Beruflich Dokumente
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Research Article
Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Powder of
Potato Peelings as a Low Cost Sorbent
Farai Mutongo,1 Olga Kuipa,1 and Pardon K. Kuipa1,2
1
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
School of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Private Bag Box 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
1. Introduction
Wastewater from industries such as chrome leather tanning,
metallurgy, chrome plating, textiles, ceramics, photography,
and photoengraving contains moderate to excessive amounts
of hexavalent chromium compounds beyond the conventional statutory limit of 0.1 mg/L. Remediation of these
effluents is necessary because in humans Cr(VI) causes lung
cancer, ulcers, nasal septum perforations, and damage to the
kidneys.
Established methods for the removal of chromium from
wastewaters include precipitation, electrochemical reduction,
ion exchange, electrodeposition, membrane technology, and
adsorption. Adsorption remains one of the most economical
and widely used method for the removal of toxic pollutants
from wastewater and the most widely used Cr(VI) sorbent
is activated carbon although it is expensive and has high
running costs since it requires regeneration after sorption.
Therefore the potential exists for Cr(VI) removal by a lower
cost biosorbent. The use of nonliving biomass as metal
binding compounds has gained popularity over the use of live
biomass. This is mainly because living cells are subject to toxic
effects of heavy metals, resulting in cell death. Living cells
100
90
80
70
60
50
20
40
60
80
Time (minutes)
100
120
3
the amount absorbed per unit mass of the absorbent (mg g1 )
with an equilibrium concentration of (mg L1 ). The values
of and were calculated from the slope and intercept of
the linear plot of / versus :
1
=
+ .
80
70
60
50
= 0.305 + 0.680,
40
2 = 0.973,
30
20
(4)
10
30
(3)
20
70
Concentration of Cr(VI) (mg/L)
120
(1)
where is the metal uptake; 0 and are the initial and final
Cr(VI) concentration. is the mass of biosorbent and is
the volume of solution used.
5.1. Langmuir Isotherm. The Langmuir equation refers to a
monolayer sorption onto surfaces containing a finite number
of accessible sites:
= .
1 +
(2)
1
.
1 + 0
(5)
(6)
(7)
= 0.2985.
6. Kinetic Modelling
6.1. Pseudo-First-Order Equation. Consider
= 1 ( )
(8)
2.5
0.2
0.4
1.5
qt
log(qe qt )
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.5
0
ln t
1.2
20
40
60
80
Time (minutes)
40 mg/L
60 mg/L
100 mg/L
120 mg/L
100
20 mg/L [Cr(VI)]
40 mg/L [Cr(VI)]
60 mg/L
100 mg/L [(VI)]
120 mg/L [(VI)]
120
1
,
2.303
(9)
2
= 2 ( ) .
(10)
1
1
=
+
,
2 2
(11)
= exp ( ) ,
(12)
where ((g/kg)/ min) and is the metal uptake at equilibrium (mg/g), is the initial adsorption rate (mgg1 min1 ),
and is the desorption constant (gmg1 ).
Simplification is attained by making the assumption,
[18, 19].
With boundary conditions = 0, = 0, = , and
= ,
=
1
1
ln () + ln .
(13)
Table 1: Regression equations and correlation factors using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models for the
biosorption of Cr(VI) by waste potato peel.
[Cr(VI)] mg/L
40
60
100
120
Pseudo-first-order kinetics
= 0.01 + 0.274
R2 = 0.842
= 0.005 + 0.080
R2 = 0.882
= 0.005 + 0.274
R2 = 0.906
= 0.002 + 0.257
R2 = 0.870
Pseudo-second-order kinetics
= 0.569 + 223.9
2 = 0.153
= 0.146 + 94.60
2 = 0.122
= 0.114 + 36.64
2 = 0.139
= 0.084 + 46.70
2 = 0.048
Elovich kinetics
= 0.418 1.217
R2 = 0.965
= 0.380 0.757
R2 = 0.861
= 0.410 + 0.149
R2 = 0.902
= 0.546 0.218
R2 = 0.956
Table 2: (a) Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of Cr(VI) onto potato peel powder at = 27 C. (b) Averaged kinetic parameters for the
adsorption of Cr(VI) onto potato peel powder at = 27 C.
(a)
Kinetic model
Pseudo-first-order
Initial Cr(VI)
concentration, mg/L
Linear equation
log( ) = log
40
60
100
120
2.303
20
Elovich
40
1
1
= ln () + ln
60
100
120
Reaction constant
1 = 0.0230 min1
1 = 0.0115 min1
1 = 0.0115 min1
1 = 0.0046 min1
= 0.0081 mgg1 min1
= 11.11 g/mg
= 0.0227 mgg1 min1
= 2.3923 g/mg
= 0.0518 mgg1 min1
= 2.6316 g/mg
= 0.5897 mgg1 min1
= 2.4390 g/mg
= 0.3663 mgg1 min1
= 1.8315 g/mg
2
0.842
0.882
0.906
0.870
0.907
0.965
0.861
0.902
0.956
(b)
Kinetic model
Pseudo-first-order
Elovich
Linear equation
log( ) = log 1
2.303
1
1
= ln () + ln
8. Conclusions
When applying the Langmuir isotherm to the adsorption data, a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of
3.28 mg/g suggests a functional group limited adsorption
process. Indeed potato peel has been reported [23] to be a
source of phenolic compounds, glycoalkaloids, and cell wall
polysaccharides. These compounds would be the source of
the functional groups. The value of the adsorption energy, ,
was found to be 0.448 L/mg. When the adsorption data are
modeled using the Freundlich isotherm, the equilibrium constant, , is found to be 0.2985 ((mg/g) (L/mg)1/n ). The value
of was 2/3, which is between 0 and 10, suggesting relatively strong adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto the surface
Reaction constant
1 = 0.01267 0.00764 min1
= 0.25763 0.3440 mgg1 min1
= 2.3236 0.27054 g/mg
(mg/g)
Reference
33.55
0.629
28.49
312.52
8.012
4.762
13.01
[18]
[20]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[8]
[9]
22.28
[9]
7.51
69.4
Ranges from
4.19 to 7.48
0.198
0.470
55.0
[10]
[5]
103.09
[13]
93.45
44.8
[14]
[15]
265.0
[22]
58.0
125.0
[11]
[12]
Present
Study
3.28
[6]
[7]
[7]
[21]
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.
References
[1] A. B. Sallau, S. Aliyu, and S. Ukuwa, Biosorption of chromium
(VI) from aqueous solution by corn cob powder, International
Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 131140,
2012.
[2] A. A. Idowu, O. A. Edwin, I. M. Abidemi, A. S. Akinyeye, and S.
O. Kareem, Biosorption of Cr (VI) ion from aqueous solution
by maize husk: isothermal, kinetics and thermodynamic study,
Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, vol. 34, no. 6, pp.
13881396, 2012.
[3] S. H. Hasan, K. K. Singh, O. Prakash, M. Talat, and Y. S. Ho,
Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions using agricultural
waste maize bran, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 152, no.
1, pp. 356365, 2008.
[4] M. A. Abdullah and A. G. D. Prasad, Kinetics and equilibrium
studies for the biosorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions by
potato peel waste, International Journal of Chemical Engineering Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 5162, 2009.
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