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Ergonomic field is a huge field. In our daily life, ergonomics is used everywhere,
i.e. in cars, in bikes, in an aero plane, in computer workstation design, etc.
These ergonomically fit and designed things make the lifestyle better. Mobile
fast-food business becomes one of the growing environments in the selfemployment sector of the young India. In the occupation majority of men or youth
are having a low social status, low income, less education and less social
support. It is seen that vendors (man or youth) are working in this sector for many
years with almost having some disability in their body like (reaching, stooping
and found the condition that promote various occupation diseases i.e.
musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs)
Some factors responsible for that are poor working postures, lack of task
variables, ergonomically poor work and workstation. As it is not required much
skill and lacking prestige it has been ignored for the scientific consideration and
special attention in the study. It is most unattended area for workstation design
with ergonomics aspect. Hence it is necessary to work, working conditions, work
layout and psychological determinants. And it is an essential step to initially
understand the scope of the problems and find the ways to eliminate them.
The primary goal of this research work is to study the existing problem of vendors
(I. e. Making food, serve and taking money), identifies various MSDs problem
due to working condition. Formulating questionnaires related to work, working
conditions, MSDs problems, working hours, the problem faced during working
and surveyed in the vendors area to get the information about the actual root
cause of problems. This study is done by analysis with consideration of
anthropological
characteristics,
use
of
ergonomics
software
(tools
of
Contents
ABSTRACT............................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.......................................................1
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE...................................................................2
1.2 ASSUMPTION............................................................................3
1.3 SCOPE OF PROJECT...................................................................3
1.4 LIMITATION...............................................................................3
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT...................................................4
2.3 METHODOLOGY.........................................................................8
2.4 STEPS FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF PROJECT GOAL...............................10
2.5 CONCLUSION..........................................................................10
4.4.1
4.4.2
CONCLUSION.......................................................................37
5.4
5.5 CONCLUSION:.........................................................................55
]LIST OF FIGURE
DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
position creates not only pressure on the spine and disc, but
also knee and elbow pain. This type of posture can increase the pressure on the
muscles, ligaments and other soft tissues of the musculoskeletal system. Hence
the overall discomfort and pain in the back, neck, and shoulder are common
symptoms observed in the vendors.
1
1.2 ASSUMPTION
1. The vendors answered the questionnaires as accurately possible as they
can.
2. This study is limited to a small area in NAGPUR.
3. As all of vendors working in Nagpur are male so gender factor is not
considered.
4. The information regarding their work, work layout, comfort level given by
them is true and best of their experience.
1.4 LIMITATION
As the vendors have less education, lack of knowledge about proper
workstation. It was quite difficult to convince the vendor to participate in the
project work. It eliminates the discussion with vendors about the problems faced
by them and benefits after workstation design.
3
workplace.
Evaluation methods and suggestion for a good workstation design.
Questionnaire development to access the actual problem.
Ergonomic its importance and risk factors at work place.
Musculoskeletal disorder, its risk factors and various disorders in body
parts.
Range of motion and the range limits of different posture of trunk and
upper body with directional sign of body segment rotation.
CHAPTER 4
This chapter describes the primary ergonomic surveyed the following points
which are useful for the project.
Description of steps and their analysis of project work.
Design of questionnaire, its analysis with survey result, job description and
task analysis with the help of observation method and Ergo-fellow
software tools.
4
CHAPTER 5
This chapter discusses
CHAPTER 6
This chapter deals with Conclusion and future scope of the project.
3. After serving the food generally it is being found that customers keep the
serving intense randomly on the either side of the cart.
4. There is no any proper method to keep the things in the desirable place to
do work with less effort.
5. Work is always done without considering the body fatigues, body parts
range, arrangement of workstation and comfort etc.
2.2.2 OBSERVATION HAS DONE ON VENDORS
1. Forward bending of trunk and neck is large
2. The Vendor does the work in a static position for long duration.
3. Rotation of trunk on both sides of the body is occurring may times during
4.
5.
6.
7.
work.
Vendors do not have the knowledge about proper workstation.
Vendors dont consider about the items distances from the body range.
Vendors do not consider the effort level, body fatigue during working.
Vendors are always trying to adjust with given facilities, without
2.3 METHODOLOGY
The goal of the project was to find out the major WMSDs such as back,
shoulder, wrist, neck pain the vendor carts are responsible for above the problem
and risk factors. The anthropometries parameter of the human dimension is
responsible for WMSDs problem. The dimension of the vendor cart should be
proper design.
In doing so the steps we have followed are shown in the flow chart below:
Review of literature.
