Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
immunity
The Immune system
Second-line defense:
Phagocytic cells
phagocytic cells (Myeloid cells) (macrophages and neutrophil
granulocytes) can destroy (phagocytose) foreign substances.
Phagocytosis involves digestion of the bacterium by using
enzymes.
Active Immunity
A- Protection produced by the person's own immune system
B-Usually permanent.
Passive Immunity
1
Antigen
A live or inactivated substance (e.g., protein,
polysaccharide) capable of producing an immune
response
Antibody
Passive Immunity
Temporary protection
Transplacental most important source in infancy
Vaccination
Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to stimulate the
immune response through active immunization.
A vaccine is an immuno-biological substance designed to
produce specific protection against a given disease.
3
Types of vaccines
Live vaccines
Attenuated live vaccines
Inactivated (killed vaccines)
Toxoids
Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction) vaccines
Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.
Live vaccines
Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents without
any amendment.
The only live vaccine is Variola small pox vaccine, which is
not pathogenic but antigenic, giving cross immunity for
variola.
Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction) vaccines
They are prepared from extracted cellular fractions e.g.
meningococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide antigen of
the cell wall, the pneumococcal vaccine from the
polysaccharide contained in the capsule of the organism,
and hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.
Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.
4
Global Trends:
During ht last several decades, substantial progress has
been made in controlling some major infectious diseases
around the world, although other diseases have not been
managed as well. The following are some of the major
accomplishments:
The WHO's Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was
launched in 1974. as a result, by 1995, more than 80% of
the world's children had been immunized against diphtheria,
tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis, measles, and TB,
compared with fewer than 5% in 1974 (WHO, 1998)
Global eradication of smallpox was achieved in 1980.
In 1988, a campaign for global eradication of poliomyelitis by
the year 2000 was launched. Reported cases worldwide have
declined by 99% since the campaign began.
Disease Control :
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed
at reducing:
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease and consequently the risk of
transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and
psychosocial complications
The financial burden to the community.
Control activities focus on primary prevention or secondary
prevention, but most programs combine both.
Disease Elimination
Between control and eradication, an intermediate goal has
been described, called "regional elimination"
The term "elimination" is used to describe interruption of
transmission of disease, as for example, elimination of
measles, polio and diphtheria from large geographic regions
or areas
Regional elimination is now seen as an important precursor
of eradication
Disease Eradication
It is the process of Termination of all transmission of
infection by extermination of the infectious agent through
surveillance and containment.
Eradication is an absolute process, an "all or none"
phenomenon, restricted to termination of an infection from
the whole world. It implies that disease will no longer occur
in a population.
7