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Ecology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological study of
the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the population and other
populations, as well as the mutual relationships between organisms and the physical factors
of the environment. Analysis was by studying the composition of the vegetation (species
composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. In determining a plant
vegetation can use several methods. Common methodologies and a highly effective and
efficient if it is used for research, namely squares method, line method, the method without
plot and quaternary method, Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind
that live together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction
both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other organisms so it is a system
that is alive and growing, and dynamic . how to conduct research begins by making a plot
with certain sizes use a ruler, then list all the species present in the plot. after all data has been
collected, the data can be processed in the data of R so that the results can be displayed.
However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods and method interception
point line. The higher diversity of species found in the area, more extensive sample plots /
plots used. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular.
CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Ecology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological
study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the
population and other populations, as well as the mutual relationships between
organisms and the physical factors of the environment. In relation to the previous
description, it can be stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the
relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology involves three main
aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the knowledge of how to live animals,
quantitative information concerning the measures of environmental conditions and
the limits of tolerance of the animal to fluctuations of environmental factors, and
analyze the analytic-synthetic environments and their influence by means of varying
the conditions certain factors under controlled conditions of other factors. In
studying the science of ecology we will discuss about the individual, population,
community, ecosystem, biosphere (Susanto, 2000).
Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live
together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction
both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other organisms so it is
a system that is alive and growing, and dynamic.
Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the composition (component
type) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. Observations of
vegetation parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems
as well as the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and
abiotic components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the biotic
components that occupy particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and
others. The structure and composition of vegetation in an area affected by the other
components of the ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in
the region is actually a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental
factors and may change dramatically due to anthropogenic influences.
Thus, in an area of vegetation in general there will be a certain area, and the
area had already demonstrated the specificity of vegetation called the minimum area
keseluruhan.yang area. Practicum entitled, "Analysis of Vegetation (Species Area
Curve)" aims to study the diversity of plant species in an environment and to
determine the extent of the minimum map can represent the Communist type being
analyzed for ecological purposes.
Minimum area or species area curve is the initial step used untu analyzed
using a vegetation sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain
a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a vegetation type in a
particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with
species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area,
then
increasingly
broad
swath
of
the
examples
used.
The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a
circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the composition (component type)
and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. Observations of vegetation
parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as
the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and abiotic
components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the biotic components that
occupy particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others. The structure
and composition of vegetation in an area affected by the other components of the
ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in the region is actually
a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental factors and may change
dramatically due to anthropogenic influences. Analysis was by studying the
composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form (structure) of
vegetation or plant communities. To a large forest conditions, the activity is closely
related to the analysis of vegetation sampling, meaning we simply put some sample
plots to represent the habitat. In this sampling, there are three things to note, that the
number of sample plots, laying way sample plots and vegetation analysis techniques
were used. The principle of the determination of the size of the plot is the plot should
be large enough so that the individual species present in the sample can represent the
community, but it should be small enough so that no individual can be separated,
counted and measured without duplication or omission. Because the focus of the
analysis lies in the composition of vegetation type and if we can not determine the
extent of sample plots that we think can represent the community, it can use the
technique ( Marpaung andre, 2009).
Vegetation is a collection of herbs, usually consists of some kind that live
together in one place. In the mechanism of coexistence is present close interaction,
both amongst individual vegetation component itself or with other organisms that
constitute a living system and the growing and dynamic (Swamarno, 1977).
Vegetation, soil and climate are closely linked and in each place has a specific
balance. Vegetation somewhere will vary with vegetation in places 1ain because
different environmental factors. Forest vegetation is something dynamic system,
always evolving in accordance with the state of their habitat. Analysis of vegetation is
a way of studying the structure and composition of vegetation or in the form
(structure) of vegetation from plants. Vegetation structure element is a form of
growth, stratification and canopy closure. For the purposes of vegetation analysis
required data type, diameter and height to determine the index of the importance of
the forest community penvusun. With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained
quantitative information about the structure and composition of a plant community.
When it comes to vegetation, we can not be separated from the components of the
vegetation itself and components is exactly the focus of the measurement of
vegetation. Components making up a plant vegetation generally consists of (Andre,
2009).