Design of questionnaire.
Survey to identify various musculoskeletal problems of vendors.
Analysis of working posture with help of ergonomic software.
Existing design.
Proposed ergonomic design.
Design details.
2.5 CONCLUSION
As per the problem which is being found through an observation from both
workstation & vendors activities. We are trying to resolve these problems
through ergonomics aspect.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Study of Ergonomics
The word ERGONOMICS comes from two Greek wordsERGO- Word
NOMOUS-Law
The names developed in 1949 by Murrell during World War II after working with a
team of physiologists, anatomists and engineers at Cambridge University. At the
end of the War Ergonomic Research Society is formed by this group, which is
now the forerunner of similar organizations in many countries todays
Ergonomics means The Natural Laws for doing work, also known as Human
Engineering implies to fit the jobs and worker together. Ergonomics is the study
of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and
its related abilities.
A more detailed definition describes ergonomics asAccording to International Labor Organization (ILO) -It is the application of
human biological sciences in conjunction with engineering sciences to the worker
and his working environment, so to obtain maximum satisfaction for the worker
which at the same time enhances productivity.
The International Ergonomics Association (IEA) -Ergonomics
(for human
11
Hubka [2] proposes to use process structure and function structure to elaborate
and solve design problems. For instance, let us take this problem statement: "A
welding fixture is to be designed that is capable of bringing a work piece into a
desired position for welding, and to hold it in that position during work. A
universally usable fixture is required for application to a wide range of
tasks...";the design problem is represented by a process structure which is a
trans formation between the input and output situations demanded by the
problem (in this instance, from situation where all work pieces are unwelded and
unfastened, it must go to an output situation where all work pieces fastened and
unwelded) ,and the function structure in terms of verbs(such as enable change in
height, connect with the fixed frame, etc.) enabling these processes to happen.
Design solutions are represented, in conceptual design for instance, as
schematic diagrams of abstract elements in action.
In Pye's view[3],functional designs are those that are designed on ".measurable,
quantifiable, testable criteria.. " and excludes aesthetic/ appearance/ decoration/
ornamentation and applied art aspects. In short, functional designs are ".. things
12
designed for use and not solely for contemplation such as pictures and statues."
To him, designer's "..freedom in choosing the shape is an imposed freedom...the
limitations arise only in small parts from the physical nature of the world, but in a
very large measure from considerations of economy and style, Both are matters
purely of choice." He, however, maintains a distinction between the purpose of
advice and the result of a device being used. In his words, "the purposes of
things are purposes of men, and change according to who entertains them. The
fact that every device when used produces concrete, measurable, objective
results is the only basis for the theory of design. He takes the example of a
cargo liner whose purpose to the owner is to make money, to the captain is to ply
seas, etc. the result however is "cargo transported overseas"
Suh[4] maintains that function is something "we want to achieve in design(say,
to go to the moon),and a physical solution is "how we want to achieve it" (e.g.,
physical embodiments of rockets and space capsules). Functional requirements
are described in ten us of asset of FR (functional requirements) (such as: for
birds, flying, vertical take-off, power for propulsion, etc.), And these are satisfied
by asset of design parameters DPs of the structure (in this case the wing
structure
the behaviors the design could potentially exhibit under various possible
circumstances are called its latent functions. Problem-to-solution transition in
real-world situations is seen as a sequence of patching operations on a
promising provisional solution, until the whole problem specification is met. How
exactly these operations have to bed one is not clear, although he presumes
some form of search might be involved.
variables
by
using
the
1988
US
Army
measurements
among
1805
Filipino
workers
in
31
manufacturing industries showed data for standing, sitting, hand and foot
dimensions, breadth and circumference of various body part and grip
strength
that
was
the
first
ever
comprehensive
anthropometric
the
method
of principle
component
15
analysis
for
ergonomic
17
DEFINITION
POSSIBLE
FACTORS
Poor work organization
SOLUTIONS
Aspects
of
how
job
organized.
is Reasonable
workload, sufficient
machine
inadequate
Continual Repetition
paced
breaks,
work, individual
multiple autonomy
deadlines
Performing the same motion Redesign the task
over and over
to
reduce
the
number
of
repetitions
or
motions;
increase
recovery
time,
rotate to different
Excessive Force
Forceful
Excessive
body
tasks.
movement. Reduce
physical
the
accomplish
the
Prolonge
mechanical
assists.
dbending,reaching, Design task
18
and
equipment to keep
the
of natural position.
neutral positions.
body
Neutral
in
positions
and nerves.
