FOCARS-94 Goa PDF

1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scenario of Indian agriculture
Indian agriculture has an extensive background which dates back to 10
thousand years. Although Agriculture is considered as the back bone of Indian
economy, it contributes only about 14% of Indias GDP (2011-12). In the new
millennium, the challenges in Indian agricultural sector are quite different from
those met in the previous decades. The enormous pressure to produce more food
from less land with shrinking natural resources is a tough task for the farmers as
well as agricultural research scientists. To keep up the momentum of growth, a
careful economic evaluation of inputs like seeds, fertilizers, irrigation sources etc.
are of considerable importance.
A country of huge size and population like India, agriculture is and will
continue to be the main stay in the years to come. No country can sustain its huge
population solely depending on other countries for food. If it happens it will be a
disaster for the nation. Hence, agriculture cant be ignored. It is necessary to
enhance our agricultural output to sustain our needs and to achieve the national
Goals. The way to achieve this Goal is to provide technologies that can be used by
the farming community to increase their income.
1.2. Agriculture in Goa
The State of Goa stretches over an area of 3,702 sq. km and with the Arabian
Sea on the west of its 100 km coastline. Goa is Indias smallest state by area, 4th
smallest by population but is richest with a GDP per capita 2.5 times that of the
state. Three of the leading sectors in Goa are namely tourism, mining and
agriculture. These have large economic implications for the state. Tourism is a
major income earner in the state and therefore tourism promotion has been a
priority of the Government of Goa. It is viewed as a major foreign exchange earner,
provider of employment and contributor to the creation of other industries. Mining
activity is often referred to as the backbone of the Goan economy as it provides
employment, generates income and contributes to foreign exchange income. Goa
is blessed with a unique climate of 18-350c, 2500-4000 mm annual rainfall with
1
FET Report, Goa Group, 94th FOCARS
77% humidity, is best suited for integrated farming system including Agriculture,
Horticulture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries. However due to the lucrative
tourism and mining industry, increased labour costs made agriculture and allied
activities into tertiary and quaternary fields.
Agriculture represents thus the third important activity in Goa providing
livelihood to 16% of the population. Goa faces problems for enough cultivable land
to feed its own population. The coastal areas are exposed to salinity and do not
qualify as good agriculture areas while inland areas are also not productive
enough. For daily requirement of agriculture produce like vegetables, Goa is
depending on neighboring states like Karnataka and Maharashtra. Paddy is the
principal crop in kharif season and other important crops apart from paddy are ragi,
maize, jowar, bajra and pulses. Kharif season is mainly dependent on South west
monsoon and the main sources of irrigation for winter crops are rivers, streams,
tanks, wells, canals.
Horticulture crops like coconut, cashew nut, areca nut, mango, jack fruit,
banana, and pineapple are also grown in abundance. Cashew is an important crop
in Goa and provides income through processed cashew nuts and the traditional
fenny for which Goa has got the geographical indication right. A variety of mangoes
are also grown in Goa and the very popular variety is Mankurad with excellent
taste and lack fiber content. Vegetables form an important component of
agriculture in Goa and mainly include brinjal, okra, raddish, cucumber, pumpkin,
bread fruit and different varieties of gourd. Sweet potato, chillies, onions are also
available. In Goa, there is an increasing emphasis on mixed farming where
watershed management is gaining importance. More than 80% holdings is less
than 1ha. About 18000 ha of Khajan land and 2000ha of mangroves need to be
preserved for ecological reasons as well as food production. The critical areas that
need to be addressed include development of integrated farming system models
for effective utilization of available homestead resources and holistic watershed
development, diversification through development of agro-ecotourism, effective
2
utilization of fallow land for profitable production of field and horticultural crops,
livestock rearing and strengthening of secondary agriculture in Goa.
1.3. Role of ICAR-Research Complex for Goa, Ela, Old Goa
Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) established the ICAR

Research Complex for Goa in April, 1976. The Complex started functioning in the
present place namely Ela, Old Goa, since 1982. To intensify the transfer of farm
technology and to impart grass root level vocational training to the farmers and
unemployed youth, a Krishi Vigyan Kendra was established in this complex during
the year 1983.
The research complex is mandated with the applied and strategic research
with some amount of basic research specific to this region, in field crops,
horticulture, livestock, and fisheries.
1. To conduct strategic and applied research on potential agricultural and
horticultural crops, livestock and fisheries for improving productivity and post
3
harvest management.
2. To disseminate improved technology developed.
3. To act as centre for training in updated technologies.
4. To collaborate with national and international institutes/agencies in developing
and transferring new technologies.
5. To generate nucleus planting materials.
6. To provide consultancy services.
7. To act as repository of information on Western Ghats agricultural system.
1.4. Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), North Goa
KVK, established in 1983, is the grass root level vocational training center
in the State of Goa. The KVK is the light house of knowledge to the farming
community of the state. KVK is the extension wing of ICAR mandated to take up)
On- Farm Testing (OFT)- to identify the location specificity of agricultural
technologies under various farming systems ii) Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) to
establish its production potentials on farmers fields iii) Training of farmers to update
4
their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural technologies iv) Training of

extension personnel to orient them in the frontline areas of technology
development and v) work as resource and knowledge centre of agricultural
technology for supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sectors for
improving the agricultural economy.
The KVK is having well-experienced faculty (Program coordinator and
Subject Matter Specialist (SMS) specialized in the discipline of soil science,
agronomy, plant protection, home science, horticulture and agriculture extension.
In addition, the resource person/experts in various agricultural and allied sectors
fields are being invited from ICAR, Agri. Universities and development
departments, organization, etc. Services provided by KVK include: Training
Programmes, Front Line Demonstration, On Farm Testing, Technology information
Spread,
Soil, Plant and Animal Health, Extension Activities, and Interactive
Programmes.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)

The specific objectives of the FET are:
1. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists for interaction with the
farming community and to get an insight into their ways of living, needs,
resources, priorities, problems and prospects.
2. To enable the trainee scientists to understand the adoption profile of farming
community.
3. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the
technology adoption and diffusion process and the factors associated with
adoption and related concepts.
4. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to understand the extension
system and transfer of technology (TOT) operating in the village.
5. To provide an opportunity to the trainee scientists to gain an insight and
appreciation about indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) of farmers and to
generate appropriate technologies if scientifically valid.
5
6. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among

scientist-trainees.
7. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of technologies,
products and processes.
8. To generate a detailed account of technology related products and processes
used
by
producers
with
respect
to
production
scenario,
problems,
opportunities, and futuristic approaches.

9. To provide comprehensive insight into the role of private industry and other
stakeholders in value chain system.
3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS

PRA is a systematic, semi structured activity conducted on site, by a
multidisciplinary team. It is basically a bottom to top approach of learning rural life
forms with and by rural people. It is a good technique to help the community
members, make an appraisal of their livelihoods and issues related to it. In this
connection PRA is an important tool to find location specific problems and
researchable issues to come up with possible solutions for short and long-term
benefits. It is a good exposure for the trainee scientists to understand the problems
of the farmers. It allows them to think individually in his/her area of interest for
necessary intervention. This also provides an opportunity to the farmers to analyze
their livelihood issues with the help of scientists. This research technique was
developed in early 1980s as an alternative and complement to conventional
sample survey. It is a way of learning from and with farmers to investigate, analyse
and to evaluate constraints and opportunities and to formulate research plan to
address the problems. The complexities of the problem involved in agriculture can
be understood through this technique and hence, it is a system approach for
systematic and rapid collection of information.
Diverse information is collected through different PRA techniques and this
information is verified by triangulation among various Key Informants (KIs) in
6
addition to on-site observation by the team members. The various techniques used
by the FET team to collect information are as follows:
1. Direct observation, collection and verification of primary data.
2. Collection of secondary data from panchayat members and officials of the State
Department of Agriculture
3. Semi structured interview by raising some general issues to motivate villagers'
participation in different aspects of the village.
4. Collection of detailed views by approaching some representative key informants.
5. Use of snowball technique to know more about some specific issues.
6. Participatory mapping for rapport building, easy interaction and spontaneous
involvement
7. Seasonal analyses to understand different time bound farm activities, problems
and opportunities throughout the year.
8. Problem identification and preference ranking to identify the top most problems
and preparing solution plan accordingly.
PRA is an exercise that deals with temporal and spatial issues in agricultural
activities. Spatial information supplies the database about soil type, water
resources, land use, land pattern etc. Temporal data helps in seasonal analysis,
adoption and awareness about the new technologies and human dimensions helps
in knowing the facts about participation, gender issues, disaggregation, cultural
values and ethics of the people of that locality. This FET report has been prepared
by multidisciplinary team of eight members from different disciplines namely
Agricultural Extension, Plant Breeding, Agronomy, Dairy microbiology, Textile
engineering, plant biochemistry, Plant Pathology and Agricultural Entomology. The
information collected though different PRA tools for the selected Amona village of
Bicholim Taluk in North Goa district is presented in different sections of this report.
7
4. FET METHODOLOGY
The FET is a learning process, firmly anchored on the principles of seeing
by believing and learning by doing. FET has three phases. In the first phase, the
village for PRA work was selected in consultation with the FET co-ordinators, Dr. A.
R. Desai (Senior Scientist, Horticulture) and Dr. E.B. Chakurkar (Senior Scientist,
Animal Reproduction) and KVK, Old Goa.
PRA tools were conducted during the second phase of our FET programme.
We selected the village Amona in Bicholim Taluk of North Goa district located at a
distance of 16 Km from Bicholim Taluk, 20 Km from ICAR-Research complex and
29 Km from Panaji. KVK, North Goa has adopted Amona village in 2011 and
several technical interventions like introduction of Naveen paddy variety in the
village has been done thus making it easier for our team to collect information from
the villagers. In the selected Amona village, we identified the KIs, who is
knowledgeable, have experience in agriculture. During rapport building we
interacted with the progressive farmers and collected some of the basic information
about the village.
Our team walked along with the KIs, interacted with other villagers,
performed snow ball technique and closely observed the village life, cultivation
practices and other general aspects and noted the information. For each PRA
technique different KIs were selected. Interaction with KIs was initiated from the
semi-structured questionnaires and then branched as per the checklists given. The
information given by one KI was triangulated (verification) with other KIs, on the
spot analysis as well as with KVK staffs. The principles and methods of PRA were
applied for gathering information on 25 topics.
In the second phase of FET, we visited and interacted with various
stakeholders like the scientists from ICAR Research complex, KVK, SESA Goa
(Pig iron industry), Zonal agricultural officer, Agricultural Development Officer
(block), Goa Bagayatdar Sangh, Goa state co-operative milk producers union
limited and various progressive farmers. The interaction with the government
officials also helped to understand the agricultural problems and prospects in the
8
village and to prioritize the research problems for action. We shared our
experience with the villagers, discussed their problems and suggested some
solutions along with the technical support of ICAR and KVK by organizing village
seminar on 26-11-2011. The institute seminar was on 28-11-2011 for discussing
the conducted FET and to interact with the eminent scientists specialised in the
particular fields. We received feedback from the farmers as well as the scientists
on each and every topic of discussion and in light of which, action plan was
formulated.
5. PRA TECHNIQUES USED IN THE VILLAGE AMONA
1.
Basic information about the village
2.
Transect walk
3.
Agro-ecological map
4.
Social map
5.
Resource map
6.
Seasonal calendar and analysis (activities and problems)
7.
Gender disaggregated activities
8.
Time line
9.
Time trend
10.
Technology table
11.
Matrix ranking
12.
Consequences diagram
13.
Bio-resource flow
14.
Wealth ranking
9
15.
Livelihood analysis
16.
Venn diagram
17.
Mobility map
18.
Indigenous technical knowledge
19.
Problem identification technique
20.
Problem tree and solution tree
21.
Proposed Research Projects
22.
Action plan
6. FINDINGS
6.1. Basic Information
KIs: Mr. Ulhas Parab (Farmers club president), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sirani
(farmer), Mr. Sadanand Parab (Veterinary officer)
Name of the Village
Amona
Village Panchayat
Amona
Taluka
Bicholim
District
North Goa
State
Goa
Mean Annual Rainfall
3000 mm/year
Max. Annual Temperature
330C
Min. Annual Temperature
200C
Relative Humidity
77 %
Latitude
1532'02.3"N
Longitude
07358'56.2"E
Altitude
15 Meters
Climatological Data
Geographical Coordinates
10
Geographical Area
Total Area
734 Hectares
Gross Cropped Area
376 Hectares
Net Sown Area
369 Hectares
Irrigated Area
7 Hectares
Unirrigated Area
362 Hectares
Cultivate waste
71 Hectares
Not cultivated
294 Hectares
Residential Area
146 Hectares
Cropping Intensity
102 %
Fig: 1 Satellite image of Amona Village

Demographic Pattern (2001 Census)
Total no. of households
731
Total population
3452
No of Males
1992
No of Females
1530
11
Literacy %
90 (Male: 94 %; Female: 85 %)
Community Categorisation
No of Hindu Families
700 households
Among Hindu families caste wise categorization are

Maratha (General)
2284
Harijan (SC)
48
Kharavi (OBC)
344
Bhandari (OBC)
420
Charvi (OBC)
256
Main Occupation
Service Sector
Source of income
Mining industry, Government jobs, Agriculture
Agricultural Scenario
A)
Land Distribution
Type of Farmers
No. of Families
Large (>5 acres)
90
Medium (2.5-5 acres)
230
Small (1-2.5 acres)
315
Marginal (<1 acre)
70
Landless labourers
26
B) Crop Husbandry
Kharif season
: Paddy
Rabi season
: Cowpea, Chilli, Onion, Bhendi
C) Animal Husbandry
Type of Animals: Buffalo, Cow, Bulls, Hens
12
Table 1. Basic information about animal husbandry

Animal
Population
Economic yield
Milk (litre/day)
Purpose
Buffalo
41
06
Milk
Cow (Indigenous)
25
05
Milk
Cow (Cross bred)
20
15
Milk
Bulls
12
Farming
D) Water Bodies
Open well
:
Bore well
:
29
59
E) Agricultural implements
Tractor
: 1
Power Tiller
: 2
Rotavator, Cultivator, Disc Harrow, Land leveller, disc plough are brought on
subsidised rent basis through government agencies.
6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT

