LADR AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT FOR POWER SYSTEM

STABILITY.
P.K. Pattanaik
Deputy Manager
E&MR Division, OPTCL, BURLA-768017

Synopsis:-

Many utilities use

utility

but

also

results

of

interconnected tie lines,

difficult

situation

electrical power with proper

ring main network etc.. to

normalize

the

quality

enhance

system

Because the generators,

essential commodity for any

reliability and stability. But

load centers, equipments

utility that deal power system

the ring main system has

etc... in the system are

network.

an

its own advantages and

required to be coordinated

important aspect for the study

disadvantages. One of the

and controlled for revival

of electrical power system. So

major disadvantages of the

of the system stability and

to

and

system is to attain proper

smooth power flow.

any

relay co-ordination in the

To

utility/company should secure

system. Some times for the

precarious conditions as

electrical

fault on any line, causes

described

equipment to accommodate

over loading of the other

innovative

the

lines

approach

Availability

has

become

Reliability

maintain

reliable

is

quality
power,

competitive

rapidly

an

changing

situations.

Progressive

deregulation

of

market,

the

connected

in

the

to

network.

avoid

the

above,

an
design

have

been

cascade

selected in the protection

tripping in the system.

schemes. This concept is

named as LADR (Load

system

results

complexity

of

industrial

Instances

processes

and

upcoming

black out of the system

Accessed

demand of load in the network

have also been observed

Relay). The detail of the

system have also compelled

due to the tripping of an

concept has been dealt in

and necessitated the utility for

important

this paper with suitable

the

situation

introduction

of

of

complete

line.
of

This

overload

protection

tripping and corresponding

schemes that can employ a

effect of cascade tripping

quick response to the fault

or black out not only

occurrences.

causes heavy loss to the

sophisticated

Directional

example of the network.

2. Introduction:-

relays in the healthy lines

the load demand on the

also respond to the over

line.

reliability,

load situation and cause

pre set value, the relay

protective relays play the vital

tripping of the healthy

responds and issues trip

role, which actuate in time and

lines.

this

command if the over load

clear the fault in the system.

condition

causes

value reaches above the

So the protective schemes

complete black out of the

setting value. How ever

need to be designed in such a

system due to cascade

this

way that the reliability of each

tripping in the network. .

partially solved by proper

protection device and co-

Similar

To maintain system
stability

and

Sometimes
also

situation

ordination among them should

also results for the case of

be achieved up to the optimum

equipment

level.

(Transformer,
In

actual

practice,

protection

schemes

categorized

in

With the available

problem

relay

can

coordination

be

of

protection scheme.

protection
Generators

etc...). Here Differential

3.

Basic

Concept

of

LADR :-

are

Relay is used as the Main

This relay works

ways.

protection and Over Load

on the principle of change

(Main protection and Back up

relay is used as the B/U

in electrical parameters on

protection).

up

protection. For the tripping

the

to

of

conventional

protection

two

Back
is

used

any

one

or

more

system.

Similar

to

directional

strengthen the scheme with

transformers in the sub-

relay,

confirmation

station,

loading

requires both current and

protection fails to respond

situation is resulted on the

voltage parameters for its

then B/U relay actuates to

other healthy transformers

working

clear the fault.

in the network. So the

pick up direction depends

system

upon the flow of current

that

if

main

For the instance of

feeder

protection

Distance

over

stability

hampered

and

many

per the requirement of the

blackout of the system.

relays are used as the B/U

for

optimum

situation

The

complete

protection and Over Load

But

operation.

also

and voltage direction. As

times

protection.

relay

Relays are used as the Main

causes

gets

this

protection

scheme,

the

relay can be set either in

an

This situation of

like

over load tripping can not

reverse

overloading in the system due

be avoided by the present

LADR is programmed on

to break/fault in the tie line/

available

protection

the basis of change of

interconnected

it

scheme. Because all the

current on the system. The

becomes difficult to control

available O/L relays do not

change of current on the

the stability of the system.

change their plug settings

system occurs due to the

Because the other associated

automatically according to

following causes.

line,

forward direction or in
direction.