Staying in one position too long, Design
task
causing muscles to contract and avoid
fatigue.
stationary
position;
provide
opportunities
Excessive
to
to
change positions.
Direct Contact of the body with a hard Avoid resting body
Positions
counters. Upgrade
equipment
or
provide cushioning:
Inadequate lighting
e.g.
ergonomic
pens,
mats
for
standing.
Sources and levels of light that Adjust natural and
provide too much of too little artificial
illumination.
Avoid
lighting.
direct
and
light
that
indirect
can
strain.
cause
eye-
Use
glare
Force
Repetition
Awkward postures
Static postures
Quick motions
Compression or contact stress
Vibration
Cold temperatures
Body parts
Symptoms
Possible cause
Disease name
affected
Fingers
Difficulty
moving Repetitive
without
time
to
recover
Shoulder
Pain, stiffness
Working
with
hands
above
the Rotator
cuff
the tendinitis
head
Wrist
Pain, swelling
Repetitive
forceful
and Carpel
hand
tunnel
and syndrome
wrist motions
Hand
Pain, swelling
Arms
outstretched Tenosynovitis
sideways, forward or
upward
Back
Low
back
shooting
numbness
Legs
pain
in
or while standing/sitting
the
upper legs
Feet,leg,pain,
Standing
varicose veins
place
in
too
kneeling continuously
Neck
Neck pain
Head
inclined
much
forward
too Cervical
backward
2 Table 3.2: Musculoskeletal disorders in body parts
21
or spondylitis
Generally Range of motion refers to the distance and direction a joint can
move to its full protection. Each specific joint has a normal range of motion that is
expressed in degrees after being measured with a Goniometer (i.e., an
instrument that measures angles from axis of the joint). It is very much useful in
workstation design for a worker, assess the worst posture which is not suitable
for the work and can cause the MSDs problem, also useful to eliminate the
muscle fatigue, joint pain during working. Study or analysis of workstation and
worker with the help of ergonomics assessment tools such as IMAGE ANALYSIS,
VIDEO ANALYSIS, RULA (Rapid upper Limb Assessment), REBA (Rapid Entire
Body Assessment), SUZZANE RODGERS, MOORE E GARG (The strain index),
and DISCOMFORT QUESTIONNAIRE is very much easy with the help of this
information. Range of motion can be divided into-[16]
a) Neutral range: The range of motion which presents minimal discomfort to
the joint and adjacent body segments.
b) Effort range: The range of-motion that can be achieved with mild
discomfort to the joint and adjacent body segments.
c) Maximum range: The maximum limits of a joints range-of-motion
According to the above three ranges of motion, the range limits of different
posture of the trunk and upper body is shown in table and Directional signs of
body segment rotation in table, related image are shown by figure 3.4
22
FIG.
POSTURE
NO.
NEUTRAL
EFFORT
MAXIMUM
RANGE
RANGE
RANGE
( in degree x0)
(in
xo)
a.
Viewing
-45 to 15
-70 to 48
3 Table 3.3: The range limits of different postures of the trunk and upper
body angles(vertical)
b.
Viewing
-15 to 15
-30 to 30
angle(horizontal)
c.
-45 to 45
-75 to 75
d.
angle
Neck /head rotation
-20 to 20
e.
angle
Neck /head lateral
-20 to 20
-35 to 35
f.
angle
Trunk flexion-
-30 to 30
-70 to 30
g.
extension
Trunk twist/rotation
-20to 20
-42 to 42
-40 to 40
-45 to 45
-80 to 80
angle
h.
Trunk lateral
-20 to 20
I.
bending
Wrist extension-
-15 to 15
-45 to 45
-85 to 85
j.
flexion
Wrist deviation
-15 to 5
-40 to 25
-45 to 40
k.
angle
Elbow included
70 to 135
50 to -160
35 to 180
l.
angle
Forearm rotation
-90 to -30
-120 to 30
-180 to 90
m.
angle
Shoulder
-27 to -45
-45 to 90
-61 to 188
n.
extension- flexion
Shoulder add,
-45 to 20
-90 to 45
-134 to 48
o.
-abduction
Human rotation
-20 to 45
-34 to 97
angle
23
POSTURE
POSITIVE SIGN(+)
NEGATIVE (-)
a.
Viewing angles(vertical)
Upward rotation
Downward
b.
Viewing angle(horizontal)
Left rotation
rotation
Right rotation
c.
Extension
Flexion
d.
Left rotation
Right rotation
e.
Right bending
Left bending
f.
Trunk flexion-extension
Extension
Flexion
g.
Left rotation
Right rotation
h.