KIs: Mr. Govind Parab (Phd in Agriculture), Ulhas Parab (Farmer), Jaywant
Parab (Progressive farmer)
Transect walk was conducted through the village usually along the
boundaries or through the village in a particular direction with KIs. The main
objective of the transect is to understand and study the major land uses,
topographical pattern, water resources, natural vegetation and different ecological
zones by observing, interacting and discussing with the KIs, while conducting the
walk. The discussion parameters includes topics such as land use pattern, land
slope, soil type, soil fertility status, water resources, agro-ecological zones, crops,
weeds, trees, livestock, and other government institutions. We started our transect
walk from the road entry point for the village from highway. We have covered main
13
streets, major crop fields, industrial area, hilly area and river side across all the
boundaries.
The village is surrounded by Mandovi River from three sides. The
residential area is located on the slope of the hill. The SESA GOA, a pig iron plant
is on upland area of this village. The topography of land undulated. The low land
near the river is mainly cultivated with paddy while upland is having cashew,
mango and coconut trees. Approximate number of tress of coconut, cashew nut
and mango are 500, 4000 and 300, respectively.
The residential area is divided into seven different wards. The water table at
high land is 80 feet and at low land is 10 feet. The main water source is bore well.
Most of the village houses have small cultivation of coconut trees. The house
structure is like Konkani house. Almost all the village houses are having pucca
building. The village in connected by two main tar roads. One is running from
southern part of the village to northern part. Another is from south to west,
somewhat parallel to national highway.
The irrigation practices are followed by hardy 15 farmers. The village is
having 88 wells. Out of that 29 are open wells and 59 are bore wells. The supply of
drinking water is through tabs and pipelines managed by PWD. Water tank is
situated in the southern side of the village, near SESA Goa plant. Supply point is
situated at four sides of the village and villagers used to collect drinking water once
in a day from this supply point.
14
Transect walk
The type of the soil is lateritic which sandy to sandy loam is with very less
water holding capacity. Some portion of the soil in village is deficient in
micronutrients like Zinc. Eighty percent of people in the village have land for
farming. However, very few farmers depend on agriculture because of other
economic opportunities like mining, service sector etc. Mainly agriculture is for
subsistence and they grow vegetables only for their home consumption. The main
agriculture crop is paddy and horticulture crop is cashew. 20 households are
having dairy farming and supplies milk to Goa dairy and getting an average of Rs.
20/- per litre of milk. Vegetables are grown in small scale and mainly for livelihood
only. Mainly chilli, onion and cowpea are found and cultivated in rabi season.
Among the fruits trees lemon, papaya, banana, jackfruit, Ramphal, mango and
custard apple are found widely distributed in different wards. No farmer in this
village is interested about cultivation of flower. Mangroves are present in the
15
coastal lines. The major weeds, pests, diseases, problems and opportunities are
described in Table.2.
Table 2. Details of Transect Walk
Sl.No.
Particulars
Low land
Upland
1.
Soil Type
Laterite soil silty loam
Laterite- gravel, sandy loam
2.
Major Crops
Paddy
Cashew
3.
Vegetables
Chilli, Bhendi (Okra),
Onion
Cowpea and Amaranthus

4.
5.
Fruits
Trees
Coconut, Papaya,
Cashew, Citrus, Jackfruit,
Banana
Mango, Guava
Azhadiracta indica
Anacardium occidantale
(neem), Cassia, Aonala,
(cashew), mango, Jackfruit,
Ficus religiosa (Peepal),
Custard apple, Ficus
Tamarindus,
bengalensis, Anona etucala

(Ramphal), Agvain
6.
Weeds
Cyprus difformis, Cyprus
Panicum Sp., Patherchatta
irea Cynodon sp.

7.
Water
Constructed ponds, dug
resources
ponds
Wells, municipal water supply
8.
Live stock
Buffalo, Cow, Poultry
9.
Insect pest
BPH, Rice Leaf Roller
Mealybug and thrips in cowpea
and Yellow Stem Borer in
Tea Mosquito Bug in Cashew
Paddy
Tick infestation in cattle
10.
Diseases
Kresek in Paddy
Damping Off in Tomato
Mastitis, HS and FMD in
Dieback in cashew
cattle
11.
Problems
Acute labour shortage
Spread of forest fire
16
Wild boar damage
Senile cashew plantation
Water salinity
Zero management practises for
Logistic issues in paddy
cashew
field
No fodder cultivation
Poor soil fertility
Water scarcity for Rabi season
Lack of quality irrigation

water
12.
Opportunities
Mechanisation of
Dry fodder utilization for cattle
agricultural activities
feed
Integrated farming
Grass cultivation
system
Cashew tree rejuvenation
IPM introduction
Construction of water
harvesting structures
(water conservation)
Use of vermi-compost to
maintain soil fertility
Timely vaccination of
livestock
17
Rapport building with villagers
6.3 AGRO-ECOLOGICAL MAP

KIs: Ulhas Parab (Farmer), Jaywant Parab (Progressive farmer), Suresh
Parab (Shop owner and farmer), Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa employee),
Vishal Yelekar (Farmer).
Agro ecological map indicate the relationship between agriculture and
environment. It provides information on ecological aspects like fragmentation of
land holding, natural vegetation, flora and fauna diversity, weeds, irrigation,
drainage system, soil fertility status and water resources available in the village. It
also includes village boundaries, common land, crop land vegetation etc.
The north eastern side of the Amona village is surrounded by hillocks and
the residential area is located on the slope of the hillocks. The slope was towards
west. The cultivated land of Amona village in low land area was nearby Mandovi
River and in upland area it is on the slope of hillocks surrounding the residential
18
area. Fauna includes birds like crow, eagle, sparrow, crane, duck and woodpecker
and animals like cow, buffalo, ox, bull are observed in the village. The soil quality
tests has been determined at KVK center, Goa
Table 3: The soil test result of Amona village
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Particulars
pH
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Nitrogen content (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Potassium (K)
Organic carbon
Value
4.5-5
0.26-0.57 dS/m
135-216 kg/ha
14.52-28.24 kg/ha
120-260 kg/ha
0.25-0.50 %
Amona village soil was of acidic nature. The electrical conductivity of soil is
normal (less than 1.5dS/m). The nitrogen content was very low as compared to
normal value of 280, which throwed light on the importance of green manuring in
this village. The phosphorus and potassium were in medium range. The organic
carbon has been found to be low which means, soil is not rich in micronutrients.
Lack of organic manuring resulted in depletion of carbon which result in C:N ratio
imbalance. Farmers are following monocropping pattern, only cultivating rice year
after year might have resulted the current situation.
Horticulture:
The main cash crop is cashew. Almost 90% area has been covered by local
cultivars and most of the trees are senile and productive life has over. The other
varieties grown in the area are Vengurla 4 and Vengurla 7. Local variety was found
more suitable for the conditions and the nut weight is high. The popular mango
variety grown was Mankurad. Horticulture area is mainly rainfed and some farmers
are adopted water harvesting and supplement irrigation to newly planted grafts.
The coconut was grown in nearby residential area and on both sides of the bands.
The Banawali coconut variety was grown and no management practices are
followed.
19
Agriculture
In Kharif season the major crops cultivated is paddy.
The local variety
shiddi is grown here since ages. The speciality of the variety is that it is highly
resistant to saline water. Recently, KVK has launched a new variety called Naveen.
Apart from Shiddi, karjat, Jyothi and Jaya are the other varieties grown here.
During Rabi season the entire paddy field kept fallow. Vegetables are grown in
small scale, mainly for their livelihood. It includes chilli, onion and cowpea. Alsando
is the local variety which Goans prefer as it is nutritious.
Fig 2: Agro ecology map
20
6.4 SOCIAL MAP

KIs: Ms Narvekar Mangala (Manager, State cooperative bank), Mr. Govind
Naik (Head Master, High School), Ms. Bharati kolvalkar (HM, Primary School),
Mr. Dhananjay Ganesh (Tailor), Mr. Narayan (Male nurse), Ms Anuradha
Anant Gavas (Anganwadi Teacher), Mr Parab (Farmers club president), Mr
Umesh Parab (Shop owner). Sulabha Subhash Yelekar (Post master)
The
social
map
reflects
the
social
structure,
stratification,
infrastructure, systems, social evils, habits, literacy, occupation etc. Amona village
consist of 7 different wadas Ambeshi, Ambedkar, Kalam wada, Mesta wada,
Fadtewada, Bhagat wada, Bhandar wanda, ghadiwada and Sawant wada. The
total area of the village is 734 hectares. The main occupation of the village is
service sector followed by mining and agriculture. Some of the notable social
features are given below.
6.4.1. Social structure and stratification: Amona consist of 98% Hindus. But due
to the intervention of mining industry, migrants from other communities like North
Indians were temporarily settled in this village. The different groups like general,
Other Backward Class (OBC) and Scheduled Castes (SC) are also present here.
The different wards are divided on the basis of caste stratification. Various back
ward communities are Bandaris, Karvi and charis. Karvi community is settled in
Sawant wada, chari in mesta wada and Bhandaris in bhandarwada. Maratas, Less
than 100 SC, includes Mahar and chambhar, stays in ambedkar wada. General
category includes maratas and Brahmins and they settled in Fadtewada,
Bhandarwada, and Sawant wada. Maratas are the most dominated caste, which
takes major decisions regarding this village. There is good cooperation among the
various castes and no conflicts exist. Members of various communities are very
friendly; they interact and work together in Self Help Groups (SHGs), farmers club,
mahila mandals and youth club activities. Peoples are generally very cordial and
cooperative on agriculture activities (community farming), social problems,
marriage, festivals etc. their local language is konkini and Maratti.
21
6.4.2. Housing pattern and Family Structure
A vast diversity from kuchha houses to double storied are present in this
village. Most houses are bricks and tiled. About 40% double storied houses
indirectly show the economic status of the villagers. Along with basic needs,
luxurious gadgets like television, Fridge, DTH, air conditioners and computer also
present. Most of the families have their own land for cultivation. Still there are few
controversies on land owning titles. There are about 10% poor landless, 20% rich
and the rest includes middle class. The family structure is mainly of joint type. Only
13% are of nuclear type. Most families are having 6-7 members. 5 families even
have 20 members. Family possess patriarchal system. Most of the youth are not
interested in agriculture and engaged in service sectors, mining and tourism.
6.4.3. Social Norms and evils: the average age for marriage in this village is
25years. Arranged marriages are preferable to the guardians of the family but intercaste and inter-religious marriages are also common nowadays. These inter caste
and villagers do not support religious marriages and they expel them from their
parent community. Marriage is accompanied by dowry in the form of gold. As the
22
villagers are literate they do not follow any social taboos or rituals. Some religious
rituals they follow as part of their culture. They give great importance to thulsi in
houses and celebrate tulsi ki vivah with lights and decorations in November. Major
festivals
are
Ganesh
Chathurthi,
Diwali,
and
Gudipadawa
(New
Year
Celebration).The most interesting feature is that all festivals are celebrated by all
communities, irrespective of their creed and belief. Alcoholism is the major social
evil in the village. 13 bars are there in Amona village. 55% of the old and middle
age group of male population are consuming alcohol. There is no child labour in
Amona village and people are well aware about the importance of education.
6.4.4. Social institutions:
6.4.4.1. Educational institutions:
Amona is presently having 90% literacy. Educational institutions play major
role in this without any gender or caste biasness, education is provided to all here.
About 65% are graduates and few are professionally qualified like MBBS,
Engineering etc. Mr.Govind parab is a Phd in agriculture is an eminent personality
here.
6.4.4.1.1. Anganwadis:
This village is having 5 Anganwadis, among this 3 are govt undertaken and
rest 2 are private. First one was established in 1978 in Ambeshi which later shift to
vetal wada with help of an NGO, Mineral foundation in 2009. Second, one opened
in sawant wada in 2009. In kalam wada and fadte wada there are 2 private
Anganwadis.
6.4.4.1.2. Schools: There are 3 primary schools in this village. The Govt primary
school is upto 5th standard is situated in Vetal wada. It was established in Aug,
1962 presently having a strength of 126 students among which 55 are girls and 71
are boys. Ms Bharti Kolvalkar heads this English medium school. The Govt high
school situated in fourth ward is the only facility for high school studies within this
village. It was established in 1965 and is upto 10th standard. Mr Govind Naik heads
this English medium school with a total of 203 students, with 90 boys and 113 girls.
Along with English, Hindi, Marathi and Russian languages are also taught here.
23
Among the various clubs in school, the NCC eco club is very active and received
second prize for CV Raman science project competition. After SSC education
villagers depend on Junior colleges in nearby villages like Naveli, Marcel (Khandol)
and Saquelim. Farmers field school is also present here where discussion among
farmers occurs. Farmers club meeting, Training and workshops also carry out
here.
6.4.4.2. Finance institutions:
6.4.4.2.1. State Co-operative Bank: This was established in 1995. Presently they
possess more than 3000 savings accounts. Bank provides loans to SHGs of the
village. Ten times the deposited amount can be obtained as loan amount for any
SHGs for their activities. Along with branch manager is Ms Narvekar Mangala,
there are 5 other employees also.
6.4.4.2.2. Janvikas Nagari Sahakari Pat Saunstha Maryadit:
This is a private finance venture in amona village. It was established in 1995.They
provide personal, vehicle, household and gold loans. They also have a facility to
collect telephone bills, electricity bills and water bills from residences and paid
directly through their savings account. The work carried out by 4 staffs.
6.4.4.2.3. Government Welfare department: Amona village people are also
facilitated by some welfare schemes by government especially for old age people
(those above 60), about 200 are benefitted Rs.1200 per month.
6.4.4.3. Religious institution: It is a Hindu dominated village with 22 temples in
the village. Among this most important are Rudreshwar temple, Maha Lekshmi
temple, Saterri temple, Vetal temple, Dutta Mandir. Dutta Mandir is in sawant
wada. Sateri mandir in Kalam wada, Vetal mandir in vetal wada and rudreshwar
and mahalekshmi temple in Bhandar wada. Festivals of these temples are
celebrated in grand manner involving the surrounding villages including all the
castes.
6.4.4.4. Govt institutions:
24
6.4.4.4.1. Village Panchayat