This

1. Over current drawal due to

accordingly to meet the

group by the binary input

the rise of consumer load on

extra load demands on the

to the relay. Setting groups

a healthy system.

system. This change of

are selected as per the

PSM can be programmed

binary input available to

and

till to the electrical current

the

Current) due to outage of

carrying strength of the

inputs are required for the

one or more ties/feeders on

line conductor or as per the

purpose of changing four

the

required final limit of the

set of groups. One binary

current in the conductor

input must be set for Group

2. Change

of

parameters

electrical

(Voltage

system

for

fault

condition.
3. Change

of

parameters

But

and

for

the

Current) due to sudden rise

condition of fault in the

of

line the relay issues trip

fault

current

in

the

change
Relay

is

so

programmed that when current

binary

Bit 1. The selection table-1

is shown below.

command directly without

system.

Two

Bit 0 and other for Group

electrical

(Voltage

relay.

of

accordingly

The setting groups

PSM

and

can be selected as per the

isolates

the

requirement of the load on

the

faulty line.

system.

The

characteristic of this type

rises beyond certain limit due

to isolation of a part or parts

3.1 Design Approach of

of relay is to change the

of the network system or due

the Relay:-

setting and also becomes

to rise of load demand in the

This setting data of

(Plug

the relay depends upon the

Setting Multiplier) changes

change in the parameter

system,

then

PSM

ready to adopt with the

new setting quickly.

Table 1
Binary
Events
Group
Bit 0
No
Yes
No
Yes

Input Active
Groups
Group
Bit 1
No
Group A
No
Group B
Yes
Group C
Yes
Group D

Connection Diagram
Relay
V+

V+

A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D

V-

V-

3.2

Study

of

Current

Behaviours:The rate of change

very instantaneous and does

I = fault current in Ampere

not

Is = Start Current = 1.1 Ib in

bear

difference

remarkable
between

the

Ampere

of current due to the rise of

conditions like fault and

Tm= Time multiplier

load in the system becomes

lightning.

K, c = Factors

slow as compared to the rate

extent it can be traced for

of change of current due to

logical function.

fault in the system. So, di/dt

4.

(Rate of change of current)

Protection (67, 67N)

But

to

Directional

decides the parameters to

some

O/C

Directional

K
0.14

c
0.02

13.5

1.0

80

2.0

120

1.0

protection

relay, either to change the

responses from both voltage

plug setting to next groups

and current transformers in

or to issue the trip command

the system. For the design

without change of setting.

of

The discrimination between

characteristics,

the

selection of direction and

the

the

following formula is used as

working torque of the relay,

the working function for

the connection of current

IDMTL Relay.

coil and voltage coil play

suitable to develop the logic

As per IEC 255-4, BS 142,

the

function.

3.2)

Followings are the available

di/dt

for

both

condition

is

clearly

indicative

and

becomes

mode

But

for

measuring

di/dt

signal

becomes slight difficult for

the fault condition in the
system. Because the di/dt is

operating

the

Type
Normal
Inverse
Very
Inverse
Extremely
Inverse
Long Time
Inverse

the logic function of the

the

requires

O/C

Value of K,c

But

time

for

important

the

role.

connection of the relay with

K Tm
t =
( I / Is ) c 1

relation to MTA (Maximum

Toque Angle).

Where
t= operating time in seconds

4.1 DIRECTIONAL B/U RELAY (O/C)

Relationship between MTA (Maximum Torque Angle) and relay connection of O/C relay
Relay
connection
angle

MTA

30
60 Type 1
60 Type 2
90
90

0
0
0
30 Lead
45 Lead

Aph
Current Voltage
coil
coil
Ia
Vac
Iab
Vac
Ia
- Vc
Ia
Vbc
Ia
Vbc

Connection
Bph
Current Voltage
coil
coil
Ib
Vba
Ibc
Vba
Ib
- Va
Ib
Vca
Ib
Vca

Cph
Current Voltage
coil
coil
Ic
Vcb
Ica
Vcb
Ic
- Vb
Ic
Vab
Ic
Vab

4.2 DIRECTIONAL B/U RELAY (E/F)

Relay characteristic angle

Connection
Voltage coil
Residual Voltage
= Open Delta Secondary Voltage

Current coil
Residual Current
I0 = IA + IB + IC

12.5 (lag)
14 (lag)
45 (lag)
60 (lag)

4.3 Basic theory of Relay

Explanation:-

Connection

For

In general for O/C

depends upon the torque

A

phase

element, comparing Ia with

relay, 90 relay connection

Vbc

at

relay

angle

and

maximum

sensitivity will occur when

location,

. The different fault

is used with MTA be 45

determines direction of the

directions

(lead ) and for E/F relay,

element. Similarly for the

voltages and currents have

relay connection is also

directional

been

used

as

90

but

relay

ground

fault

element, it is Io and Vo.

characteristics angle is taken

and

associated

explained

in

following table-2.

