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Abstract
Since the early twentieth century rotary drilling has
revolutionized the procedure of extraction of crude oil
replacing conventional methods like cable tool drilling.
However with the advent of new technology it is time to look
at future alternative, more efficient drilling methods.
This paper acts as an eye opener to the feasibility of using
laser drilling over modern currently used drilling techniques.
The design and operation of a new laser-mechanical bit is
put forth by the medium of this paper. This innovative bit
shows probability of reducing rig time and increasing
efficiency in drilling.
The possible changes to be implemented in the present day
drill string due to incorporation of this new bit is accounted for
and an analysis of the possible advantages and disadvantages
of this bit if implemented is also highlighted.
Introduction
Rotary drilling has been widely used for extraction, in most of
the oil fields in various parts of the world for more than a
century. During this period many alternatives drilling
techniques have been suggested, worked upon and tried so as
to reduce the time and increase the efficiency of drilling.
These techniques include the use of niche technology with
tools commonly known as novel devices. This category of
devices includes Water jets, Electron Beams, Cavitating Jets,
Electric arcs, Plasmas and Lasers to name a few. In
comparison with all the above devices, laser drilling if
developed has shown the potential to be a futuristic advanced
tool that will revamp the conventional rotary drilling system.
LASER basically is an acronym for Light Amplification
by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. It is basically a device
which converts energy in one form to electromagnetic
radiation beams (photons). These photons are basically
produced due to the returning of atoms to their lower energy
SPE 104223
E=
P = P
dV/dt
dws
(J/cm )
R=
P
AE
However, when lasers are used in tandem with each other the
term defined as Specific Kerfing Energy is used.
When a combined laser-mechanical system is used, the rate
equals;
R=
1 PL PM
+
A EL EM
SKE =
Power
KerfDepth TraverseSpeed
(J/cm2)
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T ( z, t ) =
2q Kt
z
ierfc
k
2 Kt
(1)
x = y =
ET
(1 )
(2)
2.
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2.
3.
4.
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Nomenclature
E=Specific Energy (J/cm3)
P=Power Input (Watts)
dV/dt= Volume Time Derivative (cm3/sec)
d=Kerf Depth (cm)
w=Kerf Width (cm)
s=Traverse Speed (cm/sec)
A=Hole Cross-Section Area (cm2)
SKE= Specific Kerfing Energy (J/cm2)
References
1. Graves, R.M. ,and. O'Brien, D.G.: "Star Wars Laser
Technology Applied to Drilling and Completing Gas
wells", SPE 49259, 1998
2. Graves, R.M., O'Brien, D.G. and OBrien, E.A.:
Star Wars Laser Technology for Gas Drilling and
Completions in the 21st Century SPE 56625, 1999.
3. Maurer, W.C.: Advanced drilling Techniques,
Petroleum Publishing Company, Tulsa (1980).
4. Graves, R.M., Gahan, B.C., Parker, R.A. and Araya,
A.:Comparision of Specific Energy Between Drilling
With High Power Lasers and Other
Drilling
Methords SPE 77627, 2002.
5. Bybee,K.: Modeling Laser-Spallation Rock
Drilling, JPT(Feb 2006) 62
6. Xu, Z., Reed, C.B, Parker, R., and Graves,R.: Laser
spallation of rocks for oil well drilling, Proceedings
of 23rd International Congress on Applications of
Laser & Electro-Optics, October 4-7, 2004, San
Francisco, California.
7. Graves , R.M. , Gahan, B.C. , Parker , R.A. and
Batarseh, S ,: Temperature Induced by High Power
Lasers: Effects on Reservoir Rock Strength and
Mechanical Properties SPE/ISRM 78154, 2002
8. Carstens, J.P., and Brown, C.A.: "Rock Cutting by
Laser" SPE paper No. 3529, 46th Annual Meeting of
the SPE, New Orleans, Louisiana (October 3-6,
1971).
9. Gahan, B.C. , Parker , R.A. , Batarseh, S., Figueroa,
H., Reed ,C.B and Xu, Z.:
Laser Drilling:
Determination of Energy Required to Remove Rock
SPE 71466, 2001.
10. Zhiyue Xu, Yuichiro Yamashita1, and Claude B.
Reed,:TWO-DIMENSIONAL
MODELING
OF
LASER SPALLATION DRILLING OF ROCKS,P532
11. Bensson, A.,Burr,B.,Dillard, S., Drake,E., Ivie, C.
Ivie,B., Smith,R., and Watson,G.: On the Cutting
Edge ,Oilfield Review (Autumn 2000)36
SPE 104223
DRILLING METHOD
SE (kJ/cm3)
REFERENCES
Cavitating Jet
2.9
134.7
Mellor, 1972
0.9
0.3
Rotary Diamond
1.4
Maurer, 1968
Rotary Drag
0.4
Maurer, 1968
0.8
Maurer, 1968
CO2 Laser
37.4
CO Laser
22.8
COIL
7.2
Nd:YAG
5.9
Laser
Power (kW)
Power Density
(kW/cm2)
SE (kJ/cm3)
CO2*
10.0
26.0
37.4
CO2*
5.0
13.0
50.4
CO2**
N/A
-1000
34.1
CO
N/A
-1000
22.8
COIL
6.3
123.6
31.8
COIL
5.3
139.6
26.5
COIL
2.8
35.2
6.8
COIL
1.5
16.4
7.2
Nd:YAG
1.2
1.7
31.0
Nd:YAG
1.2
0.9
16.2
Nd:YAG
0.5
0.3
17.5
Nd:YAG
0.5
0.4
22.2
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DRILL
Water Jets
250 500
Lasers
1000 2000
Electron Beam
3000 6000
Cavitating Jets
20000 40000
Plasmas
50000 100000
Sample
Young's
modulus (E)
psi
x106
Poisson's
Ratio
()
Shear
Bulk modulus Bulk compressibility Combined modulus
modulus (G)
(K)
(Cb)
(+2G)
psi
psi
psi
psi
x106
x106
x10-6
x1012
LASED
Berea Yellow
Sandstone
2.16
0.18
1.85
1.13
0.89
1119
2.77
0.29
2.21
2.24
0.45
1274
Mesaverde Shaly
Sandstone
3.04
0.16
4.11
1.47
0.68
1550
Ratcliff Limestone
9.45
0.16
4.48
4.63
0.22
4127
Frontier Shale
6.30
0.00
3.28
1.95
0.51
3220
UNLASED
Berea Yellow
Sandstone
5.07
0.37
0.92
6.41
0.16
2204
5.87
0.33
1.07
5.71
0.18
2106
Mesaverde Shaly
Sandstone
9.32
0.13
1.31
4.23
0.24
4738
Ratcliff Limestone
11.20
0.25
4.05
7.48
0.13
4348
Frontier Shale
8.22
0.25
3.15
5.53
0.18
3342
SPE 104223
Figure 1: Laser-Mechanical Tri-cone Rotary Bit with fiber optic delivery system
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