1.

The Meaning Of Electric Motors

The electric motor is a tool to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Tool that serves
the opposite, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a generator or
dynamo. The electric motor can be found in household appliances such as fans, washing
machines, water pumps and vacuum cleaner. In the electric motor power is converted into
mechanical energy. This change is done by converting electricity into magnetism called
electromagnets. As we know that the same poles of the magnets will repel each other and
different poles attract each other. Then we can obtain the movement if we put a magnet on a
rotatable shaft, and another magnet at a fixed position. The electric motor is an
electromechanical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical
energy is used to rotate the pump impeller, fan or blower, drive the compressor, lifting materials,
etc. Electric motors are used in household appliances such as mixers, electric drill, fan and in
industry.
2. Types of Electric Motors
ELECTRIC MOTORS AC
1. Asynchronous Electric Motors
Asynchronous motor is a motor that has a difference between rotational speed the magnetic field
with a rotational speed of the rotor or slip. Induction motors are the most common motor used in
various industrial equipment. Its popularity is due to their simple design, inexpensive and easily
available, and can be directly connected to an AC power source.
A. Asynchronous Electric Motor Components
1. Rotor
Induction motor has two types of rotor, rotor squirrel cage and wound rotor has a circle of threephase, double-layer and distributed. Squirrel cage rotor consists of a thick conductor rods
embedded in slots parallel plots. These bars are short-circuited at both ends by means of shortcircuiting rings. While the circular wound rotor has a three-phase, double-layer and distributed.
Made a circle of stator poles. Three phase digulungi wire on the inside and the other end
connected to a small ring that is placed padabatang as with a brush attached to it.

2. Stator
The stator is made of a number of stampings with slots to carry three-phase windings. Wound for
a number of poles. Windings are geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart.
B. Asynchronous Electric Motor type:
1. Electric Motors Single Phase
These only have one stator winding, operate with single-phase power supply, has a squirrel cage
rotor, and requires a tool to turn the bike. So far this motor is the most common type of motor
used in household appliances, such as wind fan, washing machine and clothes dryer, and to use
up to 3 to 4 hp.
2. Motor Split Phase
This type of motor works based on the phase difference between the auxiliary coil inductors with
resistors form the primary coil. If the auxiliary coil is placed in parallel with the primary
winding, the value of R / XL1 from auxiliary winding can be arranged so that the resulting phase
difference under 900. By increasing the value of R, the resulting ratio of R / XL1 higher so that
the phase difference is closer to 900 and torque starting produced greater. This type of motor has
a low starting torque. Characteristics and types of motor equivalent circuit is shown in Figure
3.1. In the auxiliary coil is also mounted centrifugal switch to remove power from the auxiliary
coil when the motor reaches 75% of nominal rotation.

This motor consists of a primary coil and coil around 900 different auxiliary electricity with
prisoners and different reactance so that the current flowing out of phase. The difference in the

primary coil and the coil currents will help lead to differences in the main field flux and the
stator flux in the auxiliary field, the result will produce the play field raises early in the motor
coupling. With the beginning of this coupling, then the motor will rotate. Switch (S) is released
by the centrifugal force at 75% of normal rotation. Coupling the start of the split phase motors
150% of full load coupling (Ist = 1.5 If).

Shaded Pole Motor

Shaded pole is one type of AC induction motors both single-phase power or three phase.
Basically this bike is a squirrel cage motor coils help him given a circular copper ring in each
kutubnya.Kumparan auxiliary coil is also called the shadow. Currents induced into the coils with
a phase delay of the magnetic field at the poles of the magnetic flux shadow (shaded pole) which
is sufficient to form a rotating field to rotate the rotor. Turn the direction of the terrain shaded
pole motor is of the main pole to pole shadow. Because the phase angle difference between the
main pole with a very small reflection pole, causing the motor only produces a small torque.
Shaded-pole motor only has a single coil, stator is divided into two parts: the main pole to pole
shadow. Then the shadow pole given circular copper ring which resulted in delays in the
magnetic field at the poles shadow (shaded pole). In polar shadow (shaded pole) was given a
circular copper ring resulting magnetic field in the area shaded pole experiencing a phase angle
difference with the main pole (pole unshaded). Then turn the field will arise and have the
direction of the main pole to pole shadow. This motor does not have a capacitor, or a centrifugal
switch lainnya.Karena starting torque tools when small startnya. Then the motor is used in
household items such as moving the fan, blender, hair dryer and other expenses that are easy to
move.