Sarpanj, Ms Anushka Gauns, heads the village panchayat. Grama
panchayat is combined for seven wards, which is under the control of administrator
since panchayat term is over. Panchayat members are actually involved in many
social activities of the village right from the development work up to the family
problem solving.
6.4.4.4.2. Medical Dispensary:
This is the only medical support for the entire Amona village. Mr Narayan
Majik and Ms Sarika are the nursing assistance. They provide with various
vaccination (oral polio, BCG, Hepatitis B, DPT, leptospirosis, Japanese
Encephalitis, MMR, Pentavalent etc), Family planning assistance like tubectomy,
IUCD, CC etc. Vasectomy is not followed in this village might also reflect the male
dominancy in this village. Villagers are mostly affected by cholera and diarrhoea
during monsoon seasons. TB is another common disease. Presently there are 58
TB patients, 7 died in last 3years. There are 2 HIV patients, 2 Cancer (breast), 9
Leprosy. As this area having vast stretch of water-stacked condition, diseases
spread by mosquitoes like Dengue, Malaria, Chicken guinea are also major
problems. There is no malnutrition related infant mortality problems. Smoking and
alcoholism are major concerns. For emergency 108 vehicles, facility is available.
6.4.4.4.3. Post office: Amona branch was established on 16.12.1979. There is
one postmaster, Ms Sulabha Subhash Yelekar and 2 other staffs in this branch.
Courier service is not available in the village, which compel villagers to depend on
post office. The post office also runs an insurance scheme for villagers.
6.4.5.Social groups
6.4.5.1. SHGs: There are about 30 SHGs having 8-20 members are there in each
group. Om santhoshi maa, Nykeransh, Brahmeshwar are the few groups in this
village. NCUI representative Mr Kishore Shirodkar elects presidents and other
members of these SHGs. With help of loans they start some cottage industries to
support females like pappad, masala, textiles.
25
6.4.5.2. Mahila Mandals: Mahila mandals is a joint venture by women of this

village. They have won prizes in bhajan and various other cultural competitions
within and outside village
6.4.5.3. Farmers club: It is an association of farmers, which helps them in
community farming. Mr Parab is the president of this farmers club.
6.4.5.4. Youth club: there are 2 youth clubs they are Saibaba and Amravati. They
organize sports, cultural and religious events. This is a group of young generation
irrespective of caste or creed.
6.4.6. Service Agencies
6.4.6.1. Milk Society: This milk society is a part of Goa diary and was established
in1968. There are192 members in this village, Milk are collected both morning and
evening in chillers.110 litre is collected in the morning and 70 litre in the evening.
Steel cans of about 40 litres and vessels of 10 litres are used to collect milk and
are provided by society. Periodically every 15 days, payment is provided according
to 34 Rs/litre. Fat content and SNF test also doe here. Chairman of this venture is
Mr. Ulhas Sinari.
6.4.6.2. State horticultural agency: Subsidy based shop, which sells Goa
horticultural products. There are 2 shops in Amona village in Vetalwada and
Sawant wada. Agent have to deposit money in state horticultural department, they
provide door service facility for needed horticultural crops.
6.4.6.3. Others: This village also possesses other service sectors like ration shop,
saloon, tailoring, grocery stores, tea stalls etc. Ration shop is functioning in the
village, which supplies rice, sugar, wheat and kerosene at government rates.
6.5. Value System: The villagers are simple, honest and cooperative. They give
value to the person, their work and money. The aged people have emotional
attachment to their land, but the young generation is not much interested in
agriculture, as it is not giving immediate returns and secure money.
26
27
Fig:3: Social map of village Amona
6.5. RESOURCE MAP

Key informants: Ms. Bharati kolvalkar (HM, Primary School), Mr. Narayan
Majik (Male nurse), Ms Anuradha Anant Gavas (Anganwadi Teacher), Mr
Parab (Farmers club president).
The village resource map shows the different kind of man-made resources
such as transport, source of communication, social institutions and other facilities.
Amona village have good transport facility. All the villagers possess two-wheelers,
30% own four wheelers, and 20% own trucks and vans. Bicycle and autorickshaws
are also common here. Government public transport facility (bus) is frequently
28
available which increase the connectivity between adjacent villages and town. Taxi
bikes, new concept for convenient transportation is also seen here.
29
As the village is surrounded by mandovi river, boats are also used as a

transportation medium for adjacent villages. School bus facility is also available for
children studying outside Amona. The various common facilities available include
community hall, cremation ground, sulabh sauchalaya, water harvester, bore wells,
nalas, library etc.
The village has good communication facility like television,
mobile phones, newspapers and DTH services. An ample chain of service

agencies are present in amona village. It includes ration shop, saloon, tailoring,
grocery stores, milk society, Goa state horticultural agency, tea stalls and so on.
Atta mill and flourmill are also present for processing rice, wheat, chilli etc.
Agriculture is mechanized to some extend but poor roads are still a limitation for it.
Power tillers, sprayers, cultivator, disc plough, country ploughs, sickle, and power
sprayer are commonly used. Tractor is not available in this village; they procure it
from outside the village with the help of farmers club or SESA Goa. Power tillers,
sprayers, cultivator, disc plough, country ploughs are used by farmers in the
village. The villagers get advice from KVK, SESA Goa, State Agriculture
departments etc. Due to presence of alternative livelihood for labour class, farmers
of Amona village presently face severe labour shortage problem, which made them
reluctant to carry out agricultural practices. Buffalo, Cow, Bull, Ox, and hen are
present in the village. All the farmers preferred cross breed animals.
Artificial
insemination was carried out with the help of KVK or nearby veterinary hospitals.
During the general transect through the village, the different resources found are
listed in Table 4:
30
Table 4 . Resources available at Amona village

Particulars
Transport facilities
Articles
Auto rickshaw, Motor bike, Bicycle, Bus, Truck,
Van, boat, car, Taxi bikes.
Common facility
Community hall, Water tank, Water harvester,

Cremation ground, Sulabh sauchalaya, open
wells, Bore well, Nalas, library,mills.
Communication facilities
Television, Radio, Mobiles, DTH, Daily News

papers, computer, Internet.
Supply and service
Ration shop, saloon, tailoring, grocery stores,
agency
milk society, Goa state horticultural agency, tea

stalls, Mills.
Educational institution
5 anganwadis, 3 primary school, 1 high school
Hospital
One medical dispensary
Drinking water
Tap water, open wells
Post office
One post office near grampanchayat
Library
One
Agriculture implements
Power tillers, sprayers, cultivator, disc plough,

country ploughs, sickle, and power sprayer.
Livestock
Buffalo, Cow, Ox and Poultry
Bar
13, distributed in 7 wards.
Advisory facilities
ICAR RC for Goa, KVK, Goa Dairy, Goa
information
Bhagayatdar, State agricultural and Horticultural

departments, SESA Goa, NGOs.
Animal Reproduction
Artificial Insemination
31
Fig 4: Resource map
6.6 Bio-Resource Flow

KIs: Mr. Ulhas Parab (Farmer), Mr. Suresh Parab (Farmer), Mr Sadanand
Parab (Farmer).
Bio-resource flow diagram shows the different resources being recycled in a
typical farm house. It indicates and suggest how the households of village being
able to utilize and recycle the available bio resources in and out the farm house,
more effectively and efficiently to fulfil their house hold requirements like food, fuel,
cattle straw etc. In the village Amona, the typical representative household is
medium sized farmer. Solid black lines show the existing practices. Dashed red
lines depict proposed interventions.
32
Selected farmers have a small back yard poultry and dairy in his farmhouse.
The main crops are Paddy only in Kharif season and onion, cowpea (Alsando),
chilli and cucurbits in Rabi season. The milk obtained from cow and buffalo is used
for self-conception, send to diary. The cowdung is used as manure, make cakes
and use for cooking. Cashew and coconuts are the major cash crops. Cashew
apple syrups are distilled to produce fenny. Coconut leaves are used for thatching
purposes also. The vegetables like cucurbits, okra, cowpea, cluster bean were sold
to Goa Bhagayatdar society and to local markets.
Fig: 5: Bio-resource flow Map Amona Village
33
6.7 Venn Diagram

KIs: Mrs. Anushka Gauns (Sarpanj), Mrs. Narvekar Mangala (Manager, State
cooperative bank), Mrs. Anuradha Anant Gavas (Anganwadi Teacher), Mr.
Ulhas Parab (Farmers club president), Mr. Umesh Parab (Shop owner),
Sulabha Subhash Yelekar (Postmaster).
The Venn diagram is one of the analytical tool, which provides information,
regarding involvement of various institutions and individuals in the decision making
process and their contribution towards solving major problems in the village. This
shows existing institutions, organizations, groups and important individuals found in
the village as well as the villagers view of their importance in the community. Venn
diagram also indicates the level of contact and cooperation between these
organizations and groups based on the overlapping circles and the size of the
circles indicates the contribution in the ongoing activities of the village. The various
institutions involved in agriculture activities are given below:
KVK: Under ICAR, KVK supports the agriculture venture in this village. They
provide technological interventions in the form of new crop varieties like Naveen
(paddy) and conduct training programs and workshops for farmers..
ICAR RC for Goa: As though the KVK is directly dealing with Amona, ICAR
complex also play role in providing technical assistance, advices, transferring new
technologies, conducting seminars, workshops etc.
State cooperative bank: Provides input services in the form of loans for
vehicles, agriculture implements etc
State Agriculture Department: Villagers procures major agriculture implements
like tractor, power tiller, harvesters etc from the departments. Agriculture
professionals also provide necessary advice and guidance to farmers regarding
farming techniques.
Farmers club, SHGs: An association of farmers, which actively involved in
farming activities. Clubs like Panlod sangh, provide support for community farming
and help to procure farm implements.
34
SESA Goa: Between the 2 factories within this village, SESA Goa supports
farming activities. They are trying to help in the organic certification and branding of
agricultural produce from Amona village. They also support by providing
mechanised supports when farmers need.
Goa Bagayatdar: Provide assistance to farmers with seeds, fertilizers etc. It also
procures products from farmers directly and provides a reasonable price also. They
also divide the profit among the members.
.
Goa
Bhagayatdar
State Agri
&
Horticulture Dept:
KVK
Co-op
bank
ICAR-RC
for Goa
Amona Village
FC,
SHGs
SESA GOA
Fig: 6: Venn diagram of agricultural activities Both farm crops & horticultural
crops (Farm crops and Horticulture crops) for Amona village
Similarly, with respect to milk production, the organizations / institutions /

groups in and around Amona village are listed below in order of their importance.
Goa Dairy: Amona village is one of the milk pockets of Goa diary. Villagers are
getting financial and technical support from them. They provide Stainless Steel
cans and vessels. Necessary veterinary support for disease monitoring, artificial
35
insemination etc also provided. Fat content and SNF testing facility is in village
itself and hence milk procurement is done only after analyzing fat and SNF.
KVK: Provides free livestock trainings and workshops, make villagers aware
about benefits of cross breeds. Special support on animal health care services is
also provided. Technical supports like artificial insemination is also provided by
veterinary professionals from KVK in support with ICAR scientists.
Cooperative Society: They provide financial support for milking machines etc
and also personal loans to buy vehicles, cattles etc
Farmers club: Support in procuring modern diary practices, raise voice for being
properly paid from dairy societies etc.
SHGs: Support live stock practices, helps to procure loans and other necessities.
Veterinary hospital: Though Amona doesnt possess any veterinary hospital,
support is obtained from nearby villages like Marcel and Virdi.
Co-op Bank:
ICAR
Goa
FC,
SHGs
KVK
Amona Village
Goa Diary
VH
Fig: 7: Venn diagram of Livestock farming Amona village
36
6.8. INDIGENOUS TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE (ITK) MAP

KIs: Mr. Jnaneshwar Sinari (farmer), Mr Suresh Parab (shop owner), Mr.
Govind Parab (old farmer), Mrs. Leela Gauns (House wife), Mrs. Sulakshana
Amonkar (House wife)
ITK is the knowledge that a particular community acquired from their
personal experience, which they gain from ancestors over a long period. ITK are
the accumulated experiences that help in dealing with situations and problems in
various aspects of life with respect to culture. The farmers due to their economic
constraints use this knowledge, which is mainly based on hit and trial basis. ITK
commonly used in control of insect pest and diseases, storing seeds for future,
health aspects and certain tools made easy usage for agricultural operations. Few
Table. 5: ITKs in crop and livestock management in Amona village.
Sl.
Practice
Purpose
1.
Cashew syrup distillation
For fenny preparation
2.
Applying castor oil on Buffalos
To control ticks and mites
3.
Applying ash to field
To increase soil fertility
4.
Calotropis leaves boiled with water
Applied to swelling or oedematic
No.
regions.
5.
Dusting cow dung on crops
For pest control
6.
Colored cloth pieces in paddy farm
Bird repellent
7.
Keeping onion in pits for 1 week
For hardening onion, which
after harvest.
increase shelf life
ITKs were identified in this selected village such as:

Traditional Fenny preparation from cashew apple by distillation
Use of castor oil to control ticks and mites in buffalo
37
Ash application to vegetable fields to improve the quality of crop

Calotropis leaves boiled with water and steam applied in oedema situation in
cattle and humans.
Dusting of cow dung on crops for pest control
Coloured cloth bits are used as bird repellents in paddy farm
For increasing shelf life of onion, it is kept in pits for 1 week and it hardens.
38
6.9. DAILY ACTIVITY AND ROUTINE
Table 6: Daily activity of men and women of Amona village

DAILY ACTIVITY PROFILE
Time
Male
5.00 am
---
6.00 am
Wake Up
7.00 am
8.00 am
Milking & Milk marketing
Female
Wake Up
-----------------
9.00 am
10.00 am
11.00 am
Farm activities
12.00 pm
--------------------------
1.00 pm
2.00 pm
Farm activities
------------------------
3.00 pm
--------------------------
4.00 pm
5.00 pm
Milking & Milk marketing/Farm activities
6.00 pm
7.00 pm
--------------------------------
Fodder collection/Cattle
rearing
-----------------------------
39
8.00 pm
9.00 pm
10.00pm
Going to sleep
Going to sleep
Table 7: Daily routine of Men and women of Amona village
Time
5.00 am
6.00 am
7.00 am
8.00 am
9.00 am
10.00 am
11.00 am
12.00 pm
1.00 pm
2.00 pm
3.00 pm
4.00 pm
5.00 pm
6.00 pm
7.00 pm
8.00 pm
9.00 pm
10.00pm
DAILY ROUTINE PROFILE

Male
--Wake Up
............................
.............................
Female
Wake Up
Cooking/house work
.....................................
Cooking/lunch/house work
Lunch, take rest/time for self
Take rest
.............................
......................
Time for self/meeting

friends/gossiping
Cooking/Household work
Dinner/watching TV
Going to sleep
Dinner/watching TV
Going to sleep
In Amona, household and agricultural work load of women is more than

men because men generally go for service and labour work in nearby industrial
units, women have to complete household routine work, later part of the day either
help husbands in farming or engaged in cottage industry kind of activities. During
40
Kharif season rice is grown in khajan land area and most of the manual operations
are performed by female. Agricultural field is lacking mechanization due to small
land holding and inaccessibility of field to machineries. Labour shortage in
agriculture is a major problem in Goa states because the state has better
opportunities in other sectors like mining and tourism. Women perform cattle
rearing activities in combination with household work and farm activities. Animal
husbandry activities taken up by women include, giving fodder to cattle, watering,
cleaning, feeding, dung disposal etc. Daily activity table for women includes
collection of fodder for livestock, farm activities and fuel collection which assist with
economic benefits. Farm activities includes weeding, sowing of seeds, harvesting
etc. Daily routine of women include cleaning of livestock and their sheds, cleaning
of house, cooking food, preparing children for their school, watching television,
taking part in social activities etc. Winnowing activities in rice are done mostly by
women.
Diary is a main asset of this village. Men spend majority of time in dairy
related activities like milking, cleaning, feeding, and supplying to the dairy
cooperative society. A few hours are spent on farm activities like sowing, irrigation,
fertilizer and pesticide spraying, harvesting etc. Farmers use to hire daily paid
labour for farming activities at time of weeding and harvesting activities from
neighboring states like Maharashtra and Karnataka with wage of more than Rs.
300 per day. Mainly marketing of farm produce is done by men to nearby mandies
or Goa bagayatdar. They also use to go to market for purchasing seeds, fertilizers,
pesticides etc. They spend evenings in social gatherings by taking part in SHGs,
clubs etc. They also attend village training or demonstration programme given by
KVK and other NGOs.
6.10. WEALTH RANKING