Right bending
Left bending
I.
Wrist extension-flexion
Flexion
Extension
j.
Radial deviation
Ulnar deviation
k.
Always positive
l.
Supination
Pronation
m.
Flexion
Extension
n.
Adduction
Abduction
o.
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
NO.
24
4 Figure 3.4. The range limits of different postures of the trunk and up
25
4.1 INTRODUCTION
In this research various ergonomics methods and techniques have been
used and applied to obtain information related to musculoskeletal disorder and
risk factors. Ergonomics evaluation is done by observational methods with the
help of some tools of ERGOFELLOW SOFTWARE such as Image analysis,
Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Survey is done by making the
questionnaire
related
to
work,
working
condition
and
work-related
26
this software, user can load a video, play it in three different speeds, increase
zooms, regulate the sound and pause at any point during the execution
4.5.
ANALYSIS
OF
OCCUPATIONAL
DISORERS
WITH
QUESTIONNAIRE
A survey is done on 20 vendors by asking those questions (with the help
of Hindi sheet) to them and data are analyzed.
Information of vendor is given the Table 4.1 and Results are shown graphically in
fig. 4.1
Total number of vendors 20
Age
- 21 to 46 years
Working hours
Sl
Name
- 5 to 6 hours
Age
Weight
Height
no
Years
of Working
experience hours
Sandip Jogdane
26
60
5.5
Netish Desai
35
65
5.7
12
Ekbal Khan
40
68
5.3
20
28
Samir Mujmule
28
70
5.7
Rum Wnkhade
46
68
5.6
20
Nilesh More
30
60
5.2
Imran
43
67
5.5
15
Amon Sakat
32
69
5.1
Sagar Jogdande
28
70
10
Pandit
26
68
5.7
11
Suraj Solanki
32
66
5.4
12
Pappu
27
63
5.6
13
Chotu
23
58
5.4
14
Anil kumar
42
69
5.7
17
15
Ashok Desai
32
61
5.5
16
Sumit Amle
40
70
5.1
15
17
Vikash Pande
29
60
5.3
18
Nikil Bisandre
30
65
5.7
19
Soyal Khan
32
63
5.2
20 Mridul akat
28
70
5.6
4
5 Table 4.1: Information for vendors participated in the survey
5
5
Those all surveyed sheet is analyzed and it is seen that many vendors
was facing the MSDs problem in various body parts. The percentage of vendors
suffering from MSDs in different parts of the body are as back 70%, Neck 75%,
Shoulder 55%, Wrist 40%, Leg 45%, Knee 50%, Arm 40%, Elbow 35%. The
result is shown graphically in Figure 4.1.
29
80
70
60
50
YES(%)
40
NO(%)
30
20
10
0
Leg
Knee
Back
Arm
Shoulder Elbow
Wrist
Neck
shows the vendor posture analysis with the help of image analysis tools by
drawing the different analysis on the image during the work.
Vendor- 1 selected for analysis was Sandi Jogdan , Age-26, Weight-60 and
Height-5.5 feet
31
Vendor 2 selected for analysis was Pappu, Age-27, Weight-63 and Height-5.6
feet
32
33
Neck Angle
25o
Trunk Angle
450
Upper arm
300
Lower arm
45o
Wrist
160
Leg
Balance
From this it is seen that the score of RULA assessment is 7 i.e. high risk of
MSDs problem. Hence there is need to investigate the working posture and
action must take as early as possible to avoid further discrepancies.
34
4.4.2
Angle
Degree
Neck Angle
20
Trunk Angle
5
Upper arm
30
Lower arm
45
Wrist
15
Leg
Balance
7 Table 4.3 posture angle of vendor -2
Lower Arm- across outside of the body, Wrist twist- twisted away from handshake
position, Neck- twist, Leg and Feet are well supported and in an evenly balanced
posture.
RESULT
35
ACTIVITY
Vendor
TOOL
made RULA
SCORE
RISK LEVEL
ACTION
7&5
High
Investigati
on
at ground level in
changes
standing position
required
&
immediate
ly
WMSDs
Shoulder, neck,
High
Change
Elbow, back,
working
Leg,
posture
4.6
CONCLUSION
From the above analysis, it was confirmed that the working place is not
suitable for working and vendors. Vendors are going through the MSDs problem
and there is need to study, analysis that working area, to get a proper method or
technique or remedy all those problems.
