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Mokhlesur Rahman
Engineering - CE - 4303
Advanced Foundation
DUET
CE-4303
ADVANCED FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
NOTE NO 05
VIBRATION THEORY
PREPARED BY:
Dr. Md. Mokhlesur Rahman
Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.
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Soil Dynamics:
Soil Dynamics is the branch of soil mechanics which deals with the engineering
properties and behavior of soil under dynamic stress, including the analysis of the
stability of earth supported and earth retaining structures. The study of Soil dynamics
include the machine foundations, impact loadings, dynamic soil properties, slope
stability, bearing capacity, settlement, vibratory compaction, pile driving analysis and
field testing, ground anchor systems, seismic design parameters, liquefaction, sheet pile
walls and laboratory testing.
Nature/sources of types of dynamic loading:
Dynamic loads on foundation and soil structure may act due to
Earthquake
Bomb blast
Operation of reciprocating and rotary machines and hammers
Construction operation such as pile driving
Quarrying
Fast moving traffic including landing aircraft
Wind
Loading due to wave action of water etc.
The nature of each of these loads is quite different from the nature of the loads in
the other cases.
Earthquakes constitute the single most important source of dynamic loads on
structures and foundation.
Every earth quake is associated with a certain amount of energy released at its
source and can be assigned a magnitude (m) which is just a number.
Table gives an idea of the energy associated with a particular magnitude
M (Richter)
E (1020ergs)
5.0
0.08
6.0
2.5
6.33
8.00
6.5
14.1
7.0
80
7.5
446
8.0
2500
8.6
20000
Earthquake:
The vibration of earth that accompanies an earthquake is one of the most
terrifying natural phenomena known. From geological point of view, earthquakes
provide the evidences of the instability of the earths crust and a logical starting point
for any examination of the dynamics of the earth.
Most earthquakes take place along faults in the upper 25 miles of the earth's
surface when one side rapidly moves relative to the other side of the fault.
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T=
1
f
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Free vibration: Free vibration occur under the influence of forces inherent in the system
itself, without any external force. However, to start free vibrations, some external force
or natural disturbance is required. Once started, the vibrations continue without an
external force.
Forced vibration: Forced vibrations occur under the influence of a continuous external
force.
Natural frequency: If an elastic system vibrates under the action of forces inherent in
the system and in the absence of any externally applied force, the frequency with which
it vibrates is its natural frequency.
Resonance: When the frequency of the exciting force is equal to one of the natural
frequencies of the system, the amplitudes of motion become excessively large. This
condition is known as resonance.
Damping: The resistance to motion which develops due to friction and other causes is
known as damping. Viscous damping is a type of damping in which the damping force
is proportional to the velocity.
It is expressed as,
F=c
dz
dt
Where,
c=damping coefficient
dz
=Velocity
dt
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k1
k2
k1
m1
z1
k2
m2
x
n=2
n=1
n =3
z2
k3
n=
m3
z3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure - 1: System with different degree of freedom (a) One degree of freedom n=1;
(b) Two degree of freedom n=2; (c) Three degree of freedom n=3;
(d) Infinite degree of freedom n=.
Principal modes of vibrations: A system with more than one degree of freedom
vibrates in complex modes. However, if each point in the system follows a definite
pattern of common natural frequency, the mode is systematic and orderly and is known
as the principal mode of vibration.
A system with n degrees of freedom has a principal modes and n natural
frequencies.
Normal mode of vibrations: When the amplitude of some point of the system vibrating
in one of the principal modes is mode equal to unity, the motion is then called the
normal mode of vibration.
Resonance: When the frequency of the exciting force is equal to one of the natural
frequencies of the system, the amplitudes of motion become excessively large. This
condition is known as resonance. It is important to avoid or control or minimize this
situation. In this condition a large magnitude of force and amplitude of motion can be
generated which is destructive to the structure.
Minimization or Control of resonance:
It is important; therefore, to avoid or minimize these situations by either avoiding
the equalization of the forcing and natural frequencies by use of appropriate damping
mechanism that will reduce the size of the otherwise increased effects at resonance.