KIs: Mr. Jaywant Parab (progressive farmer), Mr. Ulhas Parab (farmers club
president), Mr. Dyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa employee), Mr. Suresh Parab
41
(Shop Owner), Mr. Vishal Fadte (Landless labourer), Mr. Govind Amonkar
(Landless labourer), Mr. Prabhu Majik (Farmer)
The wealth ranking is an analytical exercise carried out to categorize the
villagers by local key informants based on their own criteria such as income,
assets, employment status. Major purposes of wealth ranking are.
To investigate perceptions of wealth differences and inequalities in community
To discover local indicators and criteria of wealth and well being
To establish the relative position of households in a community
For wealth ranking process three key informants were asked individually to
group the households into different wealth categories based on their own criteria.
Three key informants have divided the households into three different categories
as rich, medium and poor.
This classification will create understanding about the real life situation of the
economic strata of the villagers, which ultimately will help us to develop
economically feasible new technologies, which can be adopted by majority of the
farmers. Majority of the farmers engaged in both service and agricultural activities.
Due to these reasons there is problem of labour availability, so suitable
mechanized tools can be developed keeping in view these conditions.
Table 8. Categorization by key informant
Key Informant
Categories
Total number of categories
Rich, Medium, Poor
Rich, Medium, Poor
Rich, Medium, Poor
42
Table 9. Wealth ranking categories

Criteria
Land
KI 1
KI 2
KI 3
Medium
2-5 acres
Poor
< 2 acres
<7000Rs
Truck
700020,000Rs
Car
Land
>7 acres
3-7 acres
Service
Salary
Vehicles
>20,000 Rs.
10,00020,000Rs
Car, Two
wheeler
<10,000Rs
Land
> 5acres
2-5acres
< 2 Acres
Service
Salary
Vehicles
>16000Rs
8000-16000
Rs
Car
<8000Rs
Service
Salary
Vehicles
Rich
> 5 acres
>20,000 Rs
Truck
Truck
Two
Wheeler
<3 acres
---------
Bike
The KIs grouped the households mostly on basis of agricultural, service and
type of vehicles.
Table 10. Categorization by key informants
Sl. No.
Category
Household
Numbers
(n=731)
1
Rich
210
Percentage
(%)
29
Medium
345
47
Poor
176
24
Number of households under each category is presented in the above table

and their criteria are also fixed by common criteria of three key respondents. Out of
the 731 households in the Amona village, about 29% were under the rich category
while 47 % and 24% came under the medium, poor categories, respectively. In
particular, more number of households was found to fall in the medium category.
43
Fig:8: Categorization of village households- Wealth ranking of Amona village farmers
Fig: 9. Percentage of households under different wealth status
6.11. LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS

KIs: Mr.Vishnu Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Sadanand Parab (Progressive farmer),
Mr.Parshuram Parab (Landless labourer).
Using the wealth ranking method, the entire Amona village households were
divided into three categories, viz. rich, medium, and poor. The livelihood status of
44
each of the three categories was assessed by selecting a representative house

from each group. This analysis depicts the different source of income and
expenditure patterns form different heads namely, agriculture, livestock, service,
food, health, education etc. This PRA tool judges the money management ability of
rural people.
From the results of the livelihood analysis conducted for the three different
categories of wealth ranking shows that the rich and the medium farmer received
their income principally from agriculture and/or dairy farming and service (Govt
/private). The poor families mostly depend on employment in agriculture or industry
labour.
6.11.1. Livelihood analysis of rich family
INCOME
EXPENDITURE
Fig: 10. Income and expenditure pattern of rich family Amona village
45
6.11.2. Livelihood analysis of Medium family

INCOME
EXPENDITURE
Fig: 11. Income and expenditure pattern of medium family Amona village
6.11.3. Livelihood analysis of Poor family

INCOME
EXPENDITURE
Fig: 12. Income and expenditure pattern of poor family Amona village
6.12. Mobility Map:

KIs: Mr. Vithal Gauns (SESA Goa employee), Mr. Suresh Parab (Progressive
farmer), Sanjana Gauns, Mr. Dnyneshwar Sinari(Farmer), Mr. Govind Naik
(HM, high School).
46
Transportation facility is well advanced in Amona village hence mobility is

not a problem. Most frequently visited place is Marcel for a number of purposes
like market, Goa Bagayatdar society unit, Purchase of agricultural inputs,
Shopping, Veterinary Hospital etc. Mode of transportation is by bus, taxi bike or
private vehicle. Another very frequently visited place is Panaji for job and market
purpose. For revenue related works and hiring agricultural implements farmers are
visiting Bicholim Taluk. Some of the progressive farmers often visit Krishi Vigyan
Kendra and ICAR Complex, Old Goa for cultivation practices and to attend training
programs on animal husbandry, vermi-compost, rain water harvesting etc.
Sometimes villagers go to Virdi by Panchayat boat to meet their relatives. Students
of the village go to Sanquelim, Navelim and Ponda for education purpose also.
Amona village is well connected from all the nearby places through road and public
bus service is available in the village from 6 AM to 10 PM.
47
Mobility Map of AmonaVillage

Bus - 12/-
Bus/
Bike
5/-
Bicholim
16Km
Betchi 5km
Bus- 15/-
Panji
28km
Sesa Goa Ltd

1 km
Bike
Walking
Ponda 19 km
Panchayat
Boat
Virdi 3
Km
Hospital, Education
Amona
MLA Residence, Education
Naveli 5Km
Bus/motorcycle - 5/-
Bus - 18/-
Sanquelim
9 km,
Old Goa
18
km
18 km
Bus - 12/-
Bus- 8/-
Banastali
7 km
Mapusa
30 km
Marshel
4 km
Bike
Bus - 7/-
Bus - 25/-
Bike/taxi bike
Bus - 5/-
Fig 13: Mobility Map Village Amona
Table 11: Mobility table that shows mode, location, frequency, amount and purpose
Sl.No.
Place
Mode
Frequency
Bus/Bike/ Car
Sometimes
Bicholim
Distance
(km)
16
Panji
28
Bus/Car
Virdi
Naveli
Panchayat
Boat
Bus/Bike
Sanquelim
Bus
Often
Amount
(Rs.)
12
22
Sometimes
Sometimes
Often
Purpose
Taluk Work,
Agril.
Implement,
Administration
Work ZAO,
BDO
Jobs, Market,
Medical
Relatives
MLA house,
Education
Market,
Education
48
Mapusa
30
Bus
Marcel
Bus/Bike/Taxi
bike/Car
Banastali
Old Goa
10
25
Very
Often
Bus/ Bike
Sometimes
18
Bus
Often
15
Sesa Goa
Ltd
By walk/ Bike
Daily
11
Ponda
19
Bus
Often
12
Betchi
Bike/ Bus
Sometimes
Market, agril
inputs
Market, Goa
Bagaitdar
society unit,
Agril inputs,
vet. Hospital
Rice mill and
processing
ICAR
Research
Complex,
KVK, Soil
Testing Lab
Mining
Industry,
Labour Work
Education,
Hospital
Nursery,
Health Centre
6.13. SEASONAL CALENDAR

KIs : Mr.Sonu Gauns (Farmer), Mr. Sivas Sinari (farmer), Mr. Viddharal Parob
(Farmer), Mrs. Sanjana Gaurakar (Farmer) and Mr.Laxman Gauns (farmer).
Seasonal calendar indicates month wise activities, specialities, threats,
problems, abundance and shortage with regard to agriculture and animal
husbandry in a diagrammatic way. This explores seasonal constraints and
opportunities, by diagramming changes month wise for a year.
The main activities, problems and opportunities of Amona village were
identified for using seasonal calendar. It depicts time to time crop related
operations being carried out in the existing farm situation. The main crop season in
the village is Kharif. Rice is the major crop grown in the village. Cashew, onion,
chilli and cowpea are the other crops cultivated here. Due to high water salinity in
low lands, especially in November-December period, Rabi rice is not taken. Rabi
49
crop is taken only in few areas where good quality irrigation is available. For the
past several decades Shiddi, a high salinity tolerant indigenous rice variety is used
for cultivation in the village. In Shiddi broadcasting is practiced whereas
transplanting is done for Jaya and Jyothi varieties which are mainly cultivated in
uplands. In paddy cultural practices involve land preparation, broadcasting,
weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting. They are not adopting any plant
protection measures or chemical spray for the crop.
Cashew is the second major crop grown mainly in the upland region of the
village. 95% of the cashew plantation is occupied by local variety and 5% occupied
by Vengurla-4 and Vengurla-7 varieties. Both cashew apple and nuts are having
good market demand; they are selling fenny for Rs 2000/40 L can and 1 Kg raw
cashew nut for Rs.83. In cashew they are not following any cultural practices. The
flowering starts from November and it extends upto January. The fruits are ready
for harvest by March and will extend upto first week of June. Fruits along with nuts
are collected only when fully matured falls down and it is not plucked from the
trees. This ensures good nut quality and fully ripen apples for fenny preparation.
For getting higher price for fenny cashew apples are subjected to double
distillation, which increase the alcohol content.
Onion is raised as a Rabi crop in the village which is mainly grown for
consumption purpose and not for sale. Land preparation and sowing is done in
November and transplanting in the first week of December. It is harvested in April,
after that the produce is kept in a pit in the field for eight days for hardening. Chilli
and cowpea is also grown for consumption purpose and taken as Rabi crop. It is
cultivated in small patches where quality irrigation water is available. The cultural
operations carried out in chilli involves land preparation, sowing, transplanting,
weeding, fertilizer application and harvesting which were done in December,
January, February and March respectively. For cowpea they are not applying any
fertilizers and local grain type is the preferred cultivar. Its land preparation, sowing,
gap filling and harvesting were carried out in November, December, January and
march respectively.
50
Table 12: Seasonal Calendar of major crops and their practices in Amona village
Crops
Rice
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
T,
June
WI
Onion
Chilli
Sep
WD,F
WD
H(TP)
Oct
H(BC)
TP
WD
LP
Aug
BC/
LP
Cashew
July
TP
WD
LP
TP
WD,F
GF
DI
Cowpea
LP
LP-Land Preparation, BC- Broadcasting, TP-Transplanting, WD-Weeding, F-Fertilizer, HHarvesting, T-Threshing, WI-Winnowing, DI-Distillation of cashew apple, GF-Gap filling
Table 13: Seasonal Calendar of major crops and their problems in Amona village.
Crops
Nov
Rice
Cashew
TMB
Cowpea
Chilli
Dec
Jan
TMB
Feb
Mar
FD
TH,L
MB,L
DF
LC
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
K,L
RLF,
YSB,
BPH,L
DB
K-Kresek, RLF-Rice Leaf Roller, BPH- Brown Plant Hopper, YSB- Yellow Stem Borer, TMB-Tea
Mosquito Bug, FD-Fruit drop, TH-Thrips, MB-Mealybug, Damping off
Labour availability is the major problem faced by the agriculture sector of the
village. In paddy kresek is the prominent disease which occurs in the early stage of
growth. Rice Leaf Roller, Brown Plant Hopper and Yellow Stem Borer are the pest
prevailing in the paddy. In cashew, Tea Mosquito Bug is the major pest which
mainly attacks the inflorescence. Immature fruit drop and heavy rain at the time of
51
flowering are other factors affecting the fruit set in cashew. In cowpea sucking
pests like thrips and mealy bug are found and in chilli damping off and leaf curl
disease. In chilli they are cultivating local variety and loss occurs if it is retained in
the field beyond April due to pest attack.
Table.14:Seasonal Calendar of livestock management practices in Amona village.
Livestock
Nov
Dec
Jan
Cattle
HS
AI
BS
Feb
Mar
April
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
ET
NS
vac
Oct
CS
vac
Milk production
HS
Buffalo
NS
NS
vac
ET
HS
vac
vac
HS-Haemorrhagic Septicemia, AI-Artificial Insemination, BS-Breeding Season, NS-Natural Service,

ET-Enterotoximia, CS-Calving Season, vac-vaccination.
For livestock, they are providing vaccination for Haemorrhagic Septicemia

and Enterotoximia.
Table 15: Seasonal Calendar of livestock health problems in Amona village
Livestock
Nov
Dec
Jan
Cattle
Buffalo
Feb
Mar
April
HS
HS
HS
May
June
July
FMD
TI
FMD
TI
Aug
Sept
Oct
M-Mastitis, HS- Haemorrhagic Septicemia, FMD- Foot and Mouth Disease, TI-Tick Infestation
In the village the livestock related problems are mastitis, Haemorrhagic

Septicemia, Foot and mouth disease and tick infestation.
6.14. Gender disaggregated activities
KIs: Mrs.Rukhmini Parob (Farmer), Mrs. Sonia Gauns (Farmer),
Mr.Parashuram (farmer),Mr.Yashwanth Gauns (Farmer), Mr. Ulhas
Parab(Farmer).
52
Table 16: Gender Disaggregated Activities of Agriculture in Amona Village

Crops
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
T(M),
Rice
July
BC(M),
WD,
TP(W)
F(M)
H(M)
DI(M)
FP(M)
WI(M)
Cashew
Onion
June
WD(W)
LP(M)
TP(W)
F(M/W)
LP(M)
TP(W)
H(M)
H(M)
H(W)
WD(W)
H(M)
Aug
Sept
Oct
WD(W)
H(W)
H(W)
WD(W),
Chilli
H(W)
F(M)
Cowpea
LP(M)
S(M)
GF(W)
H(W)
. LP-Land Preparation, BC- Broadcasting, TP-Transplanting, WD-Weeding, F-Fertilizer, HHarvesting, T- Threshing, WI-Winnowing, DI-Distillation of cashew apple, S-Sowing, M-Men, WWomen.
According to the information generated through the KIs, men are mostly
involved in farm and animal management, Women although take part in both the
activities their mainly focus on house hold activities. Women are involved in
transplanting, weeding and harvesting type of agricultural activities. Land
preparation,
broadcasting,
fertilizer
application,
harvesting,
threshing
and
winnowing are done by men and women.

