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ASTM
- British Standard Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes
- American Society for Testing and Materials
Method Outline
Moisture Content BS1377: 1990, Part 2, Method 3.2
The determination of moisture content (MC) is by oven-drying at 105C to 110C, usually for a period of 12 to 24
hours. For peat and higher organic soils, a lower drying temperature of 80C is used. The moisture content is the
amount of water in soil expressed as a proportion by mass of the dry solid particles.
Sample Drying BS1377: 1990, Part 1, Method 7.3.4
(a) Oven drying:
Moisture content, w
100 s
100 - s
Preparation of Disturbed Sample for Testing - BS1377: 1990, Part 1, Method 7.7
This procedure covers preparation of test specimens for strength, compressibility and permeability tests. The
bulk density obtained or calculated is based on the required dry density. Test specimen is compacted at the
specified moisture content into a mould to achieve the specified dry density.
Atterberg Limits BS1377: 1990, Part 2, Method 4 & 5
The Atterberg limits refer to the liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) only, together with the plasticity index (PI).
The LL and PL are determined by method 4.4 - cone penetrometer and method 5 respectively while the PI is
calculated from the equation, PI = LL-PL (method 5.4). Whenever possible, these tests are carried out on soils in
their natural states (as received) without drying. When material retained on 425m test sieve need to be
removed, this can be done in one of three ways:
a) Air drying at 50C and sieving
b) Open air drying and sieving
c) passing the soil through the sieve in a natural state mixed with water to a higher moisture content.
Bulk Density BS1377:1990, Part 2, Method 7.2
The determination of the density is by linear measurement of undisturbed soil sample, including specimens
prepared for other tests, such as triaxial and consolidation tests. The samples used are normally in the form of
right cylinders. The dry density, d is derived as follows:
where,
100
= bulk density
d
100 w
w = moisture content
Particle Size Distribution BS1377: 1990, Part 2, Method 9.2, 9.3 & 9.5
Two definitive methods of sieving (wet and dry) and one quantitative method of sedimentation by hydrometer are
outlined. Wet sieving (Method 9.2) is applicable to composite soils of gravel-sand (coarse grained) and silt-clay
(fine grained) mixtures as a procedure to separate the coarse (for dry sieving) and fines (for sedimentation) if
required. Dry sieving (Method 9.3) is suitable only for coarse-grained cohesionless soils (insignificant silt and
clay). Hydrometer (Method 9.5) is for determination of the size distribution of fine-grained soils (silt and clay).
The density of the soil suspension at various intervals is measured. The test is not usually necessary for less
than 10% of material passing 63m (or <20% as in most requirements). A composite test of sieving and
sedimentation methods will enable a continuous particle size distribution of gravel, sand, silt and clay to be
plotted.
SOILPRO TECHNICAL SERVICES SDN BHD
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Shear Box Test - Drained Test - BS 1377: Part 7: 1990, Method 4 (small shearbox apparatus)
In the direct shear test, a prism of soil is laterally restrained and sheared along a mechanically induced horizontal
plane while subjected to a pressure applied normal to that plane. The shearing resistance offered by the soil as
one portion is made to slide on the other is measured at regular intervals of displacement. Failure occurs when
the shearing resistance reaches the maximum value which the soil can sustain.
By carrying out tests on a set of (usually three) similar specimens of the same soil under different normal
pressures, the relationship between measured shear stress at failure and normal applied stress is obtained.
The small shearbox apparatus (60mm square or 100mm square and 20mm high) can be used for carrying out
drained tests for the determination of effective strength parameters. The test specimen is consolidated under a
vertical normal load until the primary consolidation is completed. It is then sheared at a rate of displacement that
is slow enough to prevent development of excess pore pressures.
1-D Consolidation BS1377: 1990, Part 5, Method 3
This test is carried out on a 50mm x 20mm height undisturbed sample in a consolidation apparatus. The loading
pressures in kPa are 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600. The unloading pressures are 400 kPa, 100
kPa and 12.5 kPa. Readings are normally taken over a standard duration of 24 hours per loading/unloading. For
example a test of 7 loadings and 3 unloadings will take 10 days.
For optional determination of secondary consolidation it might not be practical to prolong all the 7 loadings for up
to 48 hours per loading (14 days for 7 loadings). It would then take 17 days to complete (including 3 days for 3
unloading). The suggestion is to specify extra over day(s) for one critical pressure (usually close to the
overburden pressure or design pressure). The accuracy of secondary consolidation for 24 hours compared with
48 hours or more as derived from the settlement versus time relationship plot of t50 could be a concern but it is a
matter of specific requirement. If a selective pressure for prolong loading is not chosen, it might be necessary to
fit the necessity to prolong the duration of a load to establish a linear relationship (Method 3.6.5.2) to the best
effort.