3 Phase Electric Motors

3-phase AC electric motor works by utilizing the phase difference sources to generate turning
force on the rotor. If the 1-phase AC motors to produce a phase difference required the addition
of a capacitor, the motor 3 phase difference is obtained directly from the 3 phase current source.
3 phase induction motor has two basic components, namely the stator and rotor, the rotor
sections are separated by a narrow air gap with a distance of between 0.4 mm to 4 mm. If the 3phase voltage source is mounted on the stator coil, will arise rotary field. Strator rotary field will

be cut to the rotor conductor bars. As a result of the rotor conductor bars will arise EMF
induction. Because the conductor bars are closed circuit eat GGL will produce a current (I). The
presence of current in a magnetic field will cause a force (F) on the rotor. When the first coupling
generated by the force (F) on the rotor great big enough to carry the load coupling, the rotor will
rotate in the direction of the rotary field strator. GGL induction arises because terpotongnya rod
conductor by rotary field of the stator.

Wound Rotor Motor

Motor rotor windings (wound rotor motors) is a type of induction motor which has a rotor made
of the same winding stator windings.

Squirrel-Cage Rotor Motor

Squirrel cage rotor motors (squirrel-cage rotor motors) is a type of construction rotor induction
motor which is composed of several metal rods inserted past the existing slots in the rotor
induction motor, then each piece put together by metal rings that make batangna connected
singkar with bars other metals.
2. Synchronous Electric Motor
Synchronous motor is an AC motor working at a steady pace on the frequency of the system.
These motors require direct current (DC) for excitation and has low starting torque, and therefore
the synchronous motor is suitable for use beginning with a low load, such as air compressors,
frequency changes and motor generators. Synchronous motors are able to improve the power
factor of the system, so it is often used in systems that use a lot of electricity. In synchronous
motors, power supply alternating (AC) generate rotary field stator flux (Bs) and electricity
supply (DC) evoke the rotor field (Bs). The rotor rotates due to the interaction of attraction
between the rotary field of the stator and rotor field. But because there is no torque-start on the
rotor, the synchronous motor requires a prime-mover which rotate the rotor up to synchronous
speed coupling that occurs between the stator rotary field (Bs) and the rotor field (Br) A
synchronous motor can be switched on by a dc motor in one sumbu.Ketika the motor reaches
synchronous speed, AC current supplied to the stator winding. Current dc motor functions as a
generator dc and provide a dc field excitation to the rotor. Load now be given to the synchronous

motor. Synchronous motors are often switched to using squirrel cage winding (squirrel-cage)
which is mounted in front of the rotor poles. The motor then ignited as well as induction motors
up to -95% of synchronous speed, at which time the direct current is given, and the motor
achieve synchronization. Torque required to pull the motor to achieve synchronization is called
pull-in torque.

As is known, locked rotor synchronous motor with rotary field and should continue to operate at
synchronous speed for all load conditions. During the no-load condition (no-load), the center line
of the play field poles and dc field poles are in one line (pictured below section a). Along with
the loading, there is a shift back to the rotor poles, relative to the stator poles (image section b).
No change of pace. The angle between the rotor and stator poles is called the torque angle.

DC ELECTRIC MOTORS
1. Understanding Electric Motors DC

DC motor is a type of motor that uses a DC voltage as its power source. By providing different
voltages at both terminals, the motor will rotate in one direction, and when the polarity of the
voltage is reversed, the direction of motor rotation will be reversed as well. A DC motor consists
of a static component called the stator and rotating on its axis component called the rotor. Based

on the type of engine, both the stator and rotor containing conductors for electrical current flow
in the form of coils. Usually the stator and rotor made of iron for strengthening the magnetic
field. Scheme of a DC motor is shown in the figure below.

One of the difficulties of the DC motor is almost all electronic equipment to work with AC
current. If there is only AC current while we need to run a DC motor, we must use a converter
that will change the AC current into DC current.
2. The Working Principle Of DC Motor

The working principle of a DC motor is very similar to the simple linear machine. The image
below shows a series DC motor.