Various damping mechanism are available, either inherent in the vibrating system or
especially designed into the system. Reference will be later to specific mechanisms, but
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for the moment it is sufficient that damping loads to the dissipation of energy per cycle
of motion and usually leads to a reduction or decay in amplitude of the motion.
Methods of avoid resonance:
Isolate resonant component
Change exciting frequency using springs, pads, pneumatic, suspending
components
Use Vibration absorption
Increase system damping
Reduce forcing amplitude
Avoid forcing a system at a natural frequency
Un-damped free vibration of a spring mass system:
k
+z
z
Mass
Static
Condition
(a)
-z
Mass
z=0
(b)
z = max
z = max
Mass
Mass
Mass
(c)
(d)
z stat
kz + kzstat
Mass
mg=W
Double
Amplitude
(e)
(e)
Un-stretched Spring
Equilibrium Position
Mass in Oscillating Position
Mass in maximum Downward Position
Mass in upward position
Free body diagram of mass corresponding to (c)
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Figure - 3 shows a foundation resisting on a spring. Let the spring represent the
elastic properties of soil. If the area of the foundation is equal to A, the intensity of load
transmitted to the sub grade
q=
z stat =
W
A
W mg
=
k
k
Where,
k =Spring constant
unit deflection)
W =Weight of mass
If the foundation is disturbed from its static equilibrium position, the system will
vibrate. According to Newtons second law of motion,
( Wg ) z+ kz=0
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, z +
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( mk ) z=0
... (1)
Where,
g = acceleration due to gravity
z = Displacement
2
z = d z2 = Acceleration
dt
t = time
m = mass =
W
g
( n t)+ Bcos( n t )
z= Asin
...
(2)
Where, A and B are arbitrary constant and n is the circular natural frequency of
system.
Now,
( n t )n Bsin ( n t)
dz
z = = n Acos
dt
( n t )n2 Bcos (n t)
d2 z
z = 2 = n2 Asin
dt
( n t)+ Bcos( n t )
Asin
n2
= n2 z
( n t)+ Bcos( n t )
z= Asin
...(3)
From equation (1) and (3) we can write,
n2 z +
( mk ) z=0
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, n2+
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k
z=0
m
k
m
k
, n =
m
, n2=
(+)
One Cycle
Displacement, z
n t
Time
(-)
Figure - 4: Plot of Displacement, amplitude and cycle for the free vibration of
mass spring system
From figure - 4 the magnitude of maximum displacement is equal to z. This
usually referred to as the single amplitude. The peak to peak displacement amplitude is
equal to 2z. The time required for the motion to repeat itself is called the period of the
vibration. When the time required to complete one cycle of motion is n T n=2 , the
time period T of this motion can be written as
T n=
2 2
=
n
m
k
1 1
f= =
Frequency,
T 2
k
1 kg
1
=
=
m 2 mg 2
g
1
=
mg 2
k
kg
z stat
Example: - 1
A mass supported by a spring has a static deflection of 0.5 mm, Determine its
natural frequency of vibration.
Solution:
Given,
g = 9810 mm/sec2
zstat = 0.5 mm
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f=
1
2
g
z stat
1
2
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9810
=22.32 Hz
0.5
(Ans)
Example: - 2
Find the fundamental frequency of vibration of a vertical cantilever as shown in
figure (5) that supports a mass m which is large relative to total mass of the cantilever.
Data - mass, m = 1000 kg, length, L= 20 m, Flexural rigidity, EI = 125102 N-m2.
W = 1000
Kg
EI = 125102 N-
L = 20
Now, frequency,
f=
1
2
k
1
=
m 2
3 EI
1
=
3
mL 2
3 125 103
=1.1 Hz
1000 203
(Ans)
Example: - 3
Determine the spring constant for the system of springs shown in figure
k1
k1
k2
c
x1
x2
(a)
k2
(b)
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x2
x1 + x2
x1
x1 + x2
and of
x2
1
x1 + x2 k1
and
respectively.
x1
1
x1 + x2 k2
respectively.
x 1+ x 2 2
x 1+ x 2 2
x
2
( 1+ x 2)
If x1 = x2 = x and k1 = k2 = k, then
x12 x 22
+
k 2 k1
k eqv =
k eqv =2 k
1
k 1 +k 2
If k1 = k2 = k, then
k1 k2
k 1+ k 2
k eqv =
k
2
Example: - 4
Write the equation of motion for the systems shown in figure (7) and determine the
natural frequencies.