Compaction-related Tests, Proctor BS1377: 1990, Part 4, Method 3
This laboratory test covers the determination of the dry density of soil passing a 20mm test sieve when it is
compacted in a specified manner. It can be carried out on samples prepared in a mould at a moisture-point or
over a range of moisture contents (about 5 points). For the latter, the relationship between the dry densities and
moisture contents are presented to determine the optimum moisture content (OMC) at which the maximum dry
density (MDD) is obtained. The specific methods are as follows:
(a) 2.5 kg Rammer (Proctor)
1.0L mould, medium gravel, 27 blows, 3 layers
2.3L mould, coarse gravel, 27 blows, 3 layers
CBR can be carried out on samples prepared in a mould at a moisture-point or over a range of moisture contents
(about 5 points). For the latter, the sensitive of the CBR values to the variation in dry densities and moisture
contents could be determined. The penetration test (Method 7.4) could be done on both top and bottom of
sample in the test mould mounted to a test frame (motorised or mechanical hand jacking device) at a strain rate
of 1 mm/min.
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(b)
Test plunger on ground surface with mechanical hand jacking device mounted to a reaction load (lorry).
(b)
Test plunger on soil surface sampled at site in a cutter mould with mechanical hand jacking device
mounted to a portable test frame. In this situation, the test could be done on both top and bottom of
sample.
The field CBR results might include the determination of moisture content at the test area so that comparison
could be made the laboratory CBR results in terms of unsoaked and soaked moisture conditions.
Permeability
(a)
-5
This method is for non-cohesive soils having coefficients of permeability ranging from 10 to 10 m/s,
that is, medium to high permeability (good drainage condition). Examples: clean sands, sand and gravel
mixtures. The duration of testing is short and a considerable number of tests can be done in a day.
(b)
Falling Head Permeameter Cell - Manual of Soil laboratory Testing, Volume 2 - K.H.Head (1994),
Second Edition, Pentech Press London, Section 10.7.2
This test is not included in BS 1377: 1990, nor in ASTM Standards. This method is for cohesive soils
-4
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having coefficients of permeability ranging from 10 to 10 m/s, that is, low and intermediate
permeability. Examples: fine sand, silt and clay. The duration of a test can vary up to 21 days or more.
(c)
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Soil preparation: Use soil dried at 50C and passing 2mm test sieve (assumed
material retained on 2mm will not contain organic matter). Subdivide sample to
100g and pulverise so that it passes the 425m test sieve. Subdivide 50g each
to check for sulphides and chlorides. Eliminate sulphides and/or chlorides if
indicated.
Testing: Weigh prepared soil (5g for soil low in organic content to as little as
0.2g with a very peaty soil) in a 500mL conical flask, to 0.001g accuracy. The
main standardised reagent solutions used for organic mater analysis are
potassium dichromate and ferrous sulphate.
Loss on ignition
Soil preparation: Suitable for soils containing 10% organic matter. Sample
oven dried at 502.5C, allowed to cool in a desiccator, passed through 2mm
test sieve (retained particles are crushed to pass), mixed thoroughly and divided
to produce a sample of at least 10 grams. Sample is pulverised and passed
through 425m test sieve for subdivision of test specimens each of 5 grams.
Test specimens are placed in prepared crucibles for drying in oven at 502.5C,
checked for original mass 0.1% difference after cooling in a desiccator at
specific time intervals before testing.
Testing: Proportion by mass loss from a soil by ignition (electric muffle furnace)
at a temperature of 44025C for a period of not less than 3 hours, or until
constant mass is achieved.
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Soil preparation: Sample oven dried at 75C to 80C, passed through 2mm test
sieve to produce a sample aprox. 100 grams, pulverised and passed through
425m test sieve for mixed and divided test specimens each of 10 grams. Test
specimens in glass weighing bottles are placed in oven for drying at 75C,
checked for original mass 0.1% difference after cooling in a desiccator at
specific time intervals.
Testing: Gravimetric Method 5.5
Chloride content -
Soil preparation: Sample dried at 105C to 110C, passed through 2mm test
sieve (retained particles are crushed to pass) to produce a test specimen about
500 grams and a qualitative check test specimen about 50 grams. Test
specimens are dried in oven at 105C to 110C, checked for original mass
0.1% difference after cooling in a desiccator at specific time intervals.
Testing: Volhards Method 7.2
pH value -
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