Eccentric loading design problem

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES
ECCENTRIC LOADING (NORMAL STRESSES)

DESIGN PROBLEM
361. It is necessary to shape a certain link as shown in order to prevent
interference with another part of the machine. It is to support a steady
tensile load of 2500 lb. with a design factor of 2 based on the yield
strength. The bottom edge of the midsection is displaced upward a
distance a = 2 in. above the line of action of the load. For AISI
C1022, as rolled, and h 3b, what should be h and b?
Solution:
F 2500 lb
Ny 2
a 2.5 in
F Fec
A
I
For AISI C1022, as rolled, sy 52 ksi (Table AT7).
s
52
y
26 ksi 26,000 psi
Ny
2
A bh 3b2
bh3 b 3b 2
2.25b4
12
12
h
c 1.5b
2
h
e a a 1.5b 2.5 1.5b
2
F Fec

A
I
I
26,000 2500
1
2.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.25b4
1
2.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
26,000 2500
By trial and error method:

b 0.625 in
5
in
8
h 3b 3 0.625 in 1.875 in 1
Page 1 of 133
7
in
8

362.
A tensile load on a link as described in 361 varies from 0 to 3000 lb.; it

is machined from AISI 1045, as rolled, and the lower edge of the link is
a = 0.5 in. above the center line of the pins; h 3b. Determine the
dimensions of the link for N = 2 based on the Soderberg line.
Solution:
Soderberg Line:
1 sm sa
N sy sn
For AISI 1045, as rolled (Table AT 7).
sy 59 ksi
su 96 ksi
sn 0.5su 48 ksi
Size factor = 0.85
Load factor (axial) = 0.80
sn 0.85 0.80 48 32.64 ksi
1
3000 lb 0 1500 lb
2
1
Fa 3000 lb 0 1500 lb
2
h
e a a 1.5b 0.5 1.5b
2
1 ec
sm Fm
A I
Fm
sm 1500
sm 1500
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.24b3
1
0.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
1 ec
A I
sa Fa
sa 1500
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.24b3
1
0.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
sa 1500
1 sm sa
N sy sn
Page 2 of 133

1 1500
1500 1
0.5 1.5b
2 59,000 32,640 3b2

1.5b3
1
0.5 1.5b
7.00
2
3b
1.5b3
b 0.53 in
h 3b 3 0.53 in 1.59 in
Use b x h = 9/16 in x 1 5/8 in

363. The same as 362, except that the load continuously reverses, 3 kips to
-3 kips.
Solution:
1
Fm 3 3 0 lb
2
1
Fa 3 3 3 kips
2
1 ec
sm Fm
A I
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
2.24b3
3b
0.5 1.5b
1
sm 0
0
2
1.5b3
3b
sm 1500
1 ec
A I
sa Fa
sa 3
1
0.5 1.5b1.5b
3b
2.24b3
1
0.5 1.5b
2
3b
1.5b3
sa 3
1 sm sa
N sy sn
1
3 1
0.5 1.5b
0
2
2
32.64 3b
1.5b3
1
0.5 1.5b
5.44
2
3b
1.5b3
b 0.5905 in
Page 3 of 133

h 3b 3 0.5905 in 1.7715 in
Use b x h = 5/8 in x 1 13/16 in

364.
A circular column (See Fig. 8.3, Text), the material of which is SAE
1020, as rolled, is to have a length of 9 ft. and support an eccentric
load of 16 kips at a distance of 3 in. from the center line. Let N = 3. (a)
What should be the outside diameter Do if the column is hollow and Di
= 0.75Do? (b) What should be the diameter if the column is solid?
Solution:
a. Try J.B. Johnson
F
se 1
Le
k
4 2 E
sy
For SAE 1020, as rolled, s y 48 ksi

E 30 10 6 psi
Transition point
Le 2 2E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30 10 6
48000
1
2
111
Le 2L
L 9 ft 108 in
Le 2L 2108 216 in
k
I
A
Do4 Di4 Do4 0.75Do 4 0.6836Do4

I
64
64
64
A
2
2
Do Di2
Do 0.75Do 2 0.109375Do2
4
4
Page 4 of 133
0.6836Do4
64
k
0.3125Do
0.109375Do2
se
16
F
0.109375Do2
A
216
sy e
48
k
0.3125Do
1
2
1
4 E
4 2 30 10 3
se
Fec
I
Do
0.5Do
2
e 3 in
F 16 kips
sy
N
48
16 ksi
3
46.5642
Do2
16
19.363
Do2
16
46.5642
Do2
19.363
Do2
16 3 0.5Do
0.6836Do4
64
715.22
Do3
By trial and error method

Do 3.23 in
k 0.3125 3.23 1.0094 in
Le 2L
216
214 111
k k 1.0094
Therefore use Eulers equation

2E
se
2
Le
N
Page 5 of 133
46.5642
Do2
19.363
Do2
se
2 30,000
216
3
0.3125Do
Fec
se
I
16 0.20658Do2
0.20658Do2 ksi
16 3 0.5Do
715.22
0.20658Do2
4
0.6836Do
Do3
64
Do 3.802 in
Di 0.75Do 0.75 3.802 2.8515 in
To check:
k 0.3125Do 0.3125 3.802 in 1.188125 in
Le
216 in
182 111
k 1.188125 in
Use Do = 3 13/16 in, Di = 2 13/16 in
b. For solid, also using Eulers equation.
I
A
D4
I
64
D2
A
4
k
se
D4
64 1 D 0.25D
D2 4
4
2E
2
L
N e
k
2 30 ,000
se
0.1322D2 ksi
2
216
0.25D
se
Fec
I
16 3 0.5D
489
0.1322D2 3
4
D
D
64
By trial and error method.
16 0.1322D2
Page 6 of 133

D 3.221 in
k 0.25D 0.25 3.221 in 0.80525 in
216 in
Le
268 111
k 0.80525 in
Use D = 3 in.
365.
The same as 364, except that the length is 15 ft.
Solution:
Eulers Equation:
Le 2L 21512 360 in
16 ksi
e 3 in
0.6836Do4
64
A 0.109375Do2
a. I
k 0.3125Do
se
se
2E
2
Le
N
2 30,000
360
3
0.3125Do
Fec
se
I
16 0.07437Do2
0.07437Do2 ksi
16 3 0.5Do
715.22
0.07437Do2
4
Do3
0.6836Do
64
Do 3.624 in
Di 0.75Do 0.75 3.624 2.718 in

To check:
k 0.3125Do 0.3125 3.624 in 1.1325 in
216 in
Le
191 111
k 1.1325 in
Use Do = 3 5/8 in, Di = 2 5/8 in
Page 7 of 133
b. I
D4
64
D2
A
4
k 0.25D
2E
se
2
L
N e
k
2 30,000
se
0.0476D2 ksi
2
360
3
0.25D
se
Fec
I
16 0.0476D2
16 3 0.5D
489
0.0476D2 3
4
D
D
64

D 3.158 in use 3 3/16 iin
k 0.25D 0.25 3.158 in 0.7895 in
216 in
Le
274 111
k 0.7895 in
Use D = 3 3/16 in.
366.
A link similar to one shown is to be designed for: steady load F = 8

kips, L = 20 in. = 30o; aluminum alloy 2024-T4; N = 2.6 on the yield
strength. It seems desirable for the dimension b not to exceed 1 3/8 in.
Determine b and h and check their proportions for reasonableness. The
support is made so that the pin at B carries the entire horizontal
component of F.
Page 8 of 133

Solution:
Aluminum alloy (2024-T4), sy 47 ksi

RBH F sin30
RA
FLcos30
d
RBV
F L d cos30
d
M RAd FLcos30
Mc
I
h
c
2
bh3
I
12
6M 6FLcos30
s2
bh2
bh2
s2
s1
F sin30
bh
t s1 s2
t
F sin30 6FLcos30
bh
bh2
sy
N
47
18 ksi
2.6
F 8 kips
b 1
3
in 1.375 in
8
L 20 in
F sin30 6FLcos30
bh
bh2
8 sin30 6 8 20 cos30
18
1.375h
1.375h2
Page 9 of 133

24.75h2 4h 831.4 0
h 5.877 in 5
7
in
8
7
in
h
8
4.27
b 1 3 in
8
5
Therefore, use h 5
367.
3
7
in, b 1 in
8
8
A column 15 ft. long is to support a load F2 = 50,000 lb. Acting at a

distance of e = 8 in. from the axis of the column as shown (with F1 =
0). Select a suitable I-beam for a design factor of 3 based on yield
strength. The upper end of the column is free. See handbook for the
properties of rolled sections.
Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
Secant Formula
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2
EI
k
F F2 50 ,000 lbs 50 kips
e 8 in
N3
E 30,000 ksi
depth
2
Le 2L 21512 360 in
3 50
48
A
Page 10 of 133
depth
360
2
sec
2
k
2
3 50
30,000 I

From Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-2,
pg. 640, select Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W360 x 51, properties are
A = 6450 mm2 = 10 in2
Depth = 355 mm = 14 in
k = 148 mm = 5.83 in
I = 1.41 x 108 mm4 = 338.8 in4
Substitute,
3 50
48
10
14
360
2
sec
1
2
5.83
2
3 50
30,000 338.8
48 47.08
Therefore suitable wide flange I-beam is W14 x 34 lb. (English units)
A = 10 in2
Depth = 14 in
k = 5.83 in
I = 338.8 in4
368.
The same as 367, except that F1 = 50,000 lb.
Solution:
Use C1020, structural steel, sy = 48 ksi
N3
E 30,000 ksi
Le 2L 21512 360 in
Transition Point
Le 2 2E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
48
F F1 50,000 lbs 50 kips

Check J.B. Johnson Formula
L
sy e
k
Fc NF1 sy A 1
4 2 E
Page 11 of 133
1
2
111

sy
NF1
2
L
sy e
k
A 1 2
4 E
3 50
48
2
360
48
A 1
4 2 30,000
48
150
5.2549
1
k2
From Strength of Materials, 3rd Edition by F.S. Singer and A. Pytel, Table B-2,
pg. 640, select Wide-Flange Sections by trial and error.
Then selecting W310 x 21, properties are
A = 2690 mm2 = 4.17 in2
k = 117 mm = 4.61 in
Substitute,
150
48
5.2549
4.17 1
4.61 2
150
48
5.2549
4.17 1
4.61 2
48 47.8
Check for validity of JB Johnson Formula
Le 360
78.1 111
k 4.61
Therefore, JB Johnson formula is valid and suitable wide flange I-beam is W12
x 14 lb. (English units)
A = 4.17 in2
k = 4.61 in
CHECK PROBLEMS
369.
A cam press, similar to that of Fig. 19-1, Text, exerts a force of 10 kips
at a distance of 7 in. from the inside edge of the plates that make up
the frame. If these plates are 1 in. thick and the horizontal section has
a depth of 6 in., what will be the maximum stress in this section?
Solution:
Page 12 of 133
F Fec
A
I
F 10 kips
e 7 in
c
6
in 10 in
2
6
in 3 in
2
A 21 6 12 in2
1 6 3
I2
12
36 in4
F Fec
A
I
10 10 10 3
9.2 ksi
12
36
370.
A manufacturer decides to market a line of aluminum alloy (6061-T6)

C-clamps, (see Fig. 8.4, Text). One frame has a T-section with the
following dimensions (letters as in Table AT 1): H = 1 1/16 , B = 17/32,
a = 1/8, and t = 1/8. The center line of the screw is 2 3/8 in. from the
inside face of the frame. (a) For N = 3 on the yield strength, what is the
capacity of the clamp (gripping force)? (b) Above what approximate
load will a permanent deformation of the clamp occur?
Page 13 of 133
Solution:
AA 6061-T6, sy 40 ksi (Table AT 3)
See Fig. 8.4, (C-clamp) T-section
F Fec
A
I
1 ec
F
A I
From Table AT 1 (T-section)
A Bt a H t
Bt2
ah2
Bt d2
ah e2
12
12
H 1.0625 in
B 0.53125 in
a 0.125 in
t 0.125 in
h H t 1.0625 0.125 0.9375 in
For c1 :
h
t
c1 Bt ha t ha Bt
2
0.9375
c1 0.53125 0.125 0.9375 0.125 0.125

0.9375 0.125
2
0.125
0.53125 0.125
2
c1 0.4016 in
c2 H c1 1.0625 0.4016 0.6609 in
t
0.125
d c1 0.4016
0.3391 in
2
2
h
0.9375
e t c1 0.125
0.4016 0.19215 in
2
2
Page 14 of 133

A Bt a H t
A 0.53125 0.125 0.1251.0625 0.125 0.1836 in2
Bt2
ah2
Bt d2
ah e2
12
12
0.53125 0.125 2
0.125 0.9375 2
I
0.53125 0.125 0.3391 2
12
12
0.125 0.9375 0.19215 2 0.02063 in4
c c1 0.4016 in
e 2.375 0.4016 2.7766 in
a.
sy
N
40
13 ksi
3
1
2.7766 0.4016
0.1836
0.02063
13 F
F 0.218 kips 218 lbs
b. sy 40 ksi
2.7766 0.4016
1
40 F
0.02063
0.1836
371.
A C-frame (Fig. 8.5 Text) of a hand-screw press is made of annealed

cast steel, ASTM A27-58 and has a section similar to that shown. The
force F acts normal to the plane of the section at a distance of 12 in.
from the inside face. The various dimensions of the sections are: a = 3
in., b = 6 in., h = 5 in., d = e= f = 1 in. Determine the force F for N =
6 based on the ultimate strength.
Page 15 of 133
Solution:
a 3 in
b 6 in
h 5 in
d e f 1 in
A fa dh b f d e
A 1 3 1 5 6 1 1 1 12 in2
For c1 :
f
d
b
c1 A hd b f d af b
2
2
2
1
1
6
c1 12 51 6 1 1 31 6
2
2
2
c1 2.583 in
c2 b c1 6 2.583 3.417 in
Page 16 of 133
b f d
b f d
6 1 1
c1 d
c1
2.583 0.417 in
2
2
2
f
1
3.417 2.917 in
2
2
d
1
m c1 2.583 2.083 in
2
2
k c2
af 3
e b f d 3
hd3
afk2
e b f d j 2
hdm2
12
12
12
3
31 3
51 3
1 6 1 1
I
3 1 2.917 2
1 6 1 1 0.417 2
5 1 2.083 2
12
12
12
I 53.92 in4
For ASTM A27-58 Annealed Cast Steel

su 60 ksi
su 60
10 ksi
N 6
Page 17 of 133

1 ec
F
A I
c c1 2.583 in
e 12 2.583 14.583 in
1 14.583 2.583
53.92
12
10 F
F 12.789 kips 12 ,789 lbs
372.
In the link shown (366), let b = in., h = 2 in., d = 2 in., L = 18 in.,

and = 60o. The clearance at the pins A and B are such that B resists
the entire horizontal component of F; material is AISI C1020, as rolled.
What may be the value of F for N = 3 based on the yield strength?
Solution:
Refer to Prob. 366.
F sin 6FLcos
t
bh
bh2
sin 6Lcos
t F
bh2
bh
For AISI C1020, as rolled, sy 48 ksi.
s
48
y
16 ksi
N 3
b 0.5 in
h 2 in
L 18 in
60
sin60
618 cos60
0.5 2 2
0.5 2
16 F
373.
The link shown is subjected to a steady load F1 = 2.1 kips; b = 0.5 in.,
h = a = d = 2 in., L = 18 in.; material AISI 1040, cold drawn (10%
work). The dimensions are such that all of the horizontal reaction from
F2 occurs at A; and F2 varies from 0 to a maximum, acting towards the
right. For N = 1.5 based on the Soderberg line, what is the maximum
Page 18 of 133

value of F2? Assume that the stress concentration at the holes can be
neglected.
Solution:
b 0.5 in
h a d 2 in
L 18 in
F1 2.1 kips
a L d E aF1 hF2
E
aF1 hF2
a L d
Ay F1 E
H
Ax F2
For F2 0 :
2 2.1 0
E
0.191 kip
2 18 2
Ay F1 E 2.1 0.191 1.909 kips
Ax F2 0
M aAy L d E
L d aF1 hF2
a L d
F2 0
18 2 2 2.1 0
2 18 2
Page 19 of 133
3.82 in kips
Let F2 maxF2
Mm
Mmax 3.82
2
18 2 2 2.1 2F2
1.82 2.1 F2
2 18 2
1.82 2.1 F2 3.82
Mm
3.82 0.91F2
2
Mmax
Ma
Ma
Mmax 3.82
2
1.82 2.1 F2 3.82