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k1
k2
o
A
x
B
x
k3
x+ x 2
2x
x2
1 k 2 +k 1
4 k1 k2
4 k1 k2
k 1 +k 2
Total deflection is
1
1 k +k 1
+ = 2 1+
k ' eqv k 3 4 k 1 k 2 k 3
k
k ( 1+k 2 )+4 k 1 k 2
= 3
4 k1 k2 k3
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k
k 3 ( 1+ k 2)+ 4 k 1 k 2
4k k k
k eqv = 1 2 3
We have,
( n t)n Bsin( n t)
dz
z = = n Acos
dt
Where,
k
1+
k 2 )+ 4 k 1 k 2
mk 3 (
n=
k eqv 4 k 1 k 2 k 3
=
Also,
lsin=rsin
rcos?
rcos
lcosf lcos
l+r
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[ () ]
1
2
2
r
cos=(1sin ) = 1
sin
l
2
1
2
[ () ]
r
sin
l
sin=
or,
cos=1
1 r
1 r
1 r
sin
sin
sin ..
2 l
8 l
16 l
1cos=
1 r 2 2 1 r 4 4
1 r 6 6
sin +
sin +
sin ..
2 l
8 l
16 l
()
()
()
()
()
()
r 1cos +
2
1 r
1 r 3 4
1 r 5 6
sin +
sin +
sin ..
2 l
8 l
16 l
()
()
()
Now,
(
)
1 3
1
( 2 cos 2 + cos 4 )
4 2
2
Now,
S=r 1cos+
If
r
l
is very small,
1 r
1 r
( 1cos 2 ) +
4 l
32 l
()
r
l
()
S=r 1cos+
lr
( 1cos 2 )
4l
S=r 1cos ( t ) +
lr
( 1cos ( 2 t ) )
4l
Velocity,
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ds
r
S = =r sin ( t ) + { sin ( 2 t ) }
dt
2l
Acceleration,
S=
d2 s
r
2
=r cos ( t ) + cos ( 2 t )
2
l
dt
....
(1)
Where c is a constant of proportionality, referred to as the viscous damping co-efficient.
Figure (9) shows a single degree of freedom oscillator to which is added a dashpot that
induces the damping forces. From the force body diagram the equation of motion is
m x +c x + kx=0
, x +
c
k
x + x=0
m
m
..
...(2)
x
rigid mass, m
m x
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is, c c =2 km
D=
c
cc
...
..(3)
And a damping ratio,
.....(4)
c
k
=c c =2 km=2m
=2 n m
D
m
,
c
=2 Dn
m
k
2
where, n = m
.....(5)
x= A e + B e
.....(6)
r2 t
Where A & B are constants to be determined from the initial conditions at x (0) and
x (0) . r 1 ,r 2 are the roots of the auxiliary equation,
r 1,2= n [ D D 1 ]
2
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Figure - 10: Free Vibration of a spring mass Dashpot system (a) Over Damped
case, (b) Critically Damped Case, (c) Under-Damped case.
If, D = 1, r 1=r 2 =n
The
t
A+Be
x=
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r 1= n [ D D 21 ]
r 2= n [ D D 21 ]
r 1r 2
Where,
For the initial conditions x ( 0 )= A x and x ( 0 )= 0, the solution of equation (7) gives,
n Dt
x=
or, x=
Axe
(1D )
A xe
n Dt
(1D )
2
sin { n (1D )t + }
2
(+)
Point of Tangency
x
Ax
Time
(-)
Force
, D=
Energy absorbed
Energy applied
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Deformation
(a) (b)
Figure - 13: (a) Un-damped Vibration (Amplitude vs Time); (b) Damped Vibration
(Amplitude vs Time)
Since for over damped, the motion is a periodic, the system returns to its original
position in the minimum time, when critically damped.
