGTH(N/mm2)

2.36

Split tensile strength of the concrete from the test is given as 2.36
N/mm2. It is observed that the split tensile strength of the prepared mix
design within the required limit. Hence the design mix can be used for
making concrete for M40 grade concrete.

5. YOUNGS MODULUS OF CONCRETE

26

AIM:
To determine the youngs modulus of the concrete using the stress
and strain of the same.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
UTM
Strain gauge
Cylindrical cube of concrete with 28 days desired strength
PROCEDURE:
Dimension of the concrete cylinder are measured. The weight of the
specimen is also determined. The compressometer is attached to the
specimen and the initial reading is made to read zero. The entire setup is
placed vertically in the compression testing machine. The load is applied
gradually. The compressometer reading for every incremental load is taken
and tabulated. The stress strain curve is drawn and from the graph, the
youngs modulus is calculated.

CALCULATION:

Youngs modulus of the concrete is determined by the following formula:

Area of specimen = 1763 mm2

TABLE -8 : Youngs modulus of concrete for the M40 grade of concrete:

27

S.
NO

LOAD
(kN)

STRESS

COMPRESSOMETER
READING

= (N/

DEFLECTION
L X 10-4 (mm)

STRAIN
e=

10-5
1

19.62

1.110

2.353

29.43

1.666

3.529

39.24

2.221

16

9.412

49.05

2.776

12

24

14.117

58.86

3.331

14

28

16.471

68.67

3.886

19

38

22.353

78.48

4.441

24

48

28.235

88.29

4.997

28

56

32.942

98.10

5.552

32

64

37.647

10

107.9

6.107

38

76

44.706

6.662

42

84

49.412

7.211

46

92

54.118

7.772

52

104

61.177

8.328

56

112

65.882

1
11

117.7
2

12

127.5
3

13

137.3
4

14

147.1
5

28

GRAPH- 5 : Youngs modulus of concrete for the M40 grade of concrete:

CONCLUSION:
Thus the young modulus of the concrete, tested using a concrete
cylinder has been found out to be 0.215 x105. The graph has been plotted
to show the stress-strain behaviour of the concrete which shows a
uniform variation till the noted value, above which it shows no deflection,
pointing out that it has reached its yielding point.

6.BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN STEEL AND CONCRETE

29

AIM:
To find bond strength between steel and concrete using pull out test
according to IS 2770(part I).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Pull out test specimen of desired grade of concrete
UTM
PROCEDURE:
Pull out test apparatus has to be fixed in the UTM. The pull out test specimen
is to be fixed in the apparatus and the rod is to be fixed to the bottom of the
UTM. As the load is applied the pull out apparatus is to be lifted as tension
develops in the rod. This causes the pull in the concrete and the rod try to
come out of the concrete. The maximum load at which the steel comes out of
the concrete denotes the bond strength of the concrete. Sometimes steel
fails first, as it denotes there is an excellent bond strength between steel and
concrete.
OBSERVATION:
Table - 9: load vs deflection values
S.NO

LOAD
(KN)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

5
8
10
15
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

free end slip

division Deflection
0
0
0
0
0
2
4.8
9.6
13.2
18
22.4
27.2

(mm)
0
0
0
0
0
0.005
0.012
0.024
0.033
0.045
0.056
0.068
30

loaded end slip

division Deflection
0
0
0
0.02
0.68
1.4
1.8
2.08
2.4
2.64
2.88
3.16

(mm)
0
0
0
0.005
0.17
0.35
0.45
0.52
0.6
0.66
0.72
0.79

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58

29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74

30.8
34.4
37.2
41.2
44.4
48
50.4
52.8
57.2
59.2
64
66.4
68.8
73.6
76
78.4
83.2
84.8
89.6
92.8
97.6
102
105.6
110.8
116
122.4
128.8
135.2
142.4
148.8
156
162.4
169.6
176
183.2
190.4
198.4
207.2
216
225.6
233.6
240.8
288.8
297.6
304.8
312

0.077
0.086
0.093
0.103
0.111
0.12
0.126
0.132
0.143
0.148
0.16
0.166
0.172
0.184
0.19
0.196
0.208
0.212
0.224
0.232
0.244
0.255
0.264
0.277
0.29
0.306
0.322
0.338
0.356
0.372
0.39
0.406
0.424
0.44
0.458
0.476
0.496
0.518
0.54
0.564
0.584
0.602
0.722
0.744
0.762
0.78
31