0.91F2
2
Fm Fa 0.5F2
For SAE AISI 1040 Cold Drawn (10% Work)

sy 85 ksi
sn 54 ksi
sn bending
sn sizefactor 54 0.85 45.9 ksi
se sm
se
sy
N
sy
sn
sa
Mmc Fm sy Mac Fa

A sn I
A
I
0.5F2
0.5F2
85 1.82 2.1 F2 1
85 0.91F2 1
1
1
0.5 2 45.9
0.5 2
1.5
3
3
F2 3.785 kips
376.
A free-end column as shown, L = 12 ft. long, is made of 10-in. pipe,

schedule 40, (Do = 10.75 in., Di = 10.02 in., k = 3.67 in., Am = 11.908
in2., I = 160.7 in4., Z = 29.9 in3.). The load completely reverses and e =
15 in.; N = 3; material is similar to AISI C1015, as rolled. (a) Using the
equivalent-stress approach, compute the safe (static) load as a column
only. (b) Judging the varying loading by the Soderberg criterion,
compute the safe maximum load. (c) Determine the safe load from the
secant formula. (d) Specify what you consider to be a reasonable safe
loading.
Page 20 of 133
Solution:
For AISI C1015, as rolled.
sy 45.5 ksi
su 61 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5 61 30.5 ksi

Do 10.75 in
Di 10.02 in
L 12 ft
k 3.67 in
Am 11.908 in2
I 160.07 in4
Z 29.9 in3
N3
a. As a column only (static)
Le 2L 21212 288 in
288 in
Le
78.5 120
k 3.67 in
E 30,000 ksi
Use J.B. Johnson Formula:

s1
s1
Le
sy
k
A 1 2
4 E
45.5 78.5 2
11.908 1
4 2 30,000
Page 21 of 133

F
9.09
Fe
s2
Z
s1
e 15 in
F15 F
29.9 2
s1 s2
s2
45.5
F
F
3
9.09 2
F 24.863 kips 24,863 lbs
b. Varying load: Fmax F , Fmin F

Fm
FF
0
2
F F
F
2
s
se sm y sa
sn
Axial load factor = 0.80
Fa
sn sn sizefactor loadfactor 30.5 0.85 0.80 20.74 ksi

Fme Fm sy Fae Fa

A sn Z A
Z
sy
45.5 F15
F
se
0
2.25F
N
20.74 29.9 1.908
se
45.5
2.25F
3
c. Secant Formula
sy
L
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
A
2
k
NF
EI
I
c
I 160.07
c
5.354 in
Z
29.9
Z
ec 15 5.354
5.963
k2
3.67 2
Page 22 of 133

Le
2
NF 288
EI
2
3F
30,000160.07
NF
3F
0.252F
A 11 .908
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2
EI
k
0.11382 F
sy 45.5 0.252F 1 5.963 sec0.11382 F
F 22.5 kips 22,500 lbs
d. 6740 lbs.
377.
A bracket is attached as shown (367) onto a 14-in. x 193-lb., wide

flange I-beam (A = 56.73 sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., flange width =
15.710 in., Imax = 2402.4 in4., Imin = 930.1 in4., kmin = 4.05 in.). The
member is an eccentrically loaded column, 40 ft. long, with no central
load (F1 = 0) and no restraint at the top. For e = 12 in. and N = 4,
what may be the value of F2?
Solution:
Using secant formula:
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2
EI
k
I Imax 2402.4 in4
E 30,000 ksi
e 12 in
k kmax 6.50 in
Le 2L 2 40 12 960 in
Le
148
k
N 4
A 56.73 in2
Page 23 of 133

depth 15.5
7.75 in
2
2
For C1020, as rolled, structural steel,
c
sy 48 ksi
sy 48
12 7.75
4F
460
sec
1
2
56.73
2
6.50
48 0.0705F 1 2.2 sec0.11308 F

F F2 104.9 kips 104,900 lbs
378.
4F
30,000 2402.4
A 14-in. x 193-lb., wide flange I-beam is used as a column with one end
free (A = 56.73 sq. in., depth = 15.5 in., Imax = 2402.4 in.4, Imin = 930.1
in.4, kmin = 4.05 in., length L = 40 ft.). If a load F2 is supported as
shown on a bracket at an eccentricity e = 4 in. (with F1 = 0), what may
be its value for a design factor of 4? Flange width = 15.71 in.
Solution:
Using secant formula:
L NF
NF
ec
1 2 sec e
sy
A
2 EI
k
F F2
A 56.73 in2
e 4 in
flangewidth 15.71
7.855 in
2
2
k kmin 4.05 in
E 30,000 ksi
I Imin 930.1 in4
Le 2L 2 4012 960 in
N 4
sy 48 ksi
Page 24 of 133
sy 48
4F2
1 4 7.855 sec960
56.73
2
4.05 2
4F2
30,000 930.1
48 0.0705F2 1 0.554 sec0.18174 F2
F2 68.88 kips 68,880 lbs

379. The same as 378, except that F1 = 0.5 F2.
Solution:
sy
N
L
F2
1 ecsec e
2
A
2
k
F1 0.5F2
NF2
EI
F1
A
F
0.5F2
48
2 1 0.554 sec0.18174 F2
4 56.73
56.73
12 0.01763F2 1 0.554 sec0.18174 F2 0.008814F2

12 0.026444F2 0.009767F2 sec0.18174 F2
By Trial and error:

F2 68.56 kips
F1 0.5F2 34.28 kips
380.
The cast-steel link (SAE 080) shown (solid lines) is subjected to a

steady axial tensile load and was originally made with a rectangular
cross section, h = 2 in., b = in., but was found to be too weak.
Someone decided to strengthen it by using a T-section (dotted
addition), with h and b as given above. (a) Will this change increase
the strength? Explain. (b) What tensile load could each link carry with
N = 3 based on yield?
Page 25 of 133
Solution:
For SAE 080, s y 40 ksi
(a) This change will not increase the strength because of increased
bending action that tends to add additional stress.
sy 40
(b)
13.3 ksi
N
3
Rectangular cross section:
F
F

A bh
F
13.3
0.5 2
F 13.3 kips
T-section:
h 2 in , b 0.5 in
A b h b bh 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 2 1.75 in2
1
h b b bh b
2
2
1
0.5
c1 1.75 0.5 2 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 2
2
c1 0.6786 in
c2 h c1 2 0.6786 1.3214 in
c1 A b h b
1
h b 1.3214 1 2 0.5 0.5714 in
2
2
b
0.5
f c1 0.6786
0.4286 in
2
2
d c2
b h b 3
hb3
b h b d2
hbf2
12
12
0.5 2 0.5 3
2 0.5 3
I
0.5 2 0.5 0.5714 2
2 0.5 0.4286 2
12
12
I 0.59 in 4
F Fec
A
I
c c1 0.6786 in
Page 26 of 133

e c 0.6786 in
0.6786 0.6786
1
0.59
1.75
13.3 F
F 6.941 kips
COPLANAR SHEAR STRESSES

381.
The figure shows a plate riveted to a vertical surface by 5 rivets. The

material of the plate and rivets is SAE 1020, as rolled. The load F =
5000 lb., b = 3 in., = 0, and c = 5 in.; let a = 3D. Determine the
diameter D of the rivets and the thickness of plate for a design factor
of 3 based in yield strengths.
Solution:
0
For SAE 1020, as rolled.
sy 48 ksi
ssy 0.6 sy
N3
F12
1
2
Page 27 of 133

F2
F
1
a 2a
F1 2F2
2F1 2a 2F2 a F c F sin 2a b
0
a 3D
b 3 in
c 5 in
F 5 kips
F1 2F2
4 2F2 3D 2F2 3D 5 5 5 sin0 6D 3
30F2 D 25
5
F2
6D
5
5
F1 2F2 2

3D
6D
A
2
D
4
R
A
ssy
0.6 sy
N
0.6 sy
N
0.6 48
0.6 sy
N
R
A
F12
1
2

3D
2
D
4
1
1
2
2.778
2
1
2
D
9.6
0.7854D2
Page 28 of 133

5
in
8
For thickness of plate, t .
D 0.625 in
A Dt
R
A
5
R
3D
sy
1
2
3
0
.
625
1
2
2.85 kips
R
N Dt
48
2.85
3
0.625t
t 0.285 in
1
in
4
The same as 383, except that = 30o.
382.
Solution:
F12
Page 29 of 133
2F1
cos120
5
1
2
F12
2F1
cos60
5
1
2
2F1 2a 2F2 a F c F sin 2a b
4 2F2 3D 2F2 3D 5 cos30 5 5 sin30 6D 3
30F2 D 21.65 7.5 2D 1 15D 14.15

15D 14.15
F2
30D
0.472
F2 0.5
D
0.472
0.944
F1 2F2 2 0.5
1
D
D
A
ssy 0.6 sy
N
N
0.6 sy
N
0.6 sy
N
R
A
F12
2F1
cos60
5
0.944
1
D
0.6 48
1
2
5

5
0.944 5
2 1
cos60
D 5
2
D
4
0.944
1 2 1
cos 60
D
9 .6
0.7854 D 2
By trial and error method. D 0.641 in
1

0.944
Say D 0.625 in
For t .
2
0.944
1 2 1
cos60
D
0.944
1 2 1
cos60
0.625
0.944
R 1
0.625
Page 30 of 133
1
2
5
in (same as 381).
8
0.944
R 1
1
2
1
2
1
2
3.1325 in
R
A
sy
R
N Dt
48 3.1325
3
0.625t
t 0.31325 in
383.
5
in
16
Design a riveted connection, similar to that shown, to support a steady

vertical load of F = 1500 lb. when L = 18 in. and = 0o. Let the
maximum spacing of the rivets, horizontally and vertically, be 6D,
where D is the diameter of the rivet; SAE 1020, as rolled, is used for all
parts; N = 2.5 based on yield. The assembly will be such that there is
virtually no twisting of the channel. The dimensions to determine at
this time are: rivet diameter and minimum thickness of the plate.
Solution:
0 , a b 6D
1
6D 3D
2
Page 31 of 133

R F1
F
4
R
A
For SAE 1020, as rolled, sy 48 ksi.
N 2.5
ssy 0.6 sy
ssy
N
0.6 sy
N
0.6 48
11.52 ksi
2.5
4F1c F L c
4F1 3D 1.518 3D
0.375 6 D
F1
D
0.375 6 D 1.5 2.25
R
0.75
D
4
D
1
A D2
4
R
A
2.25
0.75
D
11.52
1
D2
4
11
D 0.6875 in
in
16
sy
N
R
A
2.25
0.75
48
D
2.5
Dt
2.25
0.75
19.2 0.6875
0.6875t
5
t
in
16
384. The same as 383, except that = 45o.
Page 32 of 133
Solution:
11.52 ksi, 19.2 ksi
R2 F12
cos45
4
2F1
4F1 3D F cos L 3D 1.5 cos45 18 3D
F1
0.2652 6 D
d
0.2652 6 D
R
0.2652 6 D
R2
6 D
R2 0.0703
1.5
0.2652 6 D 1.5
cos45
6 D
0.140625 0.140625
0.84375
0.28125
D
R
A
6 D
0.0703
D
11.52
D 0.594 in
Page 33 of 133
0.84375
0.28125
D
1
D2
4
1
2

say D
19
in 0.59375 in
32
6 0.59375
R 0.0703
0.59375
R
Dt
0.84375
0.28125
0.59375
1
2
3.221 kips
R
Dt
3.221
19.2
0.59375t
19.2
t 0.2815 in
say t
385.
1
in .
4
The plate shown (381) is made of SAE 1020 steel, as rolled, and held in
place by five in. rivets that are made of SAE 1022 steel, as rolled.
The thickness of the plate is in., a = 2 in., c = 6 in., b = 4 in., and
= 0. Find the value of F for a design factor of 5 based on the ultimate
strength.
Solution:
Plate, SAE 1020, as rolled (Table AT 7)
su 65 ksi
su 65
13 ksi
N 5
R Dt
3 1
15.3 kips
4 2
R 13
Rivets, SAE 1022, as rolled (Table AT 7)

ssu 54 ksi
ssu 54
10.8 ksi
N
5
Page 34 of 133
D
R
4
4
4
10.8
use R 4.77 ksi
4.77 ksi
From 381.
F12
1
2
F1 2F2
2F1 2a 2F2 a Fc
2 2F2 2 2.5 2F2 2.5 F 6

25F2 6F
F2 0.24F
F1 2 0.24F 0.48F
2
F
2
4.77
5
F 9.173 kips 9,173 lbs
R2 0.48F 2
386.
The same as 385, except that = 90o.
Solution:
Page 35 of 133
R 4.77 kips
R F1
F
5
F1 2F2
2F1 2a 2F2 a F 2a b
2 2F2 2 2.5 2F2 2.5 F 2 2.5 4

25F2 F
F2 0.04F
F1 0.08F
R 4.77 0.08F
F 17,000 lbs
387.
F
5
The plate shown is made of AISI 1020 steel, as rolled, and is fastened
to an I-beam (AISI 1020, as rolled) by three rivets that are made of a
steel equivalent to AISI C1015, cold drawn. The thickness of the plate
and of the flanges of the I-beam is in., the diameter of the rivets is
in., a = 8.5 in., b = 11.5 in. and c = 4.5 in., d = 4 in. For F2 = 0,
calculate the value of F1 for N = 2.5 based on yield strength.
Page 36 of 133
Solution:
3
D in
4
1
t in
2
a 8.5 in
b 11.5 in
c 4.5 in
d 4 in
Plate, AISI 1020 Steel, as rolled, sy 48 ksi

Rivet, AISI C1015, cols drawn, ssy 0.6 63 37.8 ksi
sy
48
19.2 ksi
N 2.5
ssy 37.8
15.12 ksi
N
2.5
3 1
22.6 kips
4 2
2
D2
3
15.12

6.68 kips
4
4 4
R Dt 19.2
D2
4
Use R
F2 0 ,
Page 37 of 133
3
15.12

4 4
6.68 kips
4
4.5

2

3
2.5 in
F
F
2c
3
F 2c
3
c
2c
a 2F F
3
3
F1
2 4.5
4.5
3
F1 8.5
2F 2.5
3
2.5
F1 0.86F
F
F 1
0.86
cos
c3
4.5 3
cos
0.60
2.5
F1
F
2F 1 cos
3
R2 F 2
F1
0.86
R2
F1
Page 38 of 133
F1 F1
2

0.60
0.86 3

R 1.389F1
R 6.68 kips 1.389F1
F1 4.8 kips.
388.
The same as 387, except that F1 = 0, and the value of F2 is calculated.
Solution:
R 6.68 kips
F2
3
F
R F
F
2c 3
2c
F2 b F
2F
3
4.5
2F 2.5 2
2 4.5
F2 11.5
F
3
3
2 4.5
3
F2 0.7167F
Page 39 of 133

0.7167F
1.24F
3
6.68 1.24F
R F
F 5.387 kips
NORMAL STRESSES WITH SHEAR

DESIGN PROBLEMS
389.
The bracket shown is held in place by three bolts as shown. Let a = 5

in., = 30o, F = 1500 lb.; bolt material is equivalent to C1022, as
rolled. (a) Compute the size of the bolts by equation (5.1), Text. (b)
Assuming that the connecting parts are virtually rigid and that the
initial stress in the bolts is about 0.7sy, compute the factor of safety by
(i) the maximum shear stress theory, (ii) the octahedral shear theory.
(c) Compute the maximum normal stress.
Solution:
3
3
sA2
(a) Eq. 5-1, F y s , D in
e
4
corner
2FA 9 FB 3 F sin 3 F cos a
18FA 3FB 1500 sin30 3 1500 cos30 5.25
18FA 3FB 9070 lbs
FA
F
B
9
3
FA 3FB
Page 40 of 133
18FA FA 9070 lbs

FA 477.4 lbs
Fe FA
For C1022, as rolled, sy 52,000 psi

3
Fe
sy As 2
6
3
52,000 As 2
Fe 477.4
6
As 0.1448 in2
Select
Say D
(b) st
1
in, UNC, As 0.1419 in2
2
Fe
si
A
st
477.4
0.7 52,000 39,764 psi
0.1419
ss
F cos 3 1500 cos30 3
3052 psi
As
0.1419
(i)
Maximum shear theory

1
s
s
y
ss
sy 2
N 1.293
(ii)
1
2
39,764

52,000
3052

52
,000 2
1
2
Octahedral shear theory

1 s
N sy
N 1.296
s
y
ss
1
2
39,764

52,000
3052
52,000 3
1
2
(c) Maximum normal stress = 39,764 psi.

