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Unit2Statesofmatter

Matter: It is something that occupies space possessing certain mass. Hence all the Substances
presentinthisuniversearematters.
Classificationofmatteronthebasisoftheirphysicalstate:
Onthebasisofphysicalstate,mattercanbeclassifiedassolid,liquid,gasandplasma.

Solid: Matter which possesses definite mass , volume and shape are called solids.In this state
particlesareheldveryclosetoeachother.Theseparticleshavenofreedomofmovement.
Ex:Wood,stone,copperetc.
Liquid:Matterwhichpossessesdefinitemassandvolumebutindefiniteshapearecalledliquid.
Inthisstateparticlesareclosetoeachotherandtheycanmovewithintheirvolume.
Ex:water,Benzene,carbontetrachloride,kerosene.
Gas: Matterwhichpossessdefinitemassbutindefinitevolumeandshapearecalledgases.In
gasesparticlesarefarapartascomparedtosolidandliquid.Theparticlescanmovefreelyfrom
onepointtoanother.Ex:Nitrogen,Oxygen,Carbondioxideetc.
Plasma:Itisahighlyionizedgas,madeupofalmostequalnumberofpositiveionsandnegative
electrons. It is formed only at a extremely high temperature of the order of 50000C. It is
describedasthefourthstateofamatter.Plasmaisbelievedtobethemainconstituentofstars
includingsun.
Note:ThefifthstateofmatteriscalledBoseEinsteincondensate(BEC).Thisstateoccuratthe
endofthetemperaturescaleatastepaboveabsolutezeroKelvin.
Classificationofmatteronthebasisofcomposition:
Onthebasisofthechemicalcompositionmattercanbeclassifiedasfallows.
1. Heterogeneousmatter
2. Homogeneousmatter
1)Heterogeneousmatter:Asubstanceisheterogeneousifitexhibitsdifferentpropertiesatits
differentposition.Differenttypesofheterogeneousmatterare
a)suspension b)colloid

c)heteromixture

Matter

Heterogeneousmatter
______________________

Homogeneousmatter
____________________

Suspension colloidHetero.mixture

HomogeneousmixturePuresubstance

Element

______________________

MetalNonmetalmetalloid

_________________
Compound

a)Suspension:Itisaheterogeneousmixtureinwhichthesoluteparticlesdonotdissolvebut
remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.These particles can be seen by the
nakedeye.Thesoluteparticlessettledownwhenthesuspensionisleftundisturbed.Thesecan
beseparatedfromthemixturebytheprocessoffiltration.
Ex:dirtparticlesinwater,soarmilk.
b)Colloid:Colloidsaretheheterogeneousmixtureoftwocomponentswiththesizeofthe
particleis1nmto100nm(or10A0to1000A0).Theseparticlesofcolloidareuniformlyspread
throughoutthesolution.Duetorelativelysmallersizeoftheparticlesascomparedtothe
mixtures,Itappearstobehomogeneous,butactuallycolloidsareheterogeneous.Theseare
possessingtwophases.(Dispersedphaseanddispersionmedium)
c)Heteromixture:Itisobtainedbymixingtwoormoresubstanceinanyratio.Theseare
possessing the mixed properties of the combined substance.These can be separated by
physicalmethod.
Ex:Amixtureofsandandcommonsalt.

2)Homogeneousmatter:A substance is a homogeneous matter if the smallest part of it

exhibitsthesamechemicalandphysicalproperties.Ex:Air,Solutionofsugarwithwater,
anintimatemixtureoftwoormorethantwometals(alloys).
Homogeneousmattercanbeclassifiedintotwotypes.
a)Homogeneousmixtures

b)Puresubstances

a)Homogeneousmixture:Amixtureoftwocomponentsthatappearsinasinglephaseis
calledhomogeneousmixtures.Thesearecalledassolutions.
Ahomogeneousmixtureofsoluteandsolventarecalledsolutions.Thesesolutionsare
alsocalledastruesolutionsorcrystalloids
Ex:Ahomogeneousmixtureofsugarandwatergivestruesolutions.
b) Pure substance: These are made of only one type of particles such as atoms or
molecules.Furthertheseareclassifiedaselementsandcompounds.
Element: Simple forms of matter which cannot be decomposed into further simple
substancesarecalledelements.118elementsarediscoveredtilltoday,outofwhich92are
naturallyoccurringelementsandremainingareartificiallypreparedelements.
Ex:Hydrogen,mercury,gold,ironetc.

Elementsarefurtherclassifiedasmetals,nonmetalsandmetalloids

Metal:Theelementswiththeelectropositivenatureoflosingoneormoreelectronsreadily
togivepositivelychargedcationsarecalledmetals.

M M++e

Ex:Copper,Zinc,Iron

Nonmetal: The electronegative elements which have a tendency to gain one or more
electronsarecallednonmetals.Aftergettingtheelectronsnegativeionsformedarecalled
anions.AisanonmetalandAisanion.

A+e A

Ex:Chlorine,Bromine,sulphuretc
.