3.4
3.66
3.92
4.2
4.44
4.6
4.88
5.16
5.48
5.68
5.8
6.04
6.24
6.64
6.64
6.84
7.12
7.28
7.44
7.8
7.96
8.16
8.36
8.48
8.76
9.16
9.28
9.56
9.76
9.96
10.24
10.36
10.6
10.8
11
11.2
11.44
11.72
11.96
12.16
12.44
12.64
12.96
13.16
13.4
13.6

0.85
0.915
0.98
1.05
1.11
1.15
1.22
1.29
1.37
1.42
1.45
1.51
1.56
1.66
1.66
1.71
1.78
1.82
1.86
1.95
1.99
2.04
2.09
2.12
2.19
2.29
2.32
2.39
2.44
2.49
2.56
2.59
2.65
2.7
2.75
2.8
2.86
2.93
2.99
3.04
3.11
3.16
3.24
3.29
3.35
3.4

59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82

320
330.4
340
352
360
369.6
380
392

0.8
0.826
0.85
0.88
0.9
0.924
0.95
0.98

13.8
14.08
14.28
14.64
14.8
15.24
15.44
15.64

ULTIMATE LOAD = 83.3KN

CALCULATION:
FREE END:
Load corresponding to 0.025mm =

24.1 KN

LOADED END:
Load corresponding to 0.25 mm =

Bond strength

21 KN

P/A

3.83

GRAPH 6.1: Behaviour of load vs free end slip

32

3.45
3.52
3.57
3.66
3.7
3.81
3.86
3.91

GRAPH 6.2: behviour of load vs loaded end slip:

33

34

RESULT:
Bond strength of concrete is found to be

3.83

INFERENCE:
As per clause 26.2.1.1 of IS 456, the design bond stress

for

grade of

concrete is found to be 1.5 for plan bars under tension. Incase of deformed
bars under, IS 1786 the above value can be increased to 60%.
1.5x

+1.5 =2.4N/

a) The value obtained theoretically was found to be

=2.4

b) The value obtained experimentally was found to be

=3.83

As the experiment value is more than the theoretical value, it is clearly

known that there is a perfect bond stress between steel and concrete. Hence
the design grade of concrete can be used for construction as it gives a better
bond strength which is one of the most important factor to resist seismic
effect to the structure.

35

7. REBOUND HAMMER TEST

AIM:
To calculate the Compressive strength of any concreting using
Rebound Hammer Test.
PRINCIPLE:
The underlying principle of the rebound hammer test is that the
rebound of an elastic mass depends on the hardness of the surface against
which its mass strikes.
INTRODUCTION
The Rebound hammer has been around late 1940s and developed in
1948 by a swiss engineer Ernst Schmidt, the device also measures
hardness of concrete surfaces using rebound principle. The device is often
referred to as swiss hammer. Rebound hammer test is done to find out the
compressive strength of concrete by using rebound hammer as per IS: 13311
(Part 2) 1992. A steel hammer impacts with a predetermined amount of
energy, a steel plunger in contact with the surface of concrete and the
distance that the hammer rebounds is measured.Surface hardness
measured during the test give an idea about the soundness and quality of
cover concrete.
DESCRIPTION
The device consist of a plunger rod and an internal spring loaded
steel hammer and a latching mechanism. When the extended plunger rod is
pushed against a hard surface, the spring connecting the hammer is
stretched and when pushed to an internal limit, the latch is released causing
the energy stored in the stretched spring to propel the hammer against
plunger tip. The hammer strikes the plunger rod and rebounds a certain
distance. on the outside of the unit is a slide indicator that records the
distance travelled during rebound. This indication is known as rebound
number.

36

Fig- 7 a: Cross sectional view of rebound hammer

Procedure to determine strength of hardened concrete by rebound

hammer.
Before commencement of a test, the rebound hammer should be
tested against the test anvil, to get reliable results, for which the
manufacturer of the rebound hammer indicates the range of readings on the
anvil suitable for different types of rebound hammer. Apply light pressure on
the plunger it will release it from the locked position and allow it to extend to
the ready position for the test. Press the plunger against the surface of the
concrete, keeping the instrument perpendicular to the test surface. Apply a
gradual increase in pressure until the hammer impacts. (Do not touch the
button while depressing the plunger. Press the button after impact, in case it
is not convenient to note the rebound reading in that position.) Take the
average of about 15 readings.