390.
For the mounted bracket shown, determine the rivet diameter (all
same size) for N = 3, the design being for the external loading (initial
stress ignored); F = 2.3 kips, = 0, c = 17 in., a = 1 in., b = 14
in.; rivet material is AISI 1015, as rolled. Compute for (a) the maximum
Page 41 of 133

shear theory, (b) the maximum normal stress theory, (c) the
octahedral shear theory.
Solution:
F2
F
1
a a b
F2
F1
1.5 1.5 14.5

F2 0.09375F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 1.5 14.5 0.09375F1 1.5 2.317
F1 1.2165 kips
F1 1.2165
ksi
A
A
F
2.3 0.7667
ksi
3A 3A
A
For AISI 4015, as rolled. sy 45.5 ksi
ss
(a) Maximum shear theory

1
s
y
s
s
s
ys
Page 42 of 133
1
2

sys 0.5sy 0.5 45.5 22.75 ksi
1 1.2165

3 45.5 A
0.7667
22.75 A
1
2
A 0.1291 in2
D2
0.1291 in2
4
D 0.4054 in
say D
(b)
3
in
8
s s

2 2
N sy
1
2
ss2
1.2165 1.2165
2A
2A

0.7667
1
2
1.5869
A
sy
N
1.5869 45.5
A
3
A 0.1046 in2
D2
0.1046 in2
4
D 0.365 in
say D
(c) sys
3
in
8
sy
3
1 1.2165

3 45.5 A
45.5
26.27 ksi
3
0.7667

26.27 A
1
2
A 0.11874 in2
D2
0.11874 in2
4
D 0.3888 in
say D
392.
3
in
8
The same as 390, except that the two top rivets are 2 in. long and the
bottom rivet is 1 in. long.
Page 43 of 133
Solution:
1
a a b
2
1
1.5 1.5 14.5
2 0.09375 1
F2 1.25 0.09375 2 F1
F2 0.15F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 16 0.15F1 1.5 2.317
F1 1.2133 kips
F1 1.2133
ksi
A
A
F
2.3 0.7667
ksi
3A 3A
A
For AISI 4015, as rolled. sy 45.5 ksi
ss
(b) Maximum shear theory
Page 44 of 133

1 s
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
sys 0.5sy 0.5 45.5 22.75 ksi

1 1.2133

3 45.5 A
0.7667
22.75 A
1
2
A 0.1289 in
D2
0.1289 in2
4
D 0.4051 in
say D
(b)
3
in
8
s s

2 2
N sy
1
2
ss2
1.2133 1.2133
2A
2A

sy
N
1.5843 45.5
A
3
A 0.1045 in2
D2
0.1045 in2
4
D 0.3648 in
say D
(c) sys
3
in
8
sy
3
45.5
26.27 ksi
3
1 1.2133

3 45.5 A
0.7667
26.27 A
A 0.1186 in
D2
0.1186 in2
4
D 0.3886 in
say D
3
in
8
Page 45 of 133
1
2
0.7667
1
2
1.5843
A
393.
The same as 390, except that the load is applied vertically at B instead
of at A; let AB = 8 in. The two top rivets are 12 in. apart.
Solution:
2 62
14.5
3
7.705 in
2 62
F1
F2
2b 3
2b
F2
F1
F1
214.5
1.2546F1
3 7.705
2b
F 8 2F1 F2
214.5
3
2.3 8 2F1 7.705 1.2546F1

F1 0.6682 kips
Page 46 of 133

6
6
0.7787
7.705
cos
R2 F12
F
cos
3
2F1
2.3
3
R 1.3536 kips
R2 0.6682 2
ss
(a)
2.3
0.7787
3
2 0.6682
R 1.3536
ksi
A
A
s
y
s
s
s
ys
1
2
From Problem 390.

1.2165
s
ksi
A
sy 45.5 ksi
sys 22.75 ksi
N3
1 1.2165

3 45.5 A
1.3536
22.75 A
1
2
A 0.1957 in
D2
0.1957 in2
4
D 0.5 in
say D
(b)
1
in
2
s s

2 2
N sy
1
2
ss2
sy
N
2.10 45.5
A
3
A 0.1385 in2
D2
0.1385 in2
4
D 0.42 in
Page 47 of 133
1.2165 1.2165
2A
2A

1.3536
1
2
2.10
A

say D
7
in
16
(c) s ys 26.27 ksi

1 1.2165

3 45.5 A
1.3536

26.27 A
1
2
A 0.1742 in2
D2
0.1742 in2
4
D 0.471 in
say D
394.
1
in
2
The bracket shown is made of SAE 1020, as rolled, and the rivets are
SAE 1015, cold drawn. The force F = 20 kips, L = 7 in., and = 60o. Let
the design factor (on yield) be 2. (a) Determine the thickness t of the
arm. (b) Compute the rivet diameter by both maximum shear and
octahedral shear theories and specify a standard size. (c) Decide upon
a proper spacing of rivets and sketch the bracket approximately to
scale. Is some adjustment of dimensions desirable? Give suggestions, if
any. (No additional calculations unless your instructor asks for a
complete design.)
Solution:
Bracket: SAE 1020, as rolled, sy 48 ksi
Rivets: SAE 1015, cold drawn, sy 63 ksi
N 2
(a) Bracket.
F cos L
F sin
A
I
A 4t
t 4 3
I
5.333t
12
Page 48 of 133
s
sy
N
48 20 sin60
20 cos60 7 2
2
4t
5.333t
t 1.275 in
say t 1
1
in
4
(b)
F2
F
1
2
6
F1 3F2
3F1 6 2F2 2 F cos60 L F sin60 3
3 3F2 6 2F2 2 20 cos60

F2 2.10 kips
7 20 sin60 3
F1 3F2 3 2.10 6.31 kips

ss
F cos 20 cos60 2
5A
5A
A
F1 F sin60 6.31 20 sin60 9.774
A
5A
A
5A
A
s
y
s
s
s
ys
sy 63 ksi
1
2
Max. shear: sys 0.5sy 0.5 63 31.5 ksi

1 9.774
2
2 63A
31
.5 A
A 0.3353 in2
2
1
2
D2
0.3353 in2
4
D 0.653 in
say D
3
in
4
Octahedral shear, sys

1 9.774
2
2 63A
36.37 A
A 0.3292 in2
2
Page 49 of 133
sy
3
1
2
63
36.37 ksi
3
D2
0.3292 in2
4
D 0.6474 in
say D
3
in
4
(c) Spacing
F cos
5 S D t
t 1.5 in , sy 48 ksi
D 0.75 in
F 20 kips
sy
N
F cos
5 S D t
48
20 cos60
2
5 S 0.75 1.5
S 0.806 in
use S
7
in adjust to 2 in
8
Page 50 of 133
Adjust spacing to 2 in from 7/8 in as shown.

CHECK PROBLEMS
396.
(a) If the rivets supporting the brackets of 390 are 5/8 in. in diameter,
= 0, c = 14 in. a = 2 in., and b = 18 in., what are the maximum
tensile and shear stresses in the rivets induced by a load of F = 10
kips. (b) For rivets of naval brass, hard, compute the factor of safety
by maximum shear and octahedral shear theories (initial tension
ignored).
Solution:
Page 51 of 133
F2
F
1
a a b
F2
F
1
2 2 18
F2 0.1F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 2 18 0.1F1 2 10 14
F1 3.8425 kips
F1
F
3.8425
1
12.525 ksi
A D2 0.625 2
4
4
F
F
10
ss
10.865 ksi
3A
2

2
3
3
D
0.625
4
4
s
s s

2 2
(a)
ss2
ss2
1
2
12.525

1
2
1
2
10.865
12.525 12.525
2
2
12.541 ksi
10.865
(b) Naval Brass, hard, sy 48 ksi.

1
s
y
s
s
s
ys
1
2
Max. shear theory; sys 0.5sy 0.5 48 24 ksi
Page 52 of 133
1
2
18.804 ksi

12.525
1

N
48
10.865
24
1
2
N 1.914
Octahedral shear theory; sys

12.525
1

N
48
10.865
27.71
N 2.123
397.
48
27.71 ksi
3
1
2
The same as 396, except that the two top rivets are in. in diameter
and the bottom one is in. in diameter.
Solution:
1
a a b
a
1
a b
F2
a F1
A2 a b A1
a
F2
a b
sy
D2
D1
Page 53 of 133
F1

2 0.5

18 0.75
F2
F1 0.0444F1
2F1 a b F2 a Fc
2F1 2 18 0.0444F1 2 1014
F1 3.492 kips
F1
3.492
7.9043 ksi
A1 0.75 2
4
F
10
ss
9.26 ksi
2 A1 A2

2
2
2 0.75 0.50
4
4
s
(a)
s

2
(b)
s
y
ss2
1
2
1
2
ss2
7.9043

s
s
s
ys
1
2
9.26
2
7.9043 7.9043
2
2
10.068 ksi
1
2
9.26
2
14.02 ksi
1
2
Max. shear theory; sys 0.5sy 0.5 48 24 ksi

1 7.9043

N
48
9.26
24
1
2
N 2.384

1 7.9043

N
48
N 2.684
398.
9.26
27.71
sy
3
48
27.71 ksi
3
1
2
What static load F may be supported by the -in. rivets shown, made
of cold-finished C1015, with N = 3; = 0, a = 1 , b = 9, c = 14, f = 9,
g = 12 in.? Count on no help from friction and ignore the initial tension.
Check by both maximum shear and octahedral shear theories.
Page 54 of 133
Solution:
For cold-finished, C1015, sy 63 ksi.
F1
F
2
a b a
F1
F
2
1.5 9 1.5
F1 7F2
3F1 a b F2 a Fc
3 7F2 1.5 9 F2 1.5 F14

F2 0.0631F
F1 7F2 0.4417F
F1
0.4417F
F
A 0.75 2
4
F
F
ss
0.5659F
4A

2
4
0.75
4
s
1 s
N sy
s
s
s
ys
Page 55 of 133
1
2

Max. shear theory; sys 0.5sy 0.5 63 31.5 ksi
1 F

3 63
0.5659F
31.5
1
2
F 13.9 kips

1 F

3 63
0.5659F
36.37
63
36.37 ksi
3
F 15 kips
399.
1
2
sy
The 2-in., UNC cap screw shown has been subjected to a tightening
torque of 20 in-kips. The force F = 12 kips, = 60o, and Q = 0; L = 24
in., a = 20 in., b = 15 in.; screw material is AISI C1137 as rolled. (a)
What is the approximate initial tightening load? (b) What is the
increase in this load caused by the external force F if the bar is 8 in.
wide and 2 in. thick and the unthreaded shank of the screw is 2 in.
long? (See 5.9, Text.) (c) What are the maximum tensile and shear
stresses in the bolt? (d) Compute the factor of safety from maximum
normal stress, maximum shear, and octahedral shear theories.
Solution:
(a) T CDF
i
C 0.2
D 2 in
T 20 in kips
20 0.2 2 Fi
Fi 50 kips
(b) 60
Fe L a F cos60 a
Fe 24 20 12 cos60 20
Fe 30 kips
Page 56 of 133
kb
kb kc
AE
kb s
Lb
AE
kc c
Lc
Fb Fe
For 2-UNC
As 2.50 in2
Width across flat = 3 in.
2.5E
kb
1.25E
2
3 2 E
4
kc
3.5343E
2
1.25E
7.84 kips
1.25E 3.5343E
Fi Fb 50 7.84
23.14 ksi
(c) s
As
2.50
Fb 30
ss
F sin 12 sin60
4.16 ksi
As
2.5
s

2
1
2
s s

2 2
2
s
23.14

2

1
2
ss2
1
2
4.16
2
23.14 23.14
2
2

12.3 ksi
(d) For C1137, as rolled, sy 55 ksi

sy
N
55
23.87
N
N 2.304
Maximum Shear:
0.5sy
0.5 55
N
N 2.236
12.3
Page 57 of 133
1
2
4.16
23.87 ksi

sy
Octahedral shear, sys

1
s
y
N 2.269
400.
1 23.14

N
55
55
31.75 ksi
3
1
2
ss
s
ys
4.16
31.75
1
2
The plate shown is attached by three -in., UNC cap screws that are
made of ASTM A325, heat-treated bolt material; L = 26 in., a = 6 in., b
= 4 in., = 0. The shear on the screws is across the threads and they
have been tightened to an initial tension of 0.6sp (sp = proof stress,
5.8, Text). Which screw is subjected to (a) the largest force, (b) the
largest stress? What safe static load can be supported by the screws
for N = 1.5 based on the Hencky-Mises criterion?
Solution:
For ASTM A325, Heat-Treated, -in. UNC
sy 88 ksi
sp 85 ksi
si 0.6 sp 0.6 85 51 ksi
Page 58 of 133
b
a

2
3
2.83 in
(a) Largest force, at A

(b) Largest stress, at A
F2
F1
2a 3
F1
2.83F1
F2
0.7075F1
2a 3 2 6 3
2a
2a
F L
3
3
2 6
2 6
2 0.7075 F1 2.83 F1
F 26
3
3
F1 3.75F
F
F
R F1 3.75F 4.1F
3
3
For in UNC, As 0.1419 in2
R
4.1F
ss
29F
A 0.1419
s si 51 ksi
2F2 F1
By Hencky-Mises Criterion.
1
sx sy 1

2
sx sy
1
2
ss2
sx s 51 ksi
sy 0
ss 29F
0.3
1
sx sy 1
N
2
sy
sx sy
88 1 0.3
51 1 0.3 51
1.5
2
2
F 0.63 kips 630 lbs
401.
1
2
ss2
1
2
29F
The same as 400, except that the cap screw A is in. in diameter.
Page 59 of 133
Solution:
A1 As1 0.3340 in2 (3/4 in UNC)

A2 As2 0.1419 in2 (1/2 in UNC)
F2
F1
A2 A1 2a 3
F2
F1
0.1419 2.83 0.3340 2 6 3

F2 0.3006F1
2a
2a
2F2 F1
F L
3
3
2 6
2 6
F 26
3
3
2 0.3006F1 2.83 F1
F1 5.262F
F2 0.3006F1 0.3006 5.262F 1.582F
For in UNC.
F
F
R F1 5.262F 5.6F
3
3
5.6F
ss
16.8F ksi
0.3340
For in. UNC,
F22
cos
a3
R 1.582F
ss
F
2F2
cos
3
1
2
6 3
0.7067
2.83
2
F
2 1.582F
0.7067
3
1.367F
9.6F ksi
0.1419
(a) Max. force, at in.
Page 60 of 133
1
2
1.367F

(b) Max. stress, at in.
ss 16.8F ksi
s si 51 ksi
51
88 1 0.3

51 1 0.3
N 1.5
2
2
sy
1
2
16.8F
NORMAL STRESSES WITH TORSION

DESIGN PROBLEMS
402.
A section of a machined shaft is subjected to a maximum bending

moment of 70,000 in-lb., a torque of 50,000 in-lb., and an end thrust of
25,000 lb. The unsupported length is 3 ft. and the material is AISI
C1030, normalized. Since the computations are to be as though the
stresses were steady, use N = 3.3. Compute the diameter from both
the maximum-shear and the octahedral-shear theories and specify a
standard size.
Solution:
wL2
2
M1 70,000 in lb
M M1
L 3 ft 36 in
w A
0.284 lb in3
D2
4
0.284D2
w
0.223D2 lb in
4
0.223D2 36 2
M 70,000
70,000 144.5D2
2
A
F 25,000 lb
F Mc
A
I
D
c
2
D2
A
4
s
Page 61 of 133

D4
64
4F 32M
s
D2 D3
4 25,000 32 70,000 144.5D2
s
D2
D3
31,831 713,014 1472
D
D2
D3
713,014 31,831 1472
s
D
D3
D2
s
ss
16T 16 50,000 254,6548
D3
D3
D3
For AISI C1030, normalized, sy 47 ksi 47 ,000 psi

1 s
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
Maximum shear
sys 0.5sy 0.5 47 23.5 ksi 23,500 psi