Figure1Magnesiummetal

Figure2Sodiummetal

Metalloids:Elementspossessingpropertiesofbothmetalsandnonmetalsarecalled
metalloids.
Ex:Antimony,arsenic,Germiniumetc.
Compounds:Thesubstancesmadeoftwoormorethantwoelementscombinedwitheach
otherinadefiniteratiobymassarecalledcompounds.Thesecanbedecomposedintoits
elementsbychemicalorelectrochemicalreactions.
Ex:1.Inwater(H2O)numberofhydrogenandoxygenatomsareintheratio2:1orit
containshydrogenandoxygencombinedwitheachotherintheratioof1:8bytheirmass.
i.e.2gofhydrogencombineswith16gofoxygen.
2.Sulphuricacid(H2SO4):InthiscompoundtheratioofnumberofatomsofH:S:Ocombinedis
2:1:4.TheratiobymassofH:S:Ois1:16:32.Inthiscompound2gofhydrogen32gofsulpher64
gramsofoxygencombinewitheachothertoform98gofH2SO4.

Solution:Ahomogeneousmixturesofsoluteandsolventarecalledsolutions.Inasolution,
asubstancewhichisinalessquantityissoluteandotherwhichisinmorequantityis
solvent.Inaqueoussolutionofsugar,waterissolventandsugarissolute.
Concentrationofsolution.Theamountofasolutepresentinaunitvolumeofthesolution
iscalledconcentrationofthesolution.

Concentrationofthesolutioncanbeexpressedintermssuchaspercentagebymassor
byvolume,molarity,molality,normality,molefraction,ppm.Outofthesetermsthemost
familiartermstoexpresstheconcentrationofthesolutionarepercentagebymassor
volume,molarityandnormality.
Percentagebymass:Itisthemassofthesolutepresentin100gofthesolution.
Percentagebymass=

Percentagebyvolume:Itisthemassofthesolutepresentin100cm3ofthesolution.
Percentagebyvolume=

Problem:50gofglucoseisdissolvedin400gofwater,thencalculate%bymassofthe
solute.
Ans:Totalmassofthesolution=massofglucose+massofwater

=50+400=450g

Percentagebymass=
=

=11.11

Hence%bymassofglucoseinthesolutionis11.11
Problem:300cm3ofsolutioncontains20gofNaCldissolvedwithwater,thencalculate%
byvolumeofthesolution.
Ans:

Percentagebyvolume=
=

=6.67

Hence%byvolumeofNaClinthesolutionis6.67

Molarity:Molaritycanbedefinedasthenumberofgrammolecularmassofsolutedissolvedin
onedm3ofthesolution.ItisdenotedbyM

Molarity=

Molarity=

or

Wherem=massofthesolute

M=Molecularmassofthesolute
V=volumeofthesolution
MolarityofNaOHsolutionis0.5Mmeans0.5mole(or0.5grammolecularmass)ofNaOH
isdissolvedinonedm3ofthesolution.
Problem.:Calculatethemolarityofthesolutionobtainedbydissolving6gofoxalicacidin
200cm3ofsolution.Mol.massofoxalicacidis126.
Solution.Giventhingsm=6gM=126V=200cm3

Molarity=

=0.238M

Normality:Normalitycanbedefinedasthenumberofgramequivalentmassofsolute
dissolvedinonedm3ofthesolution.ItisrepresentedbyN
Normality=
ORNormality=

Wherem=massofthesolute

E=Equivalentmassofthesolute
V=volumeofthesolution
NormalityofH2SO4solutionis0.5N,Itmeansthat0.5gramequivalentmassofH2SO4is
dissolvedinonedm3ofthesolution
Problem:Calculatethenormalityofthesolutioncontaining4gofsodiumhydroxidein500
cm3ofthesolution.(Equ.massofNaOHis40)

Normality=

=0.2N

HencethenormalityofNaOHsolutionis0.2N

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Definematter
Mentionthedifferenttypesofmatteronthebasisoftheirphysicalstate.
Whatisasolid?Giveanexample.
Whatisaliquid?Giveanexample
Whatisagas?Giveanexample
Writetheclassificationofmatteronthebasisoftheirchemicalcomposition.
Whatisaheterogeneousmatter?
Whatisahomogeneousmatter?
Mentionthedifferenttypesofheterogeneousmatter.
Whatisasuspension?Giveanexample.
Whatisacolloid?Giveanexample.
Mentionthedifferenttypesofhomogeneousmatter.
Definesolution.
Giveanexampleforsolution.Mentionthesoluteandsolventpresentinit.
Whatisanelement?Giveexample.
Whataremetals?Giveanexample.
Whatarenonmetals?Giveanexample.
Whataremetalloids?Giveanexample.
Whatarecompounds?Giveanexample.
MentiontheratiobymassofhydrogenandchlorinepresentinHCl.
Definetheconcentrationofasolution.Mentionthedifferenttermsusedtoexpressthe
concentrationofthesolution.
22 Whatis%bymassofthesoluteinsolution?Expressitintheformofequation.
23 Whatispercentagebyvolumeofthesolution?Expressitintheformofequation.
24 Definemolarityofasolution.Expressitintheformofequation.