37

Fig-7b: testing method

Interpretation of Result
The rebound reading on the indicator scale has been calibrated by the
manufacturer of the rebound hammer for horizontal impact, that is, on a
vertical surface, to indicate the compressive strength. When used in any
other position, appropriate correction as given by the manufacturer is to be
taken into account.

Table 10 :- Average Rebound number and quality of concrete

Average rebound number

Quality of concrete

>40

Very good hard layer

30-40

Good layer

20-30

Fair

<20

Poor concrete

Laminated

38

Graph-7: Cube compressive strength is N/mm2 plotted against

rebound number

Locations having very low rebound numbers indicate weak surface

concrete and may be affected by corrosion.
The test can be performed in horizontal, vertically upward or vertically
downward or in any other intermediate angled positions in relation to the
surface. The device are manufactured with correlation curves by the
manufacturers
The main significance of rebound hammer test is: To assess the in-plane uniformity of concrete
To delineate regions in a structure of poor quality or deteriorated

concrete
To estimate the in-plane strength development.

PROCEDURE:
Before commencement of a test, the rebound hammer should be tested
against the test anvil, to get reliable results, for which the manufacturer of the
rebound hammer indicates the range of readings on the anvil suitable for
different types of rebound hammer. Apply light pressure on the plunger it
will release it from the locked position and allow it to extend to the ready
position for the test.
Press the plunger against the surface of the concrete, keeping the instrument
Perpendicular to the test surface. Apply a gradual increase in pressure until
the hammer impacts. (Do not touch the button while depressing the plunger.

39

Press the button after impact, in case it is not convenient to note the rebound
reading in that position.)Take the average of about 15 readings.
OBSERVATIONS:

S.N
O

REBOUND NUMBER (WEIGHED

MEAN)

28

31

29.5

31.5

32

COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
N/mm2

24

MEAN = 31.4

RESULT:
The compressive strength of the structure tested is found out to be 24
N/mm2 which is fairly hard .

40

8. STRAIN GAUGE MEASUREMENT

INTRODUCTION
Strain is the amount of deformation of a body due to an applied force.
While there are several methods of measuring strain, the most common is
with a strain gauge, a device whose electrical resistance varies in proportion
to the amount of strain in the device. The piezoresistive strain gauge is a
semi conductor device whose resistance varies nonlinearly with strain. The
most widely used gauge, however, is the bonded metallic strain gauge.
DESCRIPTION
The metallic strain gauge consists of a very fine wire or, more
commonly, metallic foil arranged in a grid pattern. The grid pattern maximizes
the amount of metallic wire or foil subject to strain in the parallel direction .
The cross sectional area of the grid is minimized to reduce the effect
of shear strain and Poisson Strain. The grid is bonded to a thin backing,
called the carrier, which is attached directly to the test specimen. Therefore,
the strain experienced by the test specimen is transferred directly to the
strain gauge, which responds with a linear change in electrical resistance.
Strain gauges are available commercially with nominal resistance values
from 30 to 3000 , with 120, 350,and 1000 being the most common values.

Fig-8a: Bonded strain gauges

41

Fig-8b: Foil type strain gauge

TYPES OF STRAIN GAUGES

Mechanical Strain Gauge

Optical Strain Gauge
Interferometric Type Strain Gauge
Electrical Strain Gauge
Magnetic Strain Gauge
Acoustical Strain Gauge
Pneumatic Strain Gauge
Scratch Type Strain Gauge
Photo Stress Strain Gauge

TYPES OF ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE STRAIN GAUGES

Bonded gauges
a) Non metallic
b) Metallic
c) Wire type
d) Foil type
Unbounded gauges
a) Metallic
b) Non metallic
Weldable gauges
Piezoresistive gauges
SIGNAL CONDITIONING
Strain gauge measurement involves sensing extremely small changes
in resistance. Therefore, proper selection and use of the bridge, signal
conditioning, wiring, and data acquisition components are required for
reliable measurements.
Signal Conditioning eXtensions for Instrumentation (SCXI) is a signal
conditioning and data acquisition system for PC-based instrumentation
applications. An SCXI system consists of a shielded chassis that houses a
42

combination of signal conditioning input and output modules, which perform a

variety of signal conditioning functions. You can connect many different types
of transducers, including strain gauges, directly to SCXI modules. The SCXI
system can operate as a front-end signal conditioning system for PC plug-in
or PCMCIA data acquisition boards. Alternatively, you can use an SCXI data
acquisition module that digitizes the analog signals and connects directly to
the parallel port of the PC.Two SCXI modules, the SCXI-1121 and SCXI1122, are designed for use with strain gauge transducers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRAIN GAUGE