713,014 31,831 1472

1
D
D3
D2

3.3
47,000

1
2
254,648
23
,500D3
By trial and error,

D 4.125 in
Octahedral Shear
sy
47
sys
27.14 ksi 27,140 psi

3
3
713,014 31,831 1472

1
D
D3
D2

3.3
47 ,000

1
2
254,648
27
,140D3
By trial and error,

D 4.125 in
use D 4
1
in standard
4
403. The same as 402, except that the unsupported length is 15 ft. Do not
overlook the moment due to the weight of the shaft, which acts in the
same sense as the given bending moment.
Solution:
Page 62 of 133

L 15 ft 180 in
M 70,000
0.223D2 180 2
70,000 3612.6D2
2
F 25,000 lb
F Mc
A
I
4F 32M
s
D2 D3
s
4 25,000 32 70,000 3612.6D2

s
D2
D3
31,831 713,014 36,798
D
D2
D3
713,014 31,831 36,798
s
D
D3
D2
s
Maximum shear
713,014 31,831 36,798

1
D
D3
D2

3.3
47 ,000

1
2
254,648
3
23,500D
By trial and error,

D 5.125 in
Octahedral Shear
713,014 31,831 36,798

1
D
D3
D2

3.3
47 ,000

1
2
254 ,648
3
27 ,140D
By trial and error,

D 5.0625 in
use D 5
404.
1
in standard
4
A shaft is to be made in two sections, I and II, of diameters D1 and D2,

somewhat as shown, machined from AISI 1045, annealed. It is
expected that a = 8 in., b = 24 in., L = 20 in., and the load Q = 2 kips,
so seldom repeated that the design is for steady load. The factor of
safety is to be 2.2 on the basis of the octahedral-shear theory and
closely the same in each section. The ends A and B are restrained from
twisting, but they are designed to support the balancing reactions from
Q without other moments. Decide upon standard size for D1 and D2.
Page 63 of 133
Solution:
T QL 2 20 40 in kips
T1 T2 T 40 in kips
1 2
T1L1 T2 L2
J1G
J 2G
T1a
Tb
24
4
D1
D2
32
32
8T1 24T2
D14
D24
D1
D2
T1 3T2
T1 T2 T 40 in kips
D
T2 3 1
D2
T2
1 40
40
4
D
3 1
D2
T1
D
40 3 1
D2
D
3 1
D2
A B Q 2 kips
aA bB
8 A 24B
Page 64 of 133
D
120 1
D2
D 4
3 1 1
D2

A 3B
3B B 2
B 0.5 kips
A 1.5 kips
4
4
D1
D1

16 120
1920
D2
16T1
D2
ss1
D13
D 4
D 4
D13 3 1 1
D13 3 1 1
D2
D2
16T2
16 40
640
ss2
3
4
D2
D
D 4
D23 3 1 1
D23 3 1 1
D2
D2
32M1 32 Aa 321.5 8 384
D13
D13
D13
D13
32M 2 32Bb 32 0.5 24 384
s2
3
D23
D23
D23
D2
s1
For AISI 1045, annealed, sy 55 ksi,
N 2.2
Octahedral Shear
1
s
y
sy
sys
1 s1
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
55
31.75 ksi
3
ss1
1
2
s
ys
1
384

2.2 55D13
1
2.2224

2.2 D13
Page 65 of 133
D
19.25 1
D2
D 4
D13 3 1 1
D2
1
2
D
1920 1
D2
D
31.75D13 3 1
D2
1
2

1 s2
N sy
ss2
1
2
s
ys
384
55D3
2
640
D
1
31.75D23 3
D2
2.2224
D23
2.2
D1
3
D2 3
D2
By trial and error,

D1
Trial
D2
1
1.25
1.37
1.40
6.42
1
2
2.2
1
2
D1
D2
2.268
2.372
2.398
2.403
1.820
1.730
1.714
1.712
D1
D2
1.25
1.37
1.40
1.40
Actual
1
3
in , D2 1 in
2
4
1
But D1 D2 , use D1 2 in
2
1
D2 D1 2r 1.3D1 1.3 2 3.25 in
2
1
say D2 3 in
2
Use standard D1 2
405.
The shaft shown overhangs a bearing on the right and has the
following dimensions: a = 5 in., b = in., and e = 10 in. The material
is AISI C1040, annealed. This shaft is subjected to a torque T = 10,000
in-lb., forces F1 = 10,000 lb., and F2 = 20,000 lb. Using a static-design
approach, determine the diameter D for N = 2.5, with computations
from the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.
Page 66 of 133
Solution:
0.284 lb in3
2
w 0.284
D 0.223D2
4
2
we
0.223D2 10 2
M
11.15D2
2
2
Bending due to F1 and load
32 F1a M 32 10,000 5 11.15D2 509,296 114

s1
D3
D3
D3
D
Bending due to F2
s2
32F2 b
D3
Tension,
s3
32 20,000
101,859
D3
4 20,000 25,465
D2
D2
since s1 s2
s s3 s1 s2
25,465 509,296 114 101,859
s
D
D2
D3
D3
407 ,437 25,465 114
s
D
D3
D2
ss
16T 1610,000 50,930
D3
D3
D3
N 2.5
1 s
N sy
s
s
s
ys
1
2
For AISI C1040, annealed (Fig. AF 1) sy 48 ksi

Maximum shear, sys 0.5sy 0.5 48 24 ksi
Page 67 of 133

407 ,437 25,465 114

1
D
D3
D2

2.5
48,000
1
2
50,930
3
24,000D
D 2.95 in
Octahedral Shear
sy
48
sys
27.71 ksi
3
3
407 ,437 25,465 114

1
D
D3
D2

2.5
48,000

50 ,930
27
,710D3
Solution
F2 0
s2 0 , s3 0
509,296 114
s s1
D
D3
50,930
ss
D3
N 2.5
Maximum shear, sys 0.5sy 0.5 48 24 ksi
D 3 in
Octahedral Shear
Page 68 of 133
1
2
50,930
24
,000D3
The same as 405, except that F2 = 0.
509,296 114

1
D
D3

2.5
48,000

D 2.95 in
use D 3.0 in
406.
1
2
sys
sy
3
48
27.71 ksi
3
509,296 114

1
D
D3

2.5
48,000

1
2
50,930
3
27 ,710D
D 2.997 in
use D 3.0 in
CHECK PROBLEMS
407. The shaft shown overhangs a bearing at the right and has the
following dimensions: D = 2 in., a = 4 in., b = in., c = 2 in., d = 6 in.,
e = 8 in., r = in. This shaft is subjected to a torque T = 8000 in-lb.
and forces F1 = 8000 lb., and F2 = 16,000 lb. Determine the maximumshear and normal stresses, and the octahedral-shear stress: (a) at
points A and B ( = 45o), (b) at points M and N, (c) at point G.
Solution:
Bending due to F2 :
s2
32F2 b 3216,000 0.75
15,279 psi
D3
2 3
Tension
s3
4F2
416 ,000
5093 psi
2
D
2 2
Bending due to F1 and weight of beam
wx2
32 F1a
2
s1
D3
x from the free end.
ss
16T 16 8000
5093 psi
D3
2 3
w 0.223D2 0.223 2 2 0.892 lb in
(A) x e c 8 2 6 in
Page 69 of 133
0.892 6 2
32 8000 4
40,764 psi
s1
2 3
at A
s s3 s1 s2 sin45 5093 40,764 15,279 sin45 23,114 psi
Max. Shear
s

1
2
ss2
23,114

Max. Normal
s s

2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
2
23,114 23,114
2
2
12,629 psi
5093
Octahedral Shear Stress
2 2
o
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
23,114 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
24,186 psi
11,662 psi
At B:
s s1 s2 sin45 s3 40,764 15,279 sin45 5093 12,928 psi
Max. Shear
s

2
1
2
ss2
12,928

Max. Normal
s s

2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
2
8229 psi
12,928 12,928
2
2
5093
2 2
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
2
12,928 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
7,378 psi
(B)
1
7.75 in
4
0.892 7.75 2
32 8000 4
40,778 psi
s1
2 3
at M
s s3 s1 s2 5093 40,778 15,279 30,592 psi
x e c 8
Max. Shear
s

1
2
ss2
Page 70 of 133
30,592

1
2
5093
14,693 psi
16,122 psi

Max. Normal
s s

2 2
1
2
ss2
30 ,592 30,592
2
2
5093
2 2
o
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
30,592 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
31,418 psi
15,009 psi
At N:
s s1 s2 s3 40,778 15,279 5093 20,406 psi
Max. Shear
s

1
2
ss2
20,406

Max. Normal
s s

2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
20,406 20,406
2
2
11,403 psi
5093
2 2
s 3ss2
3
1
2
2
20,406 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
1
2
21,606 psi
10,480 psi
(C) At G.
x e c 8 2 6 in
0.892 2 2
32 8000 4
40,746 psi
s1
3
2
s s3 s1 s2 cos30 5093 40,746 15,279 cos30 17 ,826 psi
Max. Shear
s

1
2
ss2
17 ,826

Max. Normal
s s

2 2
1
2
ss2
1
2
5093
17 ,826 17 ,826
2
2
10,265 psi
5093
o
411.
2 2
s 3ss2
3
1
2
1
2
2
17,826 2 3 5093 2
3
1
2
19,178 psi
9376 psi
A 4-in. shaft carries an axial thrust of 20 kips. The maximum bending

moment is 2/3 of the twisting moment; material is AISI 8630, WQT
1100 F, and N =3. Use the steady stress approach and compute the
horsepower that may be transmitted at 2000 rpm?
Page 71 of 133

Solution:
For AISI 8630, WQT 1100oF, sy 125 ksi
32M
4F
s
3
D
D2
16T
ss
D3
2
M T
3
F 20 kips
D 4 in
2
32 T
4 20
3
s 3
0.1061T 1.59155
4
4 2
16T
ss
0.0796T
4 3
By maximum shear.
sys 0.5sy 0.5125 62.5 ksi
1
s
y
s
s
s
ys
1
2
1 0.1061T 1.59155

3
125
0.0796T
62.5
T 213 in kips 213,000 in lb
hp
1
2
213,000 2000
Tn
6762 hp
63,000
63,000
412.
The same as 411, except that the shaft is hollow with an inside
diameter of 2 in.
Solution:
32MDo
Do4 Di4
4F
Do2 Di2
2
32 T 4
4 20
3
s
0.1252T 2.612
4
4
4 2.5
4 2 2.5 2
ss
1
16TDo
Do4 Di4
s
s
y
ss
s
ys
16T 4
0.0939T
4 4 2.5 4
1
2
Page 72 of 133

1 0.1252T 2.612

3
125
T 177 in kips 177 ,000 in lb
hp
1
2
0.0939T
62.5
177 ,000 2000

Tn
5619 hp
63,000
63,000
413.
A hollow, alloyed-steel shaft, AISI 4130, OQT 1100 F, has an OD of 3

in. and an ID of 2 in. It is transmitting 1500 hp at 1200 rpm, and at
the same time is withstanding a maximum bending moment of 40,000
in-lb. and an axial compressive force F = 10 kips. The length of the
shaft between bearings is 10 ft. Using a steady stress approach,
determine (a) the maximum shearing stress in the shaft, (b) the
maximum normal stress, (c) the factor of safety in each case. (d) Also
compute N from the octahedral shear theory.
Solution:
For alloy-steel shaft, AISI 4130, WQT 1100oF, sy 114 ksi (Table AT 7)
63,000hp 63,0001500
78,750 in lb
n
1200
1
in
4
1
Di 2 in
2
2

2
2
2
w 0.284
Do Di 0.284
3.25 2.5 0.962 lb in
4
4
2
wL
(Table AT 8)
M M1
8
Do 3
L 10 ft 120 in
M 40,000
0.962120 2
41,732 in lb
8
32MDo
4F
4
4
2
Do Di
Do Di2
32 41,732 3.25
410,000
22,000 psi
4
4
3.25 2.5
3.25 2 2.5 2
16TDo
16 78,750 3.25
ss
17 ,978 psi
4
4
Do Di
3.25 4 2.5 4
(A)
(B)
s s

2 2
(C) N
sys
1
2
ss2
22,000

1
2
ss2
0.5sy
Page 73 of 133
1
2
17 ,978
22,000 22,000
2
2
0.5114
2.704
21.076
21,076 psi
1
2
17 ,978
32,076 psi
(D)
sy
114
3.554
32.076
1 s
N sy
sys
sy
3
s
s
s
ys
1
2
114
65.82 ksi
3
1 22.0

N 114
17.978
65.82
N 2.99
1
2
VARYING STRESSES COMBINED

DESIGN PROBLEMS
414.
The force F on the lever in the illustration (in the plane of the lever)
varies from a maximum of 424.2 lb. to a minimum of -141.4 lb.; L = 20
in., a = 15 in., D2 = 1.2D1, r = 0.125D1, = 45o; the material is colddrawn SAE 1040, 10% worked, the design factor N = 1.5. Compute the
diameter D1 using the Soderberg-line approach with both the
maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories; indefinite life.
Solution:
For SAE 040, 10% Worked
sn 54 ksi
sy 85 ksi
sn 54
1
sy 85 1.574
sns sn
1
sys sy 1.574
SF 0.85
Page 74 of 133
Strength Reduction Factors

With r d r D1 0.125
D d D2 D1 1.2
Fig. AF 12
Kt 1.54
Kts 1.27
Assume q 1
Kf 1 q Kt 1 1 1 Kt 1 Kt
Kf 1.54
K fs 1.27
Forces:
Fmax 424.2 lb
Fmin 141.4 lb
1
Fmax Fmax 1 424.2 141.4 141.4 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fmax Fmax 424.2 141.4 282.8 lb
2
2
Fm
D2
0.223D2
w 0.284
4
wL2
wL2
FL
2
2
0.233D2 20 2
M m 141.4 20
2828 44.6D2
2
0.233D2 20 2
Ma 282.8 20
5656 44.6D2
2
M M1
T F cos a
282.8 cos45 15 3000 in lb
Tm 141.4 cos45 15 1500 in lb

Ta
32M
D3
32 2828 44.6D2
28,806 454
sm
3
D
D
D3
2
32 5656 44.6D
57 ,612 454
sa
3
D
D
D3
s
Page 75 of 133
16T
D3
ss
161500 7640
3
D3
D
16 3000 15,280
sas
D3
D3
sms
ses
K fssas
sns
sms
sys
SF
ses
1 7640 1.27 15,280 27 ,684

1.574 D3 0.85 D3
D3
se
K f sa
sn
sm
sy
SF
se
1 28,806 454 1.54
1.574 D3
D 0.85
1 se

N sn
1
2
ses

sns
2
57 ,612 454 122,681 1111

D
D
D3
D3
Maximum shear, sns 0.5sn 0.5 54,000 27 ,000 psi

122,681 1111

1
D
D3

1.5
54 ,000

D 1.5625 in 1
27 ,684
3
27 ,000D
9
in
16
say D 1
5
in
8
Page 76 of 133
9
in
16
122,681 1111

1
D
D3

1.5
54,000

say D 1
Octahedral Shear. sns
D 1.55 in
1
2
sn
3
54,000
31,177 psi
3
1
2
27 ,684
3
31,177D

417.
A hollow steel shaft, SAE 1045, as rolled, has an inside diameter of one
half of the outside diameter and is transmitting 1600 hp at 600 rpm.
The maximum bending moment is 40,000in-lb. Determine the diameter
for N = 3 by both the maximum-shear and octahedral shear theories.
Specify a standard size. Use the Soderberg line for obtaining the
equivalent stresses.
Solution:
For SAE 1045, as rolled, sy 59 ksi, su 96 ksi
sn 0.5su 48 ksi
sn sns 48
1
sy sys 59 1.229
Assume Kf Kfs 1
Do 2Di
For bending:
sm 0
sa s
s
1
se n sm K f sa
0 1 s s
sy
1.229
se s
32MDo
32 40,000 2Di 54,325
Do4 Di4
Di3
2Di 4 Di4
For torsion:
63,000hp 63,0001600
168,000 in lb
n
600
s
ses ns sms K fssas
sys
sas 0
sms s
ses
sns
1 16TDo
1 16168,000 2Di 92,825
sms
sys
1.229 Do4 Di4 1.229 2Di 4 Di4
Di3
Maximum shear, sns 0.5sn 0.5 48,000 24 ,000 psi

1
54,325

1.5 48,000Di3
92,825

3
24,000Di
1
2
Di 2.295 in
say Di 2.25 in, Do 2Di 4.5 in
Page 77 of 133
sn
3
48,000
27 ,713 psi
3