DC voltage source VT associated with resistance RA and a switch that is closed at t = 0 on a pair
of rails conduction. A stem conduction is shifted to rail. Assuming the rail and trunk no
resistance, formed the magnetic field leads to the image plane, perpendicular to the field of rail
and trunk.
Suppose the rod does not move when the switch is closed at t = 0. Shortly after the switch is
closed, arising iA current that flows clockwise around the circuit. The resulting electric force on
the rod is

The direction of this force is to the right.

This force causes the rod to move to the right. Because the stem has particularly speed u
meotong magnetic field lines, the induced voltage is formed along the stem. The magnitude of
the positive voltage at the upper end of the rod and is expressed by the equation.

Equivalent circuit for this system is shown in the figure below.

It should be noted that eA induced voltage in the opposite direction to the voltage VT. Currents
generated due to the influence of the induced voltage is

With the formation of the rod speed, energy is absorbed through the induced voltage eA, and this
energy is shown as kinetic energy in the trunk.
Operation of a Motor
Suppose mechanical loads to the left against the force associated with the trunk. This rod will
slow down slowly resulting in a reduction of the induced voltage. The current flowing in the
direction of Karum hours produces magnetic induction force that leads to the right. At the time of
stem slowed so that the magnetic force that arises is worth the same as the force of the load, the
motor system works at a constant speed. In these circumstances, the power supplied by the
voltage VT partially converted into heat in the resistance RA and partly into mechanical power.
Operation as a Generator
Suppose the rod moves at a constant speed so that eA = VT and the current is zero. Then if a
force is applied to the rod in order to move faster, the speed will increase and will eA induced
voltage exceeds VT and current source will turn into an anti clockwise. This situation is shown in
the figure below.

Since the flow in the opposite direction, then the induced force also will be involved against the
original direction that leads to the left. The induced voltage will provide resistance and power
equal to the battery charge. Thus, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy
which cause losses (heat) on the resistance or stored as chemical energy in the battery. In general,
the rotor cylinder containing many conductors used to produce greater force with minimal
design.
3. Types of DC motors
Motor DC Shunt

In a shunt motor, the field winding (shunt field) is connected in parallel with the armature
winding (A). Therefore the total line current is the sum of the field current and armature current.
Character type shunt DC motor speed is:
1. The speed is practically constant independent of the load (up to a certain torque after
which speed decreases) and therefore suitable for commercial use with a low initial load,
such as machine tools.
2. Speed can be controlled by placing prisoners in series with the armature (reduced speed)
or by placing prisoners in the field current (speed increase).
DC Motor Series

DC Motor Type Series In a series motor, the field winding (shunt field) is connected in series
with the armature winding (A). Therefore, the same field current to the armature current.
Characters speed of a DC motor type series are:

Speed is limited to 5000 RPM

Should be avoided to run a series motor with no load because the motor will accelerate
uncontrollably.

DC motors Joint / Combined

DC Motor Type Compound / Joint Compound DC motor is a combination of series and
shunt motors. In this motor, the field winding (shunt field) is connected in parallel and in series
with the armature winding (A). So that the motor has a good starting torque and steady pace.
Characters of the DC motor type compound / composite is, the higher the percentage of
incorporation (ie, the percentage of field windings are connected in series), the higher the starting
torque can be handled by this motor.
HOW TO WORK ELECTRIC MOTORS GENERALLY
Mechanism of action for all motors are generally the same. Electric current in a magnetic
field will exert a force if the current carrying wire is bent into a loop / loop, then both sides of the
loop, ie at right angles to the magnetic field, will get a force in the opposite direction. Couple
style produces rotary power / torque to rotate the coil. Motors have several loops on the armature
to provide a more uniform torque and magnetic field generated by the electromagnet
arrangement called field coils. In understanding a motor, it is important to understand what is
meant by the motor load. Load refers to the rotary power output / torque in accordance with the
necessary speed. Load can generally be categorized into three groups:
1. The constant torque loads are loads where the output power requirement varies with the speed
of operation but the torque does not vary. Examples of constant torque loads are conveyors,
rotary kilns, and constant displacement pump.
2. Burden of variable torque is torque loads that vary with the speed of operation. Examples of
variable torque loads are centrifugal pumps and fans (torque varies as the square of the speed).
3. Load With Constant Energy is load the torque requirements are changing and inversely
proportional to the speed. Example: Tools machine.