The operation and

as 12.5 ( Lag ).

restraint

of

the

relay
Ia

Va

Ia

Maximum Sensitivity
angle
= 450
Vbc

Vbc

Operation : cos (

Table-2

Restraint : cos (
A

Pick up

Current

Voltage

Ia

Vbc

Current

Voltage

Ib

Vca

C
A,G

Ia

Ib

A,B

Ia

Current

Voltage

Ic

Vab

Vca

C,G
Vbc

B,C
C,A

Ia

Vbc

A,B,G

Ia

Vbc

B,C,G

Ib

Vca

Ib

Vca

Ib

Vca

Ib

Vca

) = - ve

Ground

Vbc

B,G

) = + ve

Ic

Vab

Ic

Vab

Ic

Vab

Current

Voltage

Io

Vo

Io

Vo

Io

Vo

NOTE

Vo is the
residual
voltage =
Va+ Vb +
Vc
obtained
Io

Vo

from open

Ic

Vab

Io

Vo

Delta

Ic

Vab

Io

Vo

connection

Io

Vo

C,A,G

Ia

Vbc

A,B,C

Ia

Vbc

Ib

Vca

Ic

Vab

A,B,C,G

Ia

Vbc

Ib

Vca

Ic

Vab

the

5.

Programming

of

associated network in the

LADR:-

system.

Example of a LADR with 3

group setting is done by the

groups of settings on O/C

programmed for setting of

signal

element in a tie line feeder

different values in groups.

internally from the logic

with

The selection groups can be

equation

or

from

the

between two stations. (Ref.

chosen

triggering

by

Table-3)

as

requirement

change

an

of

LADR can be

The

Consider

either

received

per

the

external

of

the

certain binary input signals.

parallel

lines

protection scheme and the

Table-3
Parameters
Specification

67-1 pick
up(PSM)
67-1 Time
(TSM)
67-2 pick up
(PSM )
67-2
Time(TSM)

Setting of O/C element

Group-1
Group-2
Dir. Forward,
Dir. Forward,
IDMTL, Normal
IDMTL,
Inverse
Normal Inverse
0.75
1.0

1,
1*

Group-3
Dir. Forward,
IDMTL,
Normal Inverse
1.25

0.5

0.5

0.5

1.0

1.5

1.75

0.5

0.5

0.5

4,
4*

2
G1

2,
2*

3,
3*

G2

5,
5*
6,
6*

Fig-1
Here 1,2,3,4,5,6 All Load Accessed Directional Relays ( LADRs )
1*,2*,3*,4*,5*,6* - Main Distance Protection Relays

5.1 Fault Realization and

faulty part from the system.

LADR at both ends of line 2

Programme

But due to reduction of tie

&3, the said relays are

For the case of

link, rest of the two lines

sensed

fault on the line No.1, the

share the extra loads, with a

trigger from the DP relays

distance protection relay 1*,

result of rise in load current

with conditional rise of load

4* actuate and isolate the

on the line. But because of

current on the system and

by

the

external

other logical conditions in

6. Practical Case Study

required load to the system.

the system. So, the next

(Ring Main System)

At the same time the relays

group settings are activated

A practical case

on the faulty line, during

to

study has been chosen to

fault actuation send signal

accommodate the extra rise

avail UPS (Uninterrupted

to

of current in the system.