1
54,325

1.5 48,000Di3
92,825

3
27 ,713Di
1
2
Di 2.20 in
say Di 2.25 in, Do 2Di 4.5 in
Standard Size Di 2
418.
1
1
in, Do 4 in
4
2
A section of a shaft without a keyway is subjected to a bending

moment that varies sinusoidally from 30 to 15 then to 30 in-kips during
two revolutions, and to a torque that varies similarly and in phase from
25 to 15 to 25 in-kips; there is also a constant axial force of 40 kips;
the material is AISI 2340, OQT 1000 F; N = 1.5. Determine the
diameter by (a) the maximum-shear-stress theory; (b) the octahedralshear-stress theory.
Solution:
For AISI 2340, OQT 1000oF. s y 120 ksi , su 137 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5137 68.5 ksi
sn sns 68.5
1
sy sys 120 1.752

Assume Kf Kfs 1
1
Mm 30 15 22.5 in kips
2
1
Ma 30 15 7.5 in kips
2
1
Tm 25 15 20 in kips
2
1
Ta 25 15 5 in kips
2
32Mm 4F 32 22.5 4 40 229 51

2
3 2
D3
D
D3
D2
D
D
32Ma 32 7.5 76
sa
3
D3
D3
D
sm
16Tm 16 20 102
3
D3
D3
D
16Ta 16 5 25.5
sas
3
D3 D3
D
sms
Page 78 of 133

Kf
sn
1 229 51 1 76 220 29
sm
sa
3 2
sy
SF
1.752 D3 D2 0.85 D3
D
D
Kfs
s
1 102 1 25.5
88
ses ns sms
sas
3
3

3
sys
SF
1.752 D 0.85 D D
se
(a) Maximum shear, sns 0.5sn 0.5 68.5 34.25 psi

220
29
2

3
1
D
D

1.5
68.5

1
2
88
3
34.25D
D 1.93 in
say D 2 in ,
220
29
2

3
1
D
D

1.5
68.5

sn
3
68.5
39.55 psi
3
1
2
88
39.55D3
D 1.909 in
say D 2 in
419.
The same as 418, except that the shaft has a profile keyway at the
point of maximum moment.
Solution:
K f 1.6
K fs 1.3
Kf
sn
1 229 51 1.6 76 274 29
sm
sa
3 2
sy
SF
1.752 D3 D2 0.85 D3
D
D
Kfs
s
1 102 1.3 25.5
97
ses ns sms
sas
3
3

3
sys
SF
1.752 D 0.85 D D
se
(a) Maximum shear, sns 0.5sn 0.5 68.5 34.25 psi

274
29
2

3
1
D
D
1.5
68.5

D 2.04 in
say D 2 in
Page 79 of 133
1
2
97
34
.
25D3

(b) Octahedral Shear. sns
274
29
2

3
1
D
D
1.5
68.5

sn
3
1
2
97
39.55D3
D 2.02 in
say D 2 in
68.5
39.55 psi
3
CHECK PROBLEMS
420.
A 2-in. shaft made from AISI 1144, elevated temperature drawn,

transmits 200 hp at 600 rpm. In addition to the data on the figure, the
reactions are B = 4.62 kips and E = 1.68 kips. Compute the factor of
safety by the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.
Solution:
For AISI 1144, Elevated Temperature, drawn, sy 83 ksi, su 118 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5118 59 ksi
sn 59
1
sy 83 1.407
MB 2.110 21 in kips, MC 1.6810 16.8 in kips

63,000hp 63,000 200
T
21,000 in lbs 21 in kips

n
600
Table AT 13
Kf 2.0 , K fs 1.6
s
se n sm Kf sa
sy
Mm 0 , sm 0
Ma M m
3216.8
32MC
2.0
42.8 ksi
3
3
D
2
se Kf sa Kf
ses
sns
sms K fssas
sys
Tm T ,
Ta 0
Page 80 of 133
ses
sns
s 16T
1 16 21
sms ns
9.5 ksi
3
sys
sys D 1.407 2 3
Maximum shear, sns 0.5sn 0.5 59 29.5 psi

1
se
sn
s
es
sns
1 42.8

N 59
1
2
9.5
29.5
1
2
N 1.26
Octahedral Shear. sns 0.577 sn 0.577 59 34.05 psi
42.8
1

N
59
9.5
34.05
N 1.26
421.
1
2
In the figure (399), the bar supports a static load Q = 3000 lb. acting
down; L = 16 in., a = 12 in., b = 7 in. The force F = 2500 lb. is
produced by a rotating unbalanced weight and is therefore repeated
and reversed in both the horizontal and the vertical directions. The 1in. cap screw, with cut UNC threads, is made of AISI C1137, annealed,
and it has been subjected to a tightening torque of 4600 in-lb. The
thickness of the bar is 2 in. (a) Compute the factor of safety for the
load reversing in the vertical direction, and (b) in the horizontal
direction (maximum-shear theory), with the conservative assumption
that friction offers no resistance.
Solution:
For AISI C1137, annealed, sy 50 ksi, su 85 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5 85 42.5 ksi
Kf 2.8 (Table AT 12)
sn sns 42.5
1
sy sny
50
1.1765
T 0.2DFi
4600 0.21 Fi
Fi 23,000 lbs 23 kips
Page 81 of 133
For 1-in cap screws, UNC

As 0.606 in2
Nut: A 1.5 in
kb
kb kc
AE
AE
kb s , kc c
Le
Le
kb
As
0.606
0.2554
kb kc As Ac 0.606 1.5 2
4
Fb Fe
Q 3000 lb 3 kips
F 2500 lb 2.5 kips
(a) Vertical, Moment at Edge = 0,
Q F
a b Femax Q F b
12 7 Femax 3.0 2.5 7
Femax 7.7 kips
a b Femin Q F b
12 7 Femin 3.0 2.5 7
Femin 0.7 kips
Fbmax 7.7 0.2554 1.97 kips

Fbmin 0.7 0.2554 0.18 kips
Fbmax Fi Fbmax 23 1.97 24.97 kips
Fbmin Fi Fbmin 23 0.18 23.18 kips
1
Fbmax Fbmin 1 24.97 23.18 24.1 kips
2
2
1
1
Fa Fbmax Fbmin 24.97 23.18 0.9 kip
2
2
Fm
Fm
24.1
39.8 ksi
As 0.606
F
0.9
sa a
1.5 ksi
As 0.606
sm
Page 82 of 133

1 sm Kf sa
N sy
sn
say Kf 2.8 , SF 0.85 , Factor for tension = 0.80

sn 0.85 0.80 42.5 28.9 ksi
1 39.8 2.81.5
N
50
28.9
N 1.06
(b) Horizontal:
a b Fe Qb
12 7 Fe 3 7
Fe 4.2 kips
Fb 4.2 0.2554 1.073 kips

Fb Fi Fb 23 1.073 24.1 kips
F
24.1
s b
39.8 ksi
A 0.606
sm s
sa 0
K f sa
s
1
39.8 0 33.83 ksi
se n sm
sy
SF 1.1765
Shear:
Fm 0
1
Fa Fmax Fmin 2.5 kips
2
sms 0
sas
ses
1
Fa
2.5
4.13 ksi
As 0.606
K fssas
sns
1.0 4.13
sms
0
4.86 ksi
sys
SF
0.85
se
sn
1
2
s
es
sns
sns 0.5sn 0.5 42.5 21.25 ksi, maximum shear

1 33.83

N 42.5
N 1.21
422.
4.86
21.25
1
2
The load Q, as seen (404), acts on the arm C and varies from 0 to 3
kips. The ends A and B of the shaft are restrained from turning through
an angle but are supported to take the reactions A and B without other
Page 83 of 133

moments. The shaft is machined from AISI 1045, as rolled; D1 = 2, D2 =
2.5, L = 15, a = 10, b = 20 in. For calculation purposes, assume that
the shaft size changes at the section of application of Q. Determine the
factor of safety in accordance with the maximum-shear and
octahedral-shear theories. Investigate both sections I and II. Would you
judge the design to be 100% reliable?
Solution:
T QL
Tmax 315 45 in kips

T1 T2 45 in kips
T1a T2 b
J
J
T1a T2 b
4
D14
D2
T1 10 T2 20
2 4 2.5 4
T1 0.8192T2
0.8192T2 T2 45 in kips
T2 24.74 in kips
T1 0.8192T2 0.8192 24.74 20.27 in kips

1
1
T1 20.27 10.14 in kips
2
2
1
1
T2 24.74 12.37 in kips
2
2
Ta1 Tm1
Ta2 Tm2
sms sas
16T
D3
sms1 sas1
16T1 1610.14
6.46 ksi
D13
2 3
Page 84 of 133
sms2 sas2
16T2 1612.37
4.03 ksi
D23
2.5 3
A B Q 3 kips
Aa Bb
A10 B 20
A 2B
2B B 3 kips
B 1 kip
A 2 kips
M Aa Bb 2 10 20 in kips
Mmax M 20 in kips
1
Mm Ma Mmax 10 in kips
2
32M
sm sa
D3
3210
12.73 ksi
2 3
3210
sa2
6.52 ksi
2.5 3
sm1 sa1
sm2
Use (1)
sms 6.46 ksi, sm 12.73 ksi
sas 6.46 ksi, sa 12.73 ksi
r 0.15D1
r
D D2 2.5
0.15 ,
1.25
D1
d D1 2.0
Kt 1.5 , Kts 1.25 (Figure AF 12)
r 0.15D1 0.15 2 0.30

1
0.968
a
0.01
1
1
r
0.3
Kf q Kt 1 1 0.9681.5 1 1 1.484
K fs q Kts 1 1 0.9681.25 1 1 1.242
Profile Keyway
K f 1.6 , K fs 1.3
Net
K f 1.484 1.6 1 0.20 1.9
Page 85 of 133

K fs 1.242 1.31 0.20 1.3
For AISI 1045, as rolled, sy 59 ksi, su 96 ksi

sn 0.5su 48 ksi
sns sn 48
1
sys sy 59 1.229
SF 0.85 , RF 0.85
K f sa
sn
1
12.73 1.912.73 43.84 ksi
sm
SF RF 1.229
0.85 0.85
sy
se
ses
K fssas
sns
1
6.46 1.3 6.46 16.88 ksi
sms
SF RF 1.229
0.85 0.85
sys
Maximum shear, sns 0.5sn 0.5 48 24 psi

1
se
sn
s
es
sns
43.84
1

N
48
1
2
16.88
24
1
2
N 0.87
Octahedral Shear. sns 0.577 sn 0.577 48 27.7 psi
43.84
1

N
48
N 0.91
16.88
27.7
1
2
Not 100% reliable, N < 100.

423.
A rotating shaft overhangs a bearing, as seen in the illustration. A -in.

hole is drilled at AB. The horizontal force F2 varies in phase with the
shaft rotation from 0 to 5 kips, but its line of action does not move. A
steady torque T = 8 in-kips is applied at the end of the shaft; D = 2, D2
= 2.5, a = 2, b = 5, e = 0.5, r = in. The material is AISI C1040,
annealed. What steady vertical load F1 can be added as shown if the
design factor is to be 2.5 from the octahedral-shear theory? Assume
that the cycling of F2 may be such that the worst stress condition
occurs at the hole.
Page 86 of 133
Solution:
AISI C1040, annealed, sy 48 ksi (Fig. AF 1), su 80 ksi
sn 0.5su 40 ksi
sn 40
1
sy 48 1.2
For hole: d D 0.25 2 0.125
Kt 2.2 , Kts 1.6
a 0.01 (annealed)
0.25
r
0.125
2
1
1
q
0.926
a
0.01
1
1
r
0.125
K f q Kt 1 1 0.926 2.2 1 1 2.11
K fs q Kts 1 1 0.9261.6 1 1 1.56
At hole
s s3 s1 s2
Bending F2 :
s2
Mc M
I
I c
F2 e
5 0.5
4.04 ksi
2
3
D dD 2
0.25 2 2
32
6
32
6
F2
5
s3
1.89 ksi
2
2
D
2
dD
0.25 2
4
4
F1b
F1 5
s1
8.08F1
3
2
3
D dD 2
0.25 2 2
32
6
32
6
s2
Page 87 of 133

ss
D dD
16
6
3
16
3
8
0.25 2 2
5.70 ksi
smin s3 s1 s2 1.89 8.08F1 4.04 8.08F1 2.15

smax s1 8.08F1
1
1
sm smax smin 8.08F1 8.08F1 2.15 8.08F1 1.08 ksi
2
2
1
1
sa smax smin 8.08F1 8.08F1 2.15 1.08 ksi
2
2
se 6.74F1 1.78
s
ses ns sms K fssas
sys
sms ss
sas 0
1
5.7 4.75 ksi
1.2
N 2.5
ses
Octahedral Shear Theory

s
sns n 0.577 sn 0.577 40 23.08 ksi
3
1 se

N sn
s
es
sns
1
2
6.74F1 1.78
1

2.5
40
4.75
23.08
1
2
F1 2.3 kips
POWER SCREWS
424. Design a square-thread screw for a screw jack, similar to that shown,
which is to raise and support a load of 5 tons. The maximum lift is to
be 18 in. The material is AISI C1035, as rolled, and N 3.3 based on
the yield strength.
Page 88 of 133
Solution:
AISI C1035, as rolled, sy 55 ksi
sy 55
s
16.6 ksi
N 3.3
F 5 2 10 kips
F
10
0.6034 in2
s 16.6
Dr2
A
0.6034 in2
4
Dr 0.876 in
say 1 in, Dr 1.000 in
A
L 18 in
Le 2L 36 in
1
1
k Dr 1.000 0.125 in
8
8
Le
36
288 40
k 0.125
Transition:
Le 2 2E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
55
Use column formula, Eulers
2 EI
NL2e
10,000
2 30 10 6 I
3.3 36 2
Dr4
I
0.14444
64
Dr 1.31 in
use 1 in, Dr 1.400 in
Page 89 of 133
1
2
104
Le
104
k
425.
(a) For the screw of 424, what length of threads h will be needed for a
bearing pressure of 1800 psi? (b) Complete the design of the jack. Let
the base be cast iron and the threads integral with the base. Devise a
method of turning the screw with a round steel rod as a lever and fix
the details of a nonrotating cap on which the load rests. (c) What
should be the diameter of the rod used to turn the screw? If a man
exerts a pull of 150 lb. at the end, how long must the rod be?
Solution:
(a)
Th/in = 2.5
Dr 1.40 in
1
0.4 in
2.5
Lead
tan1
Dm
1
Dm 1.75 1.40 1.575 in
2
0.40
tan1
4.62
1
.
575
LeadPitch
f 0.15
tan f 0.15
8.53
F cos
Do Dr L
1800
10,000 cos 8.53 4.62

1.75 1.40 L
L 16.30 in
h Ltan 16.30 tan4.62 1.32 in
say h 1.5 in
Page 90 of 133

(b) Assume ASTM 20. sus 32 ksi, su 20 ksi, N 5
32
6.4 ksi
5
20
s
4 ksi
5
ss
F
Dh
10
6.4
D1.5
ss
D 0.33 in
Dr 1.4 in 0.33 in
3
Do 1 in
4
Use proportions from figure based on diameter.