Table 17: Gender Disaggregated Activities of Livestock in Amona Village
Livestock
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
May
Cleaning
Milking
Women
Men/women
Fodder
Collection
Men
Feeding
Disease
Management
Marketing
June
July
Aug
Sept
Men/ Women
Men
Men/Women
53
Oct
In the livestock management, both men and women take part in activities like
milking, feeding and marketing. Activity such as cleaning is done by women and
fodder collection and disease management are undertaken by men.
6.15. TIME LINE

KIs: Mr Sadashiv Sadu Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Vishnu Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Sadanand Parab
(Farmer),Mr.Narayan Majik (Male nurse), Mrs. Sarika Gauns(farmer)
Time Line is a tool of PRA technique used to know the major historical
milestones in the community and their significance. It indicates the causal link
between past and present. The purpose of this tool is to obtain historical account of
changes in the demographic, socio-economic condition, communication, social
relationship and interaction, technology diffusion and adoption etc. Time line of the
Amona village was conducted with the help of elderly persons. Following are the
major events in the village in the chronological order.
Table 18: Time Line for Technology and Service
Sl. No.
Events
Year
Purvas Betal Temple
1686
Primary School
1962
Village Panchayat Office
1964
Bicycle
1964
Sewing Machine
1965
Bus Service
1965
Electricity
1965
Radio
1973
High School
1975
10
Anganwadi
1978
11
Post Office
1975
12
Landline
1981
13
Television
1988
54
14
SESA Industry
1990
15
Youth club
1992
16
Fridge
1993
17
Gas
1995
18
Pvt. Financial Institution
1995
19
State Cooperative Bank
1995
20
Self Help Group
2000
21
Dish TV
2005
Table 19: Time Line for Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Sl.No.
Events
Year
1.
Adoption of new varieties
1972
2.
Fertilizer
1975
3.
Rice Flour Mill
1980
4.
Pesticide
1980
5.
Diesel pump
1980
6.
Tractor
1995
7.
Tiller
2005
8.
Farmers Club
2009
9.
Introduction of Naveen Paddy variety
2011
Livestock
1.
Milk Cooperative Society
1968
2.
New breeds of cattle
2008
3.
Milking machine
2009
55
6.16. TIME TREND

KIs: Mr. Laxman Gauns (Farmer), Mr.Sivas Sinari (farmer), Mr. Viddharal
Parob (farmer), Mr.Sadanad Parab (Farmer), Mr. Suresh Parab (shop owner).
Time trend is the PRA tool which depicts the trend of crop/animal
production, commodity prices etc in the form of a graph. It reflects the fluctuation in
price and production of various commodities specific to the village. For the purpose
of present study the data were collected for productivity and price trend over the
last ten years from 2002 - 2011 for rice, cashew and milk, which are the major
products of the village.
6.16.1. Time trend for Paddy: In paddy the productivity is showing an increasing
trend whereas the price shows an increasing trend upto 2010 thereafter there is a
fall in price from Rs 1000 to Rs 650.
6.16.2. Time trend for Cashew: Over the last ten years cashew productivity
shows a declining trend whereas the price increase from Rs 40 to Rs 83/kg of raw
cashew nut. The main reason for this decline is senile cashew trees which are
above 60 years. Also they are using local variety seedlings for planting, which are
usually low yielders. For enhancing cashew productivity they have to rejuvenate
their plantation with high yielding varieties and have to follow scientific
management practices.
6.16.3. Time trend for milk yield: Over the decades the milk yield per cow is
showing an increasing trend with the average present day yield of 15 L/day.
56
Fig. 14: Productivity trend in paddy Amona village
Fig. 15: Price trend in paddy Amona village
57
. Fig. 16: Productivity trend in Cashew Amona village
Fig 17: Price trend in Cashew Amona village
58
Fig 18: Trend in Milk yield Amona village
6.17. TECHNOLOGY MAP

KIs: Mr.Sadanand Parab (Farmer), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa
employee), Mr.Vasant Sinari (Farmer), Mr.Sunil Gauns (farmer), Mrs. Sanjana
Govekar (farmer)
Technology map is the pictorial representation of behavioural patterns of
respondents
towards
technology
adoption.
These
may
be
adoption,
discontinuance, rejection, over adoption etc. Technology map comprises of the

type and frequency of adoption behaviour of respondents towards latest
technology involving various agencies related to agricultural research and
development.
59
Fig. 19: Technology Map of Amona village

Technology Diffusion Methods: Technologies developed by various agencies are
diffused to farmers fields through the simplest methods, and as far as possible in
farmer's language. The following diffusion methods in general are adopted for
diffusion of technologies.
Training camps
Field demonstrations
Farmers meeting
Kisan Mela
On-farm Training
Distribution of bulletin and leaflets
Radio
Television
60
The different technologies which have been adopted, discontinued and

rejected in the village Amona are depicted in Table 20 and 21. The farmers of the
village were found to have adopted different varieties of paddy, but for rest of the
crops like cowpea, chilli, onion and fruit crops like cashew, coconut they prefer
local varieties. The rice variety shiddi was found to be predominantly grown in the
region for certain reasons. It is tolerant to waterlogging and has good salinity
resistance compared to other varieties. It is organically cultivated variety confined
to Amona and adjoining areas. Lesser pest and disease incidence occurs. Fodder
yield is also higher as compared to other varieties.
Earlier the farmers used to grow the variety karangut, Satti, Damgo, Nermar,
Vali. Later it was discontinued for main two reasons, the first one being low yield
and the second one, high water requirement. With respect to livestock farming, a
non-discreet breed of cow is predominantly reared, because of its climatic
adaptability and low maintenance cost. Some of them started rearing HF and
jersey cross, for its higher milk yield.
KVK introduced new rice variety Naveen this year. Farmers are impressed
by its performance and high yield and egger to cultivate it in next year.
Table 20: Technology table for crops - 1
Sl. No.
1. Rice
Crop
Technolog
y
Shiddi
Statu
s
A
Reason
Jyothi
High yield, consumer

good fodder quality
Karjat-4
High yield,
Tolerant to waterlogging, lesser pest

and disease incidence, salt tolerant,
good cooking quality, consumer
preference
preference,
61
Jaya
High yield,
Karangut
Spiny
owns,
waterlogging
Satti
Low yield, high water requirement
Damgo
Nermar
Vali
Naveen
High yield (recently introduced by

KVK)
Table 21: Technology table for crops 2:
Sl.
No.
Crop
susceptible
to
A: Adopted; D: Discontinued
Technology
Status
Reason
1.
cowpea
(grain
purpose)
Alsando
For home consumption, distinct taste,

due to high demand from consumer
2.
Chili
Local
Home consumption
3.
Cashew
Local
Less management practices, low cost

of cultivation, good quality of cashew
apple, less water requirement
Vengurla-4
High yield,
4.
Onion
Local
Home
consumption,
lack
awareness about new verities
5.
Coconut
Banawali
High yield, good quality of nuts
Calangutee
Bigger size of nuts, good quality
Mankurad
Distinct taste, regular bearing, no

spongy tissue
6.
Mango
62
of
Sl. No.
Technology
Status
Reason
1.
Country plough and

mould board plough
Adopted
Less costly and readily available
2.
Tractor
Adopted
3.
Reversible plough
Adopted
Time and labour saving

operation
To plough hard field of paddy
4.
Disc plough
Adopted
Plough paddy field
5.
Cultivator
Adopted
Secondary tillage operation
6.
Land leveler
Adopted
To level field
7.
Bullock cart
8.
Knapsack sprayer
Disenchantment
discontinuance
Adopted
Due to availability of tractor and

vehicles
Uniform
application of plant
protection material
9.
Electric motor pump
Adopted
To pump water from well
10.
Seed drill
Not adopted
Not convenient to use
farm
Agricultural Implements in Amona

1..
Technology table for agricultural practices

Transplantation
Not adopted in
Not successful due to waterlogged
local variety
conditions of khajan land
Shiddi
Adopted in
Uniform
planting
of
seedling,
other variety
increases yield
2.
Application of FYM
Adopted
3.
Vermi-composting
Not adopted
Management of soil health, efficient

utilization of farm by product,
reducing
chemical
fertilizer
requirement
Lack of awareness, knowledge, and
guidance
63
4.
Drip irrigation
Not adopted
Unavailability of good quality of

water
5.
Soil testing
Adopted
For knowledge of soil nutrient status,

and pH
Table 22: Technology table for farm implements, agricultural practices and livestock
Technology table for livestock

Adopted
higher climatic adaptability, low cost
of maintenance
Disenchantment Highly susceptible to diseases like
discontinuance
mastitis, FMD, HS etc., high cost of
maintenance
Adopted
High milk yield
1.
Local Cow breed
2.
HF and Jersey
3.
HF and Jersey
(cross breed)
4.
Local buffalo breed
Adopted
Suitable to local climatic condition
5.
Machine milking
Adopted
suited for large scale

livestock
farming, labor saving and time
saving
6.
Artificial
insemination
Adopted
Genetic improvement of breed
7.
Silage and hay

making
Not adopted
Lack of awareness
6.18. MATRIX RANKING

KIs: Mr. Sadanand Parab (farmer), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa
employee), Mr. Vasant Sinari (farmer), Mr. Sunil Gauns (farmer), Mrs. Sanjana
Govekar (Cooperative bank staff)
Matrix ranking is a PRA tool which facilitates prioritization of technologies
with respect to certain identified criteria, based upon users perception. The tool
was applied in the village Amona for getting a first-hand idea of farmers relative
preference for different varieties of rice, cowpea, chilli, onion, cashew-nut and
coconut and also different cattle breeds.
64
The results of the matrix ranking for different varieties of rice depict that the
variety Shiddi was the highest preferred one when compared to the remaining
adopted varieties, viz., Jaya, Jyothi and Karjat. It was clearly understood that the
farmers had been mainly concerned with water logging -salinity resistance, sugar
recovery and resistance to diseases and pests while ordering their preference.
Among the two adopted varieties of cashew, namely, Local and Vengurla,
the Local was given higher preference over Vengurla-4 for its good quality cashew
apple, low management cost and less water requirement. As far as the cattle
breeds are concerned, farmers give equal preference to both local and cross bred
(local with jersey, local and HF).
Table 23: Matrix ranking of rice varieties
Indicator
KI
Rice varieties
Shiddi
1.Grain
yield
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Jyothi
Rank
Scor
e
2
Scor
e
3
16
10
10
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
3. Fodder
Karjat
Rank
Total score
2. Fodder
yield
Jaya
16
12
KI-1
KI-2
D
D
1
1
C
C
2
2
B
B
3
3
A
A
4
4
KI-3
65
Quality
KI-4
Total score
4.Resistan
ce to
diseases
and pests
12
4
16
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
16
12
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
6. Maturity
Total score
5.Waterlo
gging and
salinity
resistance
16
12
12
12
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
66
Total score
7. Price
16
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
16
12
12
12
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
Overall
score and
final rank
12
KI-1
Total score
8.Cooking
quality and
preference
16
A
104
10
D
69
8
C
12
82
Table 24: Matrix ranking of cashew nut varieties
Indicator
KI
Cashew nut varieties

Local
Rank
Score
Vengurla-4
Rank
Score
67
84
1. Yield
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
2. Water requirement
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
3. Cashew apple quality
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
Total score
4. Individual cashew nut

weight
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
8
5. Resistance to pests and
diseases
KI-1
KI-2
KI-3
KI-4
68
Total score
Overall score and final rank
36
24
Table 25: Matrix ranking of cattle breeds
KI
Indicator
Cattle breeds
HF and Jersey
Rank
1.
adaptability
Climatic
Rank
Score
KI1
KI2
KI3
KI4
Total score
2. Milk yield
Score
Local
KI1
KI2
KI3
69
KI4
Total score
3. Fat percentage in
milk
KI1
KI2
KI3
KI4
Total score
4. Maintenance cost
KI1
KI2
KI3
KI4
Total score
Overall score
final rank
and
24
8
A
24
70
6.19. CONSEQUENCE DIAGRAM

KIs: Mr. Sadanand Parab (farmer), Mr. Dnyaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa
employee), Mr. Vasant Sinari (farmer), Mr. Sunil Gauns (farmer), Mrs. Sanjana
Govekar (Cooperative bank staff)
Consequence diagram, also known as impact diagram is a PRA technique
that depicts the positive and negative impacts of an adapted technology in a
certain region. Consequence diagram for the rice variety Shiddi, local cashew
variety and the cattle breed is given below
+Ve
Water logging resistance

Figure 33 Deoni
Salinity resistance
Good cooking quality
No need of fertilizer
Shiddi
Long duration
-Ve
Fig.20: Consequence diagram of rice variety Shiddi
71
+Ve
Overcoming the problem of climatic

inadaptability
Reduction in FMD, mastitis, HS &
other
Local
Less milk yield
-Ve
Fig. 21: Consequence diagram of local cattle breed
+Ve
Good quality of cashew apple

Less water requirement
Low cost of cultivation
Local
Low yield
-Ve
Fig. 22: Consequence diagram of cashew Local variety
72
6.20. PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE

KIs:
Mr. Ulhas Parab (farmer), Mr. Govind Parab (farmer), Mr. Sadanand Parab
(farmer)
In order to study the prevalent problems and their intensity w.r.t agriculture
and allied activities, problem identification technique was used to identify and
prioritize the same with some feasible solutions for the agricultural sector in the
village. For this purpose, 30 farmers were identified from the village representing
the various sections of the village using snowball technique. From the three key
informants (Ulhas Parab, Govind Parab and Sadanand Parab), 8 major problems
in different crops/ animal husbandry/ fisheries sectors were selected based upon
perception of the majority of 30 farmers. The selected 30 farmers were asked to
rank the problems based upon the severity and percentage of loss they are
personally facing as well as based on the ill effects of the problem in the near
future. Since selected farmers represented all the sectors varying from rich farmers
to landless farmers, ranking pattern were also diverse. Landless farmers did not
ranked crop problems and only ranked animal husbandry related problems. The
extents of damage (per acreage) to affected crops due to particular problem in the
village were determined by the farmers and also triangulated the same by the
Zonal Agriculture Department in Goa and KVK, Old Goa. The average monetary
losses for the village were also calculated for each problem. Frequencies of each
rank for a problem were calculated and tabulated (Table. 26) in rank frequency
table. Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) and Value Based Index (VBI) were then
calculated using following formulae.
1.Rank Based Quotient
RBQ =
f1(n+1-i)x100
NXn
Where,
Fi = Frequency of farmers for the ith rank of the attribute
N = Number of farmers contacted for factor identification
n = The maximum number of ranks given for various factors.
i = Rank of the attributes
73
2 .Value Based Index