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(+)
1.0
0.5
x
Ax
-0.5
D=8
D=5
D=1
0.5
D=2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Time
D = 0.2
-1.0
(-)
System mass, m
System mass, m
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Mathematically,
n=
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k
m
Where,
k = Stiffness of spring and
M = Mass of System
Vibrations that occur under the excitation of externally applied forces are termed
forced vibrations. Forced vibrations occur at the operating frequency ( ) of the
exciting force. The operating frequency ( is independent of the natural frequency (
n ) of the system. But when, = n , the response of the system is infinite. The
condition is known as resonance. Damped frequency
( nd ) may be defined as
nd= n 1D2 .
Actual Damping C
Where, D = Damping factor Critical Damping = C
c
damped system is non-existent, damping always exists and the response is finite.
However, when operating frequency () is close to the natural un-damped frequency
( n) , the response is very high. To avoid this condition, the operating frequency
should not be close to the natural frequency. For a safe design, the frequency ratio
(
)
n
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Non Oscillatory and critically damped motion, Damped force vibration and their
significance:
When D>1, the system is over-damped, the motion of the system is called nonoscillatory or a periodic motion.
When D=1, the system is critically damped, the motion of the system is called critically
damped motion.
When D<1, the system is under-damped, the motion of the system varies sinusoidal is
called damped forced vibration.
Where,
Actual Damping C
C
C
D = Damping factor Critical Damping = C = 2 m = 2 km
c
n
(+)
1.0
0.5
x
Ax
-0.5
D=
D=8
D=5
D=1
0.5
D=2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Time
D = 0.2
-1.0
(-)
Figure - 16: Spring mass with dashpot system and free vibration with various value of
D
It is not intended to investigate the algebra of these above cases as they are rarely
of interest in machine foundation problems.
Figure (16) shows the behavior of these cases for the initial conditions x ( 0 )= A x
and x ( 0 )=0 .
In the case of critical damping, the mass, m returns to its equilibrium position in the
shortest possible time. Critical frequency may be defined as the frequency factor
( =1)
n
is one, i.e. the case where the operating frequency () of the system is
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( D= CC =1)
c
is one,
where actual damping and critical damping are equal. At this case, the system returns to
its equilibrium position in the shortest possible time. For machine foundation design,
this case is expected.
So the above two situations are opposite to each other.
n=
k
m
C c =2 km
xm
x m +1
(1)
In which x m and x m+1 are two successive peak amplitudes, from a
displacement verses time trace will enable the damping constant to be estimated.
(+)
50.7454
x
m
32.5000
x m+1
Time
(-)
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x m=
(1D )
2
sin { n (1D2 )t + }
.. (2)
Where,
=tan1
1D2
D
..
n (1D )
2
. (3)
A (e
=
n Dt
x m+1
2 D
(1D 2)
(1D )
2
.. (4)
The values of the sine functions are equal when the time is increased by the period,
T , so that the ratio of the displacements becomes,
2 D
xm
=e (1 D )
x m +1
2
.(5)
So,
2 D
x
2 D
=log e m =log e e (1D ) =
x m +1
(1D2 )
2
..
(6)
For small values of D , the equation (6) can be expressed in series form,
2
D2
1+
2 D
=
=2 D(1D 2) 2 =2 D ( + ) 2 D
2
(1D )
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Hence,
...
=2 D
..(7)
In practice, when interpreting a vibration trace or record, it is better to find the number
of cycles required for the amplitude to reduce to half its value.
Consider first the ratio of
x0 2
=
xn 1
after n cycles,
Now,
x0 x0 x1 x2
x
n
= , , n1 =( e ) =en
xn x1 x2 x3
xn
..
..(8)
For the case, when
x0 2
=
xn 1
ln
And,
x0
=ln2=0.693
xn
n 2 nD =ln
x0
=0.693
xn
Therefore,
nD=0.11=
If
D=0.1
D=0.2
D
0.693
2
n=1.1
n=0.55
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Damping can be determined from either a free vibration or a forced vibration test
on a system. In a free-vibration test, the system is displaced from its equilibrium
position and a record of the amplitude of displacement is made. Then we have,
2
D2
1+
2 D
=2 D (1D 2) 2 =2 D ( + ) 2 D
2
(1D )
D=
1
=
log e m
2 2
x m+1
. (1)
D=
1
=
log e 0
2 2 n
xn
. (2)
In a forced-vibration test, the system may be excited with a constant force of excitation
and varying frequencies. Figure (18) shows a resonance curves.