Method: Manual, normal pull.
7
(c) D in (Based on proportion)
8
FDm
101.575 tan 8.53 4.62 1.84 in kips
tan
2
2
T Fa
F 150 lb 0.15 kips
1.84 0.15a
a 12.3 in
426.
A screw jack, with a 1 -in. square thread, supports a load of 6000 lb.
The material of the screw is AISI C1022, as rolled, and the coefficient of
friction for the threads is about 0.15. The maximum extension of the
screw from the base is 15 in. (a) Considering the ends of the screw
restrained so that Le = L, find the equivalent stress and the design
factor. (b) If the load on the jack is such that it may sway, the screw
probably acts as a column with one end free and the other fixe. What is
the equivalent stress and the factor of safety in this instance? (c) What
force must be exerted at the end of a 20-in. lever to raise the load? (d)
Find the number of threads and the length h of the threaded portion in
the cast-iron base for a pressure of 500 psi on the threads. (e) What
torque is necessary to lower the load?
Page 91 of 133
Solution:
From Table AT 7,
AISI C1022, as rolled, sy = 52 ksi
F = 6000 lb = 6 kips
For 1 in square thread, Dr = 1.0 in, Th/in. = 3.5
f = 0.15
(a) With Le = L = 15 in
1
1
k Dr 1.0 0.125 in
8
8
Le
15
120
k 0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;

Le 2 2 E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
52
Fc NF
sd
2EA
Le k 2
F
2E
A N Le k 2
Equivalent stress
F
4F
sd
A Dr2
4 6
7.64 ksi
1.0 2
Design factor
2E
sd
N Le k 2
sd
Page 92 of 133
1
2
107
Le
107
k

2 30,000
N120 2
N 2.69
7.64
(b) With Le = 2L = 30 in
Le
30
240
k 0.125
Transition for AISI C1020;

Le 2 2 E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
52
Fc NF
sd
1
2
107
Le
107
k
2EA
Le k 2
F
2E
A N Le k 2
Equivalent stress
F
4F
sd
A Dr2
4 6
7.64 ksi
1.0 2
Design factor
2E
sd
N Le k 2
sd
2 30,000
N 240 2
N 0.673 not safe
7.64
(c) For force exerted at the end of 20-in. lever to raise the load = Fa
WDm
tan
2
Lead Pc
1
0.2857 in
3.5
1
1.25 1.00 1.125 in
2
Lead
0.2857
tan1
tan1
4.62
Dm
1.125
f tan 0.15
Dm
8.53
W 6000 lb
Page 93 of 133

WDm
tan
2
60001.125
Fa 20
tan 8.53 4.62
2
T Faa
Fa 39.43 lb
(d) Let p = pressure = 500 psi, W = 6000 lb, Do = 1.25 in, Di = 1.00 in.
Nt = number of threads, h = length of threaded portion.
500
Do2
4W
Dr2 Nt
4 6000
1.25 2 1.00 2 Nt
Nt 27
Then
h Nt Pc 27 0.2857 7.7 in
(e) Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
tan
2
60001.125
T
tan 8.53 4.62
2
T 230.7 in lb.
427.
A square-thread screw, 2 in. in diameter, is used to exert a force of

24,000 lb. in a shaft-straightening press. The maximum unsupported
length of the screw is 16 in. and the material is AISI C1040, annealed.
(a) What is the equivalent compressive stress in the screw? Is this a
satisfactory value? (b) What torque is necessary to turn the screw
against the load for f = 0.15? (c) What is the efficiency of the screw?
(d) What torque is necessary to lower the load?
Solution:
For 2 in. square thread screw, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in. = 2.25 from
Table 8.1
W = 24,000 lb = 24 kips, L = 16 in
(a) For unsupported length, Le = L = 16 in.
For AISI C1040, annealed, Figure AF-1, sy = 47.5 ksi
Transition,
1
1
k Dr 1.612 0.2015 in
8
8
Le 2 2 E
k
sy
1
2
2 2 30,000
47.5
Then
Le
16
79.4 112
k 0.2015
Page 94 of 133
1
2
112
Use column formula, JB Johnson Formula,
sy Le k 2
F
se 1
A
4 2E
se
4W
s L k 2
Dr2 1 y e 2
4 E
4 24
se
47.5 79.4 2
1.612 2 1 2
4 30,000
se 15.74 ksi
s
47.5
N y
3.0 satisfactory
se 15.74
(b) Torque to turn the screw against the load
WDm
tan
2
Lead Pc
1
0.4445 in
2.25
1
2.00 1.612 1.806 in
2
Lead
0.4445
tan1
tan1
4.48
Dm
1.806
f tan 0.15
Dm
8.53
W 24,000 lb
WDm
tan
2
24,0001.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 5008 in lb
(c) Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
tan
2
24,0001.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 1535 in lb.
Page 95 of 133
Le
112
k

428.
(a) A jack with a 2-in., square-thread screw is supporting a load of 20

kips. A single thread is used and the coefficient of friction may be as
low as 0.10 or as high as 0.15. Will this screw always be self-locking?
What torque is necessary to raise the load? What torque is necessary
to lower the load? (b) The same as (a) except that a double thread is
used. (c) The same as (a) except that a triple thread is used.
Solution:
Table 8.1, 2 in. square thread, Do = 2 in, Dr = 1.612 in, Th/in = 2.25
(a) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.
1
Dm 2.00 1.612 1.806 in
2
1
Lead Pc
0.4445 in
2.25
Lead
0.4445
tan1
tan1
4.48
Dm
1.806
If f = 0.10
f tan 0.10
5.71
If f = 0.15
f tan 0.15
8.53
Since is always greater than , the screw is always self-locking.
WDm
tan
2
W 20 kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 4.173 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load.
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 4.48
2
T 1.279 in kips
.
(b) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

2
Lead 2Pc
0.8889 in
2.25
Lead
0.8889
tan1
tan1
8.904
Dm
1.806
If f = 0.10
f tan 0.10
5.71
If f = 0.15
Page 96 of 133

f tan 0.15
8.53
Since is always less than , the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
tan
2
W 20 kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 8.904
2
T 5.671 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0
(c) Self-locking? And Torque necessary to raise the load.

3
1.3333 in
2.25
Lead
1.3333
tan1
tan1
13.224
Dm
1.806
If f = 0.10
f tan 0.10
Lead 3Pc
5.71
If f = 0.15
f tan 0.15
8.53
Since is always less than , the screw is always not self-locking.
WDm
tan
2
W 20 kips
WDm
tan
2
201.806
T
tan 8.53 13.224
2
T 7.207 in kips
Torque necessary to lower the load = 0

429.
The conditions for a self-locking screw are given in 8.23, Text. Assume
that the coefficient of friction is equal to the tangent of the lead angle
and show that the efficiency of a self-locking screw is always less than
50%.
Solution:
tan
tan
For self-locking, > , then + > 2
Then,
Page 97 of 133
2
e 0.50
e 50%
e
CURVED BEAMS
430.
It is necessary to bend a certain link somewhat as shown in order to

prevent interference with another part of the machine. It is estimated
that sufficient clearance will be provided if the center line of the link is
displaced e = 3 in. from the line of action of F, with a radius of
curvature of R 5.5 in., L = 10 in., material is wrought aluminum alloy
2014 T6; N = 2 on the basis of the maximum shear stress; F = 2500 lb.
with the number of repetitions not exceeding 10 6. (a) If the section is
round, what should be its diameter D? (b) If the link is bend to form
cold, will the residual stresses be helpful or damaging? Discuss.
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn 18 ksi@5 108 cycles
sy 60 ksi
At 106 cycles
10 6
sn sn
nc
0.09
10 6
18 sn
8
5 10
sn 31.49 ksi
0.09
With size factor.
sn 0.85sn 0.85 31.49 26.77 ksi

s
sn 26.77
13.38 ksi
N
2
Equation:
F KcMc
A
I
Page 98 of 133
D2
4
D4
I
64
D
c
2
M Fe
D
2
D4
64
Kc Fe
4F
D2
4F 32KcFe
D2
D3
Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2 5.5 11
c D
D
D
13.38
4 2.5 32Kc 2.5 3
D2
D3
By trial and error D = 1.92 in

r
11
6.0908
c 1.92
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.152
4 2.5
321.152 2.5 3
s
13.30 ksi 13.38 ksi

2
1.92
1.92 3
Use D = 2 in.
(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.
431. The same as 430, except that the section is rectangular with h 3b;
see figure.
Solution:
(a) Table AT3. Wrought aluminum alloy 2014 T6
sn 18 ksi@5 108 cycles
sy 60 ksi
Page 99 of 133

At 106 cycles
10 6
nc
sn sn
0.09
0.09
10 6
8
5 10
18 sn
sn 31.49 ksi
With size factor.
sn 0.85sn 0.85 31.49 26.77 ksi

s
26.77
s n
13.38 ksi
N
2
Equation:
F KcMc
A
I
A bh b 3b 3b2
bh3 b 3b 3
2.25b4
12
12
h
c 0.5h 1.5b
2
M Fe
K Fe1.5b
F
s 2 c
3b
2.25b4
K Fe
F
c 3
2
3b 1.5b
Using Trial and error and Table AT 18:

r 2R 2 5.5 11 11
c h
h
h 3b
13.38
2.5 Kc 2.5 3
3b2
1.5b3
By trial and error b = 0.787 in

r
11
4.66
c 3 0.787
Table AT 18: Kc = 1.1736
1.1736 2.5 3
2.5
s
13.38 ksi
2
3 0.787
1.5 0.787 3
Use b = 7/8 in. h = 3b = 2 5/8 in
(b) Residual stress is helpful due to a decrease in total stress on tension side.
432.
A hook is to be designed similar to that shown to support a maximum

load F = 2500 lb. that will be repeated an indefinite number of times;
Page 100 of 133

the horizontal section is to be circular of radius c and the inside radius
a is 1 in. (a) Determine the diameter of the horizontal section for N
= 2 based on the Soderberg line, if the material is AISI 4130, WQT
1100 F. (b) Calculate the value of the static load that produces incipient
yielding.
Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
sn SFsn 0.85sn 0.85 su 2

Soderberg line:
1 sm Kf sa
N sy
sn
sm sa
Kf 1.0
s
repeated load
2
s2
1
s
N 2 sy 0.85 su 2
1 1
1
s
N 2 sy 0.85su
1
1
1
s

2 2114 0.85127
sd 36.63 ksi
For curved beam
F KcMc
A
I
a 1.5 in
2c 2 c2
4
F 2500 lb 2.5 kips

M F a c
Page 101 of 133

2c 4 c4
I
64
4
Table AT 18,
r a c
r a c 1.5 c
c
c
c
Substitute:
36.63
36.63
2.5 Kc 2.51.5 c c
c2
c4 4
2.5 10Kc 1.5 c
c2
c3
By trial and error: c = 0.633

r 1.5 0.633
3.37 , Kc 1.293
c
0.633
2.5
101.2931.5 0.633
36.63 s
2
0.633
0.633 3
36.63 s 36.60 ksi
Use c = 11/16 = 0.6875 in

Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in
(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.
sd = sy = 114 ksi
F KcMc
A
I
K F1.5 c c
F
114 2 c
c
c4 4
s
114
F Kc F1.5 c
c2
c3
r 1.5 0.6875
3.18 , Kc 1.312
c
0.6875
114
F
1.312 F1.5 0.6875
2
0.6875
0.6875 3
F 32.71 kips
433.
The same as 432, except that the hook is expected to be subjected to

100,000 repetitions of the maximum load.
Page 102 of 133
Solution:
(a) For AISI 4130, WQT 1100 F, Table AT 7
sy = 114 ksi, su = 127 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
At 100,000 repetitions
10 6
sn 0.85 su 2
nc
0.085
10 6
0.85 su 2
100,000
Soderberg line:
1 sm Kf sa
N sy
sn
sm sa
Kf 1.0
s
repeated load
2
s2
1
s
N 2 sy 0.5169 su
1 1
1
s
N 2 sy 1.0338su
1
1
1
s

2 2114 1.0338127
sd 41.66 ksi
For curved beam
F KcMc
A
I
a 1.5 in
2c 2 c2
4
F 2500 lb 2.5 kips
M F a c
2c 4 c4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r a c
r a c 1.5 c
c
c
c
Page 103 of 133
0.085
0.5169 su

Substitute:
2.5 K 2.51.5 c c
41.66 2 c
c
c4 4
41.66
2.5 10Kc 1.5 c
c2
c3

r 1.5 0.601
3.5 , Kc 1.28
c
0.601
2.5
101.281.5 0.601
41.66 s
2
0.601
0.601 3
41.66 s 41.64 ksi
Use c =5/8
Diameter = 2c = 1.25 in = 1 1/4 in
(b) Static load that produces incipient yielding.
sd = sy = 114 ksi
F KcMc
A
I
K F1.5 c c
F
114 2 c
c
c4 4
s
114
F Kc F1.5 c
c2
c3
r 1.5 0.625
3.4 , Kc 1.29
c
0.625
F
1.29 F1.5 0.625
114
2
0.625
0.625 3
F 25.97 kips
434.
A hook, similar to that shown with a horizontal circular section of

diameter 2c, is to be designed for a capacity of 2000 lb. maximum, a
load that may be applied an indefinite number of times. A value of a =
2 in. should be satisfactory for the radius of curvature of the inside of
the hook. Let N = 1.8 based on the modified Goodman line. At the
outset of design, the engineer decided to try AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F.
(a) Compute the diameter of the horizontal section, (b) If the 45 o
circular section is made the same diameter, what is its design factor
(modified Goodman)? Could this section be made smaller or should it
be larger?
Page 104 of 133
Solution:
(a) For AISI C1040, OQT 1100 F, Figure AF 1
su = 100 ksi, sn = su/2 for reversed bending
sn = SF x sn = 0.85(0.5)(100) = 42.5 ksi
Kf = 1.0
Modified Goodman line:
1 sm Kf sa
N su
sn
s
sm sa repeated load
2
Kf 1.0
s2
s2
1
1.8 100 42.5

sd 33.14 ksi
For curved beam
F KcMc
A
I
a 2.0 in
2c 2 c2
4
F 2000 lb 2.0 kips

M F a c
2c 4 c4
64
4
Table AT 18,
r a c
r a c 2.0 c
c
c
c
Substitute:
33.14
33.14
2.0 Kc 2.0 2.0 c c
c2
c4 4
2.0 8Kc 2.0 c
c2
c3
Page 105 of 133

r 2.0 0.639
4.13 , Kc 1.224
c
0.639
33.14 s
2.0
81.224 2.0 0.639
2
0.639
0.639 3
33.14 s 33.08 ksi
Use c = 11/16 in
Diameter = 2c = 1.375 in = 1 3/8 in
(b) sus = 0.6su = 0.6 x 100 ksi = 60 ksi
sns = 0.6sn = 0.6 x 42.5 ksi = 25.5 ksi
Equivalent stress (Modified Goodman Line)
s s
se m n Kf sa
su
ses
1
smssns
Kf sas
sus
se
sn
sm sa
s
es
sns
1
2
s
2
ss
2
F cos45 KcMc F cos45 KcF a c cos45 c
s
A
I
c2
c4 4
sms sas
F cos45 4KcF a c cos45
c2
c3
ss
F sin45 F sin45
A
c2
11
in 0.6875 in (assuming constant diameter)
16
r a c 2.0 0.6875
3.91
c
c
0.6875
Table AT 18,
Kc 1.239
c
2.0 cos45 41.239 2.0 2.0 0.6875 cos45
0.6875 2
0.6875 3
s 19.40 ksi
ss
2.0 sin45
0.6875 2
Then
s s
se m n Kf sa
su
Page 106 of 133
0.95 ksi
se
19.40 42.5
s sn
Kf
1 13.82 ksi
2 su
2 100
ses
smssns
Kf sas
sus
ses
0.85 25.5
ss sns
Kf
1 0.68 ksi
2 sus
2
60
se
sn
2
ses

sns
1 13.82

N 42.5
0.68
25.5
1
2
N 3.06
Since N > 1.8, this section could be made smaller.
435.
A C-frame hand press is made of annealed cast steel (A27-58) and has
a modified I-section, as shown. The dimensions of a 45 o section CD are:
a = 3, b = 6, h = 4, t = 1 in., radius r = 1 in.; also g = 12 in.; and the
maximum force is F = 17 kips, repeated a relatively few times in the
life of the press. (a) Applying the straight-beam formula to the 45 o
section, compute the maximum and minimum normal stresses. (b) Do
the same, applying the curved-beam formula. (c) By what theory would
you judge this section to have been designed? If the radius r were
increased several times over, as it could have been done, would the
stress have been materially reduced? Give reasons for your
conclusions.
Solution:
(a) Straight-beam formula
Consider only normal stresses, relatively static.
Page 107 of 133

s
F cos45 Mc
A
I
M F g r 2 r cos45
2
A ht at b 2t t
t
t
b 2t
ht b 2t t
t at b t
2
2
2
c2
ht b 2t t at
ht2
t
bt
b 2t
at b
2
2
2
c2
ht b 2t t at
c1 b c2
c2
41 2 6 21 61
31 6
2
2
2.77273 in
41 6 21 1 31
c1 b c2 6 2.7723 3.22727 in
I I Ad2
A1 ht
A2 b 2t t
A3 at
2
I1
ht3
t
ht c2
12
2
I2
t b 2t 3
b
b 2t t c2
12
2
I3
at3
t
at c1
12
2
4 1 3
I1
4 1
12
I2
1 6 21 3
Page 108 of 133
12
1
2.77273
2
21 in4
2.77273
2
6 21 1
5.54 in4
I3
31 3
12
1
31 3.22727
2
22.564 in4
I 21 5.54 22.564 49.104 in4
Then
F cos45 Mc2
A
I
F cos45 Mc1
smin
A
I
smax
A 4 1 31 6 2 1 1 11 in2
2.77273
M 17 12 1
1 cos45 215.686 in kips
2
17 cos45 215.686 2.77273

smax
13.27 ksi in tension

11
49.104
17 cos45 215.686 2.77273
smin
13.08 ksi 13.08 ksi in

11
49.104
compression
(b) Curved-beam formula
F cos45 KciMc2
A
I
F cos45 KcoMc1
smin
A
I
smax
Using Table AT18

r
Z 1 b1 loge r c1 t b1 loge r c4 b t loge r c3 bloge r c2
A
r 1 2.77273 3.77273 in
c2 2.77273 in
c1 3.22727 in
c4 3.22727 1 2.22727 in
c3 2.77273 1 1.77273 in
b1 3 in
t 1 in
b 4 in
c
1 Z r c I
Kc
Arc
Page 109 of 133
3.77273 3loge3.77273 3.22727 13loge3.77273 2.22727

Z 1
11 4 1loge3.772731.77273 4loge3.77273 2.77273

Z 2.944455
c c2
Kci
c2
I
Z r c2
Arc2
2.77273
1 2.944455 3.77273 2.77273 49.104
11 3.77273 2.77273
Kci 0.8286
c c1
Kco
c1
I
Z r c1
Arc1
3.22727
1 2.944455 3.77273 3.22727 49.104
11 3.77273 3.22727
Kco 0.424
F cos45 KciMc2
A
I
F cos45 KcoMc1
smin
A
I
17 cos45 0.8286 215.686 2.77273
smax
11.18 ksi in tension

11
49.104
17 cos45 0.424 215.686 2.77273
smin
4.07 ksi 4.07 ksi in

11
49.104
smax
compression
(c) This section must be designed based on straight beam formula.