VBI = RBQ x Average loss experienced x area of crops/animals
The problems were ranked based on VBI as given in the Table. 27
Problem and Solution Tree

Under this PRA tool, all the problems were discussed with the farmers for all
possible reasons using top down approach. The possible solution for each cause
was also discussed with the farmers. These causes and solutions were discussed
with the subject matter specialist at KVK, Old Goa for construction of tree.
Table 26 : Problems identified in Amona village; Rank Frequency table
Sl.No
Problems Identified
Ranks
Loss in paddy yield
13
4 1 1
Total
farmers
(30)
26
Labour scarcity
10 1 3 1
22
Decline in milk production in

cross bred cows
Pest and Disease in
vegetables
5 6 2 1 1
20
3 2 3 4
15
Low yield of cashew trees
1 2 4 -
4 7 3
16
Reduction in coconut yield
20
Uncultivated agriculture land
1 1 4 3 2 2
17
Declining fish catch
6 5 1 2
17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7 3
74
Table 27: Problems identified in Amona village; RBQ table
Sl.
No.
1
VBI
Rank
91.52
%
loss
25
1737592
88.65
76.50
15
45
516796
II
4
5
6
Labour scarcity
Decline in milk production in cross
bred cows
Pest and Disease in vegetables
Low yield of cashew trees
Reduction in coconut yield
46.01
67.50
42.50
3
22
5
13351
471680
8400
IV
III
V
7
8
Uncultivated agriculture land

Declining fish catch
56.48
70.59
2
3
Problems Identified
RBQ
Loss in paddy yield
Fig 23: Problem solution tree low paddy yield
75
Fig. 24 .Labour scarcity
76
Fig 25: Problem solution tree decline in milk production in cross

bred cows
77
Fig 26: Problem solution tree Low yield of cashew trees
Fig 27: Problem solution tree Pest and disease in vegetables
78
Fig 28: Problem solution tree Reduction in coconut yield
79
Fig 29: Problem solution tree Declining fish catch

6.21. PERSPECTIVES OF PROBLEMS
Problems identified were categorized as problems arising out of gaps in
research in various agricultural disciplines and as problems arising out of gaps in
extension activities.
6.21.1 Loss in paddy yield
The major crop of Amona village is paddy which occupies nearly 60% of the
net cropped area of the village. Paddy cultivation is undertaken both in lowland
(khazan) as well as in few tracts in the upland. Since ages, Shiddi is the only
popular variety grown in the lowlands. The reasons that the farmers prefer this
variety are due the water logging tolerance, height of the variety, considerable fewer
incidences of pest and diseases, preferred cooking quality. During the Kharif
season, land preparation starts in the month of April-May and with the onset of
80
South West monsoon, broadcasting of shiddi seeds are done. But the predominant
problem faced in the lowlands is the salinity due to sea water intrusion owing to
improper management of bunds. This salinity problem overcomes due to the heavy
rainfall level which readily reduces the effects of salinity on the paddy crop. As the
paddy crop will be attaining maturity towards mid November, it exactly coincides
with NE monsoon. Thus the farmers have to bear severe yield loss due to the
rainfall. While in uplands, transplanting is done for the paddy varieties like Jaya,
Karjat etc. Another problem that aggravates this situation is the unavailability of
timely labour for harvest, threshing, winnowing and transporting the paddy bags
from the field to the nearest roads. Loss in paddy is 25% where an additional yield
loss of 15% occurs due to labour scarcity. Wild boar attack in the upland area as
well as grazing by stray animals in the lowland area is another problem faced by
majority of the farmers due to lack of proper fencing facilities around their farm
fields. Some of the farmers also complained about the lack of proper irrigation
facilities of good irrigation water, irrigation pumps, and farm bunds in order to
implement mechanization. Pests and disease incidence is considerably less in
shiddi variety and some of them are Rice Case Worm, Brown Plant Hopper, Yellow
Stem Borer, blast etc.
6.21.2. Labour scarcity
Another major problem identified in Amona village is the labour scarcity. With
the advent of industries offering better working environment and livelihood means, a
shift in the occupation status in the residents of the village was observed. Most of
them are employed in either public or private sector and thus the villagers are
presently dependant on either family labour or labour from neighboring states like
Maharashtra and Karnataka.
6.21.3. Decline in milk production in cross bred cows
Dairy including cattle and buffalo is another enterprise in the Amona village.
There are about 45 cows (20 cross bred + 20 local) and 20 buffaloes and the
farmers collectively supply the milk to the Goa Cooperative society of the Goa Dairy.
The farmers get a better price of Rs.23 per litre of milk and the society also makes
81
available feed also for the farmers. But recently the cattle population was found to
decrease due to the labour cost involved, unavailability of green fodder, dispute
among the neighbours and lack of interest and the milk yield also drastically
reducing due to the stock of local breeds and susceptibility to diseases.
6.21.4. Pest and Disease in vegetables
Vegetables includes chilli, onion, cowpea (grain type), Amaranthus etc are
cultivated in the uplands in their backyards for mainly home consumption. Few
sucking pests like aphids, mites and few viral diseases occur in certain pockets. The
vegetable cultivation is strictly restricted to sweet water belts both in Kharif and Rabi
season. No plant protection measures are adopted by the farmers.
6.21.5. Low yield of cashew trees
The major reason for low cashew yields even though cashew is the major
cash crop of Amona village are the senile and years old trees of local variety and
zero management practices. The farmers have completely neglected the cashew
orchards and hence records very low yield. Some of the minor occurrence of pest
and diseases like tea mosquito bug, stem borer, anthracnose etc for which they are
not taking up any plant protection measures.
6.21.6. Reduction in coconut yield
Coconut trees are mainly found in the lowland area along the bunds. The
palms are poorly managed w.r.t nutrient management, plant protection and scientific
agronomic practices which contribute to the low nut yield. Another problem
especially for the newly planted palm is from the wild boar attack which completely
uproots the trees and cause damage.
6.21.7. Declining fish catch
Fish farming is a major occupation of Sawanth vada sector in Amona village.
Owing to the recent ill effects of mining, silting and pollution of water bodies by the
industrial effluents, a decline in the fish population has been observed. Water
pollution mainly as scum over the stagnant water deprives dissolved oxygen to the
aquatic organisms and also the wounds on the fishes which is indicative of the
82
heavy metal toxicity. Hence only a narrow range of fish species are found at present
in the water bodies of Amona village like shrimps, crabs etc.
Main problems related to extension and research identified has been enumerated as
follows:
6.21.9. General observations
1. Lack of proper road facilities in the village
2. Lack of proper electricity and irrigation facilities especially in the lowlands
3. Adverse effect of mining and industrial effluents as a threat to the sustenance of
the village
4. Lack of interest in agriculture and allied activities
5. Zero management practices followed in cashew orchards
6. Organically cultivated paddy fields
7. Less use of FYM and green manure crops like glyricidia, Sesbania sp. Cowpea,
etc
6.21.10 Extension Gap
1. Awareness about high yielding cashew grafts
2. Awareness about availability of improved crop varieties (paddy and vegetables)
3. Silage and hay making, vermi-composting, biogas unit
4. Knowledge about product diversification in cashew
5. Knowledge about sound animal husbandry practices: hygienic practises, milking
interval
6. Concept of integrated farming(backyard poultry, dairy animals)
7. Importance of INM, IPM
8. Mushroom cultivation
6.21.11 Research Gap
1. How to generate income using backyard poultry farming
2. Lack of suitable cross bred cattle and buffalo with higher milk yield
3. Location specific late maturing and saline tolerant paddy variety with preferred
grain quality
4. Suitable high yielding cashew grafts which requires less management practices
83
6.21.12 Research project proposals

Based on the problems and research gaps identified, the following research
projects are proposed.
1. Screening of novel insecticides/acaricides for vector control against chilli leaf curl
(Aphids, Whiteflies and mites)
2. Screening of germplasms against chilli leaf curl virus
3. Study on water quality parameters of water bodies and its impact on micro and
macro flora: An action research
4. Location specific screening of suitable high yielding varieties of cashew
5. Improved agronomic practices through soil and water quality for increased paddy
Yield
6. Identification, Standardization and popularization of suitable mushroom for
Amona village
7. Standardization and popularization of Termitomyces sp.cultivation for Goan
condition
8. Improvement of local salt tolerant rice variety-Shiddi for high yielding, pest and
disease resistance.
9. Screening effect of biotic and abiotic factors on cross bred cattle of suitable
fodder variety in salt affected area of Amona village
10. Studies on infectious, nutritional and endochronological causes for reduced
production of milk in cross bred cattle
11. Introduction and evaluation of fast income generating fruit crops (Papaya,
pineapple, banana etc.)
12. Innovative homestead garden for enhancing livelihood security
84
6.22 ACTION PLAN

Table 28: Action plan for problems solution tree
Who
What
When
Where
Plant Pathology and
Screening of novel
2012-
Division of Plant
Pes
Agricultural
insecticides/acaricides for vector
2016
Pathology,
Pla
Entomology
control against chilli leaf curl
Division of
mol
(Aphids, Whiteflies and mites)
Entomology,
IARI, New Delhi
Screening of germplasms
against chilli leaf curl virus
Soil chemistry
Study on water quality
parameters of water bodies and its
2012-
ICAR Research
Tes
2014
Complex for Goa
sam
IIHR, Bangalore
Intr
impact on micro and macro flora:

An action research
Horticulture
Location specific screening of
suitable high yielding varieties of
---
Scr
per
cashew
Agricultural Extension
Introduction and evaluation of
fast income generating fruit crops
2012-
(Papaya, pineapple, banana etc.)
2014
ICAR Research
eva
Complex for Goa
FSR
Sys
ICAR Research
Innovative homestead garden
Complex for Goa
for enhancing livelihood security

2013-
FSR
Sys
2014
Veterinarian /
Veterinary
factors on cross bred cattle
Effect of biotic and abiotic
2012-
IVRI, Izatnagar
2016
85
Mic
microbiologist/ Live
Stock Production and
variety in salt affected area of
2012-
sele
Management
Amona village
2012
vari
NDRI, Karnal
Screening of suitable fodder
Scr
Studies on infectious,
nutritional and endochronological
Inte
causes for reduced production of
fact
milk in cross bred cattle

Agronomy and Plant
Breeding
practices through soil and water
Improved agronomic
2012-
Soi
2013
quality analysis for increased
ICAR Research
paddy yield
Complex for Goa
Bre
Improvement of local salt
tolerant rice variety-Shiddi for high
2012-
yielding, pest and disease
2019
resistance.
Plant pathologist and
Agriculture Extension
mushroom (milky and paddy straw) 2012-
Standardization of
suitable for Goa condition and its
2015
ICAR Research
Sel
Complex for Goa
stan
popularization
Standardization and
popularization of Termitomyces
sp.cultivation
86
Suggestion for Amona Village

A geographical indication (GI)
It is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific
geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country). The use of a GI may
act as a certification that the product possesses certain qualities, is made according
to traditional methods, or enjoys a certain reputation, due to its geographical origin.
Shiddi variety of rice is grown in Khajan land in and around Amona village of
Bicholim Tehsil, in North Goa District (Goa). The distinctive features of the products
are bold grain which is brown in colour, highly nutritive and tasty. The link between
product and place are that Shiddi rice variety can be grown in the khajan land and is
adaptable to waterlogging conditions prevailing there. This variety is grown in
Amona village since ages.
Scope for Organic certification
Shiddi is grown organically, so it can be certified as Organic rice. Organic
Certification of Shiddi producing lands (Khajan land) will help farmers in getting
premium price for their produce.
7. SEMINARS
7.1. Village seminar
A Farmers workshop was organized at Amona village of Bicholim taluk on
th
26 Nov. 2011 by the eight trainee scientists, who came from NAARM Hyderabad.
The scientists studied the village as a part of their FET.
The programme was
inaugurated by Dr. N. P. Singh, Director, ICAR Reseach Complex for Goa. In the
key note address, he explained about agricultural scenario and its prospects in Goa
state and in particular Amona village. Besides that, Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)
programme coordinator Dr. Rajnarayan addressed the farmers. He told about
activities carried out by KVK since the adoption of the village in May 2011 and their
future plans for agriculture development. Farmers shared their experience about
Naveen variety of paddy, introduced by ICAR and KVK in last Kharif season. Dr.
87
Chakurkar, Senior Scientist, Animal Reproduction, mentioned about the scope of

dairy business. Mr. Pramod Joshi, AAO from Department of Agriculture, Goa,
explained various schemes of state agriculture department. Other important
members present for the programme were; Mrs. Anushka Gauns, Sarpanch Amona,
Mrs. Sunetra and Mr. Prabhudesai, Subject Matter Specialists from KVK, Dr. Desai,
Senior Scientist, Horticulture, from ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Shradha
Desai, Senior Officer- Corporate Social Responsibility, SESA GOA Ltd., Mr. Govind
Naik, Head Master, Amona High School and Jayawant Parab, Progressive farmer of
the village.
88
The important problems such as low paddy yield, labour scarcity, reduction
in milk production, low cashew yield and decline in fish catchments were discussed.
Low paddy yield because of grazing by cattle in low land and wild boar in upland
discussed thoroughly. To control these problems fencing of farm field was
suggested by trainee scientists. Mr. Chablo Parab and Mr. Suresh Parab asked
about fencing schemes available with Department of Agriculture. The representative
of agriculture department Mr. Pramod Joshi made aware the farmers about various
schemes available for farmers like wire fencing, solar fencing and cement fencing
on subsidy basis. The subsidy level was even more than 90%. The farmers were
very happy with the discussion. Labour scarcity was one of the important problems
identified under low paddy yield. Assistant Agricultural officer and trainee scientists
suggested for purchase of small scale machineries like purchase of power tiller,
harvester etc on subsidy basis to address the labour problem. For Shiddi variety of
paddy which is grown organically without any fertilizer in the Khajan land (salty soil)
organic certification and GI was recommended to receive more prices in the market.
Mr. Suresh Parab said Naveen variety of paddy given by KVK yielded 2 quintal per
450 square meter and was recommended against existing low yielding paddy
variety.
In milk production particularly to curb diseases like mastitis, FMD,
Enterotoximia etc, which causes huge economic losses, vaccination and
management of hygienic practices, were suggested by Dr. Chakurkar. For low
cashew yield, old trees (more than 40 years old), poor yielding local variety and
pest/diseases were identified as problems. These could be overcome by
rejuvenation, controlling pest/diseases and using new high yielding matured grafts.
Decline in fish production was addressed to silting, sea water intrusion and
lack of scientific practices. Experts and trainee suggested periodical desilting of
water bodies, use of salt tolerant fish species and adopting scientific practices to
maintain fishes in water bodies.
89
7.2. INSTITUTE SEMINAR