Power supply) to limited

LADRs on the healthy lines

part of Western Orissa. The

and the suitable settings of

the available of two lines

available

the

say 2 & 3, if the fault occurs

network

on any one of the line, then

equipments

the LADR on the healthy

coordinated among them for

line being actuated with

optimization of the system

next settings, manages the

stability. Particularly the use

of

extra loads till to the current

of

Transmission Tie between

carrying strength of the line

Transformer), LADR (Load

Hirakud

conductor or to the desired

Accessed

Directional

Burla substation, the relays

value of power flow. But for

Relays), and #RLADR with

on this tie line at both ends

the condition of actual fault

fault

are

on the line, the LADR

breaker scheme can achieve

simultaneously

instead of changing the

the

command to the breaker

setting to next group, issues

power.

with triggering signals to

trip command for isolation

6.1 Fault Realization On

the LADRs on the healthy

of fault in the system.

the Network

lines. So the settings on the

automatically

Similarly

with

distribution
scheme,

system

have

NTR

free

(Nodal

Auto

stable

been

and

closing

reliable

For a system

the

associated

LADRs

are

automatically

changed

according to the available

Loads in the network.
For the example
fault

LADRs

network, the use of LADR

other

on

the

Sub

substation

and

actuated

are

and

send

trip

changed

to

For the case of

accommodate the extra rise

fault on any of the Sub

of load current on the

tie/interconnected lines can

Transmission

system.

also be programmed by

relays available on either

studying the regular power

side of the tie get actuated

faults

flow study for fault in

to isolate the faulty portion

network can be studied to

different part or parts of the

from

design the logic programme

line. According to the study,

supply to other distribution

the logical condition can be

centers (sub-stations) does

fed

not get hampered .Because

at

different

to

the

LADR

for

the

obtaining smooth and stable

other

power.

connection;

ties

Tie,

network.

the

But

being

in

provide

the

Similarly
on

other

the
system

of LADRs on the system.

RLADR

(Restricted

to the available limit of

immediate

Load Accessed Directional

loads on the 11KV tie. The

reclosing of breaker for

Relays)

kind

power flow on the tie line.

These relays
have same characteristics as

of

load

shedding

restoration

reclosing

rotation is pre-programmed

Moreover,

of

in the RLADR.

breaker with wrong design

of dead time and reclaimed

that of LADR with certain

limitations. It responds due

6.2 New Idea Of fault free

time

to over drawal of limiting

auto closing of the breaker

severe

current. In this study, these

From the study

the

damage

result
to

the

equipment and also converts

relays have been used on

of

11KV-interconnected

tie,

interconnected distribution

permanent faults. For the

which take load current if

system, it got concluded that

case of permanent faults on

only when 33KV Bus get

for the fault on any tie,

the system , every shot of

faulted. But 11KV network

power supply interruption

closing

has certain limitation to

does

results

carry the load current .So

distribution

centers

mechanical stresses on the

when such exigency arises;

connected in the network

system, which causes the

the outgoing feeders on the

due to the availability of

reduction of lifespan of the

11KV Bus are automatically

other tie lines. So it does not

system equipments .So it is

shaded in rotation according

become

always

not

described

sometimes

affect

to

load

important

the

for

transient

faults

of

the

into

breaker,

electrical

advantageous

and

to

close the breaker for a fault

7. Conclusion

free feeder.

LADR
For

new

Accessed Directional Relay)

idea of fault free auto

is one of the concept in

closing of the breaker, the

which over load tripping

fault detector circuits are

can be avoided. But the

installed on the network,

programming

which automatically detects

interconnected

the presence of fault on the

becomes difficult due to the

circuit

accordingly

complexity of the network

sends a signal for operation

associated in the system.

of the circuit breaker. For

However it becomes quite

any faulty feeder, the fault

suitable for the tie line

detector circuit continuously

feeders.

and

the

(Load

monitors the status of the

fault and blocks the signal
for closing the breaker till to
the time of clearance of the
fault. After clearance of the
fault

the

signal

is

automatically extended for

closing of the breaker. This
method of monitoring the
status of the fault on the
feeder and deciding output
signal for breaker operation
is repeated automatically
with interval of every five
minutes.
Note:
Detail

design

characteristics

The

and

the

of

the

system network are beyond

the scope of this paper. So
author has only mentioned
the concept of LADRs,
#RLADRs in this scheme.