Maximum stress is higher.
Increasing the radius r.
Table A-18.
r 2 2.77273 4.77273 in
c2 2.77273 in
c1 3.22727 in
c4 3.22727 1 2.22727 in
c3 2.77273 1 1.77273 in
Page 110 of 133

b1 3 in
t 1 in
b 4 in
c
1 Z r c I
Kc
Arc
4.77273 3loge4.77273 3.22727 13loge4.77273 2.22727

Z 1
11 4 1loge4.772731.77273 4loge4.77273 2.77273

Z 3.622343
c c2
Kci
c2
I
Z r c2
Arc2
2.77273
1 3.622343 4.77273 2.77273 49.104
11 4.77273 2.77273
Kci 0.4664
c c1
Kco
c1
I
Z r c1
Arc1
3.22727
1 3.622343 4.77273 3.22727 49.104
11 4.77273 3.22727
Kco 0.3221
F cos45 KciMc2
A
I
F cos45 KcoMc1
smin
A
I
17 cos45 0.4664 215.686 2.77273
smax
6.77 ksi in tension

11
49.104
17 cos45 0.3221 215.686 2.77273
smin
2.83 ksi 2.83 ksi in

11
49.104
smax
compression
The stress is reduced using by increasing the radius r in Curved Beam
Formula.
Reason: As the radius r increased the stress factor for curved beam
decreases thence the maximum stress is reduced.
Page 111 of 133

436.
A heavy C-clamp, similar to the figure, is made of normalized cast steel

(A27-58) and has a T-section where t= 7/16 in.; q= 2 , a =1 in.
What is the safe capacity if N = 2 based on yield?
Solution:
F KciMci
A
I
Table AT 1
3t
7
2
t 4.5t 10.5t 10.5
2
16
A 4t
c1
4.5t t 4t t
2
t 4.5t t 4t t
2
2.009766 in2
3
t
2
2.035714t
3
t
2
7
c1 2.035714
0.890625 in
16
c2 4.5t 1.5t c1 6t 2.035714t 3.964286t
7
c2 3.964286
1.734375 in
16
Table AT 18
r a c1 1.75 0.890625 2.640625 in
r a c1 2.640625
2.965
c
c1
0.890625
Kci 1.4212
M F q ci F 2.75 0.890625 3.640625F

For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,
sy 36 ksi
Moment of Inertia
3
4t 3 t
2 4t 3 t
I
12
2
Page 112 of 133
3
2.035714t t
4
t 4.5t 3
12
4.5
t 4.5t 3.964286t
t
2

7
16
I 31.861607t 4 31.861607
1.167293 in4
F KciMci
A
I
sy 36
1.4212 3.640625 F 0.890625
F
s
N
2 2.009766
1.167293
s
F 4.049 kips 4049 lb
437.
The same as 436, except that the section is trapezoidal with b = in.
(see figure). Ignore the effect of resounding off the corners.
Solution:
F KciMci
A
I
From other sources.

2
1
3
b 2b 3b 4.5b2 4.5 2.53125 in2
2
4
3b 2b 2b
4
4 3
c1
b 1 in
3 b 2b
3
3 4
A
c2 3b
4
5
5 3
b b 1.25 in
3
3
3 4
3b 3 b2 4b 2b 2b 2
I
3.25b4 3.25
36 b 2b
1.02832 in4
Table AT 18
3.25b4
Z 1
2r
a b c
r c2
b a
log
2
e
r c1
r a c1 1.75 1 2.75 in
a b 0.75 in
b 2b 2 0.75 1.50 in
c 3b 3 0.75 2.25 in
Page 113 of 133

2 2.75
1.50 0.75
2.75 1.25
2.75 1.25 loge
1.50 0.75
0.75
0.75 1.5 2.25
2.25
2.75 1
Z 0.05627
Z 1
c1
I
Z r c1
1
1 0.05627 2.75 1 1.02832
Kci
1.6479
Arc1
2.53125 2.751
M F q c1 F 2.75 1 3.75F
1
For Normalized cast steel, A27-58,

sy 36 ksi
F KciMci
A
I
s
36
F
1.6479 3.75 F1
s y
N
2 2.53125
1.02832
s
F 2.810 kips 2810 lb
THICK-SHELL CYLINDERS; INTERFERENCE FITS

438.
Special welded steel pipe, equivalent in strength to SAE 1022, as

rolled, is subjected to an internal pressure of 8000 psi. The internal
diameter is to be 4 in. and the factor of safety is to be 3, including
an allowance for the weld. (a) Find the thickness of the pipe according
to the distortion-energy theory. (b) Using this thickness find the
maximum normal and shear stresses and the corresponding safety
factors. (c) Compute the thickness from the thin-shell formula and from
the Barlow formula.
Solution:
4.5
ri
2.25 in, N 3 , pi 8000 psi
2
SAE 1022, as rolled, sy 52 ksi
(a) Distortion-Energy Theory
1
t ri
1 3pi

s
sy
N
1
2
1 in
52
17.333 ksi 17 ,333 psi
3
t 2.25
1

1
2
1
3 8000
17 ,333
(b) Maximum normal stress
Page 114 of 133
1 2.774 in
ti
pi ro2 ri2 2poro2

ro2 ri2
ti
pi ro2 ri2
ro2 ri2
ri 2.25 in
ro 2.25 2.774 5.024 in
ti
8000 5.024 2 2.25 2

12,014 psi
5.024 2 2.25 2
sy
52,000
4.33
12,014
Maximum shear stress
N
ti
ro2 pi po
2 2
ro ri
ro2 pi
ro2 ri2
5.024 2 8000
5.024 2 2.25 2
sy
10,007 psi
52,000
2.60
2 210,007
(c) From thin-shell formula
p r 8000 2.25
t i i
1.0385 in
st
17 ,333
From Barlow formula
N
t
t
pi ro pi ri t
st
st
pi ri
8000 2.25
1.929 in
st pi 17,333 8000
439.
The internal diameter of the cast-steel cylinder, SAE 0030, of a

hydraulic press is 12 in. The internal working pressure is 6000 psi, N =
2.5. Find the thickness of the cylinder walls (a) from the maximumshear-stress theory, (b) from the octahedral-shear theory. (c) Compute
the thickness from the thin-shell and Barlow formulas. What do you
recommend?
Solution:
Table AT 6. SAE 0030 = A27-58, sy = 35 ksi
ro2 pi po sy
2N
ro2 ri2
Page 115 of 133

12
6 in
2
pi 6,000 psi 6 ksi
po 0 ksi
ri
ro2 6 0
35
2
2
2 2.5
ro 6
ro 15.8745 in
t ro ri 15.8745 6 9.8745 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory

t ri

1

sy
N
12
3pi
35
14 ksi
2.5
t 6

12
1
3 6
1
14
(c) Thin shell formula

pr s
st i i y
t
N
6 6 35
t
2.5
1 5.8195 in
t 2.5714 in
Barlow formula
sy
pr
st i o
t
N
6 6 t 35
t
2.5
t 4.5 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 9.8745 in thick.
440. The same as 439, except a higher-strength material is selected. Try

cast-steel SAE 0105.
Solution:
Table AT 6. SAE 0105 = A148-58, sy = 85 ksi
Page 116 of 133
ro2 pi po sy
2N
ro2 ri2
12
6 in
2
pi 6,000 psi 6 ksi
po 0 ksi
ri
ro2 6 0
85
2
2
2 2.5
ro 6
ro 7.459 in
t ro ri 7.459 6 1.459 in
(b) Octahedral Sheat Theory

1
t ri

3pi
1
s

sy
N
12
85
34 ksi
2.5
12
t 6

3 6
1
34

(c) Thin shell formula

p r sy
st i i
t
N
6 6 85
t
2.5
1 1.2005 in
t 1.0588 in
Barlow formula
s
pr
st i o y
t
N
6 6 t 85
t
2.5
t 1.2857 in
Recommended: Maximum shear theory , t = 1.459 in thick.

441.
A 2 in. heavy-wall pipe has the following dimensions: OD = 2.875, ID

= 1.771, t = 0.552 in.; inside surface area per foot of length = 66.82
in.2, outside surface area per foot of length = 108.43 in. 2. The material
is chromium-molybdenum alloy, for which the permissible tangential
tensile stress is 15 ksi at temperatures between 700 800 F. (a)
Compute the maximum internal working pressure for this pipe from
Lames formula, by the maximum-shear and octahedral-shear theories.
(b) What is the stress at an external fiber? (c) A higher design stress
Page 117 of 133

would be permitted for an external pressure alone. Nevertheless,
compute the external pressure corresponding to a maximum tangential
stress of 15 ksi.
Solution:
OD 2.875
ro
1.4375 in
2
2
ID 1.771
ri
0.8855 in
2
2
t 0.552 in
(a) Lames Equation
pi ro2 ri2 2poro2

ti
s
ro2 ri2
15
pi 1.4375 2 0.8855 2 0
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
pi 6.7477 ksi
Maximum shear theory
ro2 pi po s
2 2
2
ro ri
1.4375 2 pi
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
15
2
pi 4.654 ksi
Octahedral shear theory

12
1
t ri

3pi
1
s

12
1
0.552 0.8855

3pi
1
15
pi 5.374 ksi
(b) Stress at external fiber, pi 4.654 ksi
to
2 pi ri2 po ro2 ri2

ro2 ri2
2 4.654 0.8855 2 0
to
5.592 ksi
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
(c) External pressure alone.
ti
pi ro2 ri2 2poro2

s
ro2 ri2
Page 118 of 133
15
0 2 po 1.4375 2
1.4375 2 0.8855 2
po 4.654 ksi
442.
A cast-steel hub is to be shrunk on a 1.5-in., SAE 1035, as-rolled, steel

shaft. The equivalent diameter of the hub is 2.5 in., its length is 4 in.
(a) What must be the interference of metal if the holding power of this
fit is equal to the torsional yield strength of the shaft? Use Baughers
recommendations. (b) What are the corresponding tangential and
radial stresses in the hub?
Solution:
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
Es = 30,000 ksi
s = 0.3
For hub, Cast steel, Eh = 30,000 ksi, h ~ 0.3
(a) Interference of metal
For solid shaft, same E and .
2
Di
Ei

1
pi
2Di
Do
Di 1.5 in
Do 2.5 in
L 4 in
For pi:
fpiDi2 L
2
T
But
Di3 sys
16
Then
Di3 sys
fpiDi2 L
16
f 0.1 as per Baughers recommendation
pi
Di sys
8 fL
1.5 33
8 0.1 4
15.46875 ksi
Then
D
Ei
1 i
pi
2Di
Do
15.46875
30,000 i
1
21.5
i 0.002417 in - answer.
Page 119 of 133
1.5
2.5
(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub

Tangential stress
2
Di
Ei

1
th
2Di
Do
th
30,000 0.002417
1
21.5
Radial stress
rh pi 15.46875 ksi
1.5
2.5
32.87 ksi
443.
The same as 442, except that the hub is ASTM 20, cast iron. Will the
resulting tensile stresses be safe for cast iron?
Solution:
Table AT 6, ASTM 20, cast iron, suc = 83 ksi, su = 20 ksi (hub)
Table AT 7, SAE 1035, as rolled, sy = 55 ksi.
sys = 0.6 sy = 33 ksi
(a) Interference of metal
For hub of cast iron and the shaft is steel.
2
D
Ei 1 i
Do
pi
2
Di
Di 3 1

D

Di 1.5 in
Do 2.5 in
L 4 in
E 30,000 ksi
0.27
For pi:
fpiDi2 L
T
2
But
Di3 sys
16
Then
Di3 sys
16
fpiDi2 L
f 0.1 as per Baughers recommendation
pi
Di sys
8 fL
Then
Page 120 of 133
1.5 33
8 0.1 4
15.46875 ksi
pi
D
Ei 1 i
Do
2
Di

Di 3 1
Do
15.46875
1.5
30,000 i 1 1.5
2.5
1.5
2.5
3 0.27 1 0.27
i 0.004269 in - answer.
(b) Tangential and radial stresses in the hub

Tangential stress
2
Di

Ei 1
Do
th
D
Di 3 1 i
Do
1.5
2.5
30,000 0.004269 1
th
th
32.87 ksi
1.5 3 0.27 1 0.27 1.5

2.5
30,000 0.002417
1
21.5
1.5
2.5
Not safe for cast iron ASTM 20.

Radial stress
rh pi 15.46875 ksi
444.
32.87 ksi > 20 ksi.
A cast-steel gear is pressed onto a 2-in. shaft made of AISI 3140, OQT
1000 F. The equivalent hub diameter is 4 in., and the hub length is 4 in.
(a) What are the maximum tangential and radial stresses in the hub
caused by a class FN 2 interference fit? Compute for the apparent
maximum value of i (but recall the probability of this event). (b) What
axial force F in tons will be required to press the gear on the shaft if f1
is assumed to be 0.2? (c) What torque may the force fit safely
transmit? (d) Is the holding capacity of this fit large enough to transmit
a torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft?
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
Page 121 of 133

For Class FN 2 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0027 0.0000 = 0.0027 in
(a) For same material and same Poissons ratio
Tangential stress
2
Di
Ei
th
1
2Di
Do
th
30 10 0.0027 1
6
2 2
Radial stress
D
Ei
1 i
rh pi
2Di
Do
rh
25,313 psi
30 10 0.0027 1
6
2 2
15,188 psi
(b) Axial force F in tons.
f1piDi L
tons
2000
0.215,188 2 4
F
38.17 tons
2000
F
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fpiDi2 L
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.