The institute seminar was held on 28th November 2012 at conference hall of
ICAR Research Complex For Goa. Dr. N. P. Singh, Director, Dr. Raj Narayan
Programme Co-ordinator, KVK Old Goa, Dr. E.B.Chakurkar, Dr. A. R. Desai local
FET co-ordinators, all the scientist of Institute and Subject Matter Specialists of KVK
were present during the seminar. During the institute seminar, we discussed on
village transect, resource and social maps, daily activity profile of both men and
women, time line, seasonal calendar, consequence and Venn diagrams, problem
tree, solution tree and proposed research projects. Visits to Progressive farmers and
Industries were also included. The presentation by each FOCARS trainee apart
from different PRA tools also included information acquired about various problems
faced by the farmers.
We presented the researchable issues on the means to overcome the problem
of low land holding, low yield in paddy, management problems in crossbred cows
and problem of low yield in cashew due to senile trees and zero management
practices. As labour unavailability is a major problem, issue of mechanization was
discussed. We triangulated the details that were collected from the village with the
subject matter specialists of KVK and scientists of the institute. After the seminar,
active discussion was held among scientists and feedbacks were received. The
Director of the Institute, scientists, Programme co-ordinator (KVK) gave valuable
inputs to overcome most of the problems faced by the villagers.
90
8. INDUSTRIAL VISITS
8.1. Goa Bagayatdar Sahakari Kharedi Vikri Saunstha Maryadit
With the intention of protecting welfare of farmers, Goa Bagayatdar society
was established on July 1989 as the largest co-operative society under the
Societies Act and was registered on 31st July 1964 in the name of Central Supari
S.K.V. Society Ltd., at Ponda Goa with the initial capital of Rs.10,500/contributed by 116 members. The Society was started with the principal objective to
secure better price for the Arecanut produced by the members registered under the
society. The Society registered a nominal Profit of around Rs.800/- in the first year
of its operation. This was small but successful beginning for the Society. During
1975, as a result of revolutionary change, Govt. decided to merge Goa Coconut
Producers Co-op. Marketing and Processing Society at Margao with Supari Society
and hence the name of Society was changed to Goa Bagayatdar S.K.V.Society
Ltd., Further in the year due to increase in the paid up capital, the name of the
Society was changed to Goa Bagayatdar Sahakari Kharedi Vikri Saunstha Maryadit.
91
The Society is known for the disciplined working with the objective as under:
(i) Members are given maximum rates for their horticultural produce.
(ii)The Consumers are supplied with quality goods at reasonable rates.
(iii) Ready market place is made available for the goods produced by small scale
and Home Industries, which generates employment and economic prosperity.
(iv)The Employees of the Society are offered best terms and conditions.
(v) General public distribution system under one roof so that all the commodities are
made available and keep price stabilization and control on the market
8.1.1. Commercial/business activities of the society include activities like:
1. Buying and selling of Agriculture produce like Arecanut (Supari), Cashew
nut, Coconut, Black Pepper, Otum Sol, Kokum Sol etc.
2. Cashew Processing
3. Selling of Agricultural inputs i.e. fertilizers, seeds etc.
4. Selling of Cattle feed
5. Selling of Agricultural Equipments and Irrigation System.
6. Selling of Grocery and Consumable items
7. Selling of cloths, Stationery and footwear.
8. Selling of Plastic and Steel items.
9. Disbursement of loan through Credit Counter.
This is the only village based Co-operative Society of the Horticulturists from
all over Goa. Because of societys unparalleled dedication and commitment towards
work and people, the society has succeeded in offering farmers and other cooperative society members the maximum remuneration for their horticultural
produce while also supplying the consumers quality goods at very competitive
rates. The Society does the community service by timely providing the general
public all the essential commodities under one roof at low rates. The farmers are
imparted training from time to time in Co-ordination with Agricultural Dept. and ICAR
on the related subject, under various State and Central Govt. Schemes and
projects. The Society plays the role of controlling the market prices during the
92
recess time i.e. during trade strikes, scarcities of commodities etc. and also
encourages excellence by giving awards annually to the children of members and
employees.
8.2. Goa State Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited
GOA also known as Gomanchal the name itself suggests its a land of
cows. Cow rearing and agriculture was the predominant profession in Goa. In order
to meet the local demand of good quality milk Government of Goa started a dairy
unit in 1967 with a capacity of procuring about 1000 Liter per Day (LPD).
In 1984, Goa government handed over the activities of the Dairy in a phased
manner to Goa State Co-Operative Milk Producers Union Limited that marked the
real beginning of Dairy activity in Goa. The finance provided by NDDB as soft loan
under perspective plan, contributed to the greatly to the success, farmers were
benefited by getting better price and consumers by getting regular supply of good
milk. This support ensured the progress of the Milk Union and put the Union on a
sound footing.
93
At present 171 dairy societies are registered under the society act, which
aims to collect quality milk every day morning and evening from the farmer member
(every society has an average of 75-80 farmers as member) and transport it to the
dairy plant. To avoid spoilage of milk during transportation from long distance the
dairy has established two chilling centers. Dairy plant has also distributed 29 bulk
coolers to different co-operative dairy societies to store and maintain cold chain
supply of milk (4C). Milk from the society/chilling center is sent to the dairy plant by
insulated tankers that help to maintain further cold chain. Milk from nearby area is
received in cans from the farmers. At the milk reception point of dairy plant, the
platform tests (organoleptic, chemical and adulteration tests) are performed to judge
the quality of incoming raw milk. The pricing of milk is made on fat and solid not fat
(SNF) content of milk. The payment is given to the farmer member periodically
(within 15 days) by co-operative society, while dairy plant gives payment to the
society in the same manner for quantity of milk received. Every year the profit of the
dairy industry is shared to the registered farmer members.
The dairy plant handles 80000 to 140000 liters of milk per day which varies
from lean to flush season respectively. However, the demand of milk is more than
doubled (3.5 lakhs LPD) that dairy handles presently. Remaining demand is fulfilled
by other private and cooperative dairies of neighboring states. Low land holding by
each farmer (0.5 to 1 ha) , decreased milk yield per animal, poor breeds, nonavailability of green fodder, cost of fodder (accounts for 72% of milk procured, for
example if farmer get 1 Rs from milk 72ps requires for feeding animal) are the
limiting factors for high milk production in Goa state. Therefore dairy aims to
increase milk production through awareness program, breeding program, genetic
improvement and nutrient management programs. The dairy has made combined
impact to make dairying a viable business for the milk producing community in the
state through; rearing of calf to cow, pregnancy ratio scheme, breed upgradation of
non-descript milch animals, modernization of present cattle feed plant, fodder seed
bank for CO3 and CO4 variety, mass scale green fodder cultivation like hydroponic
technology for green fodder production
94
Table 29. Milk and milk products produced by Goa state co-operative Dairy
Sl.
Milk
and
milk
Quantity produced/day
Price
No.
products
*Toned milk
4200-4400
5%
26 Rs/liter
*Standardized milk
68000-70000
80%
36 Rs/liter
*Full fat cream milk
12000-13000
15%
40 Rs/liter
Lassi
1000 Liter
100%
12 Rs/200 ml
White Butter
200 kg/week
100%
Used
Sell
for
ghee
making
6
Ghee
As per demand
100%
145 Rs/ 500 ml
Paneer
Purchased from other dairy but packed
100
45 Rs/ 200 gm
in Goa dairy
* % sell of liquid milk is percentage of total fluid milk processed (85000-86000

liters/day). Approximately total of 95 % goes for fluid milk and 5 % for products
making
8.2.1. The ICAR, research complex for Goa support to Cooperative Dairy
Information about the novel and innovative technology e.g. Hydroponic
technology
Training to the farmers for animal care, following hygienic practices and disease
control
For replacing low yielding animals with high yielders new breed e.g. Surti and
Pandharpuri breeds of buffalo which suits to the climatic conditions of Goa
Creating awareness about the need for providing quality feed
8.3. SESA Goa
SESA Goa is India's largest producer and exporter of iron ore in the private
sector and is on course to be in the league of top four iron ore producing companies
in the World. Apart from Iron ore it also produces pig iron and metallurgical coke.
95
PIP is situated in Amona village and many people from Amona are
employed here. As SESA Goa is an industry it certainly has impact on the natural
ecosystem in and around Amona village. To restore the environmental balance the
organization
has
establish
separate
division-
CORPORATE
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY. The major mining companies in the state of Goa conceptualize

the Mineral Foundation of Goa a society set up as a collective approach to address
the Social and environmental issues in the mining belt of Goa. SESA Goa is the
founder member and the single largest contributor of the Mineral Foundation of Goa.
The company has launched a program called GRAMNIRMAN.
Various projects/ Activities under Gram Nirmaan-2010:
8.3.1.1. Education
Construction of Nursery /Anganwadi schools
Mid Day Meal Scheme to help students coming from far away
places
Extra Remedial Classes
Aptitude Test and Carrier Guidance programmes for students
Health camps for Anganwadi /school students
96
Toilet/Washroom facility for schools
Laboratory facility for schools
8.3.1.2. Infrastructure Development:
Construction of multipurpose Village Resource Center (VRC)
Platform for idol Imersion as Ganesh festival most popuraly
celebrated in this area
Formation of Self Help Groups (SHG)
8.3.1.3. Health programmes :
Anemia /Malaria Detection Health camps and its followup
through Company established Community Medical Centers (CMCs)
Homeopathy/ ayurvedic Multi specialty Health camps
8.3.1.4. Agriculture Development programmes :
Water Bandhara/ check dams
Water shed development programmes
Distribution of hybrid seeds/ fertilizers for crop rejuvenation
Programmes
97
9. VISIT TO AGROECOTOURISM FARMS

9.1. Sahakari Spice Farm
Sahakari Spice Farm, an ecotourism venture which is extremely popular
amongst tourists for its rich cultural heritage, is situated amidst lush green
surroundings at Curti in the taluka of Ponda, Goa. The farm was made up of 4.5 ha
of cultivated and 55 ha of barren land in the year 1979/80. Since then, the farm has
been developed using the new scientific techniques in conjunction with the age-old
concepts of mixed crop farming. Presently occupying an enormous area of 130
acres, 60 acres of this area is exclusively devoted to the cultivation of Spices, Fruits,
Medicinal trees and Herbs as well as demonstration plots for the visitors to relish the
fresh air. This Organic Spice Farm is reputed for the various types of spices grown
in a systematic and scientific manner.
A day at the Sahakari spice farm begins at the entrance where visitors are
welcomed with traditional Aarti, Kumkum and Garlands/ flowers. The visitors are
then seated in the restaurant and a welcome drink such as Tender Coconut
/Kokum/Raw Mango juice (Panneh)/lemon grass tea was given to each of us. Also a
round of snacks is offered to each one which includes cheese biscuits / wafers /
98
Cashew-nuts. After a refreshing drink, the guide takes the group round the
plantation for a visit and explains each spice that they come across and tells them
the importance of the spices and where they can be suitably used. The growing
procedures for some of the spices are also briefly described to enlighten the visitors.
The farm is used to dissipate knowledge about the different spices and their
medicinal values to the foreign as well as local visitors who since time immemorial
are visiting India in search of spices and trading with Indians in different varieties of
spices.
The visitors are given both theoretical as well as practical information about
the different uses of spices both in normal diet as well as in the treatment of
common diseases. After this highly enlightening tour around the spice farm, the
guests are treated to a cold water shower which is welcomed by the guests since it
helps to keep cool during their meals. After entering the restaurant, the guests are
seated and the lunch is served in the form of a buffet, with a large variety of
delicious Goan dishes comprising of Fish, Chicken and Vegetables, all cooked in
typical village style. A place for relaxation under the dense forest cover, an aroma of
a variety of genuine spices coming from the trees grown around the farm, lots of
knowledge, guidance on the species and treatment for various diseases, sumptuous
lunch in traditional Goan style, and other modes of entertainment, all this and more
to add to a cherishable day at Sahakari Spice Farm. At the end of an educational,
yet relaxing day at the farm, a memento is presented to each and every guest at the
farm to relish their memories for ever.
9.2. Pascoal Organic Spice Village
Pascoal Organic Spice Village, another agro-ecotourism venture is located
just seven Kms from Ponda on National Highway (NH4A) towards Belgaum. The
village is primarily surrounded by a forest and is situated on the banks of river
Khandepar that originates from the famous Dudhsagar falls. The farm covers an
area of 20 hectares, supporting the three major cash crops of coconut, cashew and
areca nuts, inter-planted with spices, which thrive in the dappled shade. The spices
includes Nutmeg, Cardamom, Cinnamon, Black pepper, Cloves, Turmeric, Vanilla,
99
Ginger, Hing, Curry leaves, Black Cardamom, Mango ginger and the list goes on
and on...
There is a demonstration plot, a representation o f the entire village that is

mainly intended for the visitors to relish the greenery, adventures like climbing the
arecanuts, sports like a great elephant water ride and pedal boats etc. The unique
location enables to cultivate varieties of Spices, herbal plants, flowering plants
including orchids, anthurium, Dendrobium, crotons, etc. which is a prime attraction
of tourists all over the world. Mr Milagres Fernandez, who is the owner of the spice
farm, initiated the concept of agro-ecotourism for the first time in Goa. He was
rewarded by Govt. of Goa with the prestigious 'Best Farmer of The Year Award' and
by an American company on all India level. Another characteristic feature of the
village is that there are absolute no usage of pesticides but they use compost
materials include sugarcane waste, cow dung, poultry and fish manure for
manuring.
Pascol Organic Spice Village also has the accreditation for organic
cultivation by the Government of Goa. The visit around the farm along with the guide
100
was an informative session and could conceive the concept of agro-ecotourism to its
fullest extent.
10. VISIT TO PROGRESSIVE FARMERS
10.1. Nunes farm