for

the
system

Synopsis:-

reliability and stability. But

To

the ring main system has its

precarious

conditions

as

electrical power with proper

own

described

above,

an

quality

an

disadvantages. One of the

innovative design approach

essential commodity for any

major disadvantages of the

have been selected in the

utility that deal power system

system is to attain proper

protection

network. Reliability is an

relay co-ordination in the

concept is named as LADR

important aspect for the

system. Some times for the

(Load Accessed Directional

study of electrical power

fault on any line, causes over

Relay). The detail of the

system.

loading of the other lines

concept has been dealt in

quality and reliable power,

connected

this

any utility/company should

results cascade tripping in

secure

the

Availability

has

So

become

to

electrical

of

maintain

competitive
equipment

accommodate

the

changing

to

rapidly

advantages

in

system.

the

and

system

Instances

of

complete black out of the

system

have

also

been

situations.

observed due to the tripping

Progressive deregulation of

of an important line. This

market,

complexity

of

situation

industrial

processes

and

tripping and corresponding

upcoming demand of load in

effect of cascade tripping or

the network system have also

black out not only causes

compelled and necessitated

heavy loss to the utility but

the

the

also results difficult situation

introduction of sophisticated

to normalize the network.

protection schemes that can

Because the generators, load

employ a quick response to

centers, equipments etc... in

the fault occurrences.

the system are required to be

utility

Many

for

overload

use

coordinated and controlled

interconnected tie lines, ring

for revival of the system

main

stability and smooth power

enhance

utilities

of

network
the

etc..

to

system

flow.

paper

avoid

the

schemes.

with

This

suitable

example of the network.

HIGHLIGHTS: LADR AN
INNOVATIVE CONCEPT
FOR POWER SYSTEM
STABILITY.
Author of this article
has mentioned one of the
concepts in the area of
directional
LADR

relay

(Load

called

Accessed

Directional Relay) in which

over load situation in the
network

system can

be

avoided. Thus the problem

like cascade tripping and
consequence black out of
the system can be saved.

Letter No. 100/Tech/2006

Dtd. 24.10.2006

From
P.K.PATTANAIK
Deputy Manager (Elect.)
E&MR Divn. BURLA
OPTCL, Sambalpur-768017
Email:- ppk110 @ rediffmail.com

Contacts
Ph. (0663)-2430514,2430512(O)
- 2431232 (R )
FAX- (0663)- 2430160 (O )
Mob:- 09437209480

To,
The Editor, IEEMA Journal
501,Kakad Chambers,
132, Dr. A.Besant Road
WORLI, MUMBAI-400018

Sub:- Article for publication in IEEMA Journal

Sir,
Please find enclosed here with the a article titled LADR AN INNOVATIVE
CONCEPT FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY. for publication of the same in IEEMA
Journal with other relevant documents.
Receipt of the letter with enclosures may kindly be acknowledged on the Fax- (0663)2430160 or e-mail to the above address.
Thanking You
Yours faithfully

Enclosures: 1. 2 (Two) hard copies of the article

2. CD with contents of the article
3. Two copies of the photographs
4. Declaration in respect of the Article.

P. K. Pattanaik

From
P.K.PATTANAIK
Deputy Manager (Elect.)
E&MR Divn. BURLA
OPTCL, Sambalpur-768017
Email:- ppk110 @ rediffmail.com

Contacts
Ph. (0663)-2430514,2430512(O)
- 2431232 (R )
FAX- (0663)- 2430160 (O )
Mob:- 09437209480

To,
The Editor, IEEMA Journal
501,Kakad Chambers,
132, Dr. A.Besant Road
WORLI, MUMBAI-400018

Sir,
Sub: - Regarding the Declaration in respect of the Article LADR AN INNOVATIVE
CONCEPT FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY.
1. I confirm that this article is original and has not been earlier published in any
journal/magazine or any other publication in India. The article has also not been
presented in any seminar/ conference held in India.
2. I confirm that this article has not been sent by me to any other
journal/magazine/publication for publishing the same.
3. I am aware, that IEEMA pays honorarium to every published article. On payment of
such honorarium, the copyright of the article rests with IEEMA Journal. Therefore,
the same cannot be published elsewhere without express permission from IEEMA
Journal.
4. I confirm that I am responsible for Correctness of data/experimental results
presented, Opinions expressed in the article, and Infringement, if any, of copyrights/
ownership rights.
5. I am aware, that IEEMA journal publishes articles on good faith basis. Hence I will
be solely responsible for contents, violation of any law in the contents or actions
arising from contents or illustrations.
Thanking You.
Yours faithfully