Vegetation in ecology is the term for the entire community of plants. Vegetation
is a part of life that is composed of plants that occupy an ecosystem. Various types of
forest, gardens, meadows, and tundra vegetation are examples. Analysis was by
studying the composition of the vegetation (species composition) and form (structure)
of vegetation or plant communities. In forest ecology investigation unit is a stand,
which is a concrete association (Rohman and Sumberartha, 2001). Analysis of
vegetation can be used to study the structure and form of vegetation or plant
communities (Rohman and Sumberatha, 2001):
1. Studying forest stands, ie tree level and regeneration levels.
2. Study the plants stand down, which meant lower plants is a type of
vegetation that are below the base except forest stands regeneration of forest
trees, pasture / reeds and scrub vegetation.
In vegetation science has developed various methods to analyze the vegetation
is helpful in decrypting a vegetation according to its purpose. In this case, a
methodology is growing rapidly as (Syafei, 1990). Observations of vegetation
parameters based life form trees, shrubs, and herbs. A natural ecosystems as well as
the target is always made up of two main components, namely biotic and abiotic
components. Vegetation or plant communities is one of the biotic components that
occupy particular habitats such as forest, grassland, scrub and others (Syafei, 2010).
The structure and composition of vegetation in an area affected by the other
components of the ecosystem interact, so that the vegetation that grows naturally in
the region is actually a reflection of the result of the interaction of environmental
factors and may change drastically due to the influence of anthropogenic (Setiadi,
2010).
Common methodologies and a highly effective and efficient if it is used for
research, namely squares method, line method, the method without plot and
quaternary method. However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical
methods and method interception point line (without plot method) (Syafei, 2010).
Quadrant method is one idak using sample plot method (potless). This method
is very good for a suspect community in the form of a tree and Tihang Minimum area
or species area curve is the initial step used untu analyzed using a vegetation sample
plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area)
were considered representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being
studied. Area of sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in
the area. The higher diversity of species found in the area, then increasingly broad
swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum area can be square,
rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the
results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis
of vegetation with squares method (Setiadi, 2010).
Ecology is a science that includes one of the branches of biology. Ecological
study of the mutual relationship between organisms with other organisms in the
population and other populations, as well as the mutual relationships between
organisms and the physical factors of the environment. In relation to the previous
description, it can be stated animal ecology can be defined as the study of the
relationship of animals to their environment. Animal Ecology involves three main
aspects, namely descriptive, concerning the knowledge of how to live animals,
quantitative information concerning the measures of environmental conditions and
usually consists of some kind that live together in one place. In the mechanism of
coexistence is present close interaction, both between individual sesame vegetation
component itself or with other organisms so it is a system that is alive and growing
and dynamic (Marsono, 1977).
In vegetation communities, plant ties between them, may trees, shrubs, grasses,
lichens and Thallophyta, these herbs more or less occupy the strata or layers from top
to bottom horizontally, this is called stratification. Individuals who occupy different
layers showing differences of growth form, every layer of the community sometimes
includes classes such as morphology different individuals, the highest strata of the
canopy of trees or lianas. For this purpose, plants have different morphological
classes were formed in the "sinusie" such trees in sinusie trees, epiphytes and
epiphytes in sinusiesebagainya.Metodologi common methodologies and a highly
effective and efficient if it is used for research, the method of squares, line method,
the method without plot and quaternary method. However, in this lab only focuses on
the use of analytical methods and method interception point line (Setiadi, 1984;
Sundarapandian and Swamy, 2000).
Analysis of vegetation is a way of studying the arrangement and or vegetation
composition in the form (structure) of vegetation vegetationcommunitiesplant.
Vegetation structure element is a form of growth, stratification and canopy closure.
With the analysis of vegetation can be obtained quantitative information about the
structure and composition of a plant community. This method should be chosen,
because putting any plot will not achieve the goal. The location and distribution of the
plots should be set in accordance with its objectives, in addition to simplify the
analysis / interpretation of data. How to capture the plot should be random, scattered
with the same distance (how quadrant), following a predetermined compass direction
(the direction of the transect), transect direction alternation and quadrant-shaped or
stratified.