2 2
( )} (
1
n
+ 2D
n
.. (3)
Putting, frequency ratio,
=1 , We have,
n
Ax
1
=
xs 2 D
(4)
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f
x
Putting, the frequency ratio r= x = f , when the amplitude of motion
s
n
0.707
A
1
= x ,
2 D xs
We get,
0.707
1
=
2
2D
( 1r 2 ) + ( 2 Dr )2
0.707
1
,
=
2
2D
( 1r 2 ) + ( 2 Dr )2
1
1
=
2
2 2 D 12 r + r 4 + 4 D2 r 2
, 12 r 2+ r 4 + 4 D2 r 2=8 D2
, r 4 2r 2 ( 12 D2 ) + ( 18 D2 )=0
, r 21,2=
2
1
2 ( 12 D2 ) 4 ( 12 D2 ) 4 ( 18 D2 )
2
1
2
2
4
2
2 ( 12 D ) 416 D +16 D 4+ 32 D ]
[
2
( 12 D 2 ) 2 d 1+ D2
Now,
r 22r 12=4 D 1+ D2 4 D
If D is very small.
Now,
f 22 f 12 f 1+ f 2
r 2 r 1 =
=
fn
f n2
2
( )(
f 1f 2
f +f
=2 2 1 .1
fn
fn
) ( )
Since,
f 1+ f 2
=2
fn
( )
So,
4 D=2
, D=
f 2+ f 1
fn
( )
1 f 2f 1
2 fn
This method for determining viscous damping is known as the bandwidth method.
Forced Harmonic Vibration with Viscous Damping
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The harmonic force F0 cost acts on the system which has a spring constant
k and a viscous damping constant c as shown in figure (19). The circular
frequency of the force application is , and the amplitude is constant F0 .
F0 cost
rigid mass, m
F0 cost
m x
.(1)
Re = Real
m x +c x + kx=0
is,
x= A e it
.(2)
Where, A is an arbitrary constant.
Equation (2) substituting into equation (1), we have
x=
F0 e
it
{m (i )2 +c ( i )+ k }
F
e
(
k )
, x=
{1( ) +i.2 D .( )}
0
it
Where, n=
k
m
c
and D=
2 km
F0
k
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{ }
( )
1
( )
2D
=tan1
The phase angel is the angle, by which the response lags behind the disturbing fore,
i (t)
x=
xs e
2 2
( ) } { ( )}
1
n
+ 2D.
n
x s (cost)
2 2
( ) } { ( )}
1
n
+ 2 D.
n
xs
2 2
( ) } { ( )}
1
n
+ 2 D.
n
Ax
=M =Magnificaiton factor
xs
Ax
=f
,D
xs
n
=f
( , D)
n
Ax
=1.0 for static case .
xs
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Ax
xs
Magnifcation factor,
M=
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Frequency ratio,
Frequency ratio,
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When is close to unity, the damping force and exciting force are almost
n
equal. The spring force and inertia force are almost balanced.
The phase angle ( ) is very sensitive to the ratio in the region of near
n
resonance for small damping.
2
When = 12 D , then
n
Ax
xs
reaches a maximum.
xs
.
2D
(1)
Where,
= Frequency of force of excitation.
The equation of motion for free-body,
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m x +c x + kx=F 0 sintsint
.(2)
The solution of the equation is,
x= A x sin ( t )
.(3)
Where,
=Phase Angle
( Fk )
0
A x=
2 2
And,
( ) } { ( )}
1
n
+ 2 D.
n
{ }
( )
1
( )
2D
=tan1
Where,
Ax
( ) { ( ) } { ( )}
F0
k
1
n
2 2
+ 2D.
n
c
2 km
k
n=Natural frequency=
m
D=Damping Factor =
M =Magnification factor=f
( , D )
n
( )
1
1
2
,
[ {
=0
( ) } { ( )} ] [ { ( ) ( )
1
n
2 2
+ 2D.
n
2 1
[ { ( ) } { ( ) } ]
1
2 2
+ 2D.
