Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Contents
Contributors ..................................................................................
ix
xiii
xv
xvii
xix
1.1.3
1.1
1.2
vii
viii
Contents
Co
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2.1
2.1.1
2.2
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.5
2.3.11
2.3.15
2.3.18
2.3.28
2.3.30
Piping ..................................................................................
3.1.3
3.1.5
Contents
and Gas Piping ..........................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Qil Piping ..................................................................
Gas Piping ................................................................
3.1.12
3.1.12
3.1.12
3.1.21
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.4
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.1
3.3.8
3.3.23
3.3.27
3.3.31
3.3.35
3.3.37
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.1
3.4.3
3.4.9
3.4.20
3.4.22
3.4.25
3.4.31
3.4.40
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.1
3.5.2
Co
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Part 2: Oil
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
ix
3.3.40
3.3.41
Contents
3.5.3
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7
3.5.8
3.5.9
3.5.10
3.5.11
3.5.17
3.5.21
3.5.22
3.5.25
3.5.37
3.5.39
3.5.40
3.5.40
3.5.42
3.6
Valves
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
................................................................................. 3.6.1
Introduction ............................................................... 3.6.1
Valve Sealing ............................................................ 3.6.1
Isolation Valves and Balancing Valves ..................... 3.6.19
Reference ................................................................. 3.6.23
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.1
3.7.1
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.7.5
4.1.1
Co
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4.1
Boilers
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.8
4.1.9
4.1.10
.................................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Boiler Types ..............................................................
Operating Pressure ...................................................
Boiler Design Classifications ....................................
Selecting a Packaged Boiler .....................................
General Design Criteria ............................................
Water-Tube Boilers ...................................................
Fire-Tube Boilers ......................................................
Cast-Iron Boilers .......................................................
Specific Design Criteria ............................................
4.1.3
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.7
4.1.9
4.1.12
4.1.19
4.1.21
4.1.23
Contents
Systems and Selections ...........................................
High Temperature Water Systems ...........................
Heat-Recovery Boilers ..............................................
Solid-Fuel Boilers ......................................................
Unfired Boilers ..........................................................
Operation and Maintenance .....................................
Electric Boilers ..........................................................
4.1.25
4.1.29
4.1.38
4.1.43
4.1.48
4.1.49
4.1.50
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.1
4.2.6
4.3
Burner
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.32
4.4.37
4.4.46
4.4.63
4.4.87
5.1.1
Co
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4.1.11
4.1.12
4.1.13
4.1.14
4.1.15
4.1.16
4.1.17
xi
5.1
Steam
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
.................................................................................
Introduction to Steam ................................................
Introduction to Steam Heating Systems ...................
General System Design ............................................
Pressure Conditions .................................................
Piping Arrangements ................................................
5.1.3
5.1.3
5.1.6
5.1.6
5.1.6
5.1.7
Contents
5.1.6
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.1.9
5.1.10
5.1.11
5.1.7
5.1.7
5.1.8
5.1.8
5.1.10
5.1.11
5.1.15
5.1.16
5.1.17
5.1.18
5.1.19
5.1.20
5.1.20
5.1.21
5.1.22
5.1.23
5.1.23
5.1.25
5.1.25
5.1.25
5.1.26
5.1.26
5.1.26
5.1.27
5.1.28
5.1.28
5.1.28
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
Co
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xii
5.1.12
5.1.13
5.1.14
5.1.15
5.1.16
5.1.17
5.1.18
5.1.19
5.1.20
5.1.21
5.1.22
5.1.23
5.1.24
5.1.25
5.1.26
5.1.27
5.1.28
5.1.29
5.1.30
5.1.31
5.1.32
5.2
Contents
xiii
5.3
Infrared
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.3.5
Heating ..................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Types of Heaters and Applications ...........................
Physiology of Infrared Heating ..................................
Spacing and Arrangement of Electric Heaters ..........
Gas Infrared Radiant Heating ...................................