P. K.PATTANAIK.

PROFILE OF THE AUTHOR

PRASANTA KUMAR PATTANAIK, 40 YR,

!
#

"

&
'

#
)

)
)*

Letter No. 200/Tech/2007

Dtd. 05.06.2007

From
P.K.PATTANAIK
Deputy Manager (Elect.)
E&MR Divn. BURLA
OPTCL, Sambalpur-768017
Email:- ppk110 @ rediffmail.com

Contacts
Ph. (0663)-2430514,2430512(O)
- 2431232 (R )
FAX- (0663)- 2430160 (O )
Mob:- 09437209480

To,
The Editor, IEEMA Journal
501,Kakad Chambers,
132, Dr. A.Besant Road
WORLI, MUMBAI-400018

Sub:- Article for publication in IEEMA Journal, titled LADR AN INNOVATIVE

CONCEPT FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY.
Ref:- 1. My ltr No Letter No. 100/Tech/2006, Dtd. 24.10.2006
2. Your Ltr No IJ/PROC.04(555)/245 dated 30.04.2007.
Sir,
Please find enclosed here with the reply to the scrutineers comments on the article
titled LADR AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT FOR POWER SYSTEM STABILITY.
Receipt of the letter with enclosures may kindly be acknowledged on the Fax- (0663)2430160 or e-mail to the above address.
Thanking You
Yours faithfully

Enclosure: - Reply to the scrutineers comments on the article.

Scrutineers comments and Authors Reply on the article LADR

AN INNOVATIVE CONCEPT FOR POWER SYSTEM
STABILITY.
It is

my great

utilities to accept the same

sensitive relays to the fault

pleasure to answer the

for the system stability of

has not been emphasized.

comments on the article

the network.

The article has covered the

titled

REPLY

solution to the problems

LADR

AN

INNOVATIVE

Disturbances on the

that develop due to over

CONCEPT FOR POWER

network

at

loading situation in the

SYSTEM

STABILITY.

distribution level (11 KV

system, which causes the

My sincere thanks to the

/33 KV) are not the big

tripping of the healthy

IEEMA team for allowing

concern for the system

network

the scrutineers to realize

instability. More over if

instability.

the concept of the article in

proper co-ordination on the

For the distribution

serious manner and the

relays are achieved, then

level (11 KV /33 KV) , the

scrutineers have interacted

the isolation of the faulty

initiation of the LADR

on the issues of the article.

part/parts can be obtained

relays can be provided

I would be rather happy, if

successfully, avoiding the

from

the

problems in the network.

auxiliary contacts of the

of

In the article the discussion

breaker/switchgear of the

developing the relay with

on the clearance of the

fault zone circuit. So the

LADR

fault or the actuation of the

external triggering instead

relay

start

manufacturers
thinking

concept

and

system

and

the

system

associated

of availing from the remote

presently

relays can be utilized from

application of the LADR

causes

the zero state logic of the

with the availability of

instability

equipments

(Either

Distance Protection relays

clearance of the fault. The

electrical parameter status

on the EHV line has

initialization

of the network or the

already been tested and

obtained from the available

physical

working successfully in the

protection scheme of the

scheme.

system either from the

status

of

the

relays, breakers, isolators

etc...).

the

practical

Similarly for the 33

The

method

KV

level

with

RING

associated equipments that

the

system

after

the

can

be

distance Protection Relays

or from the Over Load

described in the article is

MAIN system, the external

relays

the concept of the LADR

signal can obtained from

Irrespective

only, but the detail logic

the associated relays in the

level (11 KV, 33 KV, 132

and

circuit

network during the time of

KV or above) this LADR

design depends upon the

fault. So in the situation of

relay can be used in the

available system study and

LADR

network

the tripping characteristics

initialization of the relay

system instability due to

of other relays associated

completely depends upon

Over loading situation.

in the network. However,

the zero state logic of the

associated

concept,

the

in

to

the

system.

of

system

avoid

the