Gauge Length (distance between the two knife edges)

Sensitivity(smallest value of strain that can be read on the scale)
Range (max. Strain which can be recorded without resetting or
replacing the strain gauge)
Precision And Accuracy

It is very important that the strain gauge be properly mounted onto the test
specimen so that the strain is accurately transferred from the test specimen,
though the adhesive and strain gauge backing, to the foil itself.
Manufacturers of strain gauges are the best source of information on proper
mounting of strain gauges.

43

9. VIBRATION

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
Buildings, including modern office buildings and domestic properties
can also suffer from vibration due to various external events. . The vibration
can be a cause of discomfort to the occupants. These events can necessitate
the need to assess the vibration amplitude and frequency to determine the
effect the vibration has on the building and its' occupants and whether
damage could be caused to the structure.
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES
A single instrumentation system is unlikely to meet all the requirements of
frequency and dynamic range under the wide range of situations for which
this guideline applies. In general, a vibration measuring system usually
includes the following instrumentation:
transducers, typically piezoelectric accelerometers or geophones
signal-conditioning equipment
a data recording and analysis system.
Vibration is measured with a view to using the data in some evaluatory or
diagnostic procedure or to monitoring a vibration with some established
target level in mind. Measurements on floors having soft coverings such as
carpet or soft vinyl tiles tend to give distorted results and should be avoided.
Where it is not possible to relocate the transducers, make comparative
measurements with different mass and coupling conditions for the mounting
block to evaluate the effect of the soft coverings.
SELECTION OF TRANSDUCERS
The choice of transducers is important for the correct evaluation of
vibratory motion. In general, transducers may be divided into two groups
producing a linear output either above or below the natural resonance of the
sensing mechanism. The so-called velocity pick-up or geophone widely
used in structural vibration measurement is typical of an electromagnetic
sensor operating at a frequency above its natural resonance; whereas a
piezo-electric accelerometer usually operates below the resonance. There
are electromagnetic sensors
which operate below their natural frequency, such as are widely used strongmotion seismographs.
Mounting of vibration transducers on buildings
The mass of the transducer and monitoring unit should not be greater
than 10 per cent of that of the building element to which they are fixed.
Mountings should be as stiff and as light as possible. Care should be taken

44

with some velocity transducers (geophones), which are often heavier than
accelerometers.

45

Avoid brackets. It is better to fix three uniaxial transducers to three faces of a

metal cube rigidly mounted by means of studs or quick-setting, high-modulus
resin. The transducer mounting can be secured to the structure of the
building by expansion bolts or rigid-type adhesives.
In special circumstances, it is acceptable to glue the transducer or attach it
using magnetic attraction. Do not use double-sided foam tape under any
circumstances.
DATA EVALUATION
Evaluation of measurements should reflect both the purpose of those
measurements and the type of investigation. Factors need to be considered
during analysis.
a) Resonant frequencies of basic structure and
Component pads (walls, floors, windows);
b) Damping characteristics of basic structure and
Component pads;
c) Type of construction, its condition and material
Properties;
d) Spectral structural features;
e) Characteristics of excitation;
f) deflected form;
g) non-linearity in amplitude response.
A dynamic range of 40 dB is adequate for most purposes, but 50 dB is
preferred. The signal-to-noise ratio should generally be not less than 5
preferred. If the signal-to-noise ratio is between 10 dB and 5 dB, the
measured value should be corrected (i.e. diminished) and the
Correction method reported.
DESCRIPTION OF DAMAGE
Cosmetic
The formation of hairline cracks on drywall surfaces, or the growth of
existing cracks in plaster or drywall surfaces; in addition, the formation of
hairline cracks in mortar joints of brick/concrete blocks construction.
Minor
The formation of large cracks or loosening and falling of plaster or dry
wall surfaces, or cracks through bricks/concrete blocks.
Major
Damage to structural elements of the building,cracks in support
columns, loosening of joints, splaying of masonry cracks, etc.

46