5.4
Electric
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
5.4.7
5.4.8
5.4.9
5.4.10
5.4.11
5.4.12
5.4.13
5.4.14
5.4.15
5.4.16
5.5
Co
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5.2.5
5.2.6
5.2.7
5.2.8
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.5
5.5.1
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.4
5.5.6
5.5.7
xiv
Contents
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.5.8
5.5.7
6.5.8
5.5.9
5.6.1
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.4
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.1
5.7.1
5.7.4
5.7.7
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.4
5.8.7
5.8.8
5.8.10
5.8.15
5.8.20
5.8.21
Co
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5.6
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.6.6
5.6.6
5.6.7
5.6.8
5.8.23
5.8.25
Contents
Co
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5.9
xv
5.10.5
5.10.6
5.10.6
5.10.9
5.10.9
5.10.10
5.10.14
5.10.15
5.10.18
5.10.19
5.10.19
5.11.1
5.11.1
5.11.2
5.11.4
5.11.6
5.11.8
5.11.9
5.10.1
5.10.1
5.10.1
5.10.2
5.10.4
xvi
Contents
Application ................................................................
Piping Arrangements ................................................
Automatic Control .....................................................
References ...............................................................
5.11.10
5.11.12
5.11.13
5.11.15
5.12.1
5.12.1
5.12.1
5.12.2
5.12.6
5.12.8
5.12.11
5.12.11
5.12.12
5.13.1
5.13.1
5.13.1
5.13.4
5.13.5
5.13.12
5.13.28
5.13.44
5.13.54
5.13.54
6.1.1
Co
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5.11.7
5.11.8
5.11.9
5.11.10
6.1
5.12.15
Contents
6.1.6
Co
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6.2
xvii
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.3.1
6.3.1
6.3.1
6.3.4
6.3.7
6.3.8
6.3.12
6.3.14
6.3.16
6.3.17
6.3.18
6.3.18
6.5.1
6.5.1
6.5.1
6.5.3
6.5.4
6.5.4
6.5.8
xviii
Contents
Location ....................................................................
Installation .................................................................
Insulation ..................................................................
Operation and Controls .............................................
Operation and Maintenance .....................................
References ...............................................................
6.5.11
6.5.13
6.5.13
6.5.13
6.5.16
6.5.19
6.6.1
6.6.1
6.6.6
7.1.1
Co
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6.5.7
6.5.8
6.5.9
6.5.10
6.5.11
6.5.12
6.6
7.1
7.2
7.1.3
7.1.3
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.4
7.1.6
7.1.7
7.1.8
7.1.10
7.1.10
7.1.13
7.1.18
Contents
Co
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7.3
xix
7.4
Cooling
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
7.4.9
Towers ...................................................................
Introduction ...............................................................
Tower Types and Configurations ..............................
Heat Exchange Calculations .....................................
Cooling Tower Fill .....................................................
External Influences on Performance .........................
Choosing the Design Wet-Bulb Temperature ...........
Typical Components .................................................
Materials of Construction ..........................................
Energy Management and Temperature
Control ......................................................................
7.4.10 Wintertime Operation ................................................
7.4.1
7.4.1
7.4.1
7.4.6
7.4.13
7.4.17
7.4.19
7.4.19
7.4.24
7.4.25
7.4.31
7.5
7.6
7.6.1
7.6.1
Contents
7.6.2
7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6
7.6.7
7.6.8
7.6.2
7.6.13
7.6.21
7.6.24
7.6.32
7.6.41
7.7
7.7.1
7.7.1
7.7.2
7.7.3
7.7.8
7.7.9
7.7.12
7.7.15
7.7.18
7.7.19
7.8
7.8.1
7.8.1
7.8.2
7.8.5
7.8.8
7.8.10
7.8.12
7.8.20
7.8.26
7.8.26
7.8.31
Co
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xx
7.6.9
7.6.10
7.6.11
7.6.50
7.6.52
7.6.56
7.6.58
Contents
7.8.11
7.8.12
xxi
Co
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8.1.3
8.1.1
Control
8.1.1.1
8.1.1.2
8.1.1.3
Basics ...............................................................
Control Systems .................................................
Modes of Feedback Control ...............................
Flow-Control Characteristics ..............................