( )}]
2
.1+2.2 D .
n
n
n
=0
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{ ( )} ( ) ( )
, 04 1
+ 8 D2
=0
n
n
2
=2 D2
n
( )
, 1
,
= 12 D 2
n
fm
= 12 D2
fn
, f m =f n 12 D 2
Where,
=2 f m n=2 f n
Now,
2 2
{ ( )}
{ ( )} ( )
1
n
2D
And
=4 D2
So,
M max=
M max=
,
2
=4 D2 ( 12 D2 ) =4 D 28 D4
n
1
2 2
( ) } { ( )}
1
n
So,
= {1( 12 D2 ) } =4 D4
+ 2D.
n
1
( 4 D + 4 D28 D 4 )
4
{4 D ( 1D ) }
2
1
2 1D2
=f ( D )
1
=f ( D )
2 1D2
= 12 D 2=f ( D )
n
, f m =f n 12 D 2
f m f n , for maximum vibration, which is always avoided.
x s=
F0
=Static deflection
k
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Ax
xs
Magnifcation factor,
M=
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Frequency ratio,
Frequency ratio,
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When D=0,
If, r=0, M =1
If, r=1, M =
If r= , M =0
At r=1, resonance occurs and amplitudes tend to infinity.
The introduction of damping reduces the amplitudes to finite values.
The phase angle is zero if r <1 ; the displacement, x is in the phase with the
exciting force, F0 and =180 if r >1.
Effect of Damping factor:
As the damping increases, the peak of the magnification factor M shifts
slightly to the left. This is due to the fact that the maximum amplitudes occur in damped
vibrations when the forcing frequency ( ) equals the systems damped natural
frequency nd , which slightly smaller than the un-damped natural frequency ( n).
F0
.
c
..(1)
And after substitution from equation
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Advanced Foundation
F
e
(
k )
x=
1( ) +i .2 D . ( )
{
}
0
it
And,
x s=
( Fk )
0
F0 costx
rigid mass, m
x s ( k +it )
{ ( )
1
( )}
+ i.2 D .
n
n
.(2)
And as
c
=
k
c
, =
k
c .2 .
2 km .
c .2 .
2 km .
, =2 D
k
n
k
m
=2
c
cc n
k
m
(3)
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.
FT =
F0
c
. k 1+i . . e it
k
k
{ ( )
( )}
1
+ i.2 D.
n
n
. F 0 1+i.2 D .
, FT=
it
e
n
{ ( )
1
Advanced Foundation
( )}
+ i.2 D .
n
n
(4)
The amplitude of the force transmitted is given by
1+ 2 D .
n
( )
1
+ 2D.
{ ( ) } ( )
1+( 2 D . )
F
, =
F
{1( ) } +(2 D . )
FT =F 0
The ratio
FT
F0
2 2
2 2
FT
=f
,D
F0
n
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FT
F0
Force transmissibility,
T F=
Advanced Foundation
Frequency ratio,
T
Now, the ratio T F = F =1 , when
0
2 2
{ ( )} (
1
=1+ 2 D .
n
n
) ( )
, 1
( ) = 1
,
( ) =1 1=0,2
+ 2D.
=0, 2
n
If
D 1, thenT F 1
Some damping is needed when must pass through the resonant condition, where a
magnification will occur.
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Advanced Foundation
Replacing,
1
2
1
n
g
2
n =
x s and
( )
=2 f , we have
T F=
( 2 f )
xs
1
g
Where x s= k
1
=0.707
2
=0
F0 sin t=0 is a static case.
z
b
Where,
z=Depth of foundation ground level
Example: - 6
A machine of mass 100 kg is supported directly on springs which have a total stiffness
of 2000 KN/m. An unbalanced rotating mass results in a disturbing force of 200N at a
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Advanced Foundation
speed of 3000 rpm. Assuming a damping factor of D = 0.10 determine the amplitude of
vibration, the transmissibility, and the force transmitted to the foundation.