5.1 INTRODUCTION
36
The vendor cart is generally a compact mobile cart fully self-contained and
design to serve of limited menu. Typically in vendors cart stove is being used for
37
making and reheating the fast food. Most of the carts which is being surveyed
use an LPG cylinder to heat the food, containers over the cart, availability the raw
material for the preparation of the food, money collection box. Colorful canopy is
installed in protective the food preparation area from contamination, provide
some shad and advertised cart location.
Cart is generally built from materials that resist corrosion and are easy to
clean. This generally means that they are made up of plastic, wood or fiberglass.
The food preparation body of the cart is offending mounted on a chassis that can
be easily towed, to a vendor location by hand.
Sl. No
1.
2.
3
4
5
Basic things
Flat table
Canopy
Storage box
Containers
Stove
38
39
DESIGN PARAMETERS
DIMENSION(MM)
Cart height
2128
Working table to canopy height
1368
Working table height
760
Working table length
1500
Working table width
1000
Working table thickness
50
Food storage box length
1300
Food storage box width
450
Food storage box height
450
Big container diameter
200
Big container height
280
9 Table 5.1 : Design parameters of existing cart
40
5.4
41
43
44
Nowadays the Indian market follows standards are basically referred from
American or European ergonomics standards. It becomes a quiet, serious
concern when we talk about working efficiency, personal health over the usage
cycle. Erroneously designed systems persuade improper postures leads to
operational uneasiness. Designing of systems without considering
body
46
48
5.4.4.3.
POSITION
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5,6,7
8
9
Storage box
Stove
Drinking water
Cutting food table
Big & small container
Shelve box
Money box
13 Table 5.5 position of using parameters
SL
DESIGN
DIMENSION
NO.
PARAMETERS (mm)
50
FIGURE
H
D
1.
Working
table
height(H)
2.
Working table
length(L)
3.
779
1500
Working table
width(D)
1004
51
4.
Storage box
5.
height ( h)
Storage box
6.
1209
1400
500
7.
Shelve
1749
8.
height(h)
Shelve box
depth(w)
300
Canopy height
1869
9.
52
5.5 CONCLUSION:
Using anthropometry data, the work reach envelope analysis is carried out
to relocate various elements of work station. Ergo fellow and CATIA-V5 software
the existing situation is modeled to identify the need of redesigning of a cart.
It may be suggested from the present study that the design criteria should be
selected based on the anthropometric dimensions of Indian. There are chances
of mismatch between the Indian dimensions and available vendor carts. The ill
and improper design of carts may create many problems for the vendors
such as fatigue, muscular stress, and discomfort/pain in different body parts.
53
were
compared
with
the dimensions
of
different
models of Carts in table-.5.6. The analysis shows that most of the models
of carts used which were designed without considering the anthropometry of
users dont match with the user population and were not compatible with the
majority of the user population and causes a feeling of discomfort which
may result in lack of concentration and future MSDs .
A design with combined appropriate values from the table 5.6 can give a better
design model which can reduce the problems and improve the efficiency. While
making vendor cart the anthropometric dimension of the user population should
be used. The cart should be designed to suit the majority of the user population,
therefore it should be concentrated 50th percentile male which covers the
majority of the user population. Even though it is difficult to design for all the
users, but a product that matches the majority of the user population can be
designed and the problems solved up to a considerable extent. The
anthropometric measurements from the present study may be helpful in
designing the vendor cart used in the business purpose for vendors.
6.1 CONCLUSION:
This thesis attempts to identify key user needs in Indian vendor cart. This
population segment is uneducated. Hence forth concepts are proposed and a
physical prototype is proposed that meets user requirements. The thesis takes a
bold step ahead in adding an interactive element to concepts which might
become a standard in the future. The contributions of this dissertation are stated
as under
54
1. This thesis gives out a step by step approach which should be carried
out in developing vendor cart starting from need identification to
physical product development and beyond. We hopes that the process
followed could be useful to unorganized or small scale industries in
gaining competency.
2. This thesis also documents relevant anthropometric data, important
guidelines necessary for planning any vendor cart. Reference to this
thesis work would acts as a quick guide to Indian vendors in creating
efficient carts.
3. Various surveys are done with the help of questionnaires made and the
root cause of the problem in operating vendor cart is determined.
4. By using observation method and ERGOFELLOW software tools worst
posture of vendors are found out and remedy action are suggested.
1. To the best of our knowledge, a concept like this for mobile vendor cart
does not exist at present in the market.
2. Future refinement of the idea on these lines and development could create
an indigenous product of high value.
3. This thesis is only a small step towards future development of an efficient
smart vendor carts.
4. There is scope of work over how physical embodiment of existing
technology in communication, information display etc. takes place into the
vendor carts furniture in future.
55
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58