The sampling method is carried out and the line transect method sample plots
(Transect Line Plot). At each study site created three pieces of line transect sampling
in the area using the rope. Along the transect line made plots measuring 10 x 10 m
were placed randomly. In the plots of 10 x 10 m was made subplots size of 5 x 5 m
ilakukan identification of the type found in each plot. At 10 x 10 m plots were
counted number of species found. (Syafei, 1990)
Variations in the structure and composition of plants in a community influenced
by phenology, dispersal, and the birthrate. Success will be a new individual is
influenced by different vertilitas and ekunditas each species so that there are
differences in the structure and composition of each species (Kimmins.1987).
A frequency value types directly affected by the density and distribution patterns.
Value distribution can provide information about the presence of certain plants in a
plot, and yet can give an idea of the number of individuals in each plot (Greig-Smith .
1983)
The minimum area method is done by determining the area of vegetation
sample will be taken and in which there are various types of vegetation.
Requirements to be a representative sampling of all vegetation analysis. This situation
can be returned to the general nature of the vegetation is the vegetation in the form of
a plant community that is shaped by a variety of populations. In other words, the role
of individuals of a species is very important. The nature of the community will be
determined by the circumstances of individuals in the population (Setiadi, 1984).
Species-area curve, in ecology, is a graph illustrating the relationship between
the number of species with sizes of squares (the plot). Graph it usually shows a
pattern in the number of types of relatively sharp on the size of the small squares up
to a certain point and then leveled off with increasing the size of the squares. SAC
can be used to determine the extent of minimum single squares representing a plant
community in terms of the type of constituent. In sampling squares, there are four
properties that must be considered and addressed, as this will affect the data obtained
from the sample. The four properties are (Dedy 2010):
1. Plot size.
2. Forms plot.
3. The number of plots.
4. How to put the plot in the field.
Abundance of each individual species or type of structure is usually expressed
as a percent of the total number spesises available in the community, and thus is a
measurement relatife. From this relative value, a value that would be obtained
merupak IVI. This value is used as the basis for naming a diamati.Secara vegetation
together, abundance and frequency are very important in determining community
structure (Michael, 2005).
Things to consider in the analysis of vegetation is the withdrawal of samples or
sample unit. In pengukuruan are two types of measurements to obtain the desired
information or data. Both types of measurements are measurements that are
destructive (destructive measures) and measures that are not destructive (nondestructive measures).
For the purposes of the study so that the results can be considered valid data
(valid) statistically, the use of both types of measurements are an absolute must to use
a unit sample (sampling units), especially for a researcher who took the forest objects
with wide area coverage. With sampling, a researcher / surveyor can obtain
information / data they want faster and more accurately with less cost and effort when
compared with a full inventory (census method) to the members of a population. For
the purposes of the description of the vegetation there are three kinds of quantitative
parameters is very important vegetation is generally measured by a type of plant
community that is density (density), frequency, and cover (kelindungan) (Irwanto,
2010).
Density is the number of individuals of a species in a certain area, for example,
100 individuals / ha.Dalam measure density usually appears a problem with respect to
edge effects (side effects) and life form (plant form). To measure the density of trees
or other vegetation forms that have stems that are easily distinguished from each
other generally do not pose significant difficulties. However, for plants that spread by
shoots on his books and berrhizoma (rooted rhizome) there will be a difficulty in
calculating the individual. To overcome this, we must create a separate criteria on
individual understanding of the vegetation types. Another issue that must be
addressed is the effect of the squared edge with respect to the existence of most plant
species that are on the edge of the squares, so we must decide whether the plant
species considered to be in a square or outside the squares. To overcome this
agreement that is usually used when> 50% of the parts of the plants are in squares,
then the plant is considered to be in the squares and certainly barns calculated density
measurements (Irwanto, 2010).
Frequency is the number of plant species, sample plots where the discovery of a
number of types of sample plots were made. Usually the frequency is expressed in a
percentage scale. For example, the type of Avicennia marina (fires) are found in 50
sample plots of 100 sample plots were made, so that the frequency of these types of
fires is 50/100 x 100% = 50%. So in the determination of this frequency there is no
counting, but only a perisalahan about the existence of a type only (Irwanto, 2010).
Kelindungan is the proportion of the soil surface covered by plant canopy
projection. Therefore, kelindungan always expressed in units of percent. For example,
Rhizophora apiculata (mangrove) has projected canopy area of 10 sqm in a sample
plot of 100 m, then kelindungan mangrove species is 10/100 x 100% = 10%. The
total number of kelindungan all types of plants in a plant community may be more
than 100%, because it is often projected canopy of the plant with other plants overlap
(overlapping). In lieu of the area canopy, it could also imply kelindungan basal area
projection on a surface area measured by planimeter tanah.dan luasannya or dotgrid
system with graph paper (Irwanto, 2010).