0.115,188 2 2 4
T
38,172 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss 0.6 sys 0.6 0.6 sy 0.6 0.6 133 47.88 ksi 47 ,880 psi
ssDi3 47 ,880 2 3
T
72,210 psi
16
16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a
torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
445. The same as 444, except that a class FN 4 fit is investigated and the
computation is made for the average i.
Solution:
Cast steel, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.27 or approximately 0.3
AISI 3140, OQT 1000 F, E = 30 x 106 psi, = 0.3, sy = 133 ksi (Fig. AF 2).
Di = 2 in, Do = 4 in, L = 4 in.
For Class FN 4 interference fit.
Table 3.2, page 85, 2 in diameter.
Maximum value of i = 0.0042 0.0000 = 0.0042 in
Minimum value of i = 0.0035 0.0012 = 0.0023 in
Page 122 of 133

Average value of i = 0.5 (0.0042 + 0.0023) = 0.00325 in
(a) For same material and same Poissons ratio
Tangential stress
2
Di
Ei

1
th
2Di
Do
th
30 10 0.00325 1
6
2 2
Radial stress
rh pi
rh
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
30,469 psi
30 10 0.00325 1
6
2 2
18,281 psi
(b) Axial force F in tons.

f p D L
F 1 i i tons
2000
0.2 18,281 2 4
F
45.95 tons
2000
(c) Torque safely transmit.
fpiDi2 L
T
2
f = 0.1 as recommended by Baugher.
0.118,281 2 2 4
T
45,945 in lb
2
(d) With simple torsional stress of 0.6sys.
ss 0.6 sys 0.6 0.6 sy 0.6 0.6 133 47.88 ksi 47 ,880 psi
ssDi3 47 ,880 2 3
72,210 psi
16
16
No. The holding capacity of this fit is not large enough to transmit a
torque that produces a simple torsional stress of 0.6sys in the shaft.
446.
A No. 217 ball bearing has a bore of 3.3465 in., a width of 1.1024 in.,
and the inner race is approximately 3/8 in. thick. This bearing is to be
mounted on a solid shaft with i = 0.0014. (a) Calculate the maximum
radial and tangential stresses in the race. (b) Estimate the force
required to press the bearing onto the shaft.
Solution:
Di = 3.3465 in, Do = 3.3465 + 2(3/8) = 4.0965 in, i = 0.0014 in.
(a) Maximum radial stress in the race
2
Di
Ei
1
rh pi

2Di
Do
Page 123 of 133
rh
30 10 0.0014 1
6
2 3.3465
Tangential stress
2
D
Ei
1 i
th
2Di
Do
th
30 10 0.0014 1
6
2 3.3465
3.3465
4.0965
3.3465
4.0965
2,087 psi
10,463 psi
(b) Force required to press the bearing onto the shaft
f1piDi L
tons, use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
0.175 2,087 2 4
F
4.59 tons
2000
F
447.
A steel disk of diameter Do and thickness L = 4 in. is to be pressed onto

a 2-in. steel shaft. The parts are manufactured with class FN 5 fit, but
assembled parts are selected so as to give approximately the average
interference. What will be the maximum radial and tangential stresses
in the disk if (a) Do is infinitely large; (b) Do = 10 in.; (c) Do = 4 in.; (d)
Do = 2.5 in.?
Solution:
(a) Maximum radial stress if Do .
2
Di
Ei

1
rh pi
2Di
Do
Ei
rh pi
2Di
rh
30 10 0.005 37,500 psi

6
2 2
Maximum tangential stress if Do .
2
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
Ei
th
2Di
th
th
30 10 0.005 37,500 psi

6
2 2
(b) Maximum radial stress if Do 10 in.
2
Di
Ei
rh pi
1
2Di
Do
rh
30 10 0.005 1
Page 124 of 133
2 2
10
36,000 psi

Maximum tangential stress if Do 10 in.
th
2
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
30 10 0.005 1
6
2
39,000 psi
2 2
10
(c) Maximum radial stress if Do 2.5 in .
th
rh pi
rh
D
Ei
1 i
2Di
Do
30 10 0.005 1
6
2 2
2.5
13,500 psi
Maximum tangential stress if Do 2.5 in .

2
Di
Ei

1
th
2Di
Do
th
448.
30 10 0.005 1
6
2 2
2
61,500 psi
2.5
A steel cylinder is to have an inside diameter of 3 in. and pi = 30,000

psi. (a) Calculate the tangential stresses at the inner and outer
surfaces if the outside diameter is 6 in. (b) It was decided to make the
cylinder in two parts, the inner cylinder with D1 = 3 in. and Di = 4.5 in.,
the outer cylinder with Di = 4.5 in. and Do = 6 in. (see figure). The two
cylinders were shrunk together with i = 0.003 in. Calculate the
pressure at the interface and the tangential stresses at the inner and
outer surfaces of each cylinder. (Suggestion: first derive an equation
for the interface pressure).
Page 125 of 133

Solution:
(a) Tangential stresses at the inner and outer surface.
Di = 3 in, ri = 1.5 in, pi = 30,000 psi
Do = 6 in, ro = 3 in, po = 0
pi ro2 ri2 2poro2

ro2 ri2
ti
30,000 3 2 1.5 2 0
50,000 ksi
3 2 1.5 2
ti
2 pi ri2 po ro2 ri2

to
ro2 ri2
2 30,000 1.5 2 0
20,000 ksi
3 2 1.5 2
(b) Pressure at the interface, tangential stresses at the inner and outer
surface of each cylinder.
to
th hpi ts spi
Eh
Es
i 2 h s Di
Eh Es , h s
pi ro2 ri2
th 2 2
ro ri
2p1r12 pi ri2 r12

ts
ri2 r12
th pi ts pi
i Di
Di
th ts
E
Di pi ro2 ri2 pi ri2 r12 2p1r12

i 2 2 2 2 2 2
E ro ri
ri r1
ri r1
p1 = 30,000 psi, ro = 3 in, ri = 2.25 in, r1 = 1.5 in

Pressure at the interface, pi.
Ei 2p1r12
Di ri2 r12
pi 2 2 2 2
ro ri ri r1
ro2 ri2 ri2 r12
30 10 0.003 2 30,0001.5
6
pi
4.5
2.25 2 1.5 2 20,000 48,000
3.571429 2.6
3 2 2.25 2 2.25 2 1.5 2
2
2
2
2
3 2.25 2.25 1.5
pi 11,018.5 psi
Tangential stresses:
Page 126 of 133

Inner cylinder:
Inner surface:
p1 ri2 r12 2pi ri2

ti
ri2 r12
30,000 2.25 2 1.5 2 211,018.5 2.25 2

38,333.4 psi
2.25 2 1.5 2
ti
Outer surface:
2 p1r12 pi ri2 r12

to
ri2 r12
to
2 30,000 2.25 2 11,018.5 2.25 2 1.5 2

79,351.9 psi
2.25 2 1.5 2
Outer cylinder:
Inner surface:
ti
ti
pi ro2 ri2 2poro2

ro2 ri2
Outer surface:
to
to
449.
11,018.5 3 2 2.25 2 2 0 3 2
39,351.8 psi
3 2 2.25 2
2 pi ri2 po ro2 ri2

ro2 ri2
211,018.5 2.25 2 0 3 2 2.25 2

28,333.3 psi
3 2 2.25 2
A phosphor-bronze (B139C) bushing has an ID = in., an OD = 1

in., and a length of 2 in. It is to be pressed into a cast-steel cylinder
that has an outside diameter of 2 in. An ASA class FN 2 fit is to be
used with selective assembly to give approximately the interference i
= 0.0016 in. Calculate (a) pi, (b) the maximum tangential stress in the
steel cylinder, (c) the force required to press bushing into the cylinder,
(d) the decrease of the inside diameter of the bushing.
Page 127 of 133
Solution:
Phosphor Bronze B139C, Es = 16 x 106 psi (Table AT3), s = 0.36 (other
reference).
Cast steel, Eh = 30 x 106 psi , h = 0.27 (Table AT 6)
th hpi ts spi
E
E
h
s
i 2 h s Di
th
pi ro2 ri2
ro2 ri2
ts
pi ri2 r12
ri2 r12
th hpi ts spi
E
E
E
E
h
h
s
s
i Di
pi ro2 ri2 hpi pi ri2 r12 spi

i Di
2
2
2
2
E
Es
E
r
r
E
r
r
h
s i
1
h o i
(a) pi
i
Di
pi 2 2
ro ri
ri2 r12

h s
2
2
2
2
Eh Es
Eh ro ri
Es ri r1
2.25
1.125 in
2
1.25
ri
0.625 in
2
ro
Page 128 of 133

r1
0.75
0.375 in
2
L 2 in
Di 1.25 in
pi
1.125 2 0.625 2
30 10 6 1.125 2 0.625 2
0.0016
1.25
0.625 2 0.375 2
0.27
0.36
2
2
6
6
30 10 16 10 6
16 10 0.625 0.375
pi
1.28 10
1.328125 10 7 0.9 10 8 2.25 10 8
6.309524 10
pi 7,017 psi
(b) Maximum tangential stress in the steel cylinder.
th
pi ro2 ri2
ro2 ri2
7,017 1.125 2 0.625 2

th
13,282 psi
1.125 2 0.625 2
(c) F
f1piDi L
tons, use f1 = 0.175 on the average
2000
0.175 7 ,017 1.25 4
F
4.82 tons
2000
F
(d) Decrease of the inside diameter of the bushing. The bushing is

phosphor bronze. Subscript is s as in shaft.
p
s ts s i
Es
ts
ts
pi ri2 r12
ri2 r12
7 ,017 0.625 2 0.375 2

14,911 psi
0.625 2 0.375 2
14,911 0.36 7 ,017

0.000774 in
16 10 6
DESIGN PROJECTS
DESIGN PROJECTS
450.
A jib crane similar to the one shown is to be designed for a capacity of

F = ___ (say, 1 to 3 tons). The load F can be swung through 360 o; L
10 ft., b 8.5 ft., c 2 ft. The moment on the jib is balanced by a
couple QQ on the post, the forces Q acting at supporting bearings. The
crane will be fastened to the floor by 6 equally spaced bolts on a D1 =
Page 129 of 133

30-in. bolt circle; outside diameter of base D2 = 36 in. (a) Choose a
pipe size (handbooks) for the column such that the maximum
equivalent stress does not exceed 12 ksi. (b) Choose an I-beam for the
jib such that the maximum stress does not exceed 12 ksi. (c) Compute
the maximum external load on a base bolt and decide upon the size.
(d) Complete other details as required by the instructor, such as:
computing Q and choosing bearings (ball or roller?), the internal
construction and assembly in this vicinity, detail sketches giving full
information.
451.
Design an air-operated punch press similar to the one shown. Let the
force at the punch be 12 tons, (or other capacity as specified by the
instructor), the depth of throat to the inside edge of the frame be 25
in., the diameter and stroke of the piston about 8 in. by 8 in., the
mechanical advantage of the lever about 7, and the diameter of the
punch 3/16 in. Determine first the horizontal section of the frame, and
locate and design the cylinder. Then determine the relative
arrangement of the various links and make a force analysis, from which
the design of certain parts follows. Determine the actual distance of
movement of the punch (not less than about 1 in.). The illustration will
assist the student in settling upon the proportions of parts for which
strength calculations cannot be made.
Page 130 of 133
452.
Design a screw press similar to that shown for a load of ___ (say, 3)
tons on the screw. The depth of the throat g is to be ___ (10) in. and the
height of the throat h is to be ___ (15) in. (The instructor will assign the
data.) The order of procedure may be as follows: (a) Find the diameter
of the screw. If Le/k > 40, check as a column. If the top of the screw is
squared off for a handwheel or handle, check this section for twisting.
The equation for pivot friction, if desired, is in 18.10, Text. (b) Decide
upon the diameter of the handwheel or the length of handle (if one is
needed to obtain the maximum pressure), assuming that the
maximum force to be exerted by a man is about 150 lb. Dimensions of
handwheels may be found in handbooks. The handle may be designed
by the flexure formula. (c) Design the frame. The shape of the section
of the frame will depend on the material used. A T-section is suitable
for cast iron (say N = 6 on the ultimate strength), a hollow box or
modified I-section is suitable for cast steel. The 45 o section CD of the
frame should be safe as a curved beam. See Table AT 18. In this
connection, it will be well to make the radius r as large as practicable,
since the larger r the less the stresses from a given load. Compute the
dimensions of the vertical section. It is a good plan to keep t and a the
Page 131 of 133

same in all sections. (d) Design the bushing if one is used. The height b
depends upon the number of threads in contact, which in turn depends
upon the bearing pressure used in design. (Say half-hard yellow brass?)
Compute the outside bushing diameter, the diameter and thickness of
the collar, and decide upon dimensions to be used. (e) Fix the location
and number of bolts to be used to fasten the frame to the base plate,
and determine their size. Use a common bolt material. (f) Decide upon
all other details of design. Make a separate sketch of each part of the
machine showing thereon all dimensions necessary for manufacture. It
is suggested that, first, all materials be tentatively decided upon, after
which design stresses may be chosen. See that design stresses for the
various parts bear a logical relation to one another. It is not necessary
to follow this procedure in detail. It is likely that one will have to leave
certain details unfinished from time to time, because these details
depend on parts of the design not yet completed. Make sure that all
parts can be assembled after they are made. Notice that the plate on
the lower end of the screw must be connected in such a manner that
the screw may turn while the plate does not.
453.
Design a jib crane, as suggested by the illustration, to lift a load of W of

___ tons. The maximum radius of swing is to be about ___ ft. (The
instructor will assign data). Suggested procedure: (a) From catalogues,
select a hoist to suit the purpose, giving reasons for your choice, and
noting significant dimensions. Of course, in the end, the hoist trolley
has to match the size of I-beam used. (b) Let the angle that the
diagonal tension rod makes with the horizontal be about 20 o to 25o,
and decide upon the dimensions H and L. Note that the point G does
not necessarily have to be at the extreme position of the load. As a
matter of fact, some advantage may result from having G inside the
outermost position of the load. Make the force analyses (including
weight of hoist as part of load) for (1) the condition of maximum
Page 132 of 133

column action, (2) the condition of maximum bending moment on the
beam, and (3) the condition for maximum force on the hinge B (to be
used for the design of this hinge). (c) Find the size of I-beam such that
the maximum stress for any position of the load falls within the limits
of 12 and 15 ksi, usually by assuming a standard beam and checking
the stress. According to the arrangement of parts, it may be necessary
to design the connection at G between the rod and the beam first. With
the details of this connection known and with the details of beam
assumed, the location of point G, the point of application of the force T,
can be determined. The bending moment of a section a minute
distance to the right of G is W(x dx). A minute distance to the left of
G, the bending moment is W(x + dx) Txe Tydx; that is, the moment
changes suddenly at G by the amount Txe. (d) Determine the size of
diagonal support, including details of connections. (e) Design the
connections at each end of the diagonal and the hinge at C. Settle
upon the details including the method of attaching the hinge to the
vertical surface, which may be wide-flange beam. (f) Design the hinge
at B and the connection to the I-beam; also the details of the method
of attaching the hinge to the vertical surface. Where material is not
specified, make your choice clear. There should be no doubt as to your
design stresses or design factor. Show a neat large sketch, fully
dimensioned, of each part separately. It is unlikely that too much detail
will be shown.
End -
Page 133 of 133

Eccentric loading design problem

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Eccentric loading design problem

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SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

ECCENTRIC LOADING (NORMAL STRESSES)

By trial and error method:

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

A tensile load on a link as described in 361 varies from 0 to 3000 lb.; it

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

2 59,000 32,640 3b2

Use b x h = 9/16 in x 1 5/8 in

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

Use b x h = 5/8 in x 1 13/16 in

For SAE 1020, as rolled, s y 48 ksi

Do4 Di4 Do4 0.75Do 4 0.6836Do4

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

By trial and error method

k 0.3125 3.23 1.0094 in

Therefore use Eulers equation

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

The same as 364, except that the length is 15 ft.

Di 0.75Do 0.75 3.624 2.718 in

Use Do = 3 5/8 in, Di = 2 5/8 in

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

By trial and error method.

k 0.25D 0.25 3.158 in 0.7895 in

A link similar to one shown is to be designed for: steady load F = 8

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

Aluminum alloy (2024-T4), sy 47 ksi

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

A column 15 ft. long is to support a load F2 = 50,000 lb. Acting at a

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

The same as 367, except that F1 = 50,000 lb.

F F1 50,000 lbs 50 kips

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

A manufacturer decides to market a line of aluminum alloy (6061-T6)

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

c1 0.53125 0.125 0.9375 0.125 0.125

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

A 0.53125 0.125 0.1251.0625 0.125 0.1836 in2

e 2.375 0.4016 2.7766 in

F 0.218 kips 218 lbs

A C-frame (Fig. 8.5 Text) of a hand-screw press is made of annealed

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

For ASTM A27-58 Annealed Cast Steel

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

F 12.789 kips 12 ,789 lbs

In the link shown (366), let b = in., h = 2 in., d = 2 in., L = 18 in.,

F 0.574 kips 574 lbs

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

Ay F1 E 2.1 0.191 1.909 kips

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

1.82 2.1 F2 3.82

For SAE AISI 1040 Cold Drawn (10% Work)

A free-end column as shown, L = 12 ft. long, is made of 10-in. pipe,

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

sn 0.5su 0.5 61 30.5 ksi

Use J.B. Johnson Formula:

SECTION 6 COMBINED STRESSES

F 24.863 kips 24,863 lbs

b. Varying load: Fmax F , Fmin F

sn sn sizefactor loadfactor 30.5 0.85 0.80 20.74 ksi