The farm is being managed by a lady entrepreneur Annett Nunes for the
past 15 years. Farm mainly consists of pigs, poultry inclusive of ducks, broiler
chicken and show fouls, Quail in a total area of 0.7 ha which is indicative of
composite farming along with the agriculture component. Since tourism is major
attraction in Goa, there is high demand for pork, sausages etc. pigs are fed on
bakery waste. ICAR Research Complex provides the necessary technical support
w.r.t selection and supply of breeds, training and consultancy, veterinary services
etc. Scope for improvement through establishment of biogas unit, compost pits,
poultry manure as source of nutrients for the trees especially coconuts which can
ultimately increase the yield in her farm.
10.2. Ornamental nursery by J.P.Cardoz
101
Ornamentals, lawn, cactus, pottery, compost, fruit bearing plants and

gardening are the enterprise activities mainly done. He has a good collection of
foliage plants, cut flowers like orchids, anthuriun, gerbera; horticultural trees like jack
fruit, bilimbi, star apple, star fruit, nutmeg, papaya, mangosteen, sapota, bread fruit
etc. he has also a pig farm where he maintains different cross breeds. Maintaining a
lawn in the front of the house, proper display of the pots can attract more
consumers.
10.3. Kenis Farm
The farm has got a wide collection of cashew grafts, jack fruit, nutmeg,
sapota bread fruit, mangosteen, litchi, guava etc. Mutlticropping is another
characteristic feature of the farm with coconut trees and arecanut with pepper
wines, followed by tree crops like cashewnut, nutmeg, sapota, banana, pineapple
etc. He also maintains a small plot in his farm for cultivating ornamentals like rose,
jasmine. He has made different grafts of cashew and jack fruit in order to combine
the good qualities like fruiting, fruit quality of the stock and scion. The owner of the
farm Mr. Keni, is having a wide experience regarding the cultivation aspects,
propagation, plant protection. For irrigating the farm, he has dug ponds as source of
sweet water. Collaborative work with ICAR-Research complex and Kenis farm has
resulted in many varieties especially in cashew.
10.4. Kurades Farm
On 16th November, 2011 afternoon our team of eight members along with our FET
Co-ordinators Dr.Chakurkar and Dr.Desai made a visit to an award winning farmer
Mr.Harihar Kurade. He had a total area of 36 ha, which were in different areas. He
mainly cultivate Cashew, Rubber, Coconut, Turmeric and Kokum. He has adopted
turmeric cultivation by the advice of Dr.Desai, Senior Scientist, ICAR Research
Complex for Goa. The ICAR had given him about 200 kg of turmeric seed of
Prathiba variety and other technical support for turmeric cultivation. He told he came
to know about many new agriculture techniques from ICAR.
102
Mr.Harihar Kurade is the only farmer having Commercial Kokum plantation in

Goa. He grows turmeric mainly as an intercrop in the coconut garden and a small
area as monocropping of turmeric. He grows pineapple as an intercrop in the
coconut plantation. He founds turmeric cultivation more profitable and had put more
area under this. Now he is planning to purchase turmeric powdering machine for
expanding his business. Earlier he made an attempt of intercropping turmeric in
young cashew orchards. In Cashew, he is mainly growing Bali-2, Venkurla-4 and
Venkurla-7 variety for nuts and apple (fenny) production.
He got 5 acres of rubber plantation and a rubber processing unit. He markets
the smoked rubber to the MRF Company. He was the recipient of the Best Farmer
award of ICAR, which was awarded by Dr.M.S.Swaminathan. He had also taken
part in many of the agriculture related exhibition, seminars, workshop and
competition. Truly this visit was very informative and gave a good picture about the
present scenario of progressive and innovative farmer.
10.5 Malcum Quello PIGGERY Unit
As part of industrial visit, for getting field exposure our coordinators Dr.
Chakurkar and Dr. Desai have taken us to PIG rearing farm run by Mr. Malcum
Quello. Being tourist spot Goa, has great demand for pork. It got both domestic and
international market. Mr. Malcum Quello started his pig farm few years back but
could not get much income due to lack of technical and scientific knowledge of pig
rearing. He has shared his experience and set backs of handling pigs to Dr.
Chakurkar, Senior Scientist, in animal reproduction of ICAR research complex for
Goa. Dr. chakurkar provide him all the technical support, and assistance to make
profitable piggery unit.
He advised Mr. Malcum to adopt cross breed pigs to
enhance his business.
Under the guidance of Dr. Chakurakar, Mr. malcum
successfully developed cross breed from local pig and Yorkshire, which has got
more demand in the market. He also consulted Dr. Chakurkar about practical
difficulty in maintaining pure Yorkshire and local pigs. The good qualities of local pig
is that it does not require much attention, feed, moreover gestation period is only
103
140 days and are better mother, where piglet loss is very less but pure local pork
has least demand in the market. Compared to the local breed, Yorkshire requires
more attention, feed, piglet loss is very high but weight is very good.
The best
characters of both (50:50), are transferred to the cross breed. Cross breed has less
fat which receives more demand in the market. Moreover cross breeds are easy to
maintain. Mr maculm told about the feed he gives to pigs mainly maize. In winter
and rainy season they grow well. In one of research conducted at ICAR by Dr.
chakurkar indicated, in Goa condition, the growth rate and feed conversion
efficiency of the large white Yorkshire X local 50% cross piglets are better than the
pure large white York shire and pure local piglets. Mr. Malcum had five York shire
(3 male + 2 female), five local pig (3 male + 2 female), two hybrid and around 30
piglets. With his experience he has shared very key information, when coconut trees
are in pig farm it creates low temperature that suitable for pig rearing. Mr. Malcum
plans to purchase Bandsaw machine for cutting pigs, making sausages and
distribute it in a package which will increase his income.
11.
Conclusion
Using the PRA tools, Amona village was thus studied and we could realise
that agriculture in this village is of subsistence type. Amona is a well-developed

urbanized village and the main occupation of the village is service sector followed by
mining and agriculture. Paddy is grown mainly for their consumption during the
Kharif season and for the rest of the period kept fallow. The village has cropping
pattern that also included cashew as a major cash crop in uplands and vegetables
in small pockets like onion, chilly, cowpea etc. for household purpose only.
Livestock rearing is also widespread activities in the village with local as well as
cross bred cows and buffalos. Fish farming is also another characteristic feature of a
sector of people in the Amona village.
Most farm activities are not mechanized in the village owing to absence of
land titles or ownership details and the villagers have lagged behind in adopting
latest technologies with respect to crop varieties, implements and also utilization of
104
subsidies. In the village, Mondovi River and its tributaries form the main source of
irrigation are the major source of irrigation for agriculture. Hence, there are also
salinity problems through saline water intrusion due to the poor maintenance of
sluice gate.
The situation in the field seems to be healthy from far but the closer we get
(as we did through the FET exercise) we can see that the reality is grim. The
prolonged exploitation of natural resources specially the soil resources and water
resources which leads to effect the soil health condition (soil nutrient deficiencies,
soil erosion, water logging) and depletion of the water resources as a result of which
cropping system will be effected. Especially, the paddy soils were low in organic
carbon content and nitrogen as a result of no manuring. Inertia is inherent in any
system and it is natural for farmers to continue doing what they have been practising
for years. Farmers think more in terms of their immediate needs and situations. The
long term view is not the topmost priority for farmers. Hence it is the scientists
obligation to create awareness among farmers of the long term effects of different
cropping systems and how they should be more dynamic to keep pace with changes
in the system. Creating awareness is also not an easy task and needs to be
approached sensitively and sensibly with good planning. This FET and PRA
exercise has made us more aware of the ground reality and has given us a better
understanding of how to approach farmers and empower them to face the days
ahead.
105
ANNEXURE - I
Attendance List Village Work Shop
1. Dr. N.P Singh
2. Dr. Rajanarayan
3. Dr. Chakurkar
4. Dr. Desai
5. Mr. Promod Joshi
6. Mrs. Sunetra
7. Mr. Prabhu Desai
8. Mr. Govind Naik
9. Mr. Jayawant Parab
10. Mrs. Anuradha Anant Gauns
11. Mrs. Anushka Gauns
12. Mr. Narayan Majik
13. Mr. Bharati kolvalkar
14. Mr. Sadanand Parab
15. Mr. Suresh Parab
16. Mr. Ulhas Parab
17. Mr. Sahadev Pandit
18. Mrs. Prabhavati Rajaram Sinari
19. Mrs. Satyawati Manohar Parwar
20. Mrs. Urmila Uttam Fadte
21. Mrs. Rukmini Naik
22. Mr. Pandulik Gauns
23. Mr. Lahu Naik
24. Mr. Vittal Gauns
25. Mr. Atmaram Babul Ghadi
26. Mr. Mahananda Yelekar
27. Mrs. Samitha Gauns
28. Ms. Ranjitha
29. Mr. Guru
30. Mr. Anwar
31. Mr. Susheela Gauns
32. Mrs. Mandovi Gauns
33. Mr. Ullas Yelekar
34. Mrs. Sanjana Govekar
35. Mrs. Sulakshana Pandit
36. Mr. Dhananjay Ganesh
37. Mrs. Urmila Gauns
38. Mr. Vishaal Parab
39. Kum. Ashwini Parab
40. Kum. Samitha Gauns
41. Kum. Sulabha Sinari
42. Mrs. Sanjay Parab
43. Mrs. Maheshwari Yelekar
106
Annexure 2: List of Key Informants (Selected)

1. Mrs. Narvekar Mangala (Manager, State cooperative bank)
2. Mr. Govind Naik (Head Master, High School)
3. Ms. Bharati kolvalkar (HM, Primary School)
4. Mr. Dhananjay Ganesh (Tailor)
5. Mr. Narayan (Male nurse)
6. Mrs. Anuradha Anant Gauns (Anganwadi Teacher)
7. Mr. Ulhas Parab (Farmers club president)
8. Mr. Umesh Parab (Shop owner)
9. Mrs. Sulabha Subhash Yelekar (Post master)
10. Mr. Gnaneshwar Sinari (SESA Goa Employee)
11. Mr. Suresh Parab (Shop Owner)
12. Mr. Pandulik Gauns (Farmer)
13. Mr. Lahu Naik(Farmer)
14. Mr. Vittal Gauns (Farmer)
15. Mr. Atmaram Babul Ghadi(Farmer)
16. Mr. Mahananda Yelekar(Farmer)
17. Mrs. Samitha Gauns(Housewife)
Annexure 3: Villagers Interviewd or Interacted
107
1. Mrs. Prameela Sinari

2. Mr. Govind Parab
3. Mr. Swaroop Gauns
4. Mrs. Pratibha Amonkar
5. Mr. Promod Sinari
6. Mrs. Sunetra Sinari
7. Mr. Prabhu Desai
8. Mr. Govind Naik
9. Mr. Jayawant Parab
10. Mrs. Anuradha Anant Gauns
11. Mrs. Anushka Gauns
12. Mr. Narayan Majik
13. Mr. Bharati kolvalkar
14. Mr. Sadanand Parab
15. Mr. Suresh Parab
16. Mr. Ullas Parab
17. Mr. Sahadev Pandit
18. Mrs. Prabhavati Rajaram Sinari
19. Mrs. Satyawati Manohar Parwar
20. Mrs. Urmila Uttam Fadte
21. Mrs. Rukmini Naik
22. Mr. Pandulik Gauns
23. Mr. Lahu Naik
24. Mr. Vittal Gauns
25. Mr. Atmaram Babul Ghadi
26. Mr. Mahananda Yelekar
27. Mrs. Samitha Gauns
28. Ms. Ranjitha
29. Mr. Gurudas Yelekar
30. Mr. Anwar
31. Mr. Susheela Gauns
32. Mrs. Mandovi Gauns
33. Mr. Ullas Yelekar
34. Mrs. Sanjana Govekar
35. Mrs. Sulakshana Pandit
36. Mr. Dhananjay Ganesh
37. Mrs. Urmila Gauns
38. Mr. Vishaal Parab
39. Kum. Ashwini Parab
40. Kum. Samitha Gauns
41. Kum. Sulabha Sinari
42. Mrs. Sanjay Parab
43. Mrs. Maheshwari Yelekar
44. Mr. Akash Parab
108
Annexure 4: List of ITKs from Amona Village and Other Expertise
Traditional Fenny preparation from cashew apple by distillation.
Use of castor oil to control ticks and mites in buffalo.
Ash application to vegetable fields to improve the quality of crop
Calotropis leaves boiled with water and steam applied in oedema situation in cattles
& humans.
Dusting of cow dung on crops for pest control.
Coloured cloth bits are used as bird repellents in paddy farm.
For increasing shelf life of onion, it is kept in pits for 1 week & it hardens.
As a part of microclimate maintenance, reducing temperature related problems while

maintaining pigs, Coconut tree shading is a good solution.
Pig excreta is a good manure for plants especially cash crops like coconut & cashew
Cloves are put in oil to prevent rancidity
Tribhala & neem leaves used to put along with rice while storage to increase shelf
life.
Lemon grass tea good for migraine, Sinusitis
Traditional Tulsi Vrindavan, part of culture in front of each & every house will also
help as mosquito repellent.
Lemon grass oil mixed with water is applied to back (spine), gives soothing effect.
109

FOCARS-94 Goa PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

FOCARS-94 Goa PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

1.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) established the ICAR

their knowledge and skills in modern agricultural technologies iv) Training of

Soil, Plant and Animal Health, Extension Activities, and Interactive

2. OBJECTIVES OF THE FIELD EXPERIENCE TRAINING (FET)

6. To inculcate the culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective among

opportunities, and futuristic approaches.

3. PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) TOOLS

Basic information about the village

Seasonal calendar and analysis (activities and problems)

Gender disaggregated activities

Indigenous technical knowledge

Problem identification technique

Problem tree and solution tree

Proposed Research Projects

Mean Annual Rainfall

Max. Annual Temperature

Min. Annual Temperature

Gross Cropped Area

Net Sown Area

Fig: 1 Satellite image of Amona Village

Among Hindu families caste wise categorization are

Mining industry, Government jobs, Agriculture

Large (>5 acres)

Medium (2.5-5 acres)

Small (1-2.5 acres)

Marginal (<1 acre)

: Cowpea, Chilli, Onion, Bhendi

Table 1. Basic information about animal husbandry

Cow (Cross bred)

6.2 GENERAL TRANSECT

Laterite soil silty loam

Laterite- gravel, sandy loam

Chilli, Bhendi (Okra),

Cowpea and Amaranthus

Cashew, Citrus, Jackfruit,

(neem), Cassia, Aonala,

(cashew), mango, Jackfruit,

Ficus religiosa (Peepal),

Custard apple, Ficus

bengalensis, Anona etucala

Cyprus difformis, Cyprus

Panicum Sp., Patherchatta

irea Cynodon sp.

Constructed ponds, dug

Wells, municipal water supply

Buffalo, Cow, Poultry

BPH, Rice Leaf Roller

Mealybug and thrips in cowpea

and Yellow Stem Borer in

Tea Mosquito Bug in Cashew

Damping Off in Tomato

Mastitis, HS and FMD in

Acute labour shortage

Spread of forest fire

Wild boar damage

Senile cashew plantation

Zero management practises for

Logistic issues in paddy

Poor soil fertility

Water scarcity for Rabi season

Lack of quality irrigation