In an area of vegetation in general there will be a certain area, and the area had
already demonstrated the specificity of the overall vegetation. So the area is called the
minimum area. How to determine the minimum area as follows:
1. Made by the size of the sample plot example (0.5 x 0.5) m2 plot 1.
2. Calculate the number of species present in the plot.
3. The plot was expanded two times the size of plots 1, this plot to 2.
4. Calculated number of species present (cumulative sum).
5. The addition of wide swath terminated if the number of species does not
grow again.
From the data that has been obtained is made curve:
1. The area of sample plots as the abscissa (X sb)
2. The number of species as the ordinate (Y sb)
3. Then calculated 10% of that achieved wide and 10% of the species.
Then resultansinya line drawn from (from 10% earlier). After the drawn
tangent to the curve is parallel to the resultant. Then from the point of tangency to a
line drawn parallel to the abscissa ordinate. Then the minimum area of plot (plot) can
be determined. Minimum area or species area curve is the first step that is used to
analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots (squares). Minimum area of plot sizes
used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered representative with a
vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of sample plot has a close
relationship with species diversity found in the area. The higher diversity of species
found in the area, the broad swath of the examples used. The shape of the minimum
area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a circle. Broad minimum sample
plots representing the results of a minimum area of vegetation, will be used as a
benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares method (Anonimb, 2010).
CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and place
Time
:
Place
:
Luas.m
#--------------------------------------------#---Fungsimenghitungluas plot
#--dalamhektar----luas.ha<-function (x)
{ls.ha<-x /10000
return(ls.ha)}
#------------------------Luas.ha<-luas.ha(Luas.m)
Luas.ha
#----------------------------#----MenghitungAkumulasispesies---
akumulasi<-cumsum(dataku$Jumlah)
akumulasi
#--MenghitungAkumulasiSpesies
persen<-function (x,y)
{(x/y)*100}
persentase<-persen(dataku$Jumlah[-1],akumulasi)
persentase
#-------------#--Menggabungkan data---dataku<-data.frame(dataku,Luas.m,Luas.ha,akumulasi,persentase)
dataku
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result
1. Table observation result
N
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
Leb
ar
0
0
1
1
2
2
2. Curve
Panjan
g
5
5
1
2
2
4
Jumla
h
0
1
2
2
1
0
Luas.m
Luas.ha
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
2.00E-05
5.00E-05
1.00E-04
2.00E-04
4.00E-04
8.00E-04
akumul
asi
2
2
4
6
7
7
persenta
se
0
100
50
16
0
0
B. Discussion
On this occasion we will make observations about the minimum area. In the
lab we did make a 5 land measuring 0.5 x 0.5 1 x 0.5, 1 x 1, 1 x 2, 2 x 2 and 2 x 4
and in this area we observed what plants contained in it and calculate julah species.
of observations that have been carried out on the data obtained land / plots
measuring 0.5 x 0.5 m was found that the presence of two types of plant species
unnamed agreed to name the species A and species B. In the second plot with size 1
x 0.5 m plot is the same as that first discovered the existence of two types of plants.
the third plot with a size of 1 x 1 m was found that there are 4 types of plants that
Mucuna pruriens, and the species A. In the fourth plot with a size of 1 x 2 m is the
same as the third plot was found that the presence of six Mucuna pruriens plant
species, and the species A. five plots with a size of 2 x 2 m was found that the
presence of plants 7jenis spesie A and species B, and the latter with a plot size of 2 x
4 found 7 types of the same plant with the fifth plot.
The theory states that there is a minimum or baha Area of species area curve
is the first step that is used to analyze the vegetation that uses sample plots (squares).
Minimum area of plot sizes used to obtain a sample (sampling area) were considered
representative with a vegetation type in a particular habitat being studied. Area of
sample plot has a close relationship with species diversity found in the area. The
higher diversity of species found in the area, the broad swath of the examples used.
The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular, and can also form a
circle. Broad minimum sample plots representing the results of a minimum area of
vegetation, will be used as a benchmark in the analysis of vegetation with squares
method.