Solution:
The static deflection of the system is
w mg 100 9.81
x s= =
=
=0.49 103 m=0.49 mm
3
k
k 2000 1 0
1
2
k
1
=
m 2
2000 1 03
=22.5 Hz
100
=2.22
n f n
60
22.5
xs
+ 2 D. ( )
(
)
{ } { }
2 2
( Ans . )
0.49
=0.124 mm
The transmissibility,
F
T F= T =
F0
2 2
2 2
Example: - 7
A machine of mass 100 kg is supported directly on springs which have a total stiffness
of 100 KN/m. An unbalanced rotating mass results in a disturbing force of 200N at a
speed of 3000 rpm. Assuming a damping factor of D = 0.10 determine the amplitude of
vibration, the transmissibility, and the force transmitted to the foundation.
Solution:
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Advanced Foundation
1
2
k
1
=
m 2
100 1 03
=5.03 Hz
100
=9.94
n f n
60
5.03
xs
+ 2 D. ( )
(
)
{ } { }
2 2
9.81
=0.10 mm
( Ans . )
The transmissibility,
FT
T F= =
F0
1
+ 2D.
{ ( ) } ( )
1+ 2 D .
2 2
Example - 8:
An unknown weight W attached to the end of an unknown spring k has a natural
frequency of 95 cpm. If 1 kg weight is added to W , the natural frequency is lowered
to 75 cpm. Determine the weight W and spring constant K.
Solution:
Let,
m=w kg
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Advanced Foundation
m' =( w+1 ) kg
f n=
1
2
k
m
, 95=
,
1 k
2 m
k
=95 2
m
k
=( 95 2 )2
m
(1)
k
2
=( 75 2 )
m'
(2)
Again,
f n' =
1
2
k
m'
, 75=
,
1
2
k
=75 2
m'
k
m'
(1)
w+1
=1.60
w
, w=1.67 kg ( Ans . )
,
Again,
k
=( 95 2 )2
m
2
1.67 ( 95 2 )
, k=
=60.65 KN /m ( Ans . )
9.81 1000
Exercise - 1:
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Advanced Foundation
A body 65 kg weighing is suspended from a spring which deflects 1.57 cm under the
load. It is subjected to a damping effect adjusted to a value 0.25 times that required for
critical damping. Find the natural frequency of the un-damped and damped vibrations
and the latter case; determine the ratio of successive amplitudes. If the body is subjected
to a periodic disturbing force with a maximum value of 25 kg and a frequency equal to
0.75 times the natural un-damped frequency, find the amplitude of forced vibration and
the phase difference with respect to the disturbing force.
Solution:
k=
F 0 65 9.81 100
=
=40615 N /m
xs
1.57
1
2
Again,
k
1
=
m 2
40615
=3.98 Hz (Ans)
65
nd= n ( 1D 2)
, 2 f n=2 f n ( 1D2 )
, f nd =f n ( 1D 2) =3.98 ( 10.25 2 )
3.85 Hz ( Ans )
2 0.25
xm
=e ( 1D ) =e ( 10.25 ) =5.06 5 ( Ans )
x m +1
2
Amplitude
A x=
xs
2 2
( ) } { ( )}
1
n
+ 2 D.
n
15.7
=27.2mm ( Ans )
Phase Angle
{ }
1( 0.75 ) }
1
( )
2D
=tan1
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Advanced Foundation
Questions
On
Vibration Theory
1. What is soil dynamics?
2. What are the nature/sources of dynamics loading?
3. At what Richter Scales, the earthquake is very critical and?
4. What are situation when footing during earthquake settle?
5. What are the problems in soil & structure for dynamics loading?
6. Define periodic motion and natural frequency.
7. What is resonance?
8. What is dumping?
9. What are the principal of vibration?
10.How will you minimize the resonance for dynamic analysis?
11.Sketch the different positions for un-damped free vibration of a spring mass
system?
12.Define by figure for force transmitted to foundation by spring and damper system
and mention its initial equations.
13.Define spring constant.
14.A mass supported by a spring has a static deflection of 0.5 mm. determine its
natural frequency of vibration.
15.Write down the starting equation for damped and un-damped free vibrations
expression.
16.Define the damping condition by damping ratio.
17.Draw the sinusoidal curves (Amplitude verses time) for damped and un-damped
free vibrations.
18.Write down the name for the following soil dynamics term
z, n, C, z , Cc, D, z , K, Ax, Fd, , nd, sin, fn
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Advanced Foundation
Ax
Xs
and
Advanced Foundation
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