8.1.3
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.7
8.1.2
Control
8.1.2.1
8.1.2.2
8.1.2.3
8.1.2.4
8.1.2.5
8.1.11
8.1.11
8.1.15
8.1.16
8.1.17
Applications .......................................................
Boiler Control ......................................................
Control of Excess Air ..........................................
HVAC Fan Systems ...........................................
Refrigeration Control ..........................................
Central Heating and Cooling Plants ...................
Water-Distribution Control ..................................
8.1.19
8.1.19
8.1.21
8.1.23
8.1.37
8.1.40
8.1.47
8.1.17
8.1.3
Control
8.1.3.1
8.1.3.2
8.1.3.3
8.1.3.4
8.1.3.5
8.1.3.6
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.1.6
8.1.62
8.1.63
8.1.63
8.1.63
8.1.63
xxii
Contents
8.2.1
Introduction ....................................................................
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.1
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.4
8.2.5
8.2.5
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.8
8.2.6
8.2.9
8.2.7
8.2.8
8.2.9
Co
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8.2.1
8.2.3
8.2.3
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.17
8.2.17
8.2.17
8.2.18
8.2.18
8.2.20
8.2.21
8.2.21
Contents
xxiii
Co
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8.2.41
8.2.41
8.2.49
8.2.51
8.2.57
8.2.58
8.2.59
8.2.59
8.2.60
8.2.65
8.2.66
8.2.69
8.2.71
8.2.72
xxiv
Contents
8.2.79
8.2.82
8.2.84
Co
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8.2.85
8.2.86
8.2.87
8.2.88
8.2.91
8.2.103
8.2.104
8.3.1
8.3.1
Introduction ....................................................................
8.3.1
8.3.2
Theory ...........................................................................
8.3.1
8.3.3
Application .....................................................................
8.3.3.1 Basic Considerations ..........................................
8.3.3.2 Isolation Materials ..............................................
8.3.4
8.3.4
8.3.9
8.3.4
Contents
Co
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8.3.5
xxv
8.3.6
8.4.1
8.4.1
Introduction ....................................................................
8.4.1
8.4.2
General ..........................................................................
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.3
8.4.3
8.4.12
8.4.22
8.4.25
8.4.28
8.4.29
8.4.4
8.4.44
8.4.44
8.4.45
8.4.49
8.4.5
8.4.50
8.4.52
8.4.53
8.4.54
8.4.55
8.4.55
8.4.6
8.4.38
xxvi
Contents
8.5.1
Introduction ....................................................................
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3
Co
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8.5.1
8.5.3
8.5.4
Corrosion .......................................................................
8.5.4.1 General Corrosion ..............................................
8.5.4.2 Oxygen Pitting ....................................................
8.5.4.3 Galvanic Corrosion .............................................
8.5.4.4 Concentration Cell Corrosion .............................
8.5.4.5 Stress Corrosion .................................................
8.5.4.6 Erosion-Corrosion ..............................................
8.5.4.7 Condensate Grooving ........................................
8.5.4.8 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
(MIC) ..................................................................
8.5.14
8.5.14
8.5.16
8.5.17
8.5.20
8.5.21
8.5.22
8.5.22
8.5.5
8.5.23
8.5.24
8.5.25
8.5.26
8.5.29
8.5.29
8.5.6
Foulants .........................................................................
8.5.6.1 Mud, Dirt, and Clay .............................................
8.5.6.2 Black Mud and Mill Scale ...................................
8.5.6.3 Boiler Foulants ...................................................
8.5.6.4 Construction Debris ............................................
8.5.6.5 Organic Growths ................................................
8.5.30
8.5.30
8.5.31
8.5.31
8.5.32
8.5.32
8.5.22
Contents
8.5.6.6
8.5.6.7
8.5.6.8
xxvii
8.5.33
8.5.33
8.5.35
8.5.36
8.5.38
8.5.39
8.5.39
8.5.40
8.5.8
8.5.41
8.5.41
8.5.41
Co
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8.5.7
8.5.9
8.5.54
8.5.70
Appendices .................................................................................
A.1
A.1
A.1
A.2
A.24
A.25
Bibliography .................................................................................
A.26
B.1
Index ............................................................................................
I.1