CHAPTER V
CLOSING
A. Conclusian
1. Analysis was by studying the composition of the vegetation (species
composition) and form (structure) of vegetation or plant communities. In
determining a plant vegetation can use several methods. Common
methodologies and a highly effective and efficient if it is used for research,
namely squares method, line method, the method without plot and quaternary
method. However, in this lab only focuses on the use of analytical methods and
method interception point line.
2. The higher diversity of species found in the area, more extensive sample plots /
plots used. The shape of the minimum area can be square, rectangular.
B. Suggestion
The advice I can give to the next lab include:
1. Should the practitioner in performing lab can accurately count the number of
species found in each plot, and if it can be serious in making observations.
2. It is expected that the instructor can guide praktikannya well so that the
learners can be serious in making observations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Marpaung, Ande. 2009. http://boymarpaung.wordpress.com/2009/04/20/apadan-bagaimana-mempelajari-analisa-vegetasi/ diakses tanggal 15 oktober 2014
Swanarmo, H, dkk. 2010. Pengantar Ilmu Lingkungan. Malang: Universitas
Muhammadyah.
Andre.2009.Apa dan Bagaimana Mempelajari Analisa Vegetasi.
http://boymarpaung. wordpress.com/2009/04/20/ apa-dan-bagaimana-mempelajari
-analisa-vegetasi/. Diakses pada 15 oktober 2014
Rohman, Fatchur dan I Wayan Sumberartha. 2001. Petunjuk Praktikum
Ekologi Tumbuhan. JICA. Malang.
Syafei, Eden Surasana. 2010. Pengantar Ekologi Tumbuhan. Bandung. ITB.
Setiadi. 2010. Ekologi Tropika. ITB. Bandung
Dedy 2010 http://dydear.multiply.com/journal/item/15/Analisa_Vegetasi
Michael, M. 1992. Ekologi Umum. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Michael, P. 2005. Metode Ekologi untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan
Laboratorium. UI Press. Jakarta.
Irwanto. 2010. Analisis Vegetasi Parameter Kuantitatif. http://www.irwanto
shut.net. accesed on October 15 2014
Hardjosuwarn, Sunarto. 2008. Dasar-Dasar Ekologi Tumbuhan. Yogyakarta:
Fakultas Biologi UGM
Suprianto, Bambang. 2001. Petunjuk Praktikum Ekologi Tumbuhan.
Bandung: UPI
Susanto, Pudyo. 2000. Pengantar Ekologi Hewan. Malang: PPGSM
Anonima. 2010.http://www.che@blog.com/doc/analisisvegetasiluasminimum.
Diaksespada 11 April 2010.
Anonimb. 2010. http://www.Dedys_Site.com/doc//Analisavegetasi. Diaksespada 11
April 2010.
Hardjosuwarn, Sunarto. 1990. Dasar-DasarEkologiTumbuhan. Yogyakarta:
FakultasBiologi UGM
Suprianto, Bambang. 2001. PetunjukPraktikumEkologiTumbuhan. Bandung: UPI
Ellenberg . 1974. Quantitatif and Dynamic Plant Ecology . London:
Edward Arnold Publishers
THANKS TO
God almighty to life so meaningful, over the road which was never empty, and
the opportunities are always there, also on the strength and patience. so there is
always the patience and strength to complete this report, even though so many things
that interfere with the smooth creation of this report, but in the end can be completed
in an incredible time of urgency.
To my parents, thank you for the love, trust, and support that is so great for
me. I am not aware might survive to this day on this campus without their support.
although I often complain but they have always believed that I was able to survive. to
Mr. Wiharto who patiently guided us in carrying out lab, teach us to use
the data of R, even teach us to be patient before sunset. always passion in
teaching us, thank you very much for the knowledge that you provide to
us. good health and good fortune always be bestowed upon you.
to friends in ardealba (biology ICP 2012), thank you very much for the help
you all the good support, prayers, cheat, and a variety of magical spells that make my
spirit delivering the report although I did not understand the use of data and hug R.
kisses to you all. especially those for fun and ani on a lift boarding house and the free
wifi, also for the most part the material that I managed to take after various seduction
of death.
Thank you to someone who has been entertaining and encouraging. and lastly
thanks to my laptop which helped me speed up the process of making this report,
without you I would